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Gooding, Diane C., and Jacqueline G. Braun. "Cognitive coordination deficits: A necessary but not sufficient factor in the development of schizophrenia." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26, no. 1 (February 2003): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x03290026.
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AbstractThe Phillips & Silverstein model of NMDA-mediated coordination deficits provides a useful heuristic for the study of schizophrenic cognition. However, the model does not specifically account for the development of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. The P&S model is compared to Meehl's seminal model of schizotaxia, schizotypy, and schizophrenia, as well as the model of schizophrenic cognitive dysfunction posited by McCarley and colleagues.
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Gramaglia, C., E. Gattoni, G. Giovanna, S. Gili, A. Feggi, V. Binda, P. Prosperini, and P. Zeppegno. "Schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Focus on social cognition and empathy." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2143.
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BackgroundSchizophrenic patients show deficits in social cognition, functioning and in interpreting facial expressions. These disabilities contribute to global impairment in social and relational skills. Data started being collected in the context of the Italian Network of Research on Psychosis headed by Prof. Maj and Prof. Galderisi (Galderisi S et al. The influence of illness-related variables, personal resources and context-related factors on real-life functioning of people with schizophrenia. World Psychiatry 2014:275–87. Mucci A et al. The Specific Level of Functioning Scale: Construct validity, internal consistency and factor structure in a large Italian sample of people with schizophrenia living in the community. Schizophr Res 2014;159(1):144-50); collection in our centre went on also after the conclusion of the national project.AimsTo identify the correlations among social inference, facial emotion identification and clinical history and therapies in schizophrenic patients.Material and methodsWe recruited patients with Schizophrenia referring to our Psychiatry Ward, AOU Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy. Socio-demographic characteristics were gathered; assessment of patients included The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT), the Facial Emotion Identification Test (FEIT), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS).ResultsData collection is still ongoing. In a previous study we pointed out that schizophrenic patients showed social skills deficits and difficulties in identifying facial emotions. These features underlie poor and limited social relationships proper to schizophrenia. Our preliminary results revealed thatidentification of facial emotions is influenced by psychopathological symptoms especially by avolition, blunted affect and alogia. Implication will be discussed.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Baldaçara, Leonardo, João Guilherme Fiorani Borgio, Acioly Luiz Tavares de Lacerda, and Andrea Parolin Jackowski. "Cerebellum and psychiatric disorders." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 30, no. 3 (September 2008): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462008000300016.
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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this update article is to report structural and functional neuroimaging studies exploring the potential role of cerebellum in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. METHOD: A non-systematic literature review was conducted by means of Medline using the following terms as a parameter: "cerebellum", "cerebellar vermis", "schizophrenia", "bipolar disorder", "depression", "anxiety disorders", "dementia" and "attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". The electronic search was done up to April 2008. DISCUSSION: Structural and functional cerebellar abnormalities have been reported in many psychiatric disorders, namely schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, dementia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Structural magnetic resonance imaging studies have reported smaller total cerebellar and vermal volumes in schizophrenia, mood disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies using cognitive paradigms have shown alterations in cerebellar activity in schizophrenia, anxiety disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In dementia, the cerebellum is affected in later stages of the disease. CONCLUSION: Contrasting with early theories, cerebellum appears to play a major role in different brain functions other than balance and motor control, including emotional regulation and cognition. Future studies are clearly needed to further elucidate the role of cerebellum in both normal and pathological behavior, mood regulation, and cognitive functioning.
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de Sousa, Paulo, William Sellwood, Martin Griffiths, and Richard P. Bentall. "Disorganisation, thought disorder and socio-cognitive functioning in schizophrenia spectrum disorders." British Journal of Psychiatry 214, no. 2 (August 24, 2018): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.160.
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BackgroundPoor social cognition is prevalent in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Some authors argue that these effects are symptom-specific and that socio-cognitive difficulties (e.g. theory of mind) are strongly associated with thought disorder and symptoms of disorganisation.AimsThe current review tests the strength of this association.MethodWe meta-analysed studies published between 1980 and 2016 that tested the association between social cognition and these symptoms in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.ResultsOur search (PsycINFO, MEDLINE and Web of Science) identified 123 studies (N = 9107). Overall effect size as r = −0.313, indicating a moderate association between symptoms and social cognition. Subanalyses yielded a moderate association between symptoms and theory of mind (r = −0.349) and emotion recognition (r = −0.334), but smaller effect sizes for social perception (r = −0.188), emotion regulation (r = −0.169) and attributional biases (r = −0.143).ConclusionsThe association is interpreted within models of communication that highlight the importance of mentalisation and processing of partner-specific cues in conversational alignment and grounding.Declaration of interestsNone.
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Trotti, Rebekah L., Sunny Abdelmageed, David A. Parker, Dean Sabatinelli, Carol A. Tamminga, Elliot S. Gershon, Sarah K. Keedy, et al. "Neural Processing of Repeated Emotional Scenes in Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder, and Bipolar Disorder." Schizophrenia Bulletin 47, no. 5 (March 6, 2021): 1473–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbab018.
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Abstract Impaired emotional processing and cognitive functioning are common in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorders, causing significant socioemotional disability. While a large body of research demonstrates abnormal cognition/emotion interactions in these disorders, previous studies investigating abnormalities in the emotional scene response using event-related potentials (ERPs) have yielded mixed findings, and few studies compare findings across psychiatric diagnoses. The current study investigates the effects of emotion and repetition on ERPs in a large, well-characterized sample of participants with schizophrenia-bipolar syndromes. Two ERP components that are modulated by emotional content and scene repetition, the early posterior negativity (EPN) and late positive potential (LPP), were recorded in healthy controls and participants with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder with psychosis, and bipolar disorder without psychosis. Effects of emotion and repetition were compared across groups. Results displayed significant but small effects in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, with diminished EPN amplitudes to neutral and novel scenes, reduced LPP amplitudes to emotional scenes, and attenuated effects of scene repetition. Despite significant findings, small effect sizes indicate that emotional scene processing is predominantly intact in these disorders. Multivariate analyses indicate that these mild ERP abnormalities are related to cognition, psychosocial functioning, and psychosis severity. This relationship suggests that impaired cognition, rather than diagnosis or mood disturbance, may underlie disrupted neural scene processing in schizophrenia-bipolar syndromes.
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Roux, P., M. Urbach, S. Fonteneau, B. Aouizerate, F. Berna, L. Brunel, D. Capdevielle, et al. "The EVACO Project: A new battery for assessing social cognition disorders and related psychiatric disability in schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.022.
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The relation of social cognitive disorders and schizophrenic symptoms are well-established. Yet, assessment methods have not reached a consensus. In addition, causal paths between neurocognition, social cognition, symptoms and functional expression are not clearly understood. During the past few years, some authoritative accounts proposed specialized batteries of tests and emphasized theory of mind, emotion recognition, and interpretation bias constructs:– NIMH's “Social cognition psychometric evaluation” battery (Pinkham AE, Penn DL, Green MF, Harvey PD. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 2015);– “Social cognition and functioning in schizophrenia” (Green MF, Lee J, Ochsner KN. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 2013).Interestingly, these accounts stemming either from expert consensus and psychometric considerations or from neuroscience knowledge recognized some difficulties in providing a fully usable set of instruments. The project described here (EVACO protocol, funded by the Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique national) follows an alternative approach and aims at providing a psychometrically validated battery. Based on a cognitive neuropsychology view on schizophrenic functional disability, several tests were gathered and are assessed in a 12-months multi-center follow-up of 160 individuals with schizophrenia. The FondaMental foundation network of Expert Centers is involved in recruiting patients from eight centers (Clermont-Ferrand, Colombes, Créteil, Grenoble, Marseille, Montpellier, Strasbourg, Versailles). To-date, the first evaluation of the population has been achieved. Experience reports and inclusions follow-up demonstrate the good acceptability of this battery both on the patients and the evaluator's side. We emphasize the usefulness of this project to meet the clinicians’ needs of validated social cognition tools, by describing different scenarios of use.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Papsuev, O., M. Minyaycheva, L. Movina, and I. Gurovich. "Social cognition across stages and forms of schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): s260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.664.
