Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Schiume metalliche'
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Ciciriello, Riccardo. "Ossidazione elettrocatalitica della lignina su schiume di Ni attivate." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/21663/.
Full textPellegrino, Antonio. "Metodi sperimentali per la caratterizzazione di schiume sintattiche e leghe metalliche ad elevato strain rate." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/1109.
Full textMinga, Tisian. "Catalizzatori strutturati a base di Ni su schiume metalliche per la produzione di CH4 da CO2." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16668/.
Full textChiarotti, Nicola. "Determinazione sperimentale delle perdite di carico di efflussi forzati di aria in schiume metalliche di elevata porosità." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/17854/.
Full textValladares, Olcese Rodrigo. "Impiego di materiali cellulari per il miglioramento delle prestazioni della slitta portamandrino di una macchina fresatrice." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/4759/.
Full textMadeddu, Salvatore. "Elettrodeposizione di catalizzatori a base di Rh su schiume e fibre metalliche di FeCrAlloy per la produzione di syngas." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/11896/.
Full textMonti, Matteo. "Analisi sperimentale del ruolo delle schiume metalliche sulle prestazioni di accumulo termico dei materiali paraffinici a cambiamento di fase." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/22559/.
Full textMeriggi, Giacomo. "Elettrosintesi di catalizzatori Rh-Al2O3 su schiume FeCrAl per la produzione di syngas." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/9337/.
Full textSchiaroli, Nicola. "Elettrosintesi di catalizzatori contenenti Rh e Pt su supporti metallici." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6552/.
Full textLorenzetti, Luca. "Studio di elettrocatalizzatori per l'ossidazione elettrochimica del glucosio." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/18013/.
Full textBovina, Fabio. "Studio sperimentale del comportamento dei materiali a cambiamento di fase durante i processi di riscaldamento e raffreddamento caratteristici degli accumuli termici." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/22532/.
Full textDiani, Andrea. "Experimental and numerical analysis of microstructured surfaces." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424550.
Full textLo smaltimento di calore è uno degli aspetti più importanti per l’affidibilità di componenti elettronici. Ad oggi, l’aria è il più sicuro, economico e utilizzato fluido operativo in applicazioni di raffreddamento di componentistica elettronica. A causa delle sue scarse qualità di scambio termico, l’aria fluisce attraverso superficie estese, come alette piane, cilindriche e louvered, “offset strip fins” e “wire screens”, per aumentare la superficie di scambio termico e per creare turbolenza. Recentemente, le schiume metalliche sono state proposte come promettenti superfici estese per incrementare le prestazioni termiche del sistema di raffreddamento. Tuttavia, l’aria potrebbe non essere sufficiente nel caso in cui i flussi termici da asportare siano particolarmente alti e pertanto i sistemi bifase possono essere una soluzione attuabile. La vaporizzazione è il meccanismo di scambio termico con i maggiori coefficienti di scambio termico, pertanto può essere usato per dissipare elevati flussi termico e mantenere la temperatura di parete del dissipatore entro limiti che siano compatibili con quelli delle apparecchiature elettroniche. Superfici microstrutturate, come schiume metalliche e tubi microalettati, possono avere benefici nella vaporizzazione, cioè possono incrementare i siti di nucleazione delle bolle, anticipare l’ebollizione nucleata, aumentare il miscelamento tra la fase liquida e vapore, aumentare il flusso termico critico. Importanti sono anche gli aspetti ambientali associati a refrigeranti sintetici, situazione che richiede un miglioramento delle soluzioni tecniche attualmente impiegate. Recentemente, nuovi refrigeranti a basso impatto ambientale, in particolare l’R1234ze(E) e l’R1234yf, sono stati proposti come alternative al tradizionale R134a. Questa tesi di dottorato esplora l’uso di superfici microstrutturate in sistemi di raffreddamento. Sono state studiate sperimentalmente e numericamente schiume metalliche, alette piane e cilindriche durante la convezione forzata di aria. Inoltre,è stato sperimentalmente studiato il deflusso monofase e bifase (vaporizzazione) di refrigeranti in una schiuma metallica in rame e all’interno di un tubo microalettato. Il primo capitolo si focalizza sulla convezione forzata di aria attraverso schiume metalliche. Nove