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Journal articles on the topic 'Schirmer test'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Park, Chang Won, and Hyojin Kim. "Comparison Among the Four Examination Methods for Dry Eye (OQAS test, TBUT, Schirmer Test, McMonnies test)." Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society 20, no. 4 (December 31, 2015): 519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14479/jkoos.2015.20.4.519.

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2

CHO, PAULINE, and MAURICE YAP. "Schirmer Test. I. A Review." Optometry and Vision Science 70, no. 2 (February 1993): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199302000-00011.

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3

Lee, Jin Hak, and Pil Mok Hyun. "The reproducibility of the Schirmer test." Korean Journal of Ophthalmology 2, no. 1 (1988): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3341/kjo.1988.2.1.5.

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4

Patel, S., S. Laidlaw, L. McCallum, L. Matthewson, and C. Nicholson. "The Schirmer test with topical anaesthesia." Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 73, no. 6 (May 27, 2009): 574–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0420.1995.tb00342.x.

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5

Bawazeer, Ahmed M., and William G. Hodge. "One-Minute Schirmer Test With Anesthesia." Cornea 22, no. 4 (May 2003): 285–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003226-200305000-00001.

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6

Hawkins, E. C., and L. Johnson. "Inconsistency in Schirmer Tear Test Strips." Archives of Ophthalmology 103, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1985.01050020027005.

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7

Su, Jia-zeng, Xiao-jing Liu, Lei Zhang, and Guang-yan Yu. "Schirmer Test in Transplanted Submandibular Gland." Cornea 32, no. 4 (April 2013): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ico.0b013e31825aba2c.

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8

Yagi, Nobuya. "Comparison of Thread Test of Lacrimation to Schirmer Test." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 95, no. 1_suppl (January 1986): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00034894860950s101.

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9

Crabtree, Gary, and Robert A. Dobie. "The Effect of Unilateral Corneal Anesthesia on the Schirmer Test." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 100, no. 6 (June 1989): 631–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459988910000622.

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Unilateral corneal anesthesia (or hypesthesla) caused by trigeminal nerve disease has an unknown effect on the Schirmer test. Using topical anesthesia, we found that unilateral corneal anesthesia reduces tearing bilaterally, with a greater decrease on the anesthetized side. Clinicians should be aware that trigeminal nerve deficit may alter Schirmer test results, and use bilateral topical corneal anesthesia or alternative methods to stimulate tearing in these cases.

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10

Murube, Juan. "The Schirmer Test: Celebration of Its First Centenary." Ocular Surface 1, no. 4 (October 2003): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70011-3.

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11

Pandher, K. S., L. S. Mengher, J. M. Duerden, and A. J. Bron. "Effect of meibomian oils on Schirmer tear test." Acta Ophthalmologica 63, no. 6 (May 27, 2009): 695–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.1985.tb01583.x.

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12

Disty Andryani, Petty Purwanita, and Anang Tribowo. "Comparison of Schirmer and Tear Break Up Time (TBUT) Diagnostic Test of Dry Eye Following Phacoemulsification Cataract Surgery." Sriwijaya Journal of Ophthalmology 2, no. 1 (June 19, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/sjo.v2i1.41.

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Abstract Background: Phacoemulsification is a technique of modern cataract surgery with smaller corneal incision than conventional techniques but uses various effects on springs that cause dry eye syndrome (DES). DES is a multifactorial defect of tears and ocular surfaces characterized by eye discomfort. Examination of DES can be done by examining Schirmer 1 and Tear Break Up Time (TBUT). Purpose: To determine the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the Schirmer test dan TBUT in postoperative patients with phacoemulsification techniques at the Rumah Sakit Khusus Mata Province of South Sumatra. Method: Diagnostic test has been done in order to the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the Schirmer test dan TBUT on DES in post operative cataract surgery with phacoemulsification techniques. This study has been conduct Schirmer 1 test and TBUT was done periodically from 1 week, 2 weeks and 1 month after cataract surgery. The data analysis has been done with diagnostic research by SPSS version 20.0 (SPSS, Inc Chicago, Illinois). Result: 40 study samples of post operative cataract surgery with phacoemulsification technique obtained by female sex with 22 out of samples were (55%), with an average age of patients between of 60-70 years.The accuracy of Shirmer 1 and TBUT test was 0,425 and the sensitivity value was 39.5% and also the specificity value was 100%. Conclusion: Schirmer 1 test and TBUT in patients of post cataract surgery with phacoemulsification techniques are specific (100%) but less sensitive (39,5%)

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13

Zeng, Xiaoyu, Ying Lv, Zhongxiu Gu, Zhe Jia, Chen Zhang, Xiaoxiao Lu, Chenchen Chu, et al. "The Effects of Diabetic Duration on Lacrimal Functional Unit in Patients with Type II Diabetes." Journal of Ophthalmology 2019 (January 10, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8127515.

