Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Schistosomiasis – Control'

Background: Schistosomiasis remains one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases in developing countries. Goal and objectives: The potential relationship between Schistosoma mansoni and anaemia, was examined using Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI) data on Ugandan children and a randomized clinical trial implemented by colleagues from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) in Western Kenya. The impact of large-scale administration of chemotherapy on Schistosoma haematobium infection and associated morbidity was also evaluated using SCI data on Burkinabe children. Evaluation and validation of field applicable tools, such as ultrasound, for the cost-effective diagnosis of schistosomiasis morbidity using SCI baseline data from Malian children was another aim of this thesis. Furthermore, in combination with the ultrasound scans, microscopic examination of urine for detection of S. haematobium eggs, dipsticks for detection of haematuria, tests for circulating antigens and serology tests were examined for the cost-effective assessment of S. haematobium prevalence in an adult's dataset from Ghana. Methods: Biostatistical analysis of aforementioned data was applied. Principal findings: Results from SCI and LSHTM studies suggest that anaemia is associated with schistosomiasis in African children, and that such anaemia shows a significant improvement following chemotherapy. Results from the SCI study in Burkina Faso suggested that even a single round of mass chemotherapy can have a substantial impact on S. haematobium infection and its associated morbidity in children. Microscopy and haematuria dipsticks were suggested as sensitive and specific indicators of prevalence of S. haematobium infection in Ghanaian adults. Furthermore, ultrasound global scores were demonstrated to be valuable markers in children for morbidity caused by S. haematobium infection, but ultrasonographic examination is not a reasonable substitute for microscopy or dipsticks for determining the prevalence of this infection. Significance: Finally, the key findings from all the studies presented, emphasizing how these relate to one another, are discussed.

Orientador: Luiz Augusto Magalhães<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T01:38:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Teles_HoracioManuelSantana_D.pdf: 801065 bytes, checksum: 144f6794e5f14672c4fdf41798b3d4a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006<br>Resumo: O município de Bananal está situado na área endêmica da esquistossomose mansônica do Vale do Rio Paraíba do Sul. Nessa região, onde são freqüentes os contatos dos habitantes com coleções de água poluídas com fezes humanas e colonizadas por Biomphalaria tenagophila, notificam-se casos de esquistossomose desde meados do século passado. O controle da transmissão de Schistosoma mansoni se intensificou após o desenvolvimento de um plano de controle específico para Bananal, que durou de 1998 a 2002, projetado para reduzir a prevalência da doença a 1 %. Na vigência deste, observou-se perda de eficácia dos exames de fezes na busca ativa de casos para tratamento. Para a redução dos riscos resultantes da permanência do número de casos dados como falsos negativos e obtenção de dados epidemiológicos mais detalhados, buscou-se o aprimoramento dos resultados de laboratório com a realização de um inquérito soro lógico com a reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI-IgM) quantitativa. O trabalho permitiu a confirmação de casos não detectados no inquérito coproscópico precedente, a partir da triagem dos resultados soro-reagentes encontrados no Bairro Palha. A curva bimodal da distribuição dos títulos soro lógicos caracterizou a baixa endemicidade. Na primeira fase do estudo, 452 exames soro lógicos revelaram129 soro-reagentes (28,5%). Destes, colheram-se 97 amostras de fezes que permitiram a identificação de 11 casos (11,3%) não detectados nos inquéritos coproscópicos. Na segunda fase do trabalho, de um total de 674 casos do município notificados e tratados no período de 1994 a 2002, foram examinadas 230 amostras de sangue (34,13%), dentre as quais 201 resultaram positivas. Determinaram-se os parâmetros da técnica RIFI-IgM utilizada: sensibilidade, 87,4%; especificidade, 98,7%; valores de predição positivo e negativo, respectivamente 98,5% e 88,7% ; título de corte igual a 8, avaliado em confronto com amostras de área controle negativas para esquistossomose, pareadas por idade e sexo. Nos grupos de até cinco anos observaram-se os mais altos valores de médias geométricas de títulos: 446; entre seis e dez, 142; nos maiores de 49 anos, 81. Não houve associação entre títulos sorológicos e intensidades de infecção estimadas em termos de ovos por grama de fezes (opg). O levantamento epidemiológico indicou redução da prevalência e da intensidade da infecção, coincidentes com a ampliação da cobertura dos inquéritos coproscópicos e melhoria das condições de saneamento básico. A RIFI-IgM mostrou-se adequada ao aprimoramento do controle da esquistossomose em Bananal e para o uso em outras áreas de baixa prevalência, o que contribui na redução dos níveis de contaminação ambiental por ovos do parasito e dos riscos de contato da população com as coleções hídricas<br>Abstract: The municipality ofBananal is located in the area ofthe Valley ofthe Paraíba do Sul river where schistosomiasis mansoni is endemic. Since the middle seventies of the past century, the local public health authorities have been notified of the occurrence of Schistosoma mansoni infection in this region, where people come tTequent1y in contact with bodies of tTesh water polluted with human feces and infested with Biomphalaria tenagophila. During the period between the years 1998 and 2002, a new plan was put into effect in Bananal with the purpose of eventually reducing the prevalence of schistosomiasis to 1 %. As the action proceeded, the use of parasitological examinations to detect new cases of schistosomiasis to be treated was obviously not efficient enough. Aiming at reducing the proportion of false negative results, the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IF AT -IgM) was then adopted as a subsidiary to egg identification techniques and as. a source of seroepidemiological data. A bimodal distribution curve of serological titers, characteristic of low endemicity, was found. Seropositive cases were matched with parasitological examination results from previous yearly surveys. During the first stage of investigation, from 452 serological examinations, 129 (28.5%) seropositive cases carne out. Fecal samples tTom 97 ofthese subjects inc1uded 11 parasitologically positive cases (11.3%) which had escaped identification during the previous yearly surveys. During the second stage of our investigation, tTom a total of 674 cases previously notified and treated in the 1994 - 2002 period, we processed 230 blood samples (34,1%), ofwhich 201 seropositives carne out. The IF AT -IgM parameters calculated were: sensitivity, 87.4%; specificity, 98.7 %; Positive and negative predicted values, 98.5% and 88.7% respectively; estimated cut off leveI equal to 8, obtained by matching samples from negative control areas and pairing them according to age and sexo Subjects aged five years or less had the highest mean titers: 446; subjects in the 6-10 age group: 142; subjects aged more than 49 years: 81. No association was observed between serological titers and intensity of infection as estimated in terms of eggs per gram offeces (epg). Epidemiological investigation point to a decrease in both prevalence and intensity of infection, coincident with comprehensive parasitological surveys and the inception of basic sanitation measures. IFAT-IgM was found to have been adequate to produce epidemiological data pertinent to the control of schistosomiasis in such low prevalence conditions as those found in Bananal<br>Doutorado<br>Doutor em Parasitologia

The overarching aim of the thesis is the use of mathematical models to provide policy-relevant guidance to neglected tropical disease (NTD) control programmes, particularly those against schistosomiasis, identified following discussions with Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI) staff, and utilising the SCl's extensive datasets from sub-Saharan Africa. Firstly, changes are estimated in the force of infection (Fa/) of schistosomes following annual control in Uganda, relative to baseline, expressed as the number of mature parasites acquired per host per year. It is known that praziquantel treatment results in significant reductions in infection intensity in treated individuals; however, the thesis shows that Fal reductions also result in benefits for untreated individuals. Models are developed, parameterized and fitted to Schistosoma mansoni (intestinal schistosomiasis) data from areas with differing initial endemicity, and results indicate significant and substantial reductions following treatment. Models are developed further to estimate reductions in the Fal of S. haematobium (urogenital schistosomiasis) and used in other SCI locations (Uganda, Tanzania, Burkina Faso, Niger, Mali, Zambia). Secondly, the thesis investigates changes in schistosome population genetic structure following chemotherapy to gain insights into the transmission and clinical processes of the disease. Large-scale chemotherapy-based control likely exerts strong selective pressure on parasite populations. Recently developed microsatellite markers have demonstrated significant reductions in S. mansoni genetic diversity following one round of treatment. This may have implications for the parasite's evolutionary potential and the future success of such campaigns. Stochastic re-sampling approaches are used to estimate the magnitude of changes, the robustness of the microsatellite markers used, and to identify optimum sampling frameworks in terms of numbers of hosts, and numbers of parasites per host required, in order to detect changes in parasite population structure. Finally, results are discussed in terms of the role that models can play in the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of programmes for NTD control, and current research gaps are high lighted.

