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Journal articles on the topic 'Schistosomiasis – Control'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Savioli, L., D. Engels, JB Roungou, A. Fenwick, and H. Endo. "Schistosomiasis control." Lancet 363, no. 9409 (2004): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(04)15603-1.

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2

Brooker, Simon, Narcis B. Kabatereine, Archie CA Clements, and J. Russell Stothard. "Schistosomiasis control." Lancet 363, no. 9409 (2004): 658–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(04)15604-3.

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3

Barbosa, Frederico Simões. "The control of schistosomiasis." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 9, no. 4 (1993): 519–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x1993000400014.

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4

Dias, Luiz C. de S., Oswaldo Marçal Jr., and Carmem M. Glasser. "Control of schistosomiasis transmission." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 90, no. 2 (1995): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761995000200028.

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5

Yuan, Hong-Chang. "Schistosomiasis control in China." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 90, no. 2 (1995): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761995000200031.

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6

Katz, Naftale. "Schistosomiasis control in Brazil." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 93, suppl 1 (1998): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761998000700005.

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7

Minggang, Chen, and Feng Zheng. "Schistosomiasis control in China." Parasitology International 48, no. 1 (1999): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1383-5769(99)00004-5.

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8

Cioli, Donato, Livia Pica-Mattoccia, Annalisa Basso, and Alessandra Guidi. "Schistosomiasis control: praziquantel forever?" Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 195, no. 1 (2014): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.06.002.

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9

Weerakoon, Kosala, Catherine Gordon, and Donald McManus. "DNA Diagnostics for Schistosomiasis Control." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 3, no. 3 (2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed3030081.

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Despite extensive efforts over the last few decades, the global disease burden of schistosomiasis still remains unacceptably high. This could partly be attributed to the lack of accurate diagnostic tools for detecting human and animal schistosome infections in endemic areas. In low transmission and low prevalence areas where schistosomiasis elimination is targeted, case detection requires a test that is highly sensitive. Diagnostic tests with low sensitivity will miss individuals with low infection intensity and these will continue to contribute to transmission, thereby interfering with the efficacy of the control measures operating. Of the many diagnostic approaches undertaken to date, the detection of schistosome DNA using DNA amplification techniques including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) provide valuable adjuncts to more conventional microscopic and serological methods, due their accuracy, high sensitivity, and the capacity to detect early pre-patent infections. Furthermore, DNA-based methods represent important screening tools, particularly in those endemic areas with ongoing control where infection prevalence and intensity have been reduced to very low levels. Here we review the role of DNA diagnostics in the path towards the control and elimination of schistosomiasis.
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10

Chimbari, Moses J. "Enhancing Schistosomiasis Control Strategy for Zimbabwe: Building on Past Experiences." Journal of Parasitology Research 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/353768.

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Schistosoma haematobiumandSchistosoma mansoniare prevalent in Zimbabwe to levels that make schistosomiasis a public health problem. Following three national surveys to map the disease prevalence, a national policy on control of schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminths is being developed. This paper reviews the experiences that Zimbabwe has in the area of schistosomiasis control with a view to influence policy. A case study approach to highlight key experiences and outcomes was adopted. The benefits derived from intersectoral collaboration that led to the development of a model irrigation scheme that incorporates schistosomiasis control measures are highlighted. Similarly, the benefits of using plant molluscicides and fish and duck biological agents (Sargochromis codringtoniiandCairina moschata) are highlighted. Emphasis was also placed on the importance of utilizing locally developed water and sanitation technologies and the critical human resource base in the area of schistosomiasis developed over years. After synthesis of the case studies presented, it was concluded that while there is a need to follow the WHO recommended guidelines for schistosomiasis control it is important to develop a control strategy that is informed by work already done in the country. The importance of having a policy and local guidelines for schistosomiasis control is emphasized.
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11

Taylor, Myra. "Global trends in schistosomiasis control." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 86, no. 10 (2008): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.08.058669.

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12

Barbosa, Frederico S., and Carlos E. A. Coimbra Junior. "Alternative approaches in schistosomiasis control." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 87, suppl 4 (1992): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761992000800033.

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13

Barbosa, Frederico Simões. "Determination and control of schistosomiasis." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 90, no. 2 (1995): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761995000200005.

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14

French, Mike, and Darin Evans. "Adaptive strategies for schistosomiasis control." Lancet Global Health 7, no. 10 (2019): e1302-e1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(19)30371-7.