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Purpose. To observe ocular surface changes in Type II diabetic patients with different disease durations and to understand the correlations between clinical parameters and diabetic durations. Methods. In this cross-sectional, prospective study, 51 healthy controls and 91 patients with Type II diabetes were enrolled. The diabetics were divided into 3 subgroups according to the disease duration, including duration <10 y group, 10 to 20 y group, and ≥21 y group. All subjects underwent clinical ocular examinations, including lipid layer thickness (LLT), blinking rate, tear meniscus height (TMH), noninvasive tear film break-up time (NI-BUT), meibography, superficial punctate keratopathy (SPK) scoring, corneal sensitivity, and Schirmer I test. They were also evaluated using the standard patient evaluation of eye dryness (SPEED) questionnaire. Results. SPEED score, meiboscore, SPK score, LLT, Schirmer I test, and corneal sensitivity differed significantly between the diabetic and healthy control groups. Further, SPEED score, Schirmer I test, corneal sensitivity, meiboscore, and blink rate significantly differed among the 3 diabetic subgroups and the control group. In diabetics, the SPEED score correlated with the SPK score, blink rate, TMH, and LLT; NI-BUT with TMH, LLT, and blink rate; TMH with the SPK score; Schirmer I test with the SPK score; and corneal sensitivity with the meiboscore. More importantly, the Schirmer I test, corneal sensitivity, and SPEED score negatively correlated with diabetic duration. Conclusion. Diabetic duration is an important factor that affects functions of the lacrimal functional unit in patients with Type II diabetes. The trends of changes in the ocular parameters vary along the course of diabetes.

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14

Tuunanen, Tiina H., and Timo M. T. Tervo. "Schirmer test values and the outcome of photorefractive keratectomy." Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery 22, no. 6 (July 1996): 702–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0886-3350(96)80306-3.

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15

Li, Songhao, Young Hyun Kim, Wing Li, Meng C. Lin, and Clayton J. Radke. "Human Lacrimal Production Rates from Modified Schirmer-Tear Test." Optometry and Vision Science 95, no. 4 (April 2018): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/opx.0000000000001196.

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16

Tsubota, Kazuo. "The Importance of the Schirmer Test With Nasal Stimulation." American Journal of Ophthalmology 111, no. 1 (January 1991): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(14)76908-9.

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17

CHEN, AUSTIN, YOLANDA WAI, LINDA LEE, STEPHEN LAKE, and SOOK-BIN WOO. "Using the modified Schirmer test to measure mouth dryness." Journal of the American Dental Association 136, no. 2 (February 2005): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2005.0137.

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18

CHO, PAULINE, and MAURICE YAP. "Schirmer Test. II. A Clinical Study of Its Repeatability." Optometry and Vision Science 70, no. 2 (February 1993): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199302000-00012.

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19

Bitton, Etty, and Walter Wittich. "Influence of eye position on the Schirmer tear test." Contact Lens and Anterior Eye 37, no. 4 (August 2014): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2013.11.011.

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20

Stupp, F., A. Weigel, T. K. Hoffmann, F. Sommer, A. S. Grossi, and J. Lindemann. "Schirmer-Test zur Bestimmung des Feuchtezustands der nasalen Mukosa." HNO 67, no. 5 (February 19, 2019): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00106-019-0627-5.

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21

Dedousi, Anna, Maria A. Karatzia, and Panagiotis D. Katsoulos. "Reference values of Schirmer tear test in sheep and the effect of season on the test results." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 67, no. 4 (December 2019): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.2019.054.

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The aim of this study was to determine the reference range of Schirmer tear test (STT) values in sheep using Greek indigenous and mixed breeds and to investigate the potential effect of breed and season on these values. Ninety (30 Chios, 30 Florina and 30 Lacaune mixed breed) ewes aged 2 years or more were used for the study. The aqueous portion of the tear film was measured using Schirmer tear test (STT) commercial strips bilaterally by the same investigator with the animal in standing position. The average STT value recorded was 18.45 ± 3.93 mm/min and the range 10.8–26.2 mm/min. STT was significantly affected by the season and the recorded values were significantly higher in summer compared to winter. The breed had no significant effect on tear secretion. The results of the present study provide a reference range of STT values in sheep and indicate that tear secretion is significantly affected by the season.