nÃo hÃ<br>Schistosomiasis mansoni of African origin is known to expand in Brazil through the slave trade in the period of colonization by the arrival of blacks coming from endemic areas of those continents. Pirajà da Silva (1908) was responsible for the first record of human infection with S. mansoni in Brazil. The distribution of the disease could only be known in Brazil as the first national survey, conducted by Pellon & Teixeira in 1950. In this investigation we examined the states of the Northeast and Minas Gerais State, whereas the prevalence of schistosomiasis estimated 10% of the population of the endemic area studied in the country. In CearÃ,states the survey was carried out by Alencar in 1948 and 1949. Among counties that had higher levels of positivity can point Pacoti (31.4%) and RedenÃÃo (62.2%). The main objective of this study is to characterize the epidemiological evolution of schistosomiasis in focal areas of the State of CearÃ, with emphasis on surveillance and control, from 1977 to 2007. This is a retrospective descriptive study, by time series analysis using secondary data aggregated by municipalities of the endemic and potential endemic area of Schistosomiasis in CearÃ, and also the site of the outbreaks and description of control. The study was conducted using secondary data from 1977 to 2007, divided into three periods from 1977 to 1986, from 1987 to 1996 and from 1997 to 2007. In the first two periods were analyzed for PCE worked municipalities in CearÃ, and last time the survey was conducted in the regions of Cearà state, and Cariri CaririaÃu, which are considered the main focal areas for schistosomiasis. They were worked with greater frequency by the PCE during the proposed period.The results were presented through a historical, political and epidemiological view of schistosomiasis mansoni in Cearà state. About the historical aspects, was made a bibliographical survey of the disease existence in the period from 1920 to 2007. It is noteworthy that from 1997 to 2007 showed the permanence of targeting the disease, with overall mean prevalence of 1%, although it was found cities with prevalence above 10%. In relation to the political analysis has been conducted since 1950, when we performed the first survey coprological nationwide, which led to the creation of the campaign against schistosomiasis and Special Program for Schistosomiasis Control (PECE) who lost the character of specialty and became Control Program Schistosomiasis (PCE). About the epidemiology aspects in the 31 years analysed there was an average prevalence below 5%. It is important to note that from 1997 to 2007, there was no significant difference by sex among patients with schistosomiasis and 85.3% showed low intensity of infection. Schistosomiasis mansoni in Cearà state continues to present itself as a serious public health problem. The decentralization of monitoring and control of diseases now to municipal administrations, has become more serious since the non- prioritization of this disease in these instances, although the magnitude of the problem.

The context of this work in Pemba was (i) the initial reestablishment of School-Based Treatment (SBT) with praziquantel (PZQ) and albendazole (ALB) for control of urogenital schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths (STH), respectively, and (ii) the subsequent implementation of mass drug administration (MDA) with or without additional snail control or behavioural modification which was aimed at evaluation of the possibility of elimination of schistosomiasis. The prime focus of the work described was to use regular parasitological monitoring to evaluate and compare control strategies with regard to the effects of intervention on transmission or morbidity. Chapters 1 and 2: General Introduction and Material and Methods respectively Chapter 3: Urogenital schistosomiasis. (i) Use of single annual SBT with PZQ: By assessing urine egg output in new-entry standard (Std)-1 children, neither the intensity nor baseline prevalence of 9.5% was lowered over a two year period of intervention. However, prevalences in St-3 children who had received SBT showed lower prevalences than Std-1 children presumably reflecting PZQ-mediated worm reductions. This supports the WHO recommended use of SBT treatment once/year for areas with prevalence < 20% for morbidity control but demonstrates its lack of effect in transmission control. (ii) Use of MDA (twice/year) alone or combined with snail control or behavioural modification:. Testing of Std-3 and Std-4 children in each of 15 shehias allocated to the three different intervention arms revealed an overall reduction in the prevalence of schistosomiasis from 8.3% in 2012 to 5.4% in 2014 (impact:- behavioural control > snail control>MDA). There was a downward trend in the overall mean intensity across all interventions (from 2.71 1.83 1.71) but no consistent reduction in the proportion of heavy infections among the infected children. Recommendations: Integrated interventions are likely to be necessary for interrupting transmission of schistosomiasis and eventually leading to elimination. In poor resource areas, such as Zanzibar, it would be difficult to implement fully integrated control measures and so focusing on PC in areas with high transmission coupled with behavioural changes and strengthening of diagnostic capability of health facilities could be essential. ii Chapter 4: STH. Faecal examination of the Std-1 children, as above, for the eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm, showed a high frequency of polyparasitism. Neither SBT nor intense MDA significantly reduced prevalence of any STH worm in the communities. The worm specific prevalences were slightly reduced overall, most consistently for Trichuris. However, there were no significant changes in intensity of infection, which remained light in the majority of infected children. Recommendations: No impact of either SBT or MDA on transmission to Std-1 children was observed. Integrated approaches e.g. WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene), education and PC are likely to be essential for reduction in transmission. Chapter 5: The efficiency of drug distribution and associated compliance were monitored during the MDA by individual questionnaire and reports from the community drug distributors (CDDs). Overall coverage rate was high (~80%) but variable between the districts (69.3-88.2%). Based on questionnaire, a significant proportion of individuals were non-compliant with the MDA especially regarding PZQ (10.2%) although this did not associate with knowledge about disease transmission, signs/symptoms or risk factors for schistosomiasis. Only mild adverse effects were reported. Recommendations: For any future MDA careful thought needs to be given to understanding the variation in compliance observed across the different areas of Pemba. There is a need of intensifying sensitization meetings in the communities with focus of discussion on potential side effects which may develop. Engage religious and other influential leaders during sensitization meetings. Chapter 6: Since the intensive enhanced MDA for schistosomiasis was aimed at evaluating the possibility of elimination of transmission, the role in transmission of the preschool (> 3 < 5yr) children, who were not previously included in PC in Pemba, was assessed. A substantial proportion of these children was infected (7.04%), the prevalence steadily increasing with age. By questionnaire to mothers/care-givers, contact with stream/pond water through washing and visiting with the children were significant risk factors for pre-school infection. Recommendations: In view of the preschool prevalence demonstrated, the community MDA was extended to < 3yr olds. The government should be ready to register and order paediatric formulation of PZQ once it becomes available. Diagnostic capability of the respective health facilities has to be strengthened in terms of training of laboratory personnel and purchase of essential laboratory equipment. iii Chapter 7: Implementation of snail control in Pemba prompted study of transmission of schistosomiasis by the snail intermediate host, Bulinus spp. Only ~1% of fieldcollected snails shed cercariae but 56% of tested snails were found infected by PCR. DNA sequencing confirmed the presence of B. nasutus and B. globosus, both of which transmitted schistosomes as judged by cercarial shedding and molecular techniques. Recommendations: Further studies are needed to confirm the potential role of the B. nasutus in the transmission of urogenital schistosomiasis in Pemba. For monitoring of schistosomiasis transmission, it would be essential to assess the presence of infection in snail host using molecular techniques especially when elimination is achieved or targeted. Chapter 8: Increasing intensity of PZQ administration raises concerns about possible selection of drug resistance in S. haematobium and prompted studies on the efficacy of PZQ and its effects on parasite genetic diversity in Pemba. It was found that PZQ efficacy was comparable to previous trials. Miracidial samples collected from Std-1 children in 2011 showed diverse, and some novel, haplotypes of the Cox-1 gene of S. haematobium. Clustering of the different haplotypes from different areas indicated the role of internal/external migration in the spread of infection. Recommendations: Praziquantel remains effective and should still be used for the treatment of schistosomiasis at the individual, community or school level in Pemba. More studies are needed to assess susceptibility to PZQ of different S. haematobium haplotypes and of the groups (G1 and G2) with which they associate. Chapter 9: General Discussion: Overall it was concluded that S. haematobium and STH infections remain a public health problem in Pemba and that, although PC using SBT helps control parasite burdens, integrated control measures were more effective and would be required to reduce transmission to approach elimination. Valuable experience in implementation and monitoring of such measures (MDA±snail control/behavioural modification) and application of modern genetic analysis tools was gained during the work and further studies on the snail hosts and population genetics of S. haematobium proposed.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2016-08-23T18:34:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_José Teófilo Moreira Filho.pdf: 3739532 bytes, checksum: 781ef593c7c871e1b885d3e654832a3c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2016-08-23T18:34:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_José Teófilo Moreira Filho.pdf: 3739532 bytes, checksum: 781ef593c7c871e1b885d3e654832a3c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-23T18:34:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_José Teófilo Moreira Filho.pdf: 3739532 bytes, checksum: 781ef593c7c871e1b885d3e654832a3c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29<br>Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq<br>Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasites of the genus Schistosoma. Worldwide, there are about 240 million people infected and have more than 700 million people at risk of infection in 78 countries. Biomphalaria glabrata is the main intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni in Brazil. Niclosamide is the molluscicide recommended by the WHO. However, this molluscicide is toxic to other species of aquatic animals and plants, has difficult solubilization both in organic solvents and in water and also high cost. The utilization of in silico methods for virtual screening of new compounds rationalizes costs, reduces the time and also the number of animals in the early stages of research and development. The work’s purpose was plan and identify new molluscicidal compounds potentially active against B. glabrata through in silico methods. Known active and inactive molluscicidal compounds against B. glabrata were selected from literature. Decoys were generated to validate the shape-based models and QSAR models. First, the top 10,000 compounds from Chembridge and ZINC "DrugsNow" databases were screened with the best shape-based model, selected using TanimotoCombo socre function. Later, the activity of the compounds was predicted using consensus QSAR models. Finally, the water solubility of the compounds was calculated for the best molluscicidal candidates, leading to the identification of 20 potentially active compounds as molluscicides against B. glabrata.<br>A esquistossomose é uma doença tropical negligenciada causada por parasitos do gênero Schistosoma. No mundo, existem cerca de 240 milhões de pessoas infectadas e mais de 700 milhões de pessoas em 78 países sob risco de infecção. Biomphalaria glabrata é o principal hospedeiro intermediário de Schistosoma mansoni no Brasil. A niclosamida é o moluscicida recomendado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. No entanto, este moluscicida é tóxico a outras espécies de animais aquáticos e plantas, possui difícil solubilização tanto em solventes orgânicos quanto em água e, também, possui alto custo. A utilização de métodos in silico para triagem virtual de novos compostos racionaliza os custos, diminui o tempo e reduz número de animais nas fases iniciais de pesquisas e desenvolvimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi planejar e identificar novos compostos moluscicidas potencialmente ativos contra B. glabrata através de métodos in silico. Compostos ativos e inativos como moluscicidas contra B. glabrata foram selecionados na literatura. Decoys foram gerados para a validação dos modelos de similaridade pela forma 3D e modelos de QSAR. Primeiramente, os melhores 10.000 compostos das bases de dados Chembridge e ZINC "DrugsNow" foram triados com o melhor modelo de similaridade pela forma 3D, utilizando a função de score TanimotoCombo. Posteriormente, a atividade dos compostos foi predita utilizando os modelos de QSAR gerados. Ao final, a solubilidade em água dos compostos com melhor atividade predita foi calculada, levando à identificação de 20 compostos potencialmente moluscicidas contra B. glabrata.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-12T20:27:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EdileneRibeiro.pdf: 1790923 bytes, checksum: 97862a759b5ebf8b3dc5b668736badc5 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T20:27:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EdileneRibeiro.pdf: 1790923 bytes, checksum: 97862a759b5ebf8b3dc5b668736badc5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-26<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA)<br>“Molluscicide activity of essential oils from aromatic plants maranhense Amazon region”. Schistosomiasis is one of the most important endemics and widespread diseases in the world with closely linked occurrence to environmental conditions precarious. The parasite responsible for this disease, Schistosoma mansoni, requires the participation of Biomphalaria snails to complete their life cycle. According to the World Health Organization, one of the ways to combat this disease is to perform the mollusc control to avoid the helminth’s life cycle. This study aimed to evaluate the molluscicidal activity of essential oils of herbs occurring in Amazon area of Maranhão, Brazil and characterize the chemical composition and toxicity from non-target organisms of these oils to point viable and sustainable alternative to control the schistosomiasis that is an endemic disease in several Brazilian states, including the state of Maranhão. Essential oils were extracted from the aerial parts of plant harvested in the Rio Parnaíba National Park, Alto Parnaíba – MA, by hydrodistillation in Clevenger-type apparatus during a period of three hours. The chemical composition of these essential oils was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Among the collected species, the essential oils with a yield above 0,7% were selected to our study. The molluscicidal activity of each essential oil was tested at five different concentrations against Biomphalaria glabrata following the standard method recommended by World Health Organization (1983). The toxicity assessment was carried out against non-target organisms, zebrafish through static method, without replacement water, standardized by NBR 15088. The results were expressed by lethal concentrations with 95% confidence intervals and calculated using a probit regression model, and the data were submitted to analysis of variance followed by Tukey test. Essential oils of species Eugenia punicifolia, Hyptis dilatata, Lippia gracilis and Lippia acitidens were characterized by the predominance of monoterpene compounds. In the other hand, the essential oil of FG20151 showed no monoterpenes and predominance of sesquiterpenes oxygenates. All evaluated essential oils showed bioactivity against B. glabrata with LC90 values between 27.41 and 182.33 µg/mL. Although the essential oils studied exhibited acute toxicity to zebrafish fish in lethal concentrations molluscicide, they were less toxic when compared to the toxicity of the synthetic commercial Bayluscide molluscicide. Thus, these results show that these species have the potential to be used as sources of bioactivity compounds with molluscicide property. The challenge is to promote innovation in the field of neglected diseases, that needs investment and research with satisfactory return.<br>“Atividade moluscicida de óleos essenciais de plantas aromáticas da região Amazônica maranhense”. A esquistossomose é uma das doenças endêmicas mais importantes e difundidas no mundo com ocorrência intimamente vinculada a precárias condições socioambientais. O parasito responsável por essa doença, Schistosoma mansoni, necessita da participação de caramujos do gênero Biomphalaria para completar seu ciclo de vida. Segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde, uma das formas de combate da esquistossomose é através do controle malacológico, interrompendo o ciclo biológico do helminto responsável pela doença. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade moluscicida de óleos essenciais de cinco plantas aromáticas com ocorrência na Amazônia maranhense, bem como caracterizar a composição química dos óleos essenciais e sua ação tóxica a organismos não alvo, a fim de apontar uma alternativa viável e sustentável para o controle da esquistossomose, doença endêmica em vários estados brasileiros incluindo o estado do Maranhão. Os óleos essenciais foram extraídos de partes aéreas de espécies vegetais coletadas no Parque Nacional das Nascentes do Rio Parnaíba, Alto Parnaíba – MA, utilizando a técnica de hidrodestilação em aparelho tipo Clevenger, por um período de três horas. A composição química destes óleos foi determinada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa. Entre as espécies coletadas, foram selecionados os óleos que demonstraram rendimento acima de 0,7%. A atividade moluscicida dos óleos essenciais selecionados foi testada em cinco diferentes concentrações contra Biomphalaria glabrata seguindo a metodologia padrão preconizada pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (1983). A avaliação de toxicidade foi realizada frente a organismos não alvo, peixes Danio rerio, através de método estático, sem reposição de água, padronizada pela ABNT NBR 15088. Os resultados foram expressos em concentrações letais das atividades biológicas, com nível de confiança de 95%, obtidas por regressão linear, modelo probit, e comparadas por análise de variância, seguida de teste de Tukey. Os óleos essenciais das espécies Eugenia punicifolia, Hyptis dilatata, Lippia gracilis e Lippia acitidens foram caracterizados pela predominância de compostos monoterpênicos. Por outro lado, o óleo essencial de FG20151 demonstrou ausência de monoterpenos e predominância de sesquiterpenos oxigenados. Todos os óleos essenciais avaliados mostraram bioatividade frente B. glabrata com valores de CL90 entre 27,41 e 182,33 μg/mL. Os óleos essenciais apresentaram baixa toxicidade aguda para os peixes Danio rerio, quando comparados à toxicidade do moluscicida comercial sintético Bayluscide. A partir dos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que, as espécies estudadas apresentam potencial para serem usadas como fontes de substâncias bioativas com ação moluscicida. O desafio é promover inovação no campo das doenças negligenciadas, área que necessita de investimentos e pesquisas com retorno satisfatório.