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15

Engels, Dirk, Wang Li-Ying, and Kevin L. Palmer. "Control of schistosomiasis in China." Acta Tropica 96, no. 2-3 (2005): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.07.004.

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16

Nur, Wahyudin, Trisilowati, Agus Suryanto, and Wuryansari Muharini Kusumawinahyu. "Schistosomiasis Model Incorporating Snail Predator as Biological Control Agent." Mathematics 9, no. 16 (2021): 1858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9161858.

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Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the schistosoma worm. A snail can act as the intermediate host for the parasite. Snail-population control is considered to be an effective way to control schistosomiasis spread. In this paper, we discuss the schistosomiasis model incorporating a snail predator as a biological control agent. We prove that the solutions of the model are non-negative and bounded. The existence condition of equilibrium points is investigated. We determine the basic reproduction number when the predator goes to extinction and when the predator survives. The local stability condition of disease-free equilibrium point is proved using linearization, and the Lienard–Chipart and Routh–Hurwitz criteria. We use center-manifold theory to prove the local stability condition of the endemic equilibrium points. Furthermore, we constructed a Lyapunov function to investigate the global stability condition of the disease-free equilibrium points. To support the analytical results, we presented some numerical simulation results. Our findings suggest that a snail predator as a biological control agent can reduce schistosomiasis prevalence. Moreover, the snail-predator birth rate plays an essential role in controlling schistosomiasis spread.
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17

Southgate, V. R., D. Rollinson, L. A. Tchuem Tchuenté, and P. Hagan. "Towards control of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Helminthology 79, no. 3 (2005): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/joh2005307.

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AbstractApproximately 80% of the 200 million people infected with schistosomiasis inhabit sub-Saharan Africa, and the annual mortality is estimated to be 280,000. Praziquantel is the drug of choice in the treatment of schistosomiasis and pregnant women may now be treated. It was agreed at the World Health Assembly in 2001 that at least 75% of school-aged children in high burden areas should be treated for schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth infections by 2010 to reduce morbidity. A grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London has enabled control programmes to be initiated in Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Burkina Faso, Niger and Mali. Additional programmes have recently commenced in Zanzibar with a grant from the Health Foundation to The Natural History Museum, London and in Cameroon. Combination treatment for schistosomiasis, gastrointestinal helminths and filariasis reduces costs of control programmes. The EC Concerted Action Group on ‘Praziquantel: its central role in the chemotherapy of schistosome infection’ met in Yaoundé Cameroon in 2004 to discuss recent developments in laboratory and field studies. The use of standard operating procedures will enable data on drug action on schistosomes produced in different laboratories to be compared. With the ever increasing use of praziquantel there is a possibility of the development of resistance by schistosomes to the drug, hence the necessity to explore the activities of other compounds. Artemether, unlike praziquantel, is effective against immature schistosomes. The effectiveness of mirazid, an extract of myrrh, is controversial as data from different laboratories are equivocal. It is suggested that an independent body such as the World Health Organization should determine whether mirazid should be used in the treatment of schistosomiasis.
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18

GARBA, A., S. TOURÉ, R. DEMBELÉ, et al. "Present and future schistosomiasis control activities with support from the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative in West Africa." Parasitology 136, no. 13 (2009): 1731–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009990369.

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SUMMARYSince 2004 the West African countries of Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger have implemented national schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis control programmes with financial and technical support from the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI). In the first three years of the control programmes, nearly 13·5 million doses of praziquantel and albendazole have been administered against schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis with coverage rates varying between 67·0% and 93·9%. These treatments have resulted in a reduction of the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma infection in the sentinel cohorts that were set up to monitor and evaluate the national control programmes. The challenges currently faced by these national control programmes are the ability to maintain the reduction in morbidity achieved thus far due to the mass treatment campaigns and ensuring sustainability. For reinforcement of surveillance, the establishment of a geographical information system is suggested in order to contribute towards enhanced sustainability of these programmes. Our new working hypothesis is that targeted control accompanied by periodic mass treatment campaigns (every two to three years) can contribute to maintaining the low levels of morbidity achieved thus far. The implementation of integrated neglected tropical disease control programmes in these countries will provide means to ensure the financial sustainability of control activities for the years to come.
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19

King, Charles H., Harold Houser, Phillip Magak, et al. "Chemotherapy-Based Control of Schistosomiasis Haematobia." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 42, no. 6 (1990): 587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1990.42.587.