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22

Farias, Eliana, Katia L. Yasunaga, Romulo V. R. Peixoto, Micaella P. Fonseca, Wagner Fontes, and Paula D. Galera. "Comparison of two methods of tear sampling for protein quantification by Bradford method." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 33, no. 2 (February 2013): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2013000200021.

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The aim of this study was to compare two methods of tear sampling for protein quantification. Tear samples were collected from 29 healthy dogs (58 eyes) using Schirmer tear test (STT) strip and microcapillary tubes. The samples were frozen at -80ºC and analyzed by the Bradford method. Results were analyzed by Student's t test. The average protein concentration and standard deviation from tears collected with microcapillary tube were 4.45mg/mL ±0.35 and 4,52mg/mL ±0.29 for right and left eyes respectively. The average protein concentration and standard deviation from tears collected with Schirmer Tear Test (STT) strip were and 54.5mg/mL ±0.63 and 54.15mg/mL ±0.65 to right and left eyes respectively. Statistically significant differences (p<0.001) were found between the methods. In the conditions in which this study was conducted, the average protein concentration obtained with the Bradford test from tear samples obtained by Schirmer Tear Test (STT) strip showed values higher than those obtained with microcapillary tube. It is important that concentration of tear protein pattern values should be analyzed according the method used to collect tear samples.

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23

Turgut, Fethiye Gulden, Abdulkadir Turgut, Zehra Nihal Dolgun, and Nadiye Köroğlu. "Effects of menopause on corneal topography and dry eye." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 2 (January 31, 2017): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20170067.

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Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of estrogen and progesterone on central corneal thickness, corneal curvature, and the development of dry eye in postmenopausal women.Methods: This is a case-control study including 54 premenopausal and 54 postmenopausal women. The two groups were compared in terms of follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, progesterone, and horizontal and vertical curvatures, astigmatism, central corneal thickness, Schirmer I test scores, and dry eye scores of both eyes.Results: In the postmenopausal women, central corneal thickness was significantly thinner in both eyes (p=0.017) and the Schirmer test scores were significantly lower both for the right (p=0.001) and the left eye (p=0.003). Estradiol levels were positively correlated with central corneal thickness (p=0.003-0.006) and Schirmer test scores (p=0.004-0.002) whereas progesterone levels showed a positive correlation only with Schirmer test scores (p=0.036-0.044). Although a significant positive correlation was found between estradiol levels and dry eye scores (p=0,009), no significant correlation was found between progesterone levels and dry eye scores (p=0,118).Conclusions: Age-related hormonal abnormalities lead to central corneal thinning, increased dry eye symptoms, and decreased tear flow, particularly in the postmenopausal term. Decreased estrogen levels are associated with central corneal thickness and dry-eye symptoms, decreased estrogen and progesterone levels correlates well with diminished tear production but progesterone levels does not effect dry-eye symptoms.

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24

Jeong, Jinho, Gabriel M. Rand, Taejung Kwon, and Ji-Won Kwon. "The Improvement of Dry Eye Symptoms after Pinguecula Excision and Conjunctival Autograft with Fibrin Glue." Journal of Ophthalmology 2019 (June 9, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6438157.

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Purpose. To evaluate the association between pinguecula excision and subsequent improvement in dry eye syndrome. Methods. We included 30 consecutive patients with primary nasal pinguecula and dry eye symptoms undergoing ocular surgery for the first time. Criteria for pinguecula excision surgery were nasal location, yellowish color, and protrusion of conjunctiva at least 2 times thicker than adjacent normal conjunctiva as measured by anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Our primary outcomes were 3-month postoperative changes in tear film breakup time (TBUT), Schirmer test, and a dry eye symptom score. Results. 30 eyes from 30 different patients (12 men and 18 women) underwent pinguecula excision and conjunctival autografting using fibrin glue. The mean age was 42.5 ± 8.35 (range 28–63) years. The preoperative protrusion ratio of pinguecula was 2.33 ± 0.28 (range 2.00–2.90). Mean preoperative TBUT, Schirmer test, and dry eye symptom scores were 5.10 ± 1.27 seconds, 6.07 ± 2.27 mm, and 2.80 ± 0.76 points. Mean postoperative 3-month TBUT, Schirmer test, and dry eye symptom scores were 7.80 ± 1.13 seconds, 7.27 ± 2.02 mm, and 0.30 ± 0.47 points, respectively. The median pre- and postoperative changes were found to be statistically significant by Wilcoxon signed-rank tests for TBUT, Schirmer test score, and dry eye symptom score. Conclusion. Surgical excision of pinguecula and conjunctival autograft using fibrin glue is an effective and safe method to improve symptoms of dry eye syndrome.