The potential role of sanctuary areas for biological control of Schistosomiasis and development of sustainable fisheries was investigated at Cape Maclear, Lake Malawi National Park (LMNP). There has been a recent increase in the incidence of schistosomiasis infection which is a threat to the local community as well as the tourism industry which is the major source of income to LMNP as well as Chembe Village. At the same place there is increasing fishing pressure due to growing human population and declining fish resource. The increase in the incidence of schistosomiasis transmission was attributed in part to over-fishing of the molluscivorous fish which are believed to control the vector snails for schistosomiasis. Four molluscivorous fish species, Trematocranus placodon; Trematocranus microstoma; Mylochromis sphaerodon and Mylochromis anaphyrmus were reported to account for more than 90% of the fishes (by numerical abundance) which feed on the gastropods above 15 metre depth. The gastropod numbers was reported to be highest at 1.5 to 4.5 metre depth. Of the four molluscivores, T. placodon was proposed as a biological control agent for schistosomiasis based upon the previous observations of its feeding habits in artificial conditions. Captive propagation of T. placodon for reintroduction at Cape Maclear in Lake Malawi has been proposed. The present study aimed at providing baseline data required to test the hypotheses that: 1) Over-fishing of the molluscivorous fish has resulted to the increased incidence of schistosomiasis at Cape Maclear. A sub hypothesis to this was that an extension of the LMNP can act as a sanctuary area for the biological control of schistosomiasis by protecting molluscivorous fish which could control schistosomiasis vector snails. 2) A park initially designed to protect the colourful rock dwelling fish and for promotion of tourism may not effectively protect the food fish. To test the first hypothesis, the biology and ecology of T. placodon were investigated with a view to evaluating the effect this species could have on the schistosomiasis vector snail population and hence the control of bilharzia in the lake. The proportions of various gastropod species at Cape Maclear was compared with those found in T. placodon guts. Comparisons of T. placodon abundance and demographic structure inside and outside LMNP were made. To test the second hypothesis, this study investigated the food fish species that use LMNP 100 m protected zone and some basic ecological factors to appreciate the extent to which the adjacent fishery might benefit from their use of the park waters. T. placodon numerical abundance (number of individuals per unit area) ranged from 5.7 to 40.5 /200 m² and it significantly (P< 0.05) varied between sampling sites. Otter Point and Mitande which are inside the park had the lowest abundance as compared to the other three sites; Nguli inside the park; Fisheries and Nchenga outside the park. Two sites in the park, Otter Point and Mitande, had a greater proportion of mature T. placodon individuals than all other sites. The abundance of T. placodon fluctuated significantly from month to month at Nchenga, Nguli and Fisheries (X² test, P<0.0001 for all the three sites) and insignificantly (P>0.05) at Otter Point and Mitande (X² test). T. placodon densities found in the present study corresponded to the peak density of 30 individuals / 200 m² reported in 1986 but did not correspond to that of 1.0 / 200 m² for 1994. There was no evidence to support the previous reports that T. placodon abundance had decreased tremendously from 1986. The reason suggested to account for the discrepancies of T. placodon abundance reported in the present study and other studies was inadequate sampling in the previous studies which did not take into account spatial and temporal variability in T. placodon abundance. The findings reported in this thesis show that there is no need for captive propagation of T. placodon to be reintroduced into the lake at Cape Maclear and that it may prove to be unsuccessful. However, since juvenile T. placodon dominated in abundance at the three sites along the major beach which is outside the park boundaries, it is suggested that the park boundaries be extended to this area so that T. placodon should be protected to allow individuals to grow to bigger size which would be more effective for gastropod control. T. placodon between 60 mm and 80 mm TL fed on benthic insects, phytoplankton and from detritus material. Individuals between 80 mm and 100 mm fed on a mixture of benthic insects, fish scales and small gastropods and at sizes greater than 100 mm individuals specialized feeding on gastropods. Gastropods of five genera were taken and they were: Melanoides , Bulinus, Gabiella, Lanistes and Bellamya. Of these genera Melanoides fonned the greatest part of T. placodon diet. Bulinus was the second most abundant genus but compared to Melanoides its proportion was very small. Of the three Bulinus species taken by T. placodon, B. globosus, is a confirmed vector for Schistosoma haematobium which is prevalent at Cape Maclear. This species was eaten in the least quantities. A comparison ofthe five gastropod proportions in T. placodon diet and in the habitats they occupy showed that Melanoides were taken in proportionately more quantities than Bulinus at most sites. These findings contrasted the previous reports that T. placodon preferred Bulinus to Melanoides. By applying the optimal foraging theory which predicts that an animal species searching for food will go for the type of prey with the highest profitability, it is concluded that the Bulinus cannot be eliminated completely by molluscivores because if their population size falls below a certain level, the fish will switch to other gastropod types. It is concluded that the increase in schistosomiasis may not be necessarily due to overfishing the molluscivorous fish but could be due to the fact that there has been an increase in the proportion of the B. globosus albeit in small numbers which are infected with schistosomiasis parasites. An integrated approach to schistosomiasis control at Cape Maclear comprising vector control, improved water supply, sanitation and health education is suggested since no method can be effective in isolation. Few food fish species were observed to use the park at various times, varying from one species to another with regards to duration, life history stages and abundance. Only a few fish species taken by the adjacent artisanal and commercial fisheries were represented among those observed in the park. This was attributed to the limited diversity of habitat types covered. Only small population size of some species visited the protected area and only part of the life cycle of some species were observed in the park. The use of the park area was seasonal for some species and the protected zone boundaries can be crossed more than once within a day because 100 m distance is just a few minutes swim by fish. Under such circumstances the park cannot function as an effective sanctuary for food fish. An increase of the park size may be a better option to effectively protect the food fish.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-09-05T18:52:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianaAlves.pdf: 955999 bytes, checksum: 6c7aeb0334f4a832a4ef4f5804f697cc (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-05T18:52:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianaAlves.pdf: 955999 bytes, checksum: 6c7aeb0334f4a832a4ef4f5804f697cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-06<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, that needs freshwater snails to complete their cycle. In Brazil, this disease affects thousands of people each year, being the Maranhão one of the states of higher occurrence. According to the World Health Organization, one of the measures need to reduce this disease is the control snails hosts through of the use of products known as molluscicides. Despite of the effectiveness of the use of niclosamide in this control, the high cost and environmental problems arising of this use has stimulated the search for new molluscicides safer, especially those of plant origin. Thus, this study aimed to perform a review of the plants and of the compounds of plant origin tested for the molluscicidal activity in Biomphalaria glabrata Say and analyze the chemical composition, the molluscicidal activity and toxicity of the latex of Euphorbia umbellata (Pax) Bruyns in adult fish species Danio rerio Hamilton-Buchanan. This dissertation was divided into two chapters. The chapter 1 consists of a review of the scientific studies which showed that extracts, fractions and compounds obtained of 200 plant species have already been tested by their molluscicidal activity and that 60, 75 and 95% of these, respectively, were actives according with the criteria established in this work. The chapter 2 aimed to perform a phytochemical screening and tests of toxicity in B. glabrata and D. rerio with the latex of E. umbellata. Phytochemical screening and evaluation of molluscicidal activity of the latex E. umbellata, cultivated plant in the state of Maranhão, revealed the presence of triterpenes and coumarins and high toxicity to B. glabrata. Experiments with D. rerio showed low toxicity of the latex. The results obtained showed the potential of natural products from plants, mainly the latex of E. umbellata, to produce molluscicidal agents that could be used to control of the schistosomiasis. It is expected that this work will contribute to the reduction in the number of cases of this disease in the state of Maranhão and for the preservation of plant studied.<br>A esquistossomose mansônica é uma doença parasitária causada pelo Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, que necessita de caramujos de águas doces para completar o seu ciclo. No Brasil, esta doença acomete milhares de pessoas anualmente, sendo o Maranhão um dos estados de maior ocorrência. Segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde, uma das medidas necessárias para reduzir esta parasitose é o controle dos moluscos hospedeiros através do uso de produtos conhecidos como moluscicidas. Apesar do reconhecimento da eficácia do uso do produto químico niclosamida nesse controle, o alto custo e problemas ambientais decorrentes desta utilização vêm estimulando a pesquisa de novos moluscicidas mais seguros, destacando-se os de origem vegetal. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho objetivou realizar um levantamento das plantas e dos compostos de origem vegetal com estudos de atividade moluscicida em Biomphalaria glabrata Say bem como analisar a composição química, a atividade moluscicida e a toxicidade do látex de Euphorbia umbellata (Pax) Bruyns em peixes adultos da espécie Danio rerio Hamilton-Buchanan. Esta dissertação foi dividida em dois capítulos. O capítulo 1 consiste no artigo de revisão de literatura, onde foi possível verificar que extratos, frações e substâncias químicas de 200 espécies vegetais já foram avaliados quanto a esta atividade e que, 60, 75 e 95% destes, respectivamente, mostraram-se ativos segundo os critérios estabelecidos no trabalho. O capítulo 2 objetivou realizar uma triagem fitoquímica e testes de toxicidade em B. glabrata e D. rerio com o látex de E. umbellata. Prospecção fitoquímica e avaliação da atividade moluscicida do látex E. umbellata, planta cultivada no estado do Maranhão, revelaram a presença de triterpenos e cumarinas e a alta toxicidade contra B. glabrata. Os experimentos com D. rerio demonstraram baixa ictiotoxicidade do látex em estudo. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam o potencial dos produtos naturais de plantas, em especial do látex de E. umbellata, para a obtenção de agentes moluscicidas que possam ser empregados no controle da esquistossomose mansônica. Além do declínio no número de casos desta doença no estado do Maranhão, pretende-se que este trabalho contribua para a conservação da espécie vegetal estudada.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-08-14T19:29:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandaluizadealmeida.pdf: 3170282 bytes, checksum: f09a243297abdee376d0506aa154aca5 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-08-28T13:29:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandaluizadealmeida.pdf: 3170282 bytes, checksum: f09a243297abdee376d0506aa154aca5 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T13:29:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandaluizadealmeida.pdf: 3170282 bytes, checksum: f09a243297abdee376d0506aa154aca5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27<br>No presente estudo, a eficácia do novo modelo de controle biológico na transmissão da esquistossomose foi avaliada em uma coleção hídrica do município de Bananal-SP. Esse modelo, consiste na introdução em larga escala de espécimes da linhagem B. tenagophila do Taim (resistente) com a finalidade de transmitir a sua resistência, de caráter dominante, a populações de B. tenagophila (suscetíveis) do córrego Herivelto Martins. Para avaliar o efeito dessa introdução sobre os níveis de suscetibilidade da população de Bananal, foi conduzido um estudo durante o período de 2013 a 2015. Os parâmetros analisados foram as taxas de suscetibilidade e a presença do marcador molecular típico da linhagem do Taim (350 pb). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os descendentes dos moluscos coletados 40 e 64 meses após a introdução, que foram submetidos aos testes de infecção com a cepa SJ de S. mansoni, apresentaram taxas de suscetibilidade de 17,3% e 40,54%, respectivamente. Esses dados indicam diferenças significativas na suscetibilidade dos moluscos quando comparados com as taxas do grupo controle, 34,6% e 68,08%, respectivamente. Foi observado um aumento na suscetibilidade no grupo de moluscos analisados após 64 meses, bem como no seu grupo controle. Nesse estudo não foi possível avaliar as taxas de infecção dos descendentes dos moluscos coletados aos 52 meses. Apenas os testes moleculares foram realizados, sendo todos exemplares negativos para a presença do marcador de 350 pb. Por outro lado, esse marcador estava presente respectivamente em 26.92% e 11.76% das amostras analisadas após 40 e 64 meses da intervenção. A redução no volume do córrego Herivelto Martins, entre os anos de 2014 e 2015, causada por baixa precipitação anual, reduziu a densidade populacional dos moluscos. Entretanto, a presença do patrimônio genético da linhagem do Taim, indica o sucesso da introdução, mostrando a eficácia desse formato de controle da esquistossomose.<br>In the present study, the efficacy of the new model of biological control in the transmission of schistosomiasis was evaluated in a stream in the city of Bananal-SP. This model consists of the large-scale introduction of specimens of the Taim strain B. tenagophila (resistant) with the purpose of transmitting their dominant resistance to B. tenagophila (susceptible) populations of the Herivelto Martins stream. To evaluate the effect of this introduction on the levels of susceptibility of the Bananal population, a study was conducted during the period from 2013 to 2015. The parameters analyzed were the susceptibility rates and the presence of the typical molecular marker of the Taim lineage (350 bp). The results showed that the offspring of the molluscs collected 40 and 64 months after the introduction, that were submitted to the tests of infection with S. mansoni SJ strain, presented susceptibility rates of 17.3% and 40.54% respectively. These data indicate significant differences in molluscs susceptibility when compared to the control group rates, 34.6% and 68.08%, respectively. An increase in susceptibility in the group of molluscs analyzed after 64 months, as well as in their control group was observed. In this study it was not possible to evaluate the infection rates of the mollusc descendants collected at 52 months. Only the molecular tests were performed, being all specimes negative for the presence of the 350 bp marker. On the other hand, this marker was present in 26.92% and 11.76% of the analyzed samples, after 40 and 64 months of intervention, respectively. The reduction in the volume of the Herivelto Martins stream, between the years 2014 and 2015, caused by low annual precipitation, reduced the population density of molluscs. However, the presence of genetic patrimony of the Taim lineage indicates the success of the introduction, showing the efficacy of this form of schistosomiasis control.