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20

Godal, Tore. "Foreword: Epidemiologic modeling in schistosomiasis control." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 55, no. 5_Suppl (1996): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1996.55.101.

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21

Mott, Kenneth E. "Contrasts in the control of schistosomiasis." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 84, suppl 1 (1989): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761989000500002.

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22

El Gaddal, A. A. "Control of schistosomiasis in the Gezira." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 84, suppl 1 (1989): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761989000500012.

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23

Xiaonong, Zhou, Chen Minggang, Don McManus, and Robert Bergquist. "Schistosomiasis control in the 21st century." Acta Tropica 82, no. 2 (2002): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-706x(02)00005-0.

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24

Qing-Wu, Jiang, Wang Li-Ying, Guo Jia-Gang, Chen Ming-Gang, Zhou Xiao-Nong, and Dirk Engels. "Morbidity control of schistosomiasis in China." Acta Tropica 82, no. 2 (2002): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-706x(02)00006-2.

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25

Minggang, Chen, Don McManus, Robert Bergquist, and Zhou Xiaonong. "Schistosomiasis control in the 21st century." Acta Tropica 82, no. 2 (2002): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-706x(02)00044-x.

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26

Urbani, C., M. Sinoun, D. Socheat, et al. "Epidemiology and control of mekongi schistosomiasis." Acta Tropica 82, no. 2 (2002): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-706x(02)00047-5.

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27

Doenhoff, Mike, Donato Cioli, and Gachuhi Kimani. "Praziquantel and the Control of Schistosomiasis." Parasitology Today 16, no. 9 (2000): 364–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4758(00)01749-x.

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28

Savioli, L., E. Renganathan, A. Montresor, A. Davis, and K. Behbehani. "Control of schistosomiasis — A global picture." Parasitology Today 13, no. 11 (1997): 444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4758(97)01141-1.

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29

Yuan, Hongchang, Qingwu Jiang, Genming Zhao, and Na He. "Achievements of schistosomiasis control in China." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 97, suppl 1 (2002): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762002000900036.

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30

Nelwan, Martin L. "Schistosomiasis: Life Cycle, Diagnosis, and Control." Current Therapeutic Research 91 (2019): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.curtheres.2019.06.001.

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31

Niessen, Louis, and Russell Stothard. "Equitable control of schistosomiasis and helminthiasis." Lancet Infectious Diseases 16, no. 9 (2016): 990–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30124-4.

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32

Bergquist, Nils Robert. "Schistosomiasis: from risk assessment to control." Trends in Parasitology 18, no. 7 (2002): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1471-4922(02)02301-2.

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33

Hagan, Paul, Christopher C. Appleton, Gerald C. Coles, John R. Kusel, and Louis-Albert Tchuem-Tchuenté. "Schistosomiasis control: keep taking the tablets." Trends in Parasitology 20, no. 2 (2004): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2003.11.010.

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34

Hagan, P., F. G. C. Abath, and D. W. Dunne. "Prospects for immunological control of schistosomiasis." Lancet 345, no. 8963 (1995): 1488–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91041-7.

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35

Evan Secor, William. "Water-based interventions for schistosomiasis control." Pathogens and Global Health 108, no. 5 (2014): 246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2047773214y.0000000149.

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36

Ohmae, Hiroshi, Muth Sinuon, Masashi Kirinoki, et al. "Schistosomiasis mekongi: from discovery to control." Parasitology International 53, no. 2 (2004): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2004.01.004.

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37

Utzinger, Jürg, Robert Bergquist, Xiao Shu-Hua, Burton H. Singer, and Marcel Tanner. "Sustainable schistosomiasis control—the way forward." Lancet 362, no. 9399 (2003): 1932–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14968-9.

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38

Maier, Theresa, Nicolas James Wheeler, Erica K. O. Namigai, et al. "Gene drives for schistosomiasis transmission control." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 13, no. 12 (2019): e0007833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007833.

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39

Zou, Lan, and Shigui Ruan. "Schistosomiasis transmission and control in China." Acta Tropica 143 (March 2015): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.12.004.

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40

Cline, Barnett L., and Barry S. Hewlett. "Community-based approach to schistosomiasis control." Acta Tropica 61, no. 2 (1996): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-706x(95)00118-x.