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25

Kohler, Peter F., and Margaret E. Winter. "A quantitative test for xerostomia. The saxon test, an oral equivalent of the schirmer test." Arthritis & Rheumatism 28, no. 10 (October 1985): 1128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.1780281008.

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26

Satitpitakul, Vannarut, Parichart Taweekitikul, Vilavun Puangsricharern, Ngamjit Kasetsuwan, Usanee Reinprayoon, and Thanachaporn Kittipibul. "Alteration of corneal biomechanical properties in patients with dry eye disease." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): e0254442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254442.

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Purpose To evaluate the association between symptoms and signs of dry eye diseases (DED) with corneal biomechanical parameters. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled 81 participants without history of ocular hypertension, glaucoma, keratoconus, corneal edema, contact lens use, diabetes, and ocular surgery. All participants were evaluated for symptoms and signs of DED using OSDI questionnaire, tear film break-up time (TBUT), conjunctival and corneal staining (NEI grading) and Schirmer test. Corneal biomechanical parameters were obtained using Corvis ST. Mixed-effects linear regression analysis was used to determine the association between symptoms and signs of DED with corneal biomechanical parameters. Difference in corneal biomechanical parameter between participants with low (Schirmer value ≤10 mm; LT group) and normal (Schirmer value >10mm; NT group) tear production was analyzed using ANCOVA test. Results The median OSDI scores, TBUT, conjunctival and corneal staining scores as well as Schirmer test were 13±16.5 (range; 0–77), 5.3±4.2 seconds (range; 1.3–11), 0±1 (range; 0–4), 0±2 (ranges; 0–9) and 16±14 mm (range; 0–45) respectively. Regression analysis adjusted with participants’ refraction, intraocular pressure, and central corneal thickness showed that OSDI had a negative association with highest concavity radius (P = 0.02). The association between DED signs and corneal biomechanical parameters were found between conjunctival staining scores with second applanation velocity (A2V, P = 0.04), corneal staining scores with second applanation length (A2L, P = 0.01), Schirmer test with first applanation time (A1T, P = 0.04) and first applanation velocity (P = 0.01). In subgroup analysis, there was no difference in corneal biomechanical parameters between participants with low and normal tear production (P>0.05). The associations were found between OSDI with time to highest concavity (P<0.01) and highest displacement of corneal apex (HC-DA, P = 0.04), conjunctival staining scores with A2L (P = 0.01) and A2V (P<0.01) in LT group, and Schirmer test with A1T (P = 0.02) and HC-DA (P = 0.03), corneal staining scores with A2L (P<0.01) in NT group. Conclusions According to in vivo observation with Corvis ST, patients with DED showed more compliant corneas. The increase in dry eye severity was associated with the worsening of corneal biomechanics in both patients with low and normal tear production.

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27

Falcão, Mário S. A., Rafael V. Monteiro, Arianne P. Oriá, and Paula D. Galera. "Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva)." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37, no. 8 (August 2017): 871–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017000800015.

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ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to describe the modified Schirmer tear test (mSTT), intraocular pressure (IOP) by rebound tonometry and palpebral fissure length (PFL) in blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva). Thirty-five healthy adult animals from a conservation breeding center in Brazil were used in this study. Modified Schirmer tear test, rebound tonometry and PFL measurements were performed in both eyes, with birds under physical restraint. Mean mSTT was 6.2±0.1mm/min and mean IOP was 6.4±0.1mmHg, while PFL was 10.1±0.1mm. A moderate correlation was seen between mSTT and PFL for OD (ρ=0.14) and OS (ρ=0.20). The results provide ophthalmic tests reference values for A. aestiva.

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28

Tuladhar, S., B. Poudel, and D. Shahi. "Dry Eye among Medical Students of Gandaki Medical College, Pokhara, Nepal." Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal 12, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jgmcn.v12i1.22600.