La bilharziose reste un problème de santé majeur. L'équipe du Pr Dessein a montré que les infections élevées étaient déterminées par un locus majeur en 5q31 et que des polymorphismes dans un gène à ce locus,IL13, aggravent l'infection. Notre premier objectif était d'évaluer si des variants d'autres gènes de la voie de l'IL13 intervenaient dans le contrôle de l'infection. Nous avons observé une association entre le SNP rs324013, dans le promoteur de STAT6,et les niveaux d'infection à S. haematobium. Ce polymorphisme a un effet additif avec le polymorphisme IL13rs1800925. Ce SN modifie la fixation de facteurs nucléaires au niveau du promoteur de STAT6. L'équipe du Pr Dessein avait également montré que les fibres hépatiques avancées et sévères étaient déterminées par un autre locus majeur localisé en 6q23. Notre deuxième objectif fut d'évaluer dans le laboratoire du Pr Dessein et en étroite collaboration avec le laboratoire du Pr Li(Yueyang Institute of Parasitic disease)deux gènes candidats(IFNGR1 et CTGF) situés dans cette région chromosomique. Nous avons observé une association entre les deux polyporphismes(rs17066192 er rs673156)localisés dans le promoteur du gène. Nous avons observé une association entre les deux polymorphismes(rs17066192 et rs673156)localisés dans le promoteur du gène IFNGR1 et la fibrose hépatique: le génotype rs673156A/A et rs17066192C/C sont associés à un risque 7.3 fois et 1.5 fois plus élevé, respectivement, de fibrose avancée. Nous avons également montré que les variants rs9402373 et rs12526196 du gène CTGF sont indépendamment associés à la fibrose chez les fermiers et pêcheurs chinois infectés par S.japonicum. Sur la population chinoise d'étude, les risques relatifs associés aux polymorphismes rs9402373 et rs12526196 sont de 2.8 et 3<br>Schistosomiasis remains one of the world’s most prevalent diseases. It comprises a group of chronic diseases caused by helminths of the Schistosoma genus. Schistosoma haematobium causes obstructive nephropathy that can be aggravated by urinary bacterial infections. S.japonicum and S.mansoni cause hepatic fibrosis associated with portal blood hypertension, which can be lethal. In previous studies, our laboratory had shown that worm burden in S.haematobium infections were aggravated by IL13 variants and that severe hepatic fibrosis (HF) was controlled by gene(s) located on 6q23. The present study is to further evaluate other IL-13 pathway genes (STAT6) in the control of infection in Malian farmers and to test candidate genes in the 6q23 region in hepatic fibrosis (HF) in S.japonicum infected Chinese fishermen and farmers. First we have developped an improved FTA® technology technique to perform SNP genotyping. This technique allows us to use saliva samples for genotyping SNPs. Subsequently, this improved FTA® technology was used in our study on HF.Our work on a Malian sample infected with S. haematobium indicated that a polymorphism (rs324013) in the promoter of STAT6 gene was associated with the control of S. haematobium infection levels and has an additive effect with IL13rs1800925, a polymorphism previously associated with infection in this same population. Both SNPs modify the binding of nuclear factors to the promoter regions of their respective genes. Thus, both SNPs may play a crucial role in controlling S. haematobium infection levels. In order to study HF in S.japonicum infections, we have participated actively in the study that recruited of a large sample of Chinese fishermen and farmers who had been exposed to the infection for most of their life. HF was evaluated by ultrasound and covariates that could affect HF were evaluated by interviews. Then, we tested two genes (IFNGR1, CTGF) of the 6q23 region that were good candidates for the control of HF on these samples. Both genes encode molecules that were shown in animal and human studies to have strong effect on extracellular matrix proteins deposition and turnover. We found that two polymorphisms (rs17066192 and rs673156) in IFNGR1 promoter were associated with HF: the rs673156A/A genotype was associated with a 7.3-fold increased risk of advanced HF; and rs17066192C/C genotype with a 1.5-fold increased risk of HF. These results must now be confirmed in another population sample. We also found that variants of CTGF rs9402373 and rs12526196 were independently associated with HF in Chinese fishermen and farmers, in Sudanese, and in Brazilians infected with either S. japonicum or S. mansoni. Our results provide additional evidence for a protective role of IL-13 in schistosome infections, and they also demonstrate that TGFβ / CTGF pathway plays a key role in HF and should be targeted by chemotherapy. Ongoing studies evaluate whether CTGF variants could be used in the prognosis of the HF caused by schistosomes and also by other infectious agents