schiume in rame sono sperimentalmente studiate e dalle misure sperimentali vengono calcolati i coefficienti globali di scambio termico e le perdite di carico. Vengono discussi gli effetti dei parametri geometrici (altezza della schiuma, densità di pori e porosità) sul comportamento termico e idraulico di tali materiali. I punti sperimentali raccolti, insieme ad altre misure sperimentali precedentemente ottenute su schiume in alluminio, hanno permesso lo sviluppo di una correlazione per la stima dell’efficienza e del coefficiente di scambio termico. La convezione forzata di aria attraverso alette piane e cilindriche è discussa nel secondo capitolo. Sono state condotte simulazioni numeriche su differenti configurazioni geometriche di spessore, passo e altezze delle alette nel caso di alette piane, e di diametro, passo longitudinale e trasversale e altezza nel caso di alette cilindriche. Vengono riportati gli effetti delle caratteristiche geometriche sul comportamento termico e idraulico. Dai risultati numerici, sono state sviluppate quattro correlazioni per la stima del fattore j di Colburn e del fattore f di attrito per alette piane e cilindriche. Infine, è riportato un esempio di ottimizzazione di una superficie con alette piane. Il terzo capitolo propone un approccio numerico alla modellizazione della convezione forzata di aria in schiume metalliche. La reale struttura di quattro schiume in rame, i cui risultati sperimentali sono riportati nel primo capitolo, è ottenuta mediante immagini ottenute con la tecnica della microtomografia. Il deflusso di aria è quindi simulato con un software commerciale. I risultati numerici sulle perdite di carico e sui coefficienti di scambio termico sono quindi confrontati con i risultati sperimentali. Il dimensionamento e lo sviluppo di un nuovo impianto sperimentale per lo studio del fenomeno della vaporizzazione in superfici microstrutturate è riportato nel quarto capitolo. Viene presentato lo sviluppo mediante un codice numerico della sezione di prove, che alloggerà una schiuma metallica lunga 200 mm. Ogni componente dell’impianto è discusso in dettaglio. Infine vengono riportati i risultati della calibrazione dell’impianto. I risultati relativi alla vaporizzazione di refrigeranti all’interno di una schiumametallica sono presentati nel quinto capitolo. La schiuma metallica in rame è lunga 200 mm, larga 10 mm e alta 5 mm. Tre diversi refrigeranti sono studiati: R134a, R1234ze(E), and R1234yf. L’R1234ze(E) e l’R1234yf (GWP=6 e 4, rispettivamente) sono possibili sostituti dell’R134a (GWP=1400). Le prove sperimentali sono state condotte ad una temperatura di saturazione di 30 °C, che è un valore idoneo al caso di raffreddamento di componenti elettronici, in diverse condizioni operative, al fine di evidenziare gli effetti del titolo di vapore, della portata specifica e del flusso termico sulle performance termiche ed idrauliche. Nel sesto ed ultimo capitolo vengono riportati alcuni risultati sulla vaporizzazione di refrigeranti all’interno di tubo microalettato avente un diametro interno di 3.4 mm. Tre diversi refrigeranti sono studiati: R134a, R1234ze(E), and R1234yf. Come nel caso precedente, le prove sono state condotte ad una temperatura di saturazione di 30 °C in diverse condizioni operative, cioè a diverso titolo di vapore, portata specifica e flusso termico. I risultati sperimentali del coefficiente di scambio termico, del titolo di vapore all’inizio della crisi termica e delle perdite di carico sono confrontati con i valori stimati da alcune correlazioni empiriche proposte in letteratura
Bertuzzi, Giacomo <1979>. "Caratterizzazione, fabbricazione e applicazione di manufatti in schiuma metallica." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3845/1/Bertuzzi_Giacomo_tesi.pdf.
Full textBertuzzi, Giacomo <1979>. "Caratterizzazione, fabbricazione e applicazione di manufatti in schiuma metallica." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3845/.
Full textMaggetti, Carla. "Ossidazione elettrocatalitica di glucosio su schiume di nickel per la produzione selettiva di acido gluconico e acido glucarico." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/22234/.
Full textPetrini, Paolo. "Elettro-ossidazione del glucosio catalizzata dal sistemi 3D NiFe." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/24365/.
Full textStefanelli, Matteo. "Analisi del non-equilibrio termico locale nella conduzione non-stazionaria in uno strato poroso." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/22258/.
Full textCORSINI, ROBERTO. "Simulazione numerica diretta della turbolenza: flusso a valle di una griglia irregolare e aerodinamica di un corpo tozzo a sezione rettangolare." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1270088.