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IntroductionSocial cognition is considered as a main predictor of functional outcomes and a candidate for endophenotype of schizophrenia. We hypothesize that social cognition capacities follow the course of schizophrenia as a progredient disorder.ObjectiveTo investigate social cognition across different groups of patients with schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders.AimsTo evaluate social cognitive impairments in patients with first episode psychoses (FEP), chronic schizophrenia (CS) and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSD).MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, 71 patients with FEP, CS and SSD were assessed with a battery of clinical and social cognitive tests. Three key social cognitive domains were assessed: emotion perception, Theory of Mind and attributional style.ResultsPatients with schizoaffective disorder and schizotypal disorder showed better scores in Hinting task (mean ranks: 47.0 and 39.9 respectively) than patients with less favourable forms of schizophrenia (mean ranks: 24.7 and 30.2 respectively) (P = 0.003). Patients with FEP showed better results in Hinting task (18.1 ± 2.4) versus CS patients (17.4 ± 2.0) (P < 0.05). No differences in emotion perception (Ekman-60 task) among FEP and CS patients were detected. Patients with schizoaffective disorder showed better scores in emotional processing comparing to all forms of schizophrenia patients (mean ranks 49.1 vs. 30.1, 34.5, 28.0, P < 0.05). No significant differences in attributional style were registered.ConclusionsEmotion perception and Theory of Mind domains show different level of impairment across FEP and CS patients and across forms of schizophrenia. Further longitudinal studies to establish how social cognition domains mirror the course and severity of schizophrenia and SSD are needed.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Fourrier, Célia, Gaurav Singhal, and Bernhard T. Baune. "Neuroinflammation and cognition across psychiatric conditions." CNS Spectrums 24, no. 1 (February 2019): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852918001499.
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Cognitive impairments reported across psychiatric conditions (ie, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and posttraumatic stress disorder) strongly impair the quality of life of patients and the recovery of those conditions. There is therefore a great need for consideration for cognitive dysfunction in the management of psychiatric disorders. The redundant pattern of cognitive impairments across such conditions suggests possible shared mechanisms potentially leading to their development. Here, we review for the first time the possible role of inflammation in cognitive dysfunctions across psychiatric disorders. Raised inflammatory processes (microglia activation and elevated cytokine levels) across diagnoses could therefore disrupt neurobiological mechanisms regulating cognition, including Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity, neurogenesis, neurotrophic factor, the HPA axis, and the kynurenine pathway. This redundant association between elevated inflammation and cognitive alterations across psychiatric disorders hence suggests that a cross-disorder approach using pharmacological and nonpharmacological (ie, physical activity and nutrition) anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory strategies should be considered in the management of cognition in psychiatry.
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GOLIGHTLY, K. L., J. A. LLOYD, J. E. HOBSON, P. GALLAGHER, G. MERCER, and A. H. YOUNG. "Acute tryptophan depletion in schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 31, no. 1 (January 2001): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291799003062.
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Background. Brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) function is implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the action of new generation antipsychotic drugs. By the method of acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) 5-HT can be selectively manipulated. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of ATD on symptoms, mood and cognition in schizophrenic patients.Methods. Twenty-eight schizophrenic patients participated in a within subject, double-blind, placebo-controlled counterbalanced cross-over study. Patients with a concurrent DSM-IV axis I diagnosis were excluded. Symptoms, mood and cognitive function were evaluated following ATD or ingestion of a control drink.Results. The depleting drink significantly reduced plasma total and free tryptophan. Tryptophan/LNAA ratios did not alter with the administration of the control drink, but differed significantly with ATD; however there was no significant change in tyrosine/LNAA ratio. ATD led to impairment in executive function that was dependent upon the order of administration. Tests of sustained attention, speed of processing, and everyday memory were not affected. No effects were observed on subjective mood ratings, movement disorders or PANSS scores.Conclusions. Acute tryptophan depletion selectively alters cognition in schizophrenia, but has no effect on symptoms, mood ratings or movement disorders.
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Sachs, G., E. Maihofer, and A. Erfurth. "Are Deficits in Social Cognition Differentiating between Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S44—S45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.196.
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Over the last decades, in matters of the assessment of psychopathology and its clinical consequences, there has been an increased interest in neurocognitive function including non-social and social cognition.Classic psychopathology -as represented e.g. by the standardized AMDP system- focuses on pathognomonic signs for the categorization of syndromes [1] and differentiates between disturbances of perception, concentration, memory retention and long-term memory. A recent short screen for cognitive impairment in psychiatry (SCIP) has addressed five domains of cognitive function: verbal learning–immediate, working memory, verbal fluency, verbal learning–delayed and processing speed [2].Using the SCIP in admissions from a defined catchment area in the southwest of Vienna we confirm the presence of cognitive deficits in schizophrenic patients and to a lesser degree in bipolar patients. The deficits were present in all five domains and no discriminatory pathognomonic signs could be found between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.Recently, possibly selective deficits in social cognition have been described in schizophrenic patients [3]. We review the evidence on the specificity of social impairment to schizophrenia.Disclosure of interestThe authors declare that they have no competing interest.
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Van Rheenen, Tamsyn E., Kathryn E. Lewandowski, Jessica M. Lipschitz, and Katherine E. Burdick. "Conducting clinical studies targeting cognition in psychiatry: guiding principles and design." CNS Spectrums 24, no. 1 (September 24, 2018): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852918001074.
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Cognitive dysfunction is common in many psychiatric disorders. While it has long been described as a core feature in schizophrenia, more recent data suggest qualitatively similar impairments in patients with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. There is compelling evidence to suggest that cognitive impairment contributes directly to functional disability and reduced quality of like across these disorders. As current treatments focus heavily on “primary” symptoms of mood and psychosis, the standard of care typically leaves cognitive deficits unmanaged. With this in mind, the field has recently begun to consider intervening directly on this important symptom domain, with several ongoing trials in schizophrenia. Fewer studies have targeted cognition in bipolar disorder and still fewer in MDD. With progress toward considering this domain as a target for treatment comes the need for consensus guidelines and methodological recommendations on cognitive trial design. In this manuscript, we first summarize the work conducted to date in this area for schizophrenia and for bipolar disorder. We then begin to address these same issues in MDD and emphasize the need for additional work in this area.
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Mucci, A., and S. Galderisi. "Cognitive Dysfunctions in the Psychoses and their Impact on Patients’ Social Functioning." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.205.
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IntroductionImpairment of neurocognitive functions, such as attention, memory or executive functions, as well as of social cognition, particularly of affect recognition and theory of mind, are frequently observed in people with Schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders. These dysfunctions are associated with poor real-life functioning. Social cognition deficits mediate in part the impact of neurocognitive dysfunction on functional outcome.AimsTo review literature findings on prevalence, severity and association with functional outcome of neurocognitive and social cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.MethodsWe searched PubMed for English/Italian or French full-text publications with the keywords.schizophr*/psychosis/psychot*/AND neurocognitive/cognitive/neuropsychological/memory/attention/”executive function”/learning/”social cognition”/”theory of mind”/”affect recognition”/”acial emotion recognition”/”emotional intelligence”/”emot* recognition”. Furthermore, we manually searched the reference lists of relevant papers, systematic reviews and meta-analyses.ResultsIn people with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or bipolar disorder with psychotic features, neurocognitive and social cognition deficits were observed in all phases of the disorders, even after symptom remission. Some of these deficits were observed in subjects at high-risk to develop schizophrenia before psychotic onset. In all these subjects, cognitive deficits are associated with worse psychosocial functioning and poor quality of life. Pharmacological treatments do not alleviate cognitive deficits, which can also limit the benefit of other psychological or psychosocial interventions.ConclusionsNeurocognitive and social cognition deficits need to be targeted by specific interventions to improve real-life functioning and quality of life of people with schizophrenia or psychotic disorders.Disclosure of interestAM received honoraria or advisory board/consulting fees from the following companies: Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Otsuka, Pfizer and Pierre Fabre.SG received honoraria or advisory board/consulting fees from the following companies: Lundbeck, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Hoffman-La Roche, Angelini-Acraf, Otsuka, Pierre Fabre and Gedeon-Richter.