Introdução - A esquistossomose é uma parasitose de grande relevância para a saúde pública. O Estado de São Paulo tem um perfil de baixa endemicidade, com transmissão focal. A região do Vale do Ribeira é uma das principais áreas endêmicas do Estado, e desde a década de 1980 se investiu muito em controle e vigilância da esquistossomose, principalmente em Itariri e Pedro de Toledo. Apesar dos esforços, verifica-se que antigas coleções hídricas com moluscos parasitados permanecem na região. Aspectos relativos ao hospedeiro intermediário da região suscitam considerações sobre os efeitos da infecção parasitária sobre sua biologia. Objetivos - Avaliar os dados de controle e vigilância do hospedeiro intermediário, em municípios do Vale do Ribeira, e observar os efeitos da infecção parasitária em Biomphalaria tenagophila de Itariri. Metodologia - Foram levantados dados epidemiológicos da esquistossomose, do período de 1981 a 2006, e dados das pesquisas planorbídicas, do período de 1997 a 2006, em municípios do Vale do Ribeira. Um estudo experimental foi conduzido para verificar os efeitos da infecção parasitária em espécimes de Biomphalaria tenagophila, procedentes de Ana Dias, Itariri. Delineamento experimental: 69 moluscos da geração (P) de laboratório formaram grupos controles e experimentais. Os moluscos experimentais se submeteram à infecção com 10 miracídios do Schistosoma mansoni - linhagem SJ. Variáveis observadas: fecundidade, mortalidade, tamanho e eliminação de cercárias. Análise histológica foi realizada em moluscos parasitados para verificar os efeitos da infecção. Resultados - constatou-se que nos últimos 10 anos Itariri, Pedro de Toledo e Miracatu continuam sendo os principais municípios com importância epidemiológica para esquistossomose. Pesquisa planorbídica: houve um aumento das coleções hídricas com presença de moluscos parasitados, em Itariri, e diminuição em Pedro de Toledo; houve um aumento na taxa de infecção dos moluscos de Itariri e Pedro de Toledo, nos últimos cinco anos; Infecção experimental: foram observados nos moluscos infectados, deformação nas conchas, maior mortalidade e diminuição da fecundidade na fase patente; a taxa de infecção foi de 59 %. O exame histológico revelou presença de esporocistos secundários e cercárias. Concluiu-se que houve uma evolução no potencial de riscos de transmissão da esquistossomose, em vários municípios do Vale do Ribeira, especialmente nos municípios de Itariri e Pedro de Toledo, que aliada à adaptação existente entre hospedeiro e parasita poderá levar a um aumento da transmissão do Schistosoma mansoni. Recomenda-se um trabalho de vigilância epidemiológica integrado com SUCEN e grupos técnicos da VIGILÂNCIA EPIDEMIOLÓGICA do Vale do Ribeira.<br>Introduction - Schistosomiasis is a parasite with great importance for public health. The São Paulo State has a low endemicity profile, presenting some local focuses of the disease. The Ribeira Valley is one of the main endemicity areas in the State and, since the 1980's, a great deal has been invested in the control and surveillance of Schistosomiasis, particularly in the Itariri and Pedro de Toledo areas. In spite of efforts, old-established hydric collections with parasite-infected molluscs remain in the region. Aspects related to the intermediate hosts found in the region have taken us to considerations about parasitary infection effects in hosts' biology. Objectives - Evaluate the control and surveillance data of the Schistosomiasis intermediate host in the Ribeira Valley districts and observe the parasitary infection effects on the Biomphalaria tenagophila in the Itariri region. Methodology - Survey of Schistosomiasis epidemiological data, between 1981 and 2006, and survey of planorbidic research results, from 1997 to 2006, in the Ribeira Valley. Experimental work to assess the effects of parasitary infection on Biomphalaria tenagophila, from Ana Dias, Itariri. Experimental criteria: 69 laboratory-generated individuals (P) were employed to form control and experimental groups. The experimental molluscs were infected with 10 Schistosoma mansoni strains ("miracidias") - from the SJ lineage. Observed variables: fecundity, mortality, size and cercarie elimination. Histological analysis of parasite-infected molluscs to assess the infection effects. Results - Itariri, Pedro de Toledo and Miracatu have remained as the main Schistosomiasis epidemiological-importance centres in the last ten years. Planorbidic research: increase of hydric collections with the presence of parasite-infected molluscs, in the Itariri region, and decrease of it in the Pedro de Toledo region. Increase in molluscs' infection rate, in the Itariri and Pedro de Toledo regions, in the last five years. Experiemental infection: shell deformation, higher mortality rate, fecundity-capacity reduction were observed in the infected molluscs in the patent phase. It was observed a 59 %-infection rate. The histological study showed the presence of secondary sporocysts and cercaries. This leads to the conclusion that there has been an increase of Schistosomiasis' transmission risk in several Ribeira Valley districts, particularly in the Itariri and Pedro de Toledo regions, which allied to the parasite's and host's adaptation capacity, may lead to Schistosoma mansoni transmission. It is recommended that articulated efforts between the SUCEN and EPIDEMIOLOGIC-SURVEILLANCE technical groups are implemented in the Riberia Valley.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:30:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarinesCorrea.pdf: 1007322 bytes, checksum: eee0383af9853387a2b539673fb195df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-31<br>The molluscicide and cercaricide action of the Pterodon emarginatus plants Magonia pubescens and Croton urucurana found in the Brazilian scrubland center-west region and in other Brazilian regions where the schistosomose is endemic was evaluated separately in laboratories The brute etanolic extracto obtained after the dilution in water were tested over the Biomphalaria glabrata snails intermediary host of Schistosoma mansoni The evaluation of the bioactivity was done from the initial concentration of 100ppm over adult snails and those ones which died in the adult phase had their concentrations reduced at 50 25 and 12.5ppm successively The molluscicide effect was evaluated over the snails development phasis over the laying of eggs and over the ovigery masses hatching The extracts that did not show bioactivity on 100ppm did not have their concentrations decreased The P emarginatus extract did not demonstrate bioactivity over the snails the laying of eggs the ovigery masses hatching and the liberation of cercaries Showing the cercaricide effect five hours after the start of the experiment whereas the controlling group survived for 36 hours over the same conditions The M pubescens extract demonstrated 100% of bioactivity on the four concentrations utilized and in all the snails development phasis with the exception of the ovigery masses hatching The cercaricide effect was 100% on the 100 and 50ppm concentrations within fifteen minutes 100% on 25ppm within 30 minutes and 100% on 12.5ppm within two hours whereas the controlling group survived for 36 hours at the same conditions With the C urucurana extract the bioactivity was of 26.6% on the 100ppm concentration within 24 hours of an exposition over adult snails On the 50 25 and 12.5ppm concentrations it was not showed bioactivity over the adult and young snails the laying of eggs and the ovigery masses hatching It was presented bioactivity with newly-developed snails on the three concentrations tested after 24 hours of exposition With the cercaries the deaths were observed from the fifteen minutes on the 100 and 50ppm concentrations two hours on 25ppm and five hours on 12.5ppm, and in the controlling group they survived 36 hours at the same conditions The snails which survived to the P emarginatus e C urucurana extracts showed an increasing on the laying of eggs number when compared to the controlling group<br>Foram avaliadas, separadamente, em laboratório, as ações moluscicida e cercaricida das plantas Pterodon emarginatus, Magonia pubescens e Croton urucurana encontradas no Cerrado brasileiro, região Centro-Oeste e em outras regiões brasileiras, onde a esquistossomose é endêmica. Os extratos brutos etanólicos obtidos, com diluição em água, foram testados sobre caramujos da espécie Biomphalaria glabrata, hospedeiro intermediário de Schistosoma mansoni. A avaliação da bioatividade foi feita a partir de uma concentração inicial de 100ppm sobre caramujos adultos, sendo que aqueles que apresentaram mortalidade na fase adulta tiveram suas concentrações diminuídas para 50, 25 e 12,5ppm sucessivamente. Foi testado o efeito moluscicida sobre as fases do desenvolvimento do caramujo, sobre as oviposições e sobre a eclosão das massas ovígeras. Os extratos que não apresentaram bioatividade em 100ppm não tiveram suas concentrações reduzidas. O extrato de Pterodon emarginatus não apresentou bioatividade sobre caramujos, oviposições, eclosão de massas ovígeras e liberação de cercárias. Apresentou efeito cercaricida cinco horas após o início do experimento, enquanto o grupo controle sobreviveu por até 36 horas nas mesmas condições. O extrato de Magonia pubescens apresentou 100% de bioatividade nas quatro concentrações utilizadas e em todas as fases do desenvolvimento dos caramujos exceto na eclosão das massas ovígeras O efeito cercaricida foi de 100% nas concentrações de 100 e 50ppm em quinze minutos 100% para 25ppm em 30 minutos e 100% para 12,5ppm em duas horas enquanto o grupo controle sobreviveu por até 36 horas nas mesmas condições Com o extrato de Croton urucurana a bioatividade foi de 26,6% na concentração de 100ppm em 24 horas de exposição sobre caramujos adultos Nas concentrações de 50, 25 e 12,5ppm não se verificou bioatividade sobre caramujos adultos jovens massas ovígeras e eclosão das massas ovígeras Verificou-se bioatividade com caramujos recém-eclodidos nas três concentrações testadas após 24 horas de exposição Com cercárias as mortes foram observadas a partir de quinze minutos nas concentrações de 100 e 50ppm duas horas para 25ppm e cinco horas para 12,5ppm e no grupo controle sobreviveram até 36 horas nas mesmas condições Os caramujos que sobreviveram aos extratos de P emarginatus e C urucurana apresentaram pequeno aumento no número de desovas quando comparados ao grupo controle