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41

Liese, B. "The Organization of schistosomiasis control programmes." Parasitology Today 2, no. 12 (1986): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(86)90054-2.

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42

Mwai, Judy, Jarim Oduor Omogi, and Mohamed H. Abdi. "Environmental factors influencing Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis Infection in Mwea, Kirinyaga County Kenya: A cross sectional study." East African Health Research Journal 5, no. 1 (2021): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.24248/eahrj.v5i1.656.

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Background: Schistosomiasis remains a major public health problem in Kenya. Environmental factors are critical in creating a medium for growth and spread of schistosomiasis vectors. The study investigated the environmental factors influencing prevention and control of schistosomiasis infection in Mwea West Sub County, Kirinyaga County-Kenya. Methods: A multi stage sampling was used to identify four hundred and sixty-five (465) household. Analytical descriptive cross-sectional design that utilised quantitative data collection method was used. Data was collected using a pretested structured questionnaire and analysed using Chi square tests or Fisher’s exact tests where applicable. Results: Study results indicated a significant association p<.001 between household level of education, members being affected by floods during the rainy season and schistosomiasis infection. The result further indicates level of significance (p<0.047) in the association between sources of water in a household and schistosomiasis infection. No level of significance was posted between having a temporary water body in the area p (=.072) and schistosomiasis infection. In addition, there was no significant association between proximity to the nearest water source, p=.074 and proximity to the nearest health facility p=0.356 with schistosomiasis infection. Conclusions: The study recommends carefully designing safe water sources in order to match the goal of effectively controlling and reversing the trends of schistosomiasis infections. The community should be made aware of the risk factors of schistosomiasis including water utilised in the household’s alongside raising health seeking behaviours for diagnosis and treatment of schistosomiasis as a way of reducing the spread of infection.
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43

EKPO, UWEM F., AKINOLA S. OLUWOLE, ENIOLA M. ABE, HANNAH E. ETTA, FRANCISCA OLAMIJU, and CHIEDU F. MAFIANA. "Schistosomiasis in infants and pre-school-aged children in sub-Saharan Africa: implication for control." Parasitology 139, no. 7 (2012): 835–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182012000029.

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SUMMARYUntil recently, the epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa have focused primarily on infections in school-aged children and to a lesser extent on adults. Now there is growing evidence and reports of infection in infants and pre-school-aged children (⩽6 years old) in Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Niger, Nigeria and Uganda, with reported prevalence from 14% to 86%. In this review, we provide available information on the epidemiology, transmission and control of schistosomiasis in this age group, generally not considered or included in national schistosomiasis control programmes that are being implemented in several sub-Saharan African countries. Contrary to previous assumptions, we show that schistosomiasis infection starts from early childhood in many endemic communities and factors associated with exposure of infants and pre-school-aged children to infection are yet to be determined. The development of morbidity early in childhood may contribute to long-term clinical impact and severity of schistosomiasis before they receive treatment. Consistently, these issues are overlooked in most schistosomiasis control programmes. It is, therefore, necessary to review current policy of schistosomiasis control programmes in sub-Saharan Africa to consider the treatment of infant and pre-school-aged children and the health education to mothers.
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44

AAGAARD-HANSEN, J., J. R. MWANGA, and B. BRUUN. "Social science perspectives on schistosomiasis control in Africa: past trends and future directions." Parasitology 136, no. 13 (2009): 1747–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009006404.

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SUMMARYNew ways of integrating and scaling up control of neglected tropical diseases (including schistosomiasis) are presently underway. In this context consideration of social science perspectives is essential. In this article, we review social science publications of relevance to sustained control of schistosomiasis in Africa including diagnosis and screening, treatment, supply of clean water and improved sanitation, as well as health communication. Studies of community involvement and links between schistosomiasis control programmes and broader health care systems are also explored. Directions for future social science of relevance to sustainable schistosomiasis control are outlined, including ways of ensuring equitable access to health services as well as involvement of endemic communities and local health care systems based on equal partnership.
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45

Gunawan, Gunawan, Junus Widjaja, Phetisya Pamela Frederika Sumolang, and Hayani Anastasia. "Cross-Sectoral Engagement in the Eradication of Schistosomiasis in Indonesia." Global Journal of Health Science 13, no. 10 (2021): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v13n10p82.