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Owoso, A., C. S. Carter, J. M. Gold, A. W. MacDonald, J. D. Ragland, S. M. Silverstein, M. E. Strauss, and D. M. Barch. "Cognition in schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorder: impairments that are more similar than different." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 12 (March 27, 2013): 2535–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713000536.
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BackgroundCognition is increasingly being recognized as an important aspect of psychotic disorders and a key contributor to functional outcome. In the past, comparative studies have been performed in schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorder with regard to cognitive performance, but the results have been mixed and the cognitive measures used have not always assessed the cognitive deficits found to be specific to psychosis. A set of optimized cognitive paradigms designed by the Cognitive Neuroscience Test Reliability and Clinical Applications for Schizophrenia (CNTRACS) Consortium to assess deficits specific to schizophrenia was used to measure cognition in a large group of individuals with schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorder.MethodA total of 519 participants (188 with schizophrenia, 63 with schizo-affective disorder and 268 controls) were administered three cognitive paradigms assessing the domains of goal maintenance in working memory, relational encoding and retrieval in episodic memory and visual integration.ResultsAcross the three domains, the results showed no major quantitative differences between patient groups, with both groups uniformly performing worse than healthy subjects.ConclusionsThe findings of this study suggests that, with regard to deficits in cognition, considered a major aspect of psychotic disorder, schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorder do not demonstrate major significant distinctions. These results have important implications for our understanding of the nosological structure of major psychopathology, providing evidence consistent with the hypothesis that there is no natural distinction between cognitive functioning in schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorder.
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Hemsley, David R. "Disorders of perception and cognition in schizophrenia." European Review of Applied Psychology 54, no. 2 (June 2004): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2003.12.005.
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Condray, Ruth, and Stuart R. Steinhauer. "The residual normality assumption and models of cognition in schizophrenia." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 6 (December 2002): 753–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02240133.
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Thomas & Karmiloff-Smith’ (T&K-S’) argument that the Residual Normality assumption is not valid for developmental disorders has implications for models of cognition in schizophrenia, a disorder that may involve a neurodevelopmental pathogenesis. A limiting factor for such theories is the lack of understanding about the nature of the cognitive system (modular components versus global processes). Moreover, it is unclear how the proposal that modularization emerges from developmental processes would change that fundamental question.
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Laird, Stephanie, Luke J. Ney, Kim L. Felmingham, and Andrea Gogos. "Hormonal Contraception and the Brain: Examining Cognition and Psychiatric Disorders." Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews 15, no. 2 (September 13, 2019): 116–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573400515666190521113841.
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Background: The combined oral contraceptive pill (OC), containing synthetic estrogens and progestins, is used by millions of women worldwide, yet little is known about its effects on cognition or on psychiatric disorders. The progestin component of OCs determines their androgenicity, i.e. whether the OC has androgen binding components with masculinising effects or antiandrogenic components with feminising effects. Objective: The present review discusses the literature surrounding OC use and cognition in healthy women. Given the important role that sex hormones play in psychiatric disorders, we also consider the influence of OCs on symptoms of schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders and indirectly, sleep quality. Results: Research has shown that while there are no differences between OC users and non-users, androgenic OCs enhance visuospatial ability and anti-androgenic OCs enhance verbal fluency. Little is known about OCs effects on other cognitive domains, such as memory and executive function. There is little research examining OC use in schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders. There is some evidence that OC use is associated with depression, however the exact causality of this association remains to be verified. Conclusion: We maintain that future studies need to address several methodological limitations, such as separating OCs based on androgenicity to avoid the masking effects that occur when various OCs are considered as one group. As this review highlights several significant effects of OC use on the brain, the implications of OC use needs to be considered in future research.
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Khalil, M. A., A. A. Saleh, N. M. El-Fayoumy, and S. M. Gohar. "Social and nonsocial cognitive functions in patients with schizophrenia: A comparative neuropsychological and neurophysiological study." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): s817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1589.
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BackgroundPatients with schizophrenia suffer from cognitive deficits in seven domains in addition to social cognition. P300 latency and amplitude have been linked in these patients to the basic cognitive deficits.ObjectivesComparing patients suffering from schizophrenia with matched healthy subjects as regards auditory event related potential tests as measured by P300.Subjects and methodsFifty-two subjects were divided into 2 groups: group (A): 27 patients with schizophrenia according to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-text revised (DSM-IV TR). Those with current substance use, psychiatric disorders or organic disorders were excluded. Group (B): 25 healthy control subjects with negative history of substance and psychiatric disorders. Patients were assessed using Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) for severity of psychotic symptoms, Addenbrook's Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R) for basic cognitive, reading the mind in the eye test for social cognition, P300 and electro-encephalography (EEG)ResultsThe two groups were different significantly in ACE total and its subtests measuring attention-orientation, memory, language, visuospatial and reading the mind in the eye test for social cognition scores with patients showing lower scores (P = 0.000, 0.012, 0.000, 0.038, 0.041 and 0.001 respectively). Control group had higher amplitude of P300 and shorter latency than patients (P = 0.003 and 0.005 respectively). P300 amplitude correlated positively with visuospatial memory (P = 0.015). PANSS general pathology scale correlated positively with duration of untreated psychosis (P = 0.029) and with fluency (P = 0.047).ConclusionPatients with schizophrenia differ from controls in P300.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Abdi, Zeinab, and Tonmoy Sharma. "Social Cognition and Its Neural Correlates in Schizophrenia and Autism." CNS Spectrums 9, no. 5 (May 2004): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900009317.
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AbstractThe study of social cognition in psychiatric disorders has become increasingly popular in recent years. This is due to the its proposed link to social functioning and the inability of general neurocognitive skills to explain the spectrum of impairments observed in patients. This article reviews research into two of the processes thought to underlie social cognition (emotion perception and theory of mind) in schizophrenia and autism. This is followed by a look at neuroimaging studies and their efforts to localize the neural correlates of emotion perception and theory of mind in the two disorders. We concluded that while a specific impairment in emotion perception and theory of mind skills cannot be generalized to all individuals with autism and schizophrenia, there are subpopulations that have lingering deficits of social cognition tasks. Neuroimaging work consistently points to the involvement of the fusiform gyrus and amygdala in emotion processing, while the medial prefrontal and frontal cortex are implicated in tasks invoking theory of mind. We propose that deficits of social cognition may benefit from cognitive remediation therapy and pharmacological cognitive enhancers.
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Mohnke, Margaux, Claudia Bach, and Daniela Roesch-Ely. "Proverb Comprehension Deficits in Patients with Schizophrenia." Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1016-264x/a000243.
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Abstract. Patients suffering from schizophrenia typically show difficulty comprehending proverbs. This deficit has been linked to social and neurocognitive domains, such as theory of mind (TOM) and, more recently, working memory (WM). It is still unclear which cognitive deficits underlie proverb comprehension. We analyzed possible associations of proverb comprehension to neurocognitive and social cognitive dysfunctions in 64 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, by combining tests measuring executive functions (inhibition, cognitive flexibility, planning), WM (verbal and visuo-spatial), and social cognition (TOM). A hierarchical regression demonstrated that WM and executive dysfunction best predicted proverb comprehension, which in turn supports the conceptual integration model. Social cognition showed no additional predictive value. The ability to comprehend figurative language might depend more on neurocognitive than on social cognitive abilities.