Full textMost flows observed in nature and engineering applications are turbulent. Turbulence increases mixing and transfer of mass, momentum, and internal energy (heat). In the study of turbulent flows, the direct numerical simulation (DNS) approach is recognised to be unrivalled in terms of the accuracy and the completeness of the description provided. However, the steeply increasing computational cost and the huge amount of information resulting from the local and instantaneous description, make the DNS method unaffordable for routine engineering studies. In the industrial framework it is more convenient to pursue a modelling approach based on the statistical representation of turbulent flow fields. On the other hand, the elaboration of simple yet accurate turbulence theories and models may only rely on highly detailed data with small spatial and temporal discretization errors. The present work aims at providing high-fidelity results of relevant turbulent flows in the research field. Two turbulent flows are tackled by means of high-order accurate direct numerical simulation and the physical processes involved are investigated. Firstly, the turbulence generated by a uniform stream passing through an open-cell metal foam layer is analysed. This flow configuration is presented as a novel realization of grid turbulence where, in place of a regular grid, there is a porous matrix which is locally irregular but statistically isotropic. The metal foam geometry is produced synthetically with porosity of 0.92 and streamwise thickness of five times the mean pore diameter. The computation is performed using the high-order finite-difference DNS code Incompact3d at a Reynolds number based on the pore diameter of Re=4000. Closer to the foam than two pore diameters, the pressure and turbulent transport of turbulent kinetic energy are non-negligible. At larger distances from the porous layer, the canonical grid turbulence situation is recovered, where dissipation is balanced by the mean advection of turbulent kinetic energy. In this region, the decay of the main turbulent quantities and characteristic length scales is described by power-law functions. The corresponding exponents are calculated and compared with classical theories of homogeneous and isotropic turbulence. The second case investigated is the aerodynamics of a rectangular cylinder with chord-to-thickness ratio c/D=5. This flow configuration is representative of the aerodynamics of a wide range of bluff bodies of interest in civil engineering, and recently has been set as a benchmark for the study of separating and reattaching external flows. Three DNSs of the flow around the rectangular cylinder are carried out at different values of the Reynolds number based on the cylinder thickness Re=3000, 8000 and 14000. The numerical code employed is Nek5000, it is based on a high-order spectral element method. The increase of Re leads to the anticipation of the transitional process along the leading-edge shear layer. This slightly affects the vortex shedding frequency. Variations in the mean flow topology mainly concern the upstream shift of the separation bubbles centre. The larger displacements are observed for the secondary bubble because of the reduced propensity to separate shown by the reverse flow with Re. Negative production phenomena taking place in the shear layer determine the weak dependence between the mean vertical velocity and the Reynolds number. In conclusion, the present work provides two fresh sets of highly accurate DNS data representative of turbulence problems of scientific relevance. Such results constitute a base of information that might improve the physical understanding of turbulent flows and the development of turbulence models, both in the LES and RANS context.
MAREPALLY, BHANU CHANDRA. "Production of Solar Fuels using CO2." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11570/3107057.
Full textIn view of the recent alarming rate of depletion of fossil fuel reserves and the drastic rise in the CO2 levels in the atmosphere leading to global warming and severe climate changes, tapping into all kinds of renewable energy sources has been among the top priorities in the research fields across the globe. One of the many such pathways is CO2 reduction to fuels using renewable energies, more commonly referred as artificial photosynthetic cells or artificial leaves or photo-electro-catalytic (PEC) cells. The key objective of the present PhD work was to conduct in-depth studies on two different electro-catalytic CO2 reduction systems: electrolyte-less cell (gas phase) and electrolytic cell (liquid phase). In particular, a novel lab scale liquid phase cell, on the similar lines of the previously realized gas phase cell at the University of Messina, was developed and used to convert electro-catalytically CO2 to more value-added products. The work was carried out at the Laboratory CASPE/INSTM of the University of Messina (Department of Electronic Engineering, Industrial Chemistry and Engineering). During the second year, a six-month period was spent at the École supérieure de chimie, physique, électronique de Lyon (CPE Lyon), where organometallic routes were explored for the synthesis of novel composite materials to be used as electrocatalysts in the CO2 reduction process. Experimental tests were carried out on various types of catalysts in both the gas and liquid phase cells to understand the different selectivity, productivity and the reaction products obtained. Liquid phase, in fact, has been the most studied process in literature, but some issues mainly related to CO2 solubility and types of products formed (i.e. mainly