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BACKGROUND: Indonesia has planned a roadmap to eradicate schistosomiasis and achieved the elimination of schistosomiasis by 2025. Through cooperation between the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of National Development Planning or the National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas). The roadmap is a reference to plan the shared action multiple sectors, central-regional and communal coordinated by the National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) and Development Planning Agency at Sub-national Level (Bappeda). 
 
 OBJECTIVE: analyzing cross-sectoral involvement in 2019 in efforts to eradicate schistosomiasis. The research method is to analyze data and information regarding the schistosomiasis control program in 2019. 
 
 MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data and information in the study came from six Regional Apparatus Organizations (OPD) in Poso and seven OPDs in Sigi Central Sulawesi.
 
 RESULT: This study reveals that, based on the roadmap to eradicate schistosomiasis, mass treatment regarding schistosomiasis for humans is 70-94%; mass medication for livestock is 50%; surveillance on intermediate snails, humans, and animals is 70-94%; 6,000 animals and 49%; the campaigns for behavioral changes and an increase in community participation in 18 villages and multi-sector coordination and intensive integrated supervision is 50%. Meanwhile, public toilets in the focus areas and livestock management have not proceeded. The prevalence of schistosomiasis in humans showed yields of 0.13%, 0%, and 0.0% in the Napu, Bada, and Lindu Plateaus. In addition, the prevalence of schistosomiasis in animals was 3.4% and 2.3% in buffalo and horses. 
 
 CONCLUSION: Schistosomiasis control in terms of health can reduce the prevalence of schistosomiasis in humans. And schistosomiasis control is not a priority program in terms of agriculture. Who did not build schistosomiasis control programs in 2019 upon good coordination between the central and local governments?
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46

Ncube, Mhlengi V., Innocent T. Mutero, and Moses J. Chimbari. "Unmet Needs to Treat Schistosomiasis in Children Under Five Years Old in uMkhanyakude District of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Global Journal of Health Science 12, no. 4 (2020): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v12n4p127.

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Preventive treatment for schistosomiasis control is a priority objective for the Department of Health (DoH) in South Africa. The uMkhanyakude district of KwaZulu-Natal is one of the districts in which schistosomiasis in a major public health concern. We mapped the unmet resource requirements for a schistosomiasis control mass drug administration (MDA) program targeting children aged five years old and below in the uMkhanyakude District. We interviewed 10 decision makers among the uMkhanyakude Health District staff in order to understand the resources that the district has and the resources that the district needs to implement a schistosomiasis control MDA program targeting children aged five years old and below in the uMkhanyakude district. We analyzed and reported on the resources based on the following categories: financing; coverage; program integration; monitoring and evaluation; infrastructure; materials; human resources and training. We identified the resources that the district has and the resources that the district needs to acquire to implement a schistosomiasis MDA program targeting children aged five years old and below. The resources that the district needs to acquire to implement a schistosomiasis control MDA program for children under five include but are not limited to financing, human resources and digital scales. The uMkhanyakude district has insufficient resources to implement a schistosomiasis control MDA program targeting children aged five years old and below. The cost of the resources that need to be acquired for the program could be reduced by integrating the schistosomiasis control MDA program with existing child health intervention programs for children aged five years old and below. Economic evaluations are necessary to determine the child health program to which the schistosomiasis control MDA program could be most cost-effectively integrated to.
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47

Sallam, Sunny, Deborah Glik, Aida Sherif, et al. "Sociocultural Considerations in Schistosomiasis Control: Focus Group Data from 3 Egyptian Villages." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 17, no. 2 (1997): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/uyg0-qtqf-9xq7-aa75.

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Transmission, control, and prevention of schistosomiasis are linked with a range of individual and collective human behaviors, perceptions, and social and environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to describe the social and cultural factors related to schistosomiasis transmission in three Egyptian villages where prevalence rates of diseases are high. Data reported are based on focus group interviews collected among children and adults. Topics discussed were knowledge about disease, transmission behaviors (risky behaviors), risk perceptions, prevention behaviors (response to risk), symptoms, treatment behaviors, treatment satisfaction, knowledge of prevention, source of information, and more general concerns and grievances. Both adults and children were concerned about schistosomiasis, and were knowledgeable about disease symptoms, transmission, control, and risky behaviors such as swimming in canals or polluting their banks. The adults were concerned with lack of collective solutions such as limited piped water supply, little sewage control, and governmental responsibility to solve village health problems. Findings support the notion that schistosomiasis transmission and control must be understood as sustained by environmental conditions and patterned sets of behaviors that are culturally embedded, their alteration a key to changing schistosomiasis' long history and widespread prevalence in Egypt.
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48

STOTHARD, J. R., L. CHITSULO, T. K. KRISTENSEN, and J. UTZINGER. "Control of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa: progress made, new opportunities and remaining challenges." Parasitology 136, no. 13 (2009): 1665–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009991272.