A esquistossomose é incidente em países tropicais e subtropicais e o uso de moluscicidas é adequado para prevenir a infecção de pessoas. O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar compostos em Piper ativos em Biomphalaria glabrata e avaliar a atividade esquistossomicida e toxicidade do composto mais ativo. O fracionamento biomonitorado de Piper diospyrifolium resultou no isolamento da flavocavaína A e ácido 4-hidroxi-3-[3,7,11-trimetildodeca-2,6,10-trienil]benzoico. A busca de compostos também foi realizada em amidas e chalconas e dos oito compostos avaliados, quatro foram ativos, sendo a piplartina mais ativa. A piplartina não foi letal a miracídios e cercárias de Schistosoma mansoni e foi tóxica em Daphnia similis e Danio rerio, contudo ainda foi menos tóxica que a niclosamida. Neste estudo, os compostos moluscicidas foram obtidos pelo fracionamento biomonitorado de P. diospyrifolium e pela avaliação da atividade de amidas e chalconas. Ambas as metodologias foram adequadas e a análise de componente principal mostrou ser uma ferramenta viável para a busca de compostos.<br>Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease and the use of molluscicides has been considered an appropriate method to prevent human infection. The aim of this study was to search for compounds in Piper active in B. glabrata and evaluate schistosomicidal activity and toxicity of the most active compound. The P. diospyrifolium bioguided fractionation resulted in flavokavain A and 4-hydroxy-3-[3,7,trimetildodeca-11-2,6,10-trienil]benzoic acid isolation. The search for active compounds was carried out in amides and chalcones. Eight compounds were evaluated, four were active and piplartine was the most active. There was no mortality of miracidia and cercariae exposed to piplartine. It was classified as toxic to D. similis and D. rerio; nevertheless was less toxic than niclosamide. In this study, molluscicidal compounds were obtained from bioguided fractionation of P.diospyrifolium and by evaluating the activity of amides and chalcones. Both methods were suitable to obtain active compounds and principal component analysis also proved to be a viable tool for obtain compounds.