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Introduction: Dry eye disease results from decreased tear production, increased evaporation of tears and inflammation. Medical students often have dry eyes due to use of projectors, computers for study and also due to use of mobiles. Objective: The present study was undertaken to find out dry eye by Schirmer 1 test with local anesthesia and measurement of wetting of Schirmer test strip. Methods: Schirmer 1 test with anesthesia was performed on 200 medical students from June 1, 2017 to June 1, 2018 after obtaining informed consent and after applying some exclusion criteria. The test was performed by first applying 4% topical lignocaine and then using Whatman filter paper no 41 and wetting of the filter paper measured after five minutes and time noted. Results: 146 (73%) Among 200 Students, were males and 54 (27%) were females. Mean age of patients was 21.73 ±1.42 years. Mild dry eye was seen in 19.5%, moderate in 13% and severe dry eye in 13.5% of medical students Conclusion: Dry eye is one of common ocular disease among medical students.

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29

Tanbakouee, Elham, Mohammad Ghoreishi, Mohammad Aghazadeh-Amiri, Mehdi Tabatabaee, and Mohadeseh Mohammadinia. "Photorefractive keratectomy for patients with preoperative low Schirmer test value." Journal of Current Ophthalmology 28, no. 4 (December 2016): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joco.2016.06.002.

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30

Dias, Fernanda Gosuen Gonçalves, Adriana Torrecilhas Jorge, Cristiane Alves Cintra, Vanessa Mattos Pires, Lucas de Freitas Pereira, Denner Ssantos dos Anjos, Débora de Oliveira Garcia, and Cristiane dos Santos Honsho. "Schirmer tear test, a useful diagnosis tool for the clinician." Brazilian Journal of Development 6, no. 6 (2020): 40354–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv6n6-538.

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31

Onerci Celebi, Ozlem, Ela Araz Server, Ozgur Yigit, Muhammet Yildiz, and Ecem Sevim Longur. "The Impact of Septal Deviation on Intranasal Schirmer Test Values." Turk Otolarengoloji Arsivi/Turkish Archives of Otolaryngology 56, no. 3 (September 28, 2018): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/tao.2018.3416.

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32

Rieger, G. "Schirmer Test with Local Anesthesia with Opened and Closed Eyes?" Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 2, no. 3 (1986): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002341-198601060-00026.

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33

Garhöfer, Gerhard, Valentin Aranha Dos Santos, Hannes Stegmann, Doreen Schmidl, Narine Adzhemian, René M. Werkmeister, and Leopold Schmetterer. "The Association between Tear Film Thickness as Measured with OCT and Symptoms and Signs of Dry Eye Disease: A Pooled Analysis of 6 Clinical Trials." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 11 (November 23, 2020): 3791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113791.

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Purpose: To determine the association between tear film thickness (TFT) as measured with ultra-high resolution optical coherence tomography (UHR-OCT) and signs and symptoms of dry eye disease (DED). Methods: A total of 450 eyes from 225 patients with DED from six different randomized clinical trials were included in this pooled analysis. In all subjects, TFT was measured with a custom-built UHR-OCT system. Symptoms of DED were quantified using a standardized Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSD)I questionnaire and clinical signs including tear film break up time (TFBUT) and Schirmer I test were assessed. Associations of the average TFT with OSDI, TFBUT, and Schirmer I test were calculated using a linear regression analysis. Results: The average TFT of the included sample (mean age, 45.0 ± 13.3 years; 65% female) was 4.2 ± 0.5 µm and the OSDI 36.2 ± 10.4. A significant negative correlation was found between TFT and OSDI (r = −0.36 to −0.31; p < 0.001). Tear break up time and Schirmer I test were not correlated with OSDI. Significant albeit weak correlations were found between TFT and TFBUT (r = 0.17 to 0.25; p < 0.01) as well as Schirmer I (r = 0.36 to 0.37; p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that the correlation was stronger in the subjects with abnormal Schirmer I (<15 mm; r = 0.50 to 0.54; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The present study demonstrates an objective measurement of TFT using a novel OCT approach for DED that correlates with symptoms and signs of DED. Our data are consistent with the idea that TFT represents the aqueous-deficient component of DED.

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Feng, Yanhong, Gang Feng, Shuli Peng, and Hui Li. "The Effect of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Dry Eye Syndrome Evaluated with Schirmer Test and Break-Up Time." Journal of Ophthalmology 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/420302.