formic acid), have never be allowed to pass the lab scale stage. The general aim of this PhD was to prepare novel metal doped nanocarbon substrates, which are very different with respect to the conventional metal bulk layers used as electrocatalysts in CO2 reduction, and test them both in gas phase (to take advantage of these conditions, i.e easy recovery and improved quality of the products) and in liquid phase (to have a better comparison with conditions typically adopted in literature). For the studies on the electro-catalytic reduction of CO2 in gas phase cell, a series of electrodes (based on Cu, Fe, Pt and Cu/Fe metal nanoparticles – NPs - deposited on carbon nanotubes – CNTs - or carbon black and then placed at the interface between a Nafion membrane and a gas diffusion-layer) were prepared. The results, evidencing the various types of products formed and their different productivities, are very promising. Under electrolyte-less conditions, the formation of ≥C1 products (such as ethanol, acetone and isopropanol) were observed, the highest being for Fe and closely followed by Pt, evidencing that also non-noble metals can be used as efficient catalysts under these conditions. To enhance the productivities of the CO2 reduction, a different set of electrodes were also prepared based on substituted Zeolitic Imidazolate (SIM-1) type MOF coatings during a stay at CPE Lyon and Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON). Particularly, the catalysts tested were MOF-based Fe-CNTs, Pt-CNTs and Cu/Fe-CNTs. There was a significant change in the reaction products and in the selectivity towards the end-products. Particularly, especially for the MOF modified Pt based catalyst, there was an increase in the C-products and also a better selectivity towards higher C-products. Moving to the studies on the electro-catalytic reduction of CO2 in liquid phase cell, a similar set of electrodes were prepared. Initially, electrodes based on metal NPs of Cu, Fe, Pt, Ru and Co deposited on CNTs or carbon black were studied for their CO2 reduction capability. The relative order of productivity in CO2 electro-catalytic reduction in these series of electrodes was found to be different between the gas and liquid phase cells indicating the different reaction pathways. For liquid phase conditions, in terms of net C-products, catalytic electrodes based on Pt topped the class, closely followed by Ru and Cu, while Fe got the lowest position. The probable underlying reaction mechanism was also provided. In order to improve further the performances of the CO2 reduction in liquid phase conditions, a metal NPs size dependant study on the electro-catalytic reduction of CO2 to fuels was carried out. This study was performed using electrodes based on metal NPs of Ru, Fe, Pt and Cu loaded on CNTs and then transferred on a gas diffusion layers (GDL). Varied sized metal NPs have been synthesized using different techniques: (i) impregnation route to achieve NPs in the size range of 10-50 nm; (ii) organometallic approach to synthesize uniform and ultrafine NPs in the size range of 1-5 nm (i.e., Fe NPs were synthesized through a novel synthesis route to attain 13 nm NPs);(iii) Nanowire (NW) top-down approach to obtain ultrafine copper metal NPs in the size range of 2-3.8 nm. Particularly, the novelty of nanowire approach is the ability to obtain very small metal NPs starting from the synthesis of Cu NWs and then transferring the Cu onto the carbon surface, taking advantage of the different inter-forces of between Cu NWs and the functional groups present on the partially oxidized CNT surface. Furthermore, unlike the case of organo-metallic approach, this approach allows a preparation under air avoiding the use of potentially demanding inert atmospheric conditions. The enhancements in the fuel productivity were found to be 5-30 times higher for the smaller metal NPs obtained via organo-metallic route or nanowire route as compared to the larger metal NPs obtained via impregnation route. The results signify that the smaller sized metal NPs loading on the CNTs have a prevailing role in the catalytic performance and the selectivity towards different products. Moreover, the percentage of metal NPs loading was significantly reduced from 10 to 1-2 wt. % producing higher or equivalent fuels for small NPs as compared to the larger NPs. The reusability of the working electrodes and long reaction times (until 24 hours) were also probed. A different set of electrodes based on nano-foams on metal foils, were also investigated to achieve further improvements in the electro-reduction of CO2 to fuels. These nano-foams or dendrites were prepared by electrochemical deposition technique. Optimization studies on the deposition of these foams were performed initially to fix the set of preparation conditions. Moreover, voltage optimization study was performed using cyclic voltammetry and full CO2 reduction tests to find the optimum voltage for the process. The nano-foam electrodes tested include Cu and Fe foams on Cu foil, Fe foil, Al foil, Inconel foil and Al grid/mesh. The enhancements in the fuel productivity for various foams were in the range of 2-10 times greater as compared to the highest net fuel productivity achieved using metal NPs doped carbon catalytic electrodes, from all the previous studies. Various characterizations and analysis tools were used to analyse the catalysts qualitatively and quantitatively, which include Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). To determine the fuel productivities, Ion Chromatography (IC), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS), Gas Chromatography (GC) were used.