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Shmukler, A. B., I. Y. Gurovich, M. Agius, and Y. Zaytseva. "Long-term trajectories of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: A critical overview." European Psychiatry 30, no. 8 (October 28, 2015): 1002–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.08.005.
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AbstractBackgroundCognitive disturbances are widely pronounced in schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Whilst cognitive deficits are well established in the prodromal phase and are known to deteriorate at the onset of schizophrenia, there is a certain discrepancy of findings regarding the cognitive alterations over the course of the illness.MethodsWe bring together the results of the longitudinal studies identified through PubMed which have covered more than 3 years follow-up and to reflect on the potential factors, such as sample characteristics and stage of the illness which may contribute to the various trajectories of cognitive changes.ResultsA summary of recent findings comprising the changes of the cognitive functioning in schizophrenia patients along the longitudinal course of the illness is provided. The potential approaches for addressing cognition in the course of schizophrenia are discussed.ConclusionsGiven the existing controversies on the course of cognitive changes in schizophrenia, differentiated approaches specifically focusing on the peculiarities of the clinical features and changes in specific cognitive domains could shed light on the trajectories of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and spectrum disorders.
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Barrett, Suzanne L., Ciaran C. Mulholland, Stephen J. Cooper, and Teresa M. Rushe. "Patterns of neurocognitive impairment in first-episode bipolar disorder and schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 195, no. 1 (July 2009): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.054874.
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BackgroundResearching psychotic disorders in unison rather than as separate diagnostic groups is widely advocated, but the viability of such an approach requires careful consideration from a neurocognitive perspective.AimsTo describe cognition in people with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and to examine how known causes of variability in individual's performance contribute to any observed diagnostic differences.MethodNeurocognitive functioning in people with bipolar disorder (n = 32), schizophrenia (n = 46) and healthy controls (n = 67) was compared using analysis of covariance on data from the Northern Ireland First Episode Psychosis Study.ResultsThe bipolar disorder and schizophrenia groups were most impaired on tests of memory, executive functioning and language. The bipolar group performed significantly better on tests of response inhibition, verbal fluency and callosal functioning. Between-group differences could be explained by the greater proclivity of individuals with schizophrenia to experience global cognitive impairment and negative symptoms.ConclusionsParticular impairments are common to people with psychosis and may prove useful as endophenotypic markers. Considering the degree of individuals' global cognitive impairment is critical when attempting to understand patterns of selective impairment both within and between these diagnostic groups.
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Chapela, E., M. Félix-Alcántara, J. Quintero, I. Morales, J. Gómez-Arnau, and J. Correas. "The emotional intelligence in severe mental disorders: A comparative study in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S330—S331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1146.
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IntroductionSevere mental disorders have deficits in different aspects of social cognition, which seem to be more pronounced in patients with schizophrenia compared to those with bipolar disorder. Emotional intelligence, defined as the ability to process, understand and manage emotions, is one of the main components of the sociocognition. Both in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have been described changes in emotional intelligence, but only few studies compare both disorders.ObjectivesThe objective of this research is to increase knowledge about the differences between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.AimsTo compare emotional intelligence in patients with schizophrenia versus bipolar patients.MethodsSeventy-five adult patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder were evaluate.The assessment protocol consisted of a questionnaire on socio-demographic and clinical-care data, and a battery of assessment scales (BPRS, PANSS, SCID-I-RV, YMRS, HDRS, CGI-S, EEAG, MSCEIT). Among the assessment tools of emotional intelligence, we select MSCEIT as the most validated.Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 23 version. After the descriptive analysis of the data, we compare the results of the scales.ResultsBoth disorders show a deterioration of emotional intelligence compared to the general population. There were no statistically significant differences in the comparison of emotional intelligence between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.ConclusionSchizophrenia and bipolar disorder have deficits in emotional intelligence, while it is difficult to show differences between them. These changes in emotional intelligence are part of a set of cognitive, social and non-social skills, which are altered in these severe mental disorders.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Van Rheenen, Tamsyn E., Vanessa Cropley, Birgitte Fagerlund, Cassandra Wannan, Jason Bruggemann, Rhoshel K. Lenroot, Suresh Sundram, et al. "Cognitive reserve attenuates age-related cognitive decline in the context of putatively accelerated brain ageing in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders." Psychological Medicine 50, no. 9 (July 9, 2019): 1475–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719001417.
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AbstractBackgroundIn schizophrenia, relative stability in the magnitude of cognitive deficits across age and illness duration is inconsistent with the evidence of accelerated deterioration in brain regions known to support these functions. These discrepant brain–cognition outcomes may be explained by variability in cognitive reserve (CR), which in neurological disorders has been shown to buffer against brain pathology and minimize its impact on cognitive or clinical indicators of illness.MethodsAge-related change in fluid reasoning, working memory and frontal brain volume, area and thickness were mapped using regression analysis in 214 individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 168 healthy controls. In patients, these changes were modelled as a function of CR.ResultsPatients showed exaggerated age-related decline in brain structure, but not fluid reasoning compared to controls. In the patient group, no moderation of age-related brain structural change by CR was evident. However, age-related cognitive change was moderated by CR, such that only patients with low CR showed evidence of exaggerated fluid reasoning decline that paralleled the exaggerated age-related deterioration of underpinning brain structures seen in all patients.ConclusionsIn schizophrenia-spectrum illness, CR may negate ageing effects on fluid reasoning by buffering against pathologically exaggerated structural brain deterioration through some form of compensation. CR may represent an important modifier that could explain inconsistencies in brain structure – cognition outcomes in the extant literature.
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Bralet, Marie-Cécile, Bruno Falissard, Xavier Neveu, Margaret Lucas-Ross, Anne-Marie Eskenazi, and Richard S. E. Keefe. "Validation of the French version of the BACS (the brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia) among 50 French schizophrenic patients." European Psychiatry 22, no. 6 (April 16, 2007): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.02.001.
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AbstractSchizophrenic patients demonstrate impairments in several key dimensions of cognition. These impairments are correlated with important aspects of functional outcome. While assessment of these cognition disorders is increasingly becoming a part of clinical and research practice in schizophrenia, there is no standard and easily administered test battery. The BACS (Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia) has been validated in English language [Keefe RSE, Golberg TE, Harvey PD, Gold JM, Poe MP, Coughenour L. The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia: reliability, sensibility, and comparison with a standard neurocognitive battery. Schizophr. Res 2004;68:283–97], and was found to be as sensitive to cognitive dysfunction as a standard battery of tests, with the advantage of requiring less than 35 min to complete. We developed a French adaptation of the BACS and this study tested its ease of administration and concurrent validity. Correlation analyses between the BACS (version A) and a standard battery were performed. A sample of 50 stable schizophrenic patients received the French Version A of the BACS in a first session, and in a second session a standard battery. All the patients completed each of the subtests of the French BACS . The mean duration of completion for the BACS French version was 36 min (S.D. = 5.56). A correlation analysis between the BACS (version A) global score and the standard battery global score showed a significant result (r = 0.81, p < 0.0001). The correlation analysis between the BACS (version A) sub-scores and the standard battery sub-scores showed significant results for verbal memory, working memory, verbal fluency, attention and speed of information processing and executive functions (p < 0.001) and for motor speed (p < 0.05). The French Version of the BACS is easier to use in French schizophrenic patients compared to a standard battery (administration shorter and completion rate better) and its good psychometric properties suggest that the French Version of the BACS may be a useful tool for assessing cognition in schizophrenic patients with French as their primary language.