Orientador: Carlos Roberto Silveira Corrêa<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T03:27:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RibeiroJunior_ArturGuidoMuniz_D.pdf: 520123 bytes, checksum: f7f508e8035e52210c65c620a2659e7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010<br>Resumo: Por meio da Análise do Discurso foi compreendida a produção dos sentidos do discurso do controle da esquistossomose e o Sistema Único de Saúde; onde foram apontados silêncios, ambigüidades e dispersões, assim como suas Condições Sócio - Histórica - Ideológicas de produção. O discurso do controle da esquistossomose apresenta duas formulações básicas, uma, a do SUS; e a outra a do Ministério da Saúde produzida pelas sua diversas instituições. O Discurso do SUS, tem como suas condições de produção o período de redemocratização do Brasil, com as ações do movimento da reforma sanitária e da comissão nacional da reforma sanitária e a promulgação da constituição de 1988 e tem como discursividade que organiza seus sentidos, a Formação Discursiva Jurídico - Legislativa que configura o sentido Legislativo e a Jurídico - Democrática que configura o sentido Social Controlador. O Discurso do Ministério da Saúde é produzido num período democracia no Brasil e sob a égide da legislação do SUS e tem como discursividade que organiza seus sentidos as Formações Discursivas: Institucional - Estatal, Médica, Político - Tecno - Científica, Educacional, Sanitária; as quais configuram respectivamente os sentidos: Institucional Estatal, Médico - Terapêutico, Político - Cientifico, Educativo e Ambientalista. O discurso do Controle da Esquistossomose produzido pelo Ministério da Saúde apresenta uma forte Memória Discursiva, trazendo dessa forma consigo um modelo controlador e centralizador de elaborar a política de saúde para o Controle da Esquistossomose e verticalizador na execução dessa política, herança da administração do estado por diversos governos autoritários aos quais o Brasil foi submetido. O Discurso do Ministério da Saúde silencia constitutivamente outros discursos que poderiam se comprometer com a Erradicação da Esquistossomose e a Extinção do Schistosoma mansoni no Brasil. Esse silêncio constitutivo ocorre pela somatória dos seguintes elementos discursivos presentes no Discurso do Controle da Esquistossomose pelo Ministério da Saúde e no Discurso do SUS: a) Pela existência de uma forte Memória Discursiva Campanhista e Médico - Curativa que está projetada no Discurso do Controle da Esquistossomose que se materializa nas Formações Discursivas Institucional Estatal e Médica, que configuram respectivamente os sentidos Institucional Estatal e o Médico Terapêutico; b) Pela formação discursiva Jurídico Legislativa da Lei do SUS fazer o sentido Legislativo se projetar no Discurso do Ministério; c) Pelo fato formação discursiva Jurídico-Democrática não projetar o sentido Controlador Social no Discurso do Ministério; d) Por existir uma intensa Dispersão dos Sentidos Educativo e Ambientalista; e) Pela existência de uma importante Ambigüidade Discursiva da Lei SUS referente ao Saneamento Básico<br>Abstract: The sense production of schistosomiasis control discourse and the SUS was understood by discourse analysis, where silences, ambiguity, dispersions, were appointed, as well his social - historic - ideological conditions of production. The schistosomiasis control discourse shows two basic formulations, one, the SUS, and another, the Ministry of Health, produced by different institutions. The Discourse of SUS, has its production's conditions the democratic period of Brazil; with the actions of sanitary reform movement and of national commission's sanitary reform, the constitution's promulgation of 1988, and has with discursively who organizes his senses, the Juridical Democratic and Juridical Legislative Discourse Formations that shape the Legislative Sense e the Social Control Sense, respectively. The Ministry of Health's Discourse is produced in democratic period of Brazil and under the law of SUS and has with discursively who organizes his senses the discourse formations: Institutional Stately, Medical, Political - Technical - Scientific, Educational and Sanitary; who shape respectively the following senses: Institutional - Stately, Medical - Therapeutic, Political - Scientific, Educative and Environmentalist. The schistosomiasis control discourse produced by Ministry of Health shows a strong Discourse Memory, bringing itself a control and centralized model for working out a public policy of health for schistosomiasis control and vertically on this policy execution, heritage of Estate administration of different authoritarian governments which Brazil was submitted. The Discourse of Ministry of Health silences constitutively other discourses which would compromise with the schistosomiasis eradication and extinction of Schistosoma mansoni in Brazil. This constitutive silence occurs by sum of these discursively following elements present in Discourse of Schistosomiasis Control by Ministry of Health and in Discourse of SUS: a) By existence of a strong Discursive Campaign and Medical - Curative Memory that is projected in Discourse of Schistosomiasis Control who materializes itself in Institutional Stately and Medical Discourse Formations who shape respectively the Institutional - Stately and Medical - Therapeutic senses; b) By Juridical - Legislative discursive formation of SUS law makes the Legislative sense projects itself in Ministry Discourse; c) By the fact of Juridical - Democratic discursive formation do not make project the Control - Social sense in Council and Conferences of Health; d) To exist an intense dispersion of a Educative and Environmentalist sense; e) To exist an important ambiguity discursively of SUS law refering to Basic Sanitation<br>Doutorado<br>Epidemiologia<br>Doutor em Saude Coletiva

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: verificar a ocorrência de esquistossomose e a distribuição dos focos de transmissão em dois municípios, Aparecida e Roseira, com características sócioambientais distintas, localizados no Vale do Paraíba, Estado de São Paulo, e comparar os dados entre si e com os obtidos nos últimos dez anos. Fatores ambientais, climáticos, demográficos e sociais foram identificados e associados ao perfil da doença. Dados epidemiológicos relativos à esquistossomose foram obtidos a partir dos relatórios da Superintendência de Controle de Endemias (SUCEN) e índices pluviométricos e de temperatura foram organizados a partir da plataforma de coleta de dados da Escola de Especialistas de Aeronáutica. A análise dos coeficientes de prevalência, entre 1995 e 2004, mostrou queda do número de casos nos dois municípios. Intensa pressão de urbanização foi observada, tendo sido identificados como urbanos 100% dos casos de Aparecida, e 74% dos casos em Roseira. Os indivíduos na faixa etária de 21 a 25 anos foram os mais atingidos e quanto ao sexo, a predominância foi entre os do sexo masculino. Com relação ao contato com águas naturais, os locais mais citados foram: áreas de várzeas, rio Paraíba do Sul, valetas. Foram identificadas e comparadas, em dois momentos no decorrer do estudo, 1995 e 2004, as áreas consideradas de risco para transmissão da esquistossomose, analisando-as quanto às alterações ambientais ocorridas e verificando-se potenciais focos ainda existentes. Associação entre prevalência da doença e índices pluviométricos e de temperatura não foi significativa. A redução dos casos de esquistossomose podem estar associados a: mudança de hábitos da população, mecanização da cultura de arroz, mudança no tipo de lavoura e substituição da lavoura por pastagens. Apesar da melhoria das condições de saneamento básico, ambos os municípios continuam com potencial de transmissão da esquistossomose.<br>This study had as objectives: to verify the occurrence of schistosomiasis and the distribution of the transmission foci in two cities, with distinct social and environmental characteristics, Aparecida and Roseira, located in the Valley of the Paraíba river, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, and to compare the data between them and with the ones obtained in the last ten years. Environmental, climatic, demographic and social factors were identified and associated to the profile of the disease. Epidemiological data related to schistosomiasis were obtained from the reports of the Superintendence for the Control of Endemic Diseases (SUCEN) and the meteorological conditions, related to rain fall and temperature, were organized from the data collection platform of the of School for Aeronautic Specialists. The analysis of the prevalence coefficients, between 1995 and 2004, showed fall in the number of cases in both municipalities. Intense urbanization pressure is observed, having been identified as urban 100% of the cases from Aparecida, and 74% of the cases from Roseira. The male group was more infected than female, and the age group of 21 to 25 years old was the most infected one. With relation to the contact with natural waters, the most cited places were: holm and drains areas and the Paraíba do Sul river. Some risk areas were identified and compared at two moments during the study, 1995 and 2004, and than analyzed according to environmental alterations. The occurrence of schistosomiasis does not seem to be associated to the rain fall nor temperature variations. The reduction of schistosomiasis cases can be associated to: changing on population habits, mechanization of the rice culture, changing on the type of farming or substitution for pasture areas. Despite the improvement of the basic sanitation conditions, both cities continue to have potential for schistosomiasis transmission.