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SUMMARYSeveral other journal supplements have documented progress made in the control of schistosomiasis in Egypt, China and Brazil, however, with more than 97% of the schistosome infections now estimated to occur in Africa, the relevance of this special issue in Parasitology cannot be overemphasized. In total, 18 articles are presented, inclusive of a lead-editorial from the WHO highlighting a seminal resolution at the 54th World Health Assembly in 2001 that advocated de-worming. Facilitated by a US$ 30 million grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in 2002, the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative subsequently fostered implementation of large-scale schistosomiasis (and soil-transmitted helminthiasis) control programmes in six selected African countries. From 2005, CONTRAST, a European union-funded consortium, was formed to conduct multi-disciplinary research pertaining to optimisation of schistosomiasis control. Progress made in schistosomiasis control across sub-Saharan Africa since the turn of the new millennium is reviewed, shedding light on the latest findings stemming from clinical, epidemiological, molecular and social sciences research, inclusive of public health interventions with monitoring and evaluation activities. New opportunities for integrating the control of schistosomiasis and other so-called neglected tropical diseases are highlighted, but more importantly, several opportune questions that arise from it frame the remaining challenges ahead for an enduring solution.
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Chen, Yanyan, Jianbing Liu, Ying Xiao, Chenhui Zhong, Fenghua Wei, and Si Liu. "Spatiotemporal pattern analysis of schistosomiasis based on village level in the transmission control stage in lake and marshland areas in China." Parasitology 147, no. 2 (2019): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182019001537.

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AbstractHubei Province is one of the endemic regions with severe schistosomiasis in China. To eliminate schistosomiasis in lake and marshland regions, this study detected hotspots of schistosomiasis cases both spatially and spatiotemporally on the basis of spatial autocorrelation; clustering and outlier, purely spatial and spatiotemporal cluster analyses at the village level from 2013 to 2017 in Hubei Province. The number of cases confirmed positive by an immunodiagnostic test and etiological diagnosis and advanced schistosomiasis cases dramatically declined during the study period. Significant global spatial autocorrelation of schistosomiasis patients was found at the village level in the whole province in 5 years. Clustering and outlier analysis showed that most HH villages were mainly concentrated along the Yangtze River, especially in Jianghan Plain. Spatial and spatiotemporal cluster analyses showed that significant clusters of the schistosomiasis cases were detected at the village level. In general, space and spatiotemporal clustering of schistosomiasis cases at the village level demonstrated a downward trend from 2013 from 2017 in Hubei Province. High-risk regions included Jianghan Plain along the middle reach of Yangtze River and Yangxin County in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in Hubei Province. To eliminate schistosomiasis, precise control and management of schistosomiasis cases should be strictly implemented. Moreover, comprehensive prevention and control measures should be continuously strengthened in these regions.
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50

FENWICK, A., J. P. WEBSTER, E. BOSQUE-OLIVA, et al. "The Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI): rationale, development and implementation from 2002–2008." Parasitology 136, no. 13 (2009): 1719–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009990400.

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SUMMARYSchistosomiasis remains one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases in developing countries. After malaria, schistosomiasis is the most important tropical disease in terms of human morbidity with significant economic and public health consequences. Although schistosomiasis has recently attracted increased focus and funding for control, it has been estimated that less than 20% of the funding needed to control the disease in Africa is currently available. In this article the following issues are discussed: the rationale, development and objectives of the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI)-supported programmes; the management approaches followed to achieve implementation by each country; mapping, monitoring and evaluation activities with quantifiable impact of control programmes; monitoring for any potential drug resistance; and finally exit strategies within each country. The results have demonstrated that morbidity due to schistosomiasis has been reduced by the control programmes. While challenges remain, the case for the control of schistosomiasis has been strengthened by research by SCI teams and the principle that a national programme using ‘preventive chemotherapy’ can be successfully implemented in sub-Saharan Africa, whenever the resources are available. SCI and partners are now actively striving to raise further funds to expand the coverage of integrated control of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in sub-Saharan Africa.
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