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Makarewicz, Agata, Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz, and Łukasz Łobejko. "Review paper. Neuropsychological dimension of schizophrenia - evaluation possibilities and therapeutic implications." Current Problems of Psychiatry 18, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cpp-2017-0005.
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Abstract Introduction: In the last decades, researchers' attention has been focused on cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Numerous studies indicate the existence of neurodegenerative deficits in schizophrenia including, but not limited to, motor functions, learning and memory, executive functions, attention, language, spatial skills and general intelligence. Method: A review of available literature on the topic of the past two decades, available in the Pubmed, EBSCO, SCOPUS databases has been made using the keywords: schizophrenia, cognition, early intervention. Results: Cognitive dysfunction is an important feature of the prodromal phase and the first episode of schizophrenia. Researchers have thus proposed to initiate early therapeutic interventions for people with so-called risky mental conditions. The article includes the reference to research on neurocognitive disorders essence in schizophrenia, the definition and review of methods used to identify specific cognitive deficits and issues related to risk of developing psychosis and early therapeutic intervention in high-risk states. Conclusions: Researchers report the importance of detecting cognitive disorders in the early stages of schizophrenia. This broadens the range of therapeutic interventions and enables early intervention in the increased risk of psychosis.
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Selvanayagam, Janahan, Kevin D. Johnston, Raymond K. Wong, David Schaeffer, and Stefan Everling. "Ketamine disrupts gaze patterns during face viewing in the common marmoset." Journal of Neurophysiology 126, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00078.2021.
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Face processing, an important social cognitive ability, is impaired in neuropsychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia. The highly social common marmoset model presents an opportunity to investigate these impairments. We administered subanesthetic doses of ketamine to marmosets to model the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. We observed a disruption of scan paths during viewing of conspecifics’ faces. These findings support the use of ketamine in marmosets as a model for investigating social cognition in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Zamir, S. M., S. A. Haji Seyed Javadi, and Z. Farzaneh Khanshir. "The effects of fluvoxamine on cognition in patients with schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): s266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.690.
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IntroductionSchizophrenia is a severe disease which affects different aspects of behavior, including cognitive functions. The most important fields of cognitive disorders in schizophrenia are working memory, vigilance/attention, learning by oral and visual memory, argument and resolving, analysis rate and social knowledge.AimsThis study was designed to assess the effects of fluvoxamine on cognitive functions of schizophrenic patients.MethodThirty-six patients with schizophrenia, all male, were treated with 100 mg fluvoxamine and a second generation anti-psychotic for 4 weeks and before and after treatment, their cognitive functions were assessed by Wechsler-3 memory scale (WMS-revised) and negative symptoms by scale for the assessment of negative symptoms (SANS).ResultsIn our study, the average patients’ scores increased in Wechsler-3 memory scale (WMS-revised) before and after receiving fluvoxamine (P < 0.001). This study couldn’t show a statistically significant difference between the patients’ scores in negative symptoms (SANS test) before and after the treatment course (P = 0.59) There was a negative statistically significant correlation found between WMS score before and after the intervention and the level of education, living area and cigarette smoking. Increasing scores in the test was statistically correlated with lower education, cigarette smoking and living in rural area.ConclusionAugmented treatment with fluvoxamine, probably has effects on some parts of cognitive abilities of male schizophrenic patients which are assessable by Wechsler-3 memory scale. Therefore further studies on evaluation of fluvoxamine effects in other fields of cognitive abilities like concentration and attention in schizophrenic patients are still required.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Mazumder, Atiqul Haq, Jennifer Barnett, Nina Lindberg, Minna Torniainen-Holm, Markku Lähteenvuo, Kaisla Lahdensuo, Martta Kerkelä, et al. "Reaction Time and Visual Memory in Connection with Alcohol Use in Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder." Brain Sciences 11, no. 6 (May 23, 2021): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060688.
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The purpose of this study was to explore the association between cognition and hazardous drinking and alcohol use disorder in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Cognition is more or less compromised in schizophrenia, and schizoaffective disorder and alcohol use might aggravate this phenomenon. The study population included 3362 individuals from Finland with diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Hazardous drinking was screened with the AUDIT-C (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test for Consumption) screening tool. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) diagnoses were obtained from national registrar data. Participants performed two computerized tasks from the Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery (CANTAB) on a tablet computer: The Five-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task (5-CSRTT) or the reaction time (RT) test and the Paired Associative Learning (PAL) test. The association between alcohol use and the RT and PAL tests was analyzed with log-linear regression and logistic regression, respectively. After adjustment for age, education, housing status, and the age at which the respondents had their first psychotic episodes, hazardous drinking was associated with a lower median RT in females and less variable RT in males, while AUD was associated with a poorer PAL test performance in terms of the total errors adjusted scores (TEASs) in females. Our findings of positive associations between alcohol and cognition in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder are unique.
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Brand, Bodyl. "S57. CHARACTERIZING COGNITIVE HETEROGENEITY IN INDIVIDUALS WITH A SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM DISORDER: A CLUSTER ANALYTIC APPROACH." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S54—S55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa031.123.
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Abstract Background Cognitive impairment is a core symptom of patients with schizophrenia, yet substantial heterogeneity in the degree of impairment exists within and between diagnoses of the schizophrenia spectrum, leading to sub-optimal understanding of the general and individual pathology of schizophrenia. By means of a cluster-analytic approach, individuals are grouped based on profiles of traits regardless of specific diagnoses. As this approach has already proven itself in decreasing cognitive heterogeneity within specific psychotic disorders, we investigated the structure of cognitive heterogeneity within a broader spectrum of psychotic disorders by including a large sample of schizophrenia patients and healthy individuals. Methods An agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis was performed using cognitive data (patients n = 324, healthy controls n = 40). All patients were diagnosed with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of schizophrenia (SZ), schizoaffective (SZA) or schizophreniform (SZP) disorder or another psychotic disorder/psychosis not otherwise specified (PNOS). To measure cognitive function, the composite Z-score was calculated, based on six cognitive domains as defined by the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS). Results Four clusters emerged from the clustering analysis, gradually and significantly distinguishable in cognitive impairment. The first cluster (n=50) contained relatively intact individuals, the second cluster (n=122) consisted of individuals with minimal to mild cognitive impairment, the third cluster (n=114) contained individuals with moderate cognitive impairment and individuals with most severe cognitive impairment were placed in the fourth cluster (n=78). All six cognitive domains show similar differences between clusters. While symptom severity and educational attainment show the same classification patterns as the neurocognitive profiles do, cluster assignment was not affected by illness duration and antipsychotic intake. Discussion Results confirm that data-driven formed groups based on the clustering of neurocognitive profiles contain less cognitive heterogeneity compared to predefined diagnostic groups. Our results demonstrate that clustering patients with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder based on their neurocognitive profile decreases cognitive heterogeneity within the formed groups, creating more meaningful groupings and findings accentuate a cognitive continuum irrespective of a specific diagnosis, providing insight into the underlying pathology of clinical manifestation of schizophrenia.
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Xiao, Rong, Roxanne L. Bartel, and John Brekke. "Comparison of Neurocognition and Social Cognition between Schizoaffective Disorder, Mood Disorders, and Schizophrenia." Social Work Research 41, no. 3 (July 6, 2017): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/swr/svx009.
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Cardoner, N., A. Cebria, C. Lopez-Sola, M. Serra-Blasco, C. Massons, V. Muriel, G. Navarra, E. Via, J. Cobo, and X. Golberg. "Neuropersonaltrainer-mh: A New Computerized Platform for the Cognitive Remediation in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorders." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.125.