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Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for dry eye syndrome (DES) is controversial in clinical practice. The goal of this study was to review relevant studies and analyze the pooled data to determine whether HRT is effective for DES. In this study, a literature search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases up to May 2015 was performed, with the search restricted to English language publications. The studies were screened after reading the abstract and full text. Only studies related to the effect of HRT on DES were included in the meta-analysis. Results of Schirmer tests with and without anesthetics and tear break-up time (BUT) values data were extracted and entered into RevMan software to meta-analyze the overall effect of HRT on DES. A total of 43 studies were identified, and 21 of these studies were found to be related to the effect of HRT on DES. Ultimately, 5 studies were included in the final meta-analysis. The pooled results revealed that HRT can affect Schirmer test results without anesthetics but does not affect Schirmer test results with anesthetics and BUT. The results indicate that HRT might improve DES symptoms when measuring basal tear production without anesthesia.

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Mubarakova, K. A., S. A. Mukhanov, I. F. Saliyev, and N. H. Habibullayeva. "Correlation between Non-Invasive Tear Breakup Time and Invasive Tear Breakup Time for Dry Eye Syndrome Diagnosis." EYE GLAZ 23, no. 1 (March 23, 2021): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33791/2222-4408-2021-1-15-22.

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Introduction: in today’s digital environment, dry eye complaints step forward in all age groups. Along with dry eye syndrome, the diagnosis of which is not complicated, there are other causes of dryness such as dysfunction of the tear film and Meibomian glands, etc. For the early detection of the above conditions, invasive diagnostic methods are mainly used.Aim: to compare Non-Invasive Tear Breakup Time (NITBUT) assessed with LacryDiag ocular surface analyzer to results of invasive tests for dry eye syndrome diagnosis to determine the possibility of a wider use of LacryDiag in practical ophthalmology. Materials and Methods: 50 patients with dry eye, burning and feeling of a foreign body complaints participated in this study. Mean age amounted to 28.85 ± 5.86 years. NITBUT was assessed with LacryDiag ocular surface analyzer. The data obtained was compared to the results of Invasive Tear Breakup Time (TBUT) – Norne test, and Schirmer I test.Results: both quantitative and qualitative values of tear film stability were analyzed in all participants. Based on results of the Schirmer I test, patients were divided into subgroups: where it was greater than 21 mm, between 11 and 20 mm, between 6 and 10 mm, and less than 5 mm/ The mean value of the Schirmer I test result amounted to 15.32 ± 6.05 mm/5 min, NITBUT amounted to 9.59 ± 4.37 s, while invasive TBUT amounted to 8.98 ± 3.79 s. It was found that invasive TBUT is in a strong direct correlation with NITBUT values (p <0.001, r = 0.554). No correlation was discovered between Schirmer I test results and TBUT (p = 0.15, r = 0.207) as well as between Schirmer I test result and NITBUT (p = 0.17, r =0.228). No correlation was found between the optical power of the cornea and the tear film structure abnormalities.Conclusion: a strong correlation was found between results of invasive and non-invasive methods of tear film breakup time assessment. No correlation was found between the optical power of the cornea and the tear film disruption. The non-invasive test was found to be an effective and objective method for diagnosing dry eye.

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Singh Bhinder, G., and H. Singh Bhinder. "Reflex Epiphora in Patients with Dry Eye Symptoms: Role of Variable Time Schirmer-1 Test." European Journal of Ophthalmology 15, no. 4 (July 2005): 429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/112067210501500401.