Despite more than half a century of international research on schistosomiasis control, this disease remains a public health concern in many Third World countries. Four to five percent of the world's population is estimated to be infected. In South Africa, bilharzia is prevalent in rural communities which lack piped water and adequate sanitation. Transport and treatment costs limit access to Western medication. In the last decade, plant molluscicides have received considerable attention in the ongoing search for cheaper alternatives to chemotherapy and synthetic molluscicides. Plant molluscicides may be locally harvested, extracted and applied for the control of the snail host. This approach is based on a philosophy of self-reliance and self-determination. However, such involvement presupposes recognition of the infection as a real problem. Before selecting and evaluating plants for molluscicidal activity, it was first necessary to establish the status of schistosomiasis in rural communities, and the willingness of community members to become involved in control efforts. Field surveys showed that rural South African communities do not share the indifference of the past health-care system towards schistosomiasis in this country. Concern for the disease was matched by a prevalence of 75.14% for S. haematobium in the study area. The potential of the South African flora to provide suitable molluscicidal candidates has never been systematically assessed . As random screening is costly and is historically of limited success, a need has existed for the development of an objective selection procedure . A simple scoring system was devised, based on the criteria for "good" plant molluscicides as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO). Three plant species were subsequently selected for further intensive evaluation: Warburgia salutaris, Gardenia thunbergia and Apodytes dimidiata. Initially, the activity of crude aqueous suspensions of all three candidates was investigated, since this application form is the most practical for use in a rural situation. Further, the stability of extracts under changing physical and chemical conditions was assessed, as were t he effects of molluscicides on a wide range of to the toxicity of aqueous suspensions, cultivation potential, medicinal value, stability, and toxicity to non-target organisms. Studies on the mode of action of the three plant extracts revealed that death occurred via distinct physiological pathways; this despite the similarities in clinical symptoms. Such is the complexity of snail physiology that until more intensive neurological investigations are undertaken, the mechanisms of molluscicidal action can only be inferred. Chemical compounds responsible for activity were identified from Apodytes dimidiata; genipin, a monoterpene, was one such active constituent. Although not previously recorded as molluscicidal, earlier workers have isolated genipin from Genipa americana and Gardenia jasminoides. Notably, this compound has not yet been isolated from Gardenia thunbergia. Further activity in A. dimidiata extracts appeared to be the result of a synergistic effect, potentially involving (S)(-) ethyllactate. Research on mammalian toxicity, and registration procedures for plant molluscicides in South Africa should be prioritized for further investigation, before pilot field trials are initiated. Almost thirty years have passed since the first reports on the activity of Phyto!acca dodecandra. Although more than 1000 plant species have since been tested world-wide, it appears that no plant molluscicide has ever been endorsed by the WHO. More concerted efforts are necessary to ensure that appropriate molluscicidal technologies are provided to infected communities.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1994.

Human schistosomiasis popularly known as bilharzias in many regions of Africa is a freshwater snail-transmitted disease caused by parasitic flatworms known as schistosomes. The growth and development of schistosomes typically requires developmental stages in multiple hosts and transmission stages in freshwater. These life cycle environments present a plethora of stressors. Certain gene families including heat shock proteins (HSPs/Hsps) and universal stress proteins (USPs) help schistosomes to respond to unfavourable conditions. The availability of genomes sequences information for Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium provide unique research resources to apply bioinformatics analysis of its associated USPs to predict regulatory features from sequence analysis. The objectives of the research were to (i) Infer the biochemical and environmental regulation of universal stress proteins of Schistosoma species; (ii) Identify biological function relevant protein sequence and structure features for prioritized universal stress proteins from Schistosoma species; (iii) Determine the distinctive structural features of a predicted regulator of Schistosoma adenylate cyclase activity that has possible influence on the functioning of universal stress proteins. The findings revealed that (i) schistosomes USPs are hydrophilic and very reactive in the water environment or in aqueous phase, which seems adaptive with their immediate environment and developmental stages; (ii) The functions of Smp_076400 and Sjp_0058490 (Q86DW2) are regulated by conserved binding site residues and metallic ions ligands (Ca2+, Mg2+ and Zn2+), particularly Ca2+ predicted to bind to both USPs; (iii) The S. mansoni life cycle and stress resistance pathway protein (Smp_059340.1) is regulated by Ser53, Thr188, Gly210 and Asp207 residues. The overall scope has highlighted the role of bioinformatics in predicting exploitable regulatory features of schistosome universal stress proteins and biological pathways that might lead to identification of putative functional biomarkers of common environmental diseases. The findings of this research can be applicable to other areas of environmental health and environmental genomics.<br>Environmental Sciences<br>(D. Litt et Phil. (Environmental Sciences)

Schistosomiasis is an important public health issue for rural communities located near,or around slow moving water bodies in the tropical and subtropical areas. Successful control of the disease involves multifaceted approaches, which include snail control, environmental sanitation, health education and chemotherapy. Although snail control might be an effective method of controlling schistosomiasis, there has been a general lack of control initiatives, largely due to the cost of available molluscicides. Plants offer a wide array of compounds which, on extraction, may show molluscicidal activity. If molluscicidal compounds that occur in indigenous plants can be extracted using local labour and simple technology, then there should be culturally acceptable and inexpensive molluscicides. The aim of this study was, therefore, to screen some Zulu medicinal plants for molluscicidal activity. We have also attempted to isolate the active chemical compounds from such plants. Aqueous and methanolic crude extracts of ten (10) Zulu medicinal plants, used for different medicinal and domestic purposes, were screened for molluscicidal activity on Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Bulinus africanas snails reared in the laboratory during the time of bioassay. Bayluscide® (niclosamide) was used as a positive control for comparison, while de-chlorinated tap water was used as the negative control. Six of the plants were not active against the snails. Extracts from four of the plants demonstrated weak to moderate molluscicidal activities. These plants are: (i) Sclerocarya birrea stembark, (ii) Psidium guajava (hybrid) leaves, (iii) Leonotis leonurus aerial parts and (iv) Ekerbegia capensis stem-bark. The LC50 values of the plant extracts were 78 ppm, 100 ppm, 398 ppm and 600 ppm respectively. Of the 4 plants that showed molluscicidal activity, S. birrea aqueous and methanol extracts were the most active against the snails, with LC50 values of 82 ppm and 78 ppm respectively. For the other plant extracts, only the methanolic extracts showed activity. Brine shrimp toxicity assay was performed with all the active extracts. Psidium guajava showed 10% survival of the shrimps at 1000 ppm, whereas no survival was observed for the other plant extracts at this concentration (1000 ppm). The results obtained in this study indicate that further studies have to be conducted, especially with S. birrea extracts, whose both aqueous and methanolic extracts showed significant activity against the snails.<br>Thesis (M.Med.Sc.)-University of Durban-Westville, 2002.

The control of morbidity in endemic and high risk populations can be accomplished with currently available antischistosomal drugs. This study measured the impact of community-based distribution of metrifonate to people with presumptive infection with S. haematobium Urinary schistosomiasis is endemic in the Diamare division of the Far-North province of Cameroon and is an important cause of morbidity in the population, especially among school-age children. W.H.O. proposes the use of the primary health care approach in controlling morbidity This community-based, controlled field experiment involved three villages and two interventions. Two case villages received either health education alone (HE) or health education in addition to the availability of single-dose metrifonate therapy dispensed by community health workers, on presumptive diagnosis of schistosomiasis (HE/CHW). A control village received no intervention. The objectives were to determine (a) if health education increased knowledge about the disease, (b) if treatment-seeking behaviour changed with either intervention, and (c) if there was a reduction in the total S. haematobium egg output in each village, depending on the intervention received The baseline prevalence of infection in the study populations of the three villages was less than 10 percent, but the prevalence in the 10-19 year olds was much higher (49%, 19% and 4% in the three villages respectively) The study showed that health education did indeed increase knowledge about schistosomiasis. It was also demonstrated that the positive predictive value of microscopic haematuria was adequate to be used for presumptive diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis. The results, however, indicated that increased knowledge about the disease was not sufficient to affect treatment-seeking behaviour. Rather, the convenient availability of inexpensive and safe medication in the immediate community provided the key incentive for infected people to seek treatment. There was a 99.8 percent reduction in the total number of eggs shed by infected persons who received a single 10mg/kg dose of metrifonate between baseline and final surveys The use of community health workers in diagnosing and treating urinary schistosomiasis would greatly assist in morbidity control and in improving the health delivery system of medically underserved areas of Cameroon<br>acase@tulane.edu

PhD (Mathematics)<br>Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics<br>In this study, we developed multiscale models of vector-borne diseases. In general, the transmission of vector-borne diseases can be considered as falling into two categories, i.e. direct transmission and environmental transmission. Two representative vector-borne diseases, namely; malaria which represents all directly transmitted vector-borne diseases and schistosomiasis which represents all environmentally transmitted vector-borne diseases were studied. Based on existing mathematical modelling science base, we established a new multiscale modelling framework that can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of vector-borne diseases treatment and preventive interventions. The multiscale models consisted of systems of nonlinear ordinary differential equations which were studied for the provision of solutions to the underlying problem of the disease transmission dynamics. Relying on the fact that there is still serious lack of knowledge pertaining to mathematical techniques for the representation and construction of multiscale models of vector-bone diseases, we have developed some grand ideas to placate this gap. The central idea in multiscale modelling is to divide a modelling problem such as a vector-bone disease system into a family of sub-models that exist at different scales and then attempt to study the problem at these scales while simultaneously linking the sub-models across these scales. For malaria, we formulated the multiscale models by integrating four submodels which are: (i) a sub-model for the mosquito-to-human transmission of malaria parasite, (ii) a sub-model for the human-to-mosquito transmission of malaria parasite, (iii) a within-mosquito malaria parasite population dynamics sub-model and (iv) a within-human malaria parasite population dynamics sub-model. For schistosomiasis, we integrated the two subsystems (within-host and between-host sub-models) by identifying the within-host and between-host variables and parameters associated with the environmental dynamics of the pathogen and then designed a feedback of the variables and parameters across the within-host and between-host sub-models. Using a combination of analytical and computational tools we adequately accounted for the influence of the sub-models in the different multiscale models. The multiscale models were then used to evaluate the effectiveness of the control and prevention interventions that operate at different scales of a vector-bone disease system. Although the results obtained in this study are specific to malaria and schistosomiasis, the multiscale modelling frameworks developed are robust enough to be applicable to other vector-borne diseases.<br>NRF