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Schizophrenia and mood disorders -including unipolar depression and bipolar disorder-, are severe mental diseases with a highly heterogeneous symptomatology, among which cognitive dysfunction has progressively emerged as a key cornerstone. Patients suffering from these illnesses show significant deficits in different neurocognitive and social cognition domains. These deficits are evident during acute episodes, and in a high percentage of patients persist in periods of recovery, playing a decisive role on functional and clinical outcome. Nowadays, different pharmacological therapies have been tested, obtaining non-conclusive results. In this context, non-pharmacological strategies, such as neurocognitive remediation, have emerged as promising therapeutic intervention. Neurocognitive remediation comprises a program to rehabilitate cognitively impaired subjects, aiming either to restore their cognitive functioning or to compensate them in specific cognitive domains. One evolving approach, beginning to receive attention for its initial promising results, is computerized cognitive training. This technique employs tasks or games that exercise a particular brain function which target specific neural networks in order to improve cognitive functioning through neuroplasticity in a given neural circuit. In this scenario, we report our recent results with neuropersonaltrainer®-MH; a module for neurocognitive remediation consisting in a computerized telerehabilitation platform that enables cognitive remediation programs to be carried out in an intensive and personalized manner. Our group has applied NPTMH® in a pilot study treating patients with early onset psychotic disorder with positive and promising results, involving an improvement in functionality, neurocognition, and social cognition performance. Furthermore, new trials in bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder have been recently started.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Rokita, Karolina I., Maria R. Dauvermann, and Gary Donohoe. "Early life experiences and social cognition in major psychiatric disorders: A systematic review." European Psychiatry 53 (June 19, 2018): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.06.006.
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AbstractObjective:To present a systematic review of the literature on the associations between early social environment, early life adversity, and social cognition in major psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder.Method:Relevant studies were identified via electronic and manual searches of the literature and included articles written in English and published in peer-reviewed journals up to May 2018. Quality assessment was performed using the quality evaluation scale employed in previous systematic reviews.Results:A total of 25 studies were included in the systematic review with the quality assessment scores ranging from 3 to 6 (out of 6). The vast majority of the studies reviewed showed a significant association between early childhood social experience, including both insecure attachment and adversity relating to neglect or abuse, and poorer social cognitive performance.Conclusion:We discuss these findings in the context of an attachment model, suggesting that childhood social adversity may result in poor internal working models, selective attention toward emotional stimuli and greater difficulties with emotional self-regulation. We outline some of the steps required to translate this understanding of social cognitive dysfunction in major psychiatric disorders into a target for interventions that mitigate the adverse effects of childhood maltreatment and poor parental attachment on social cognition.
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Kilian, S., L. Asmal, B. Chiliza, MR Olivier, L. Phahladira, F. Scheffler, S. Seedat, SR Marder, MF Green, and R. Emsley. "Childhood adversity and cognitive function in schizophrenia spectrum disorders and healthy controls: evidence for an association between neglect and social cognition." Psychological Medicine 48, no. 13 (December 22, 2017): 2186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291717003671.
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AbstractBackgroundChildhood adversity is associated with cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. However, findings to date are inconsistent and little is known about the relationship between social cognition and childhood trauma. We investigated the relationship between childhood abuse and neglect and cognitive function in patients with a first-episode of schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder (n = 56) and matched healthy controls (n = 52). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study assessing this relationship in patients and controls exposed to similarly high levels of trauma.MethodsPearson correlational coefficients were used to assess correlations between Childhood Trauma Questionnaire abuse and neglect scores and cognition. For the MCCB domains displaying significant (p < 0.05) correlations, within group hierarchical linear regression, was done to assess whether abuse and neglect were significant predictors of cognition after controlling for the effect of education.ResultsPatients and controls reported similarly high levels of abuse and neglect. Cognitive performance was poorer for patients compared with controls for all cognitive domains except working memory and social cognition. After controlling for education, exposure to childhood neglect remained a significant predictor of impairment in social cognition in both patients and controls. Neglect was also a significant predictor of poorer verbal learning in patients and of attention/vigilance in controls. However, childhood abuse did not significantly predict cognitive impairments in either patients or controls.ConclusionThese findings are cross sectional and do not infer causality. Nonetheless, they indicate that associations between one type of childhood adversity (i.e. neglect) and social cognition are present and are not illness-specific.
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Sedgwick, Ottilie, Susan Young, David Baumeister, Ben Greer, Mrigendra Das, and Veena Kumari. "Neuropsychology and emotion processing in violent individuals with antisocial personality disorder or schizophrenia: The same or different? A systematic review and meta-analysis." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 51, no. 12 (October 9, 2017): 1178–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867417731525.
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Objectives: To assess whether there are shared or divergent (a) cognitive and (b) emotion processing characteristics among violent individuals with antisocial personality disorder and/or schizophrenia, diagnoses which are commonly encountered at the interface of mental disorder and violence. Cognition and emotion processing are incorporated into models of violence, and thus an understanding of these characteristics within and between disorder groups may help inform future models and therapeutic targets. Methods: Relevant databases (OVID, Embase, PsycINFO) were searched to identify suitable literature. Meta-analyses comparing cognitive function in violent schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder to healthy controls were conducted. Neuropsychological studies not comparing these groups to healthy controls, and emotion processing studies, were evaluated qualitatively. Results: Meta-analyses indicated lower IQ, memory and executive function in both violent schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder groups compared to healthy controls. The degree of deficit was consistently larger in violent schizophrenia. Both antisocial personality disorder and violent schizophrenia groups had difficulties in aspects of facial affect recognition, although theory of mind results were less conclusive. Psychopathic traits related positively to experiential emotion deficits across the two disorders. Very few studies explored comorbid violent schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder despite this being common in clinical practice. Conclusion: There are qualitatively similar, but quantitatively different, neuropsychological and emotion processing deficits in violent individuals with schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder which could be developed into transdiagnostic treatment targets for violent behaviour. Future research should aim to characterise specific subgroups of violent offenders, including those with comorbid diagnoses.
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Homayouni, A., G. A. Nikpour, A. Khanmohammadi, and S. J. Mosavi Amiri. "Comparison of Reaction Time in Schizophrenic Patients and Normal People." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71381-1.
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Introduction and aim:Based on clinical observations individuals with schizophrenia have deficits in a large number of functional domains, including social skills, social cognition, difficulties in perceiving, understanding, anticipating and reacting to social cues and deficient in social networks that are crucial for normal social interaction. (Yager and Ehmann, 2006). Disturbances and disorders in the domains are thought to explain impairments in social functioning that potentially have an direct link to social behavior, social function and interaction with others. in this field and for better and more understanding about schizophrenia, the study aims to investigate reaction time to stimuli in the field of light and sound attention and perception in schizophrenic patients and comparison with normal people.Method:Method of the research is experimental. 30 schizophrenic subjects were randomly selected from three psychiatric hospitals and compared with 30 normal subjects. Chronoscope apparatus was used to assess reaction time to light and sound stimuli. the apparatus assesses the light and sound stimuli in 0/001 seconds. Independent T test was used to analyze and compare means of experiment group (schizophrenic subjects) with control group (normal subjects).Results:Analysis of means showed differences between groups. Normal subjects were much more rapid in reaction and responding to light and sound than schizophrenic subjects.Conclusion:Findings showed schizophrenic subjects because of their affective and emotional disorders and depressed temperament that caused to disorder in abilities and functions, cannot response rapid to light and sound than normal people.
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Lewandowski, K. E., S. H. Sperry, B. M. Cohen, and D. Öngür. "Cognitive variability in psychotic disorders: a cross-diagnostic cluster analysis." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 15 (April 7, 2014): 3239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714000774.