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Purpose To report reflex epiphora in patients with dry eye symptoms and describe the role of variable time Schirmer-1 test. Methods The study was conducted in 16 consecutive dry eye patients (32 eyes), nine male and seven female, aged 16 to 73 years (mean 48.56±16.68 years), presenting with reflex epiphora. Each eye was subjected to Schirmer-1 test and the time elapsed in total wetting of the 35 mm strip from its placement into the conjunctiva was noted and test was graded. This was compared with symptomatology, closed chamber infrared thermometry, humidity, fluorescein tear break-up time (FTBUT), fluorescein stain test, and Lissamine green stain. Results Schirmer-1 test differentiated reflex epiphora in dry eye patients into groups 0 to 4 based on time it took to wet the 35 mm strip (Group 0 = ≤5 min; Group 1 = ≤2 min; Group 2 = ≤1.5 min; Group 3= ≤1 min; Group 4 = ≤1/2 min). The score was −0.04 in 8 eyes, −0.03 in 10 eyes, −0.02 in 2 eyes, −0.01 in 6 eyes, and 0.00 in 6 eyes in Groups 4, 3, 2, 1, and 0, respectively. Reflex epiphora had a statistically significant correlation to the symptomatology (p<0.001), lissamine green staining (p<0.001), closed chamber humidity difference (p<0.001), and FTBUT score (p=0.001). Fluorescein stain test and difference in infrared thermometry did not show any correlation. A statistically significant correlation existed between severe and mild to moderate reflex epiphora (p=0.002). However, the two groups separately failed to show any statistically significant relationship with the symptomatology (p=0.16), Lissamine green (p=0.69), humidity difference from close to open eye position (p=0.17), and FTBUT (p=0.25). Thermometry and fluorescein stain test showed no relationship. Conclusions Schirmer-1 test with variable time quantifies reflex epiphora in dry eye patients, which was significantly related to the other tear function tests.

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Tseng, Kuo-Lieh, Hsu-Jan Liu, Kam-Yuen Tso, Lin-Chung Woung, Yi-Chang Su, and Jaung-Geng Lin. "A Clinical Study of Acupuncture and SSP (Silver Spike Point) Electro-therapy for Dry Eye Syndrome." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 34, no. 02 (January 2006): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x0600376x.

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The present study was designed as a clinical trial to assess the efficacy of acupuncture and silver spike point (SSP) electro-therapy on dry eye syndrome. A total of 43 dry eye syndrome patients participated in the present study. Subjects were divided into control, acupuncture and SSP electro-therapy groups. The three groups were all given artificial tears treatment. Patients in the treatment groups were given two 20-minute treatments of either acupuncture or SSP. Assessment was carried out using the Basal Schirmer test, tear break-up time (BUT), visual analog scale (VAS) and an overall score of eye condition. After four weeks of treatment, both the acupuncture and SSP treatment groups showed improvements over the control group, in Schirmer tests of the left eye and average tearing of both eyes. After 8 weeks of treatment, both treatment groups showed improvements over the control group both in Schirmer tests and VAS. For the right eye, treatment groups showed significant improvements in Schirmer test and VAS versus the control group averages for both eyes. There was no significant difference in BUT at any time. Comparing scores before and after treatment, the acupuncture and SSP groups showed a significant improvement compared to the control group. The acupuncture group showed a greater 8-week improvement in Schirmer tests scores compared to the SSP group. However, the SSP group patients used fewer applications of artificial tears. Acupuncture and SSP electro-therapy were effective in increasing tear secretion in patients with dry eye syndrome. The SSP electro-therapy not only alleviated dry eye syndrome, but also reduced the number of applications of artificial tears necessary.

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Liang, Qingfeng, Hong Liang, Hanruo Liu, Zhiqiang Pan, Christophe Baudouin, and Antoine Labbé. "Ocular Surface Epithelial Thickness Evaluation in Dry Eye Patients: Clinical Correlations." Journal of Ophthalmology 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1628469.

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Purpose.To evaluate the relationship between corneal and conjunctival epithelium thickness and ocular surface clinical tests in dry eye disease (DED) patients.Patients and Methods.Fifty-four patients with DED and 32 control subjects were included. Each patient underwent an ocular surface evaluation using the ocular surface disease index (OSDI), tear film break-up time (TBUT), corneal and conjunctival staining, tear film lipid layer analysis, and Schirmer test. The central corneal (CET), limbal (LET), and bulbar conjunctival epithelium thickness (BET) were acquired using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).Results.Compared to control subjects, mean BET was significantly thicker and mean LET was significantly lower in the DED group. There was no significant difference in mean CET between the two groups. The mean LET was correlated with OSDI and TBUT. The inferior LET was correlated with OSDI, Schirmer I test, TBUT, Oxford score, and corneal sensitivity. Mean BET was correlated with OSDI and TBUT, but not with Schirmer I test and Oxford score.Conclusions.In dry eye patients, a thinner limbal epithelium and a thicker bulbar conjunctival epithelium were observed. These changes were correlated to the severity of dry eye symptoms and tear film alterations.