Compte tenu du récent taux alarmant d'épuisement des réserves de combustibles fossiles et de l'augmentation drastique des niveaux de CO2 dans l'atmosphère qui a conduit au réchauffement de la planète et à des changements climatiques sévères, l'exploitation de toutes sortes d'énergies renouvelables a été la Parmi les principales priorités de la recherche Champs à travers le monde. L'une des nombreuses voies de ce genre est la réduction du CO2 aux combustibles utilisant des énergies renouvelables, plus communément appelées cellules photosynthétiques artificielles ou feuilles artificielles ou cellules photoélectro-catalytiques (PEC). L'objectif principal de ce travail était de réaliser des études approfondies sur les différents systèmes de réduction électro-catalytique du CO2, à savoir les cellules sans électrolyte (phase gazeuse) et les cellules électrolytiques (phase liquide). Dans ce processus, nous avons conçu une nouvelle cellule en phase liquide à échelle de laboratoire sur les lignes similaires de la cellule de phase gazeuse de modèle précédemment modélisée. Des essais expérimentaux sur la réduction du CO2 ont été réalisés sur différents types de catalyseurs dans les deux cellules afin de comprendre la sélectivité, la productivité et les produits de réaction obtenus. L'obtention de résultats de test dans les deux cellules nous a permis d'effectuer une comparaison décente avec les résultats de réduction électro-catalytique de CO2 existants dans la littérature. Des essais expérimentaux ont été réalisés sur différents types de catalyseurs à la fois dans les cellules en phase gazeuse et en phase liquide pour comprendre la sélectivité, la productivité et les produits de réaction obtenus. La phase liquide, en fait, a été le processus le plus étudié dans la littérature, mais certaines questions liées principalement à la solubilité du CO2 et aux types de produits formés (c'est-à-dire principalement l'acide formique) n'ont jamais été autorisées à franchir le stade de l'échelle du laboratoire. L'objectif général de ce doctorat était de préparer de nouveaux substrats de nanocarbone dopés par des métaux, qui sont très différents par rapport aux couches en vrac métalliques conventionnelles utilisées comme électrocatalyseurs dans la réduction de CO2, et de les tester en phase gazeuse (pour profiter de ces conditions, Une récupération facile et une qualité améliorée des produits) et en phase liquide (pour une meilleure comparaison avec les conditions typiquement adoptées dans la littérature). Pour les études sur la réduction électro-catalytique du CO2 en phase gazeuse, une série d'électrodes (à base de nanoparticules de Cu, Fe, Pt et CuFe déposées sur des nanotubes de carbone ou de noir de carbone puis placées à l'interface entre une membrane Nafion et Une électrode à couche de diffusion de gaz). Les résultats démontrent le type divers de produits formés et leurs productivités. Dans des conditions sans électrolyte, la formation de produits ≥C1 tels que l'éthanol, l'acétone et l'isopropanol a été observée la plus élevée étant pour Fe et suivie de près par Pt. Pour améliorer les productivités de la réduction du CO2, un ensemble différent d'électrodes a été préparé sur la base de revêtements MOF de type imidazolate de type zéolitique substitué (SIM-1) lors d'un séjour au CPE Lyon et à l'Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON). Les catalyseurs testés étaient Fe-CNT, Pt-CNT et CuFe-CNT basés sur MOF. Il y a eu un changement significatif dans les produits de réaction et aussi, la sélectivité vis-à-vis des produits finaux. Pour le catalyseur à base de Pt modifié, MOF, il y avait une augmentation des produits C et également une sélectivité différente tandis que pour le catalyseur à base de Fe, il y avait une légère diminution des produits C. En se reportant aux études sur la réduction électro-catalytique du CO2 dans une cellule en phase liquide, un ensemble similaire d'électrodes a été préparé afin d'obtenir une bonne comparaison des résultats dans les expériences en phase gazeuse. Initialement, des électrodes à base de nanoparticules métalliques (Cu, Fe, Pt, Ru, Co) déposées sur des nanotubes de carbone ou du noir de carbone ont été étudiées pour leur capacité de réduction du CO2. L'ordre relatif de productivité dans la réduction électrocatalytique de CO2 dans ces séries d'électrodes a été trouvé différent entre les cellules en phase gazeuse et en phase liquide indiquant les différentes voies de réaction. Pour les conditions de phase liquide, en termes de produits C nets, les électrodes catalytiques à base de Pt sont en tête de la catégorie, suivies de près par Ru et Cu, tandis que Fe a obtenu la position la plus basse. Le mécanisme réactionnel sous-jacent probable a également été fourni. Afin d'améliorer encore les performances de la réduction du CO2 dans les conditions de phase liquide, une étude de la nanoparticules métalliques (NPs) dépendant de la taille de la réduction électro-catalytique du CO2 aux combustibles a été réalisée. Ceci a été réalisé à l'aide d'électrodes à base de nanoparticules métalliques (Ru, Fe, Pt et Cu) chargées sur les nanotubes de carbone (CNT) transférés sur les couches de diffusion gazeuse (GDL). On a synthétisé des nanoparticules de métal de différentes tailles en utilisant différentes techniques de synthèse: (i) l'itinéraire d'imprégnation pour obtenir des NP dans la plage de tailles de 10 à 50 nm; (Ii) Approche organométallique pour synthétiser des NPs uniformes et ultrafines dans la plage de tailles de 1-5 nm. Fe ont été synthétisés par une nouvelle voie de synthèse et des conditions pour atteindre des NP de 1 à 3 nm. (Iii) Approche de haut en bas de Nanowire pour obtenir des NP métalliques de cuivre ultrafin dans la plage de taille de 2-3,8 nm. En particulier, la nouveauté de l'aide de nanofils est la capacité à obtenir des particules de très petite taille d'abord la synthèse du Cu NFs, puis de les mettre en contact avec le support carboné et de faciliter son transfert, cela grâce à des forces d'attraction intermoléculaires des groupes fonctionnels présent sur le CNT partiellement oxydée. En outre, contrairement à la synthèse organométallique, cette approche permet d'effectuer les réactions dans l'air et non pas dans une atmosphère inerte. Les améliorations de la productivité du combustible ont été trouvées être au moins 5 à 30 fois plus élevées pour les NP métalliques de plus petite taille obtenus par voie organo-métallique ou par nanofil, par rapport aux NP métalliques plus grands obtenus par voie d'imprégnation. Les résultats indiquent que les NP métalliques de plus petite taille chargés sur les CNT jouent un rôle prédominant dans la performance catalytique et la sélectivité vis-à-vis de différents produits. En outre, le pourcentage de charge de NP métalliques a été réduit de façon significative de 10% à 1-2% en poids, produisant des carburants plus élevés ou équivalents pour de petites NP en comparaison avec les NP plus grandes. De plus, comme on a observé clairement la productivité en H2 qui a augmenté de nombreux facteurs pour les NP plus petits sur les plus grandes NP. La réutilisabilité des électrodes de travail et les longs temps de réaction ont également été sondés. Un ensemble différent d'électrodes à base de nano-mousses sur des feuilles métalliques a également été étudié afin d'obtenir des améliorations beaucoup plus importantes de l'électro-réduction de CO2 aux carburants. Ces nano-mousses ou dendrites ont été préparées par une technique de dépôt électrochimique. Des études d'optimisation sur le dépôt de ces mousses ont été effectuées initialement pour fixer l'ensemble des conditions de préparation. De plus, une étude d'optimisation de la tension a été réalisée en utilisant la voltamétrie cyclique et des tests de réduction de CO2 complets pour fixer une tension optimale pour les réactions. Les électrodes nano-mousses testées incluent (mousses Cu, Fe sur feuille Cu, feuille Fe, feuille Al, feuille Inconel et grille Al). Les améliorations de la productivité du combustible pour diverses mousses se situaient dans la plage de 2 à 10 fois par rapport à la productivité nette de combustible la plus élevée obtenue en utilisant des électrodes catalytiques en carbone dopé par des NP métalliques. Différentes caractérisations et outils d'analyse ont été utilisés pour analyser les catalyseurs qualitativement et quantitativement qui incluent la microscopie électronique à transmission (TEM), la microscopie électronique à balayage (SEM), la spectroscopie d'absorption atomique (AAS), la diffraction des rayons X (XRD) La spectroscopie électronique (XPS) et Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) et pour déterminer les productivités des combustibles, chromatographie ionique (IC), chromatographie gazeuse-spectromètre de masse (GC-MS), chromatographie gazeuse.