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Background.Cognitive dysfunction is a core feature of psychotic disorders; however, substantial variability exists both within and between subjects in terms of cognitive domains of dysfunction, and a clear ‘profile’ of cognitive strengths and weaknesses characteristic of any diagnosis or psychosis as a whole has not emerged. Cluster analysis provides an opportunity to group individuals using a data-driven approach rather than predetermined grouping criteria. While several studies have identified meaningful cognitive clusters in schizophrenia, no study to date has examined cognition in a cross-diagnostic sample of patients with psychotic disorders using a cluster approach. We aimed to examine cognitive variables in a sample of 167 patients with psychosis using cluster methods.Method.Subjects with schizophrenia (n = 41), schizo-affective disorder (n = 53) or bipolar disorder with psychosis (n = 73) were assessed using a battery of cognitive and clinical measures. Cognitive data were analysed using Ward's method, followed by a K-means cluster approach. Clusters were then compared on diagnosis and measures of clinical symptoms, demographic variables and community functioning.Results.A four-cluster solution was selected, including a ‘neuropsychologically normal’ cluster, a globally and significantly impaired cluster, and two clusters of mixed cognitive profiles. Clusters differed on several clinical variables; diagnoses were distributed amongst all clusters, although not evenly.Conclusions.Identification of groups of patients who share similar neurocognitive profiles may help pinpoint relevant neural abnormalities underlying these traits. Such groupings may also hasten the development of individualized treatment approaches, including cognitive remediation tailored to patients' specific cognitive profiles.
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Abu-Akel, Ahmad. "Theory of mind in autism, schizophrenia, and in-between." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 3 (June 2008): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x08004226.
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AbstractAutism and schizophrenia are presented as the extremes of disorders affecting the social brain. By viewing human cognition impairment in terms of competence and performance, a variety of social brain disorders can be identified along the autistic-psychotic continuum.
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Galderisi, S. "Cognitive Deficits in First Episode Schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70309-8.
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Cognitive deficits are increasingly recognized as key features of schizophrenia, important determinants of poor psychosocial outcome and targets for treatment strategies. The huge literature on the topic made it clear that cognitive impairment is present in the majority of subjects with schizophrenia, is not an epiphenomenon of symptoms, is a risk factor for psychotic disorders and seems to contribute to poor functional outcome more than symptoms. However, relationships of cognitive impairment with symptoms, drug treatment and duration of untreated psychosis remain controversial and studies involving large cohorts of first episode schizophrenia patients are highly needed to address these topics adequately. The European First Episode Schizophrenia Trial collected demographic, clinical, psychosocial and cognitive baseline data in 498 first episode patients with schizophrenia, schizophreniform or schizoaffective disorder, with minimal or no prior exposure to antipsychotics, and in 220 healthy subjects, comparable with patients for age, sex, race and education level of parents. Z scores of the examined cognitive abilities (number of standard deviations below the comparison group means) ranged from -0.88 to -1.73. No association was found between the duration of untreated psychosis and cognitive impairment. Psychopathological dimensions were weakly correlated with cognitive impairment both at baseline evaluation and after six months of treatment.According to EUFEST findings, cognitive impairment in patients with first-episode schizophrenia is moderate/severe, has no association with the duration of untreated psychosis, involves several domains of cognition, and is largely independent from psychopathology.
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Tsang, Shui Y., Ata Ullah, and Hong Xue. "GABRB2 in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Genetic Associations and Functional Evidences." Current Psychopharmacology 8, no. 3 (December 13, 2019): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211556008666190926115813.
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Background: The inhibitory GABAergic system has shown an association with multiple psychiatric disorders. The type A GABA receptors are an integral component of this system, and in recent years, evidence has accumulated to support an essential role in disease etiology for one of the receptor genes GABRB2 which encodes for the receptor β2 subunit. Objective: To summarize the different lines of evidence supporting the important role of GABRB2 in psychiatric disorders, with a particular focus on schizophrenia, and evaluate the recently-proposed GABRB2-origin of schizophrenia hypothesis. Results: In terms of genetics, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in GABRB2 have been associated with a number of psychiatric disorders, and some of the associations have remained significant following meta-analysis. Importantly, expression and alternative splicing of the gene was shown to be dependent on the genotypes of the associated SNPs, and receptors containing the long isoform displayed functional differences compared to those containing the short isoform. Moreover, differential epigenetic regulation and imprinting imbalance of the gene were observed in schizophrenic patients compared to healthy subjects. Finally, recent findings from a Gabrb2-knockout mouse model demonstrated that knockout of the gene alone was sufficient to induce a wide range of schizophrenia- like symptoms and comorbid phenotypes. Conclusion: The different lines of evidence coalesce to strongly support the recentlyproposed GABRB2-origin of schizophrenia hypothesis, and GABRB2 may also have a potential role in cognition, the dysfunction of which is common to many psychiatric disorders.
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Segarra, N., M. Bernardo, F. Gutierrez, A. Justicia, E. Fernadez-Egea, M. Allas, G. Safont, et al. "Spanish Validation Of the Brief Assessment in Cognition in Schizophrenia (Bacs) in Patients With Schizophrenia and Healthy Controls." European Psychiatry 26, no. 2 (March 2011): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.11.001.
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AbstractNeurocognitive impairment is a core feature of schizophrenia and is closely associated with functional outcome. The importance of cognitive assessment is broadly accepted today, and an easy-to-use, internationality validated cognitive assessment tool is needed by researchers and in daily clinical practice. The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) has been validated in English, French, Japanese and Italian. It is as sensitive to cognitive dysfunction as a standard test battery, with the advantage of requiring less than 35 minutes to complete. In our study, we tested the psychometric characteristics of a Spanish version of the BACS in 117 patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and 36 healthy controls. All BACS cognitive subtests discriminated between patients and controls (P < .001), and the concurrent validity between the BACS and a traditional neuropsychological test battery was similar to that reported in other languages. We conclude that the BACS can facilitate the comparison of the cognitive performance of patients with schizophrenia in many different countries.
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Chen, Ruei-An, Chun-Yi Lee, Yu Lee, Chi-Fa Hung, Yu-Chi Huang, Pao-Yen Lin, Sheng-Yu Lee, and Liang-Jen Wang. "Defining cognitive profiles of depressive patients using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Affective Disorders." PeerJ 7 (August 1, 2019): e7432. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7432.
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Background Cognitive impairments in patients with depressive disorders have a negative impact on their daily skill functioning and quality of life. In this study, we evaluated the cognitive profiles and associated factors of patients with depressive disorders with the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Affective Disorders (BAC-A). Methods This cross-sectional study consisted of 75 patients with depressive disorders (56 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 19 patients with depressive disorder NOS or dysthymic disorder (non-MDD)). We evaluated the participants’ cognitive functions at euthymic status using the BAC-A. The BAC-A includes six subtests derived from the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BAC-S) and Affective Processing Tests. The current severity of depressive symptoms was assessed with the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17), and we recorded any psychotropic drugs being used by the patients. Results We observed no differences in cognitive profiles in the MDD group and non-MDD group after adjusting for educational levels, severity of depression, and psychotropic drugs. Instead, the HAMD-17 scores were negatively correlated to cognitive performance in working memory, motor speed, verbal fluency, attention and processing speed, executive function, composite score, and the six indexes of the Affective Processing Test measured by the BAC-A. A longer illness duration was associated with worse performance of four indexes of the Affective Processing Test. Furthermore, benzodiazepine use was associated with a worse performance of verbal memory, and antidepressant use was associated with better motor speed performance. Conclusion The current severity of depressive symptoms and psychotropic drugs being taken, not the diagnosis category, are associated with cognitive impairments in patients with depressive disorders. Clinicians should pay particular attention to managing residual depressive symptoms and prescribing adequate psychotropic drugs in order to eliminate depressive patients’ cognitive deficits.
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Torniainen, M., A. Wegelius, A. Tuulio-Henriksson, J. Lönnqvist, and J. Suvisaari. "Both low birthweight and high birthweight are associated with cognitive impairment in persons with schizophrenia and their first-degree relatives." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 11 (January 29, 2013): 2361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713000032.