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Hampel, Ulrike, Alexander K. Schuster, Stefan Nickels, Andreas Schulz, Karl J. Lackner, Thomas Münzel, Philipp S. Wild, Manfred Beutel, Irene Schmidtmann, and Norbert Pfeiffer. "Schirmer test results: are they associated with topical or systemic medication?" Ocular Surface 18, no. 1 (January 2020): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2019.11.003.

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Recep, Ömer Faruk. "The importance of Schirmer test in the elderly patients with epiphora." Ortadoğu Tıp Dergisi 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 154–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21601/ortadogutipdergisi.301571.

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Murphy, Christopher J. "The Need to Specify Source of Schirmer??s Tear Test Strip." Cornea 14, no. 1 (January 1995): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003226-199501000-00019.

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Tofflemire, Kyle L., Elizabeth M. Whitley, Stacie A. Gould, Renee D. Dewell, Rachel A. Allbaugh, Gil Ben-Shlomo, Annette M. O'Connor, and R. David Whitley. "Schirmer tear test I and rebound tonometry findings in healthy calves." Veterinary Ophthalmology 18, no. 2 (March 27, 2014): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12165.

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Yoon, Angela, Chin‐Chi Liu, Renee T. Carter, and Andrew C. Lewin. "Environmental relative humidity affects Schirmer tear test results in normal dogs." Veterinary Ophthalmology 23, no. 5 (June 23, 2020): 923–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12797.

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Trbolova, Alexandra, Juliet R. Gionfriddo, and Masoud Selk Ghaffari. "Results of Schirmer tear test in clinically normal llamas (Lama glama)." Veterinary Ophthalmology 15, no. 6 (March 19, 2012): 383–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2012.01002.x.

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Lindemann, Joerg, Evangelia Tsakiropoulou, Gerhard Rettinger, Caroline Gutter, Marc Oliver Scheithauer, Valerie Picavet, and Fabian Sommer. "The intranasal Schirmer test: a preliminary study to quantify nasal secretion." European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 271, no. 11 (March 17, 2014): 2963–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00405-014-2988-4.

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Vashisht, Satinder, and Sativir Singh. "Evaluation of Phenol Red Thread test versus Schirmer test in dry eyes: A comparative study." International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research 1, no. 1 (2011): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-516x.81979.

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YILDIZ, Muhammet, and Ahmet BAKİ. "Can the Nasal Schirmer Test be Used as a Topographic Test in Facial Paralysis Patients?" Bezmialem Science 9, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14235/bas.galenos.2020.3962.

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Ghasemi, Falavarjani Khalil, Yahya Shaheen, Moghaddam Arezoo Karimi, Hossein Aghaei, Mohammad Mehdi Parvaresh, Kashkouli Mohsen Bahmani, Hosein Farrokhi, and Aghdam Kaveh Abri. "Schirmer test changes after 20 gauge and 23 gauge pars plana vitrectomy." Romanian Journal of Ophthalmology 61, no. 1 (April 15, 2017): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22336/rjo.2017.7.

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Honsho, Cristiane S., Adriana T. Jorge, Laura T. Oliveira, Daniel Paulino-Junior, Ewaldo Mattos-Junior, Lilian T. Nishimura, and Walder O. Dias. "Intraocular pressure and Schirmer tear test values in maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 36, no. 9 (September 2016): 919–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2016000900020.

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Abstract: The purpose of this study was to establish baseline data on lacrimal quantity (STT-1) and intraocular pressure (IOP) in captive maned wolves. Ten healthy adult maned wolves were contained with a snare pole and muzzle and kept in decubitus of the left side. STT-1 measurement was performed on the lateral third of the lower conjunctival sac for one minute. The cornea was desensitized and intraocular pressure was measured with an tonopen. Average STT-1 in both eyes was 11±5mm.min-1, with no statistical difference between the left and right eye (p=0.960). Average IOP in both eyes was 20±6mmHg, with no statistical difference between the left and right eye (p=0.836). Average STT-1 was lower than, and IOP was the same as normal levels found in dogs. There was no statistical difference in the age of the animals, and STT-1 and IOP values. In the present paper, average maned wolf STT-1 levels were lower compared with those found in dogs, while the IOP was the same in maned wolves as in dogs. Due to the increased incidence in providing emergency care for maned wolf victims of road kill and fires, determination reference values of ocular parameters may improve the correct diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

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Wotman, S. "Using the Method Schirmer Test to Measure Mouth Dryness: A Preliminary Study." Yearbook of Dentistry 2006 (January 2006): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0084-3717(08)70188-0.

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