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BackgroundBoth low birthweight and high birthweight have been associated with an increased risk for schizophrenia and cognitive impairments in the general population. We assessed the association between birthweight and cognitive performance in persons with schizophrenia and their unaffected first-degree relatives.MethodWe investigated a population-based family sample comprising persons with schizophrenia (n = 142) and their unaffected first-degree relatives (n = 277). Both patients and relatives were interviewed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Clinician Version (SCID-CV) and a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery was administered. Information on birthweight was obtained from obstetric records. We used generalized estimating equation (GEE) models to investigate the effect of birthweight, as a continuous variable, on cognitive functioning, adjusting for within-family correlation and relevant covariates.ResultsBoth low birthweight and high birthweight were associated with lower performance in visuospatial reasoning, processing speed, set-shifting and verbal and visual working memory among persons with schizophrenia and their unaffected first-degree relatives compared to individuals with birthweight in the intermediate range. The group × birthweight interactions were non-significant.ConclusionsBoth low birthweight and high birthweight are associated with deficits in cognition later in life. Schizophrenia does not seem to modify the relationship between birthweight and cognition in families with schizophrenia.
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Oliver, Lindsay D., John D. Haltigan, James M. Gold, George Foussias, Pamela DeRosse, Robert W. Buchanan, Anil K. Malhotra, and Aristotle N. Voineskos. "Lower- and Higher-Level Social Cognitive Factors Across Individuals With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Healthy Controls: Relationship With Neurocognition and Functional Outcome." Schizophrenia Bulletin 45, no. 3 (August 10, 2018): 629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby114.
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Abstract Background Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) often feature social cognitive deficits. However, little work has focused on the factor structure of social cognition, and results have been inconsistent in schizophrenia. This study aimed to elucidate the factor structure of social cognition across people with SSDs and healthy controls. It was hypothesized that a 2-factor model, including lower-level “simulation” and higher-level “mentalizing” factors, would demonstrate the best fit across participants. Methods Participants with SSDs (N = 164) and healthy controls (N = 102) completed social cognitive tasks ranging from emotion recognition to complex mental state inference, as well as clinical and functional outcome, and neurocognitive measures. Structural equation modeling was used to test social cognitive models, models of social cognition and neurocognition, measurement invariance between cases and controls, and relationships with outcome measures. Results A 2-factor (simulation and mentalizing) model fit the social cognitive data best across participants and showed adequate measurement invariance in both SSD and control groups. Patients showed lower simulation and mentalizing scores than controls, but only mentalizing was significantly associated with negative symptoms and functional outcome. Social cognition also mediated the relationship between neurocognition and both negative symptoms and functional outcome. Conclusions These results uniquely indicate that distinct lower- and higher-level aspects of social cognition exist across SSDs and healthy controls. Further, mentalizing may be particularly linked to negative symptoms and functional outcome. This informs future studies of the neural circuitry underlying social cognition and the development of targeted treatment options for improving functional outcome.
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Pinkham, Amy E., Kerrianne E. Morrison, David L. Penn, Philip D. Harvey, Skylar Kelsven, Kelsey Ludwig, and Noah J. Sasson. "Comprehensive comparison of social cognitive performance in autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 50, no. 15 (October 2, 2019): 2557–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719002708.
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AbstractBackgroundAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) are separate neurodevelopmental disorders that are both characterized by difficulties in social cognition and social functioning. Due to methodological confounds, the degree of similarity in social cognitive impairments across these two disorders is currently unknown. This study therefore conducted a comprehensive comparison of social cognitive ability in ASD and SCZ to aid efforts to develop optimized treatment programs.MethodsIn total, 101 individuals with ASD, 92 individuals with SCZ or schizoaffective disorder, and 101 typically developing (TD) controls, all with measured intelligence in the normal range and a mean age of 25.47 years, completed a large battery of psychometrically validated social cognitive assessments spanning the domains of emotion recognition, social perception, mental state attribution, and attributional style.ResultsBoth ASD and SCZ performed worse than TD controls, and very few differences were evident between the two clinical groups, with effect sizes (Cohen's d) ranging from 0.01 to 0.34. For those effects that did reach statistical significance, such as greater hostility in the SCZ group, controlling for symptom severity rendered them non-significant, suggesting that clinical distinctions may underlie these social cognitive differences. Additionally, the strength of the relationship between neurocognitive and social cognitive performance was of similar, moderate size for ASD and SCZ.ConclusionsFindings largely suggest comparable levels of social cognitive impairment in ASD and SCZ, which may support the use of existing social cognitive interventions across disorders. However, future work is needed to determine whether the mechanisms underlying these shared impairments are also similar or if these common behavioral profiles may emerge via different pathways.
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Crespi, Bernard, and Christopher Badcock. "Psychosis and autism as diametrical disorders of the social brain." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 3 (June 2008): 241–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x08004214.
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AbstractAutistic-spectrum conditions and psychotic-spectrum conditions (mainly schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression) represent two major suites of disorders of human cognition, affect, and behavior that involve altered development and function of the social brain. We describe evidence that a large set of phenotypic traits exhibit diametrically opposite phenotypes in autistic-spectrum versus psychotic-spectrum conditions, with a focus on schizophrenia. This suite of traits is inter-correlated, in that autism involves a general pattern of constrained overgrowth, whereas schizophrenia involves undergrowth. These disorders also exhibit diametric patterns for traits related to social brain development, including aspects of gaze, agency, social cognition, local versus global processing, language, and behavior. Social cognition is thus underdeveloped in autistic-spectrum conditions and hyper-developed on the psychotic spectrum.;>We propose and evaluate a novel hypothesis that may help to explain these diametric phenotypes: that the development of these two sets of conditions is mediated in part by alterations of genomic imprinting. Evidence regarding the genetic, physiological, neurological, and psychological underpinnings of psychotic-spectrum conditions supports the hypothesis that the etiologies of these conditions involve biases towards increased relative effects from imprinted genes with maternal expression, which engender a general pattern of undergrowth. By contrast, autistic-spectrum conditions appear to involve increased relative bias towards effects of paternally expressed genes, which mediate overgrowth. This hypothesis provides a simple yet comprehensive theory, grounded in evolutionary biology and genetics, for understanding the causes and phenotypes of autistic-spectrum and psychotic-spectrum conditions.
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Plotnikov, V. V. "An integrative basis of negative disorders of cognition in schizophrenia." Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova 118, no. 1 (2018): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/jnevro201811811123-129.
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DeRosse, Pamela, Alyson Kaplan, Katherine E. Burdick, Todd Lencz, and Anil K. Malhotra. "Cannabis use disorders in schizophrenia: Effects on cognition and symptoms." Schizophrenia Research 120, no. 1-3 (July 2010): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.04.007.
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Bruene, M. "Non-verbal behaviour and social cognition in schizophrenia spectrum disorders." European Psychiatry 23 (April 2008): S30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.01.110.
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Chapela, E., I. Morales, J. Quintero, M. Félix-Alcántara, J. Correas, and J. Gómez-Arnau. "Relationship between emotional intelligence and neurocognition in severe mental disorders." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1316.
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IntroductionThe severe mental disorders are the subject of growing research in the area of emotional intelligence because of his relationship with psychosocial functionality loss. Despite treatment advances, patients continue to experience high levels of social, professional and personal disabilities, related to the presence of deficits in cognition. These changes are manifested in two areas: the neurocognitive and social cognition.ObjectivesTo better understand the relationship between neuro- and sociocognition in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.AimsThe aim of this research is to study the factors related to emotional intelligence, with particular interest in neurocognitive deficits.MethodsA total of 75 adult patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder type I were evaluated. The assessment protocol consisted of a questionnaire on socio-demographic and clinical-care data, and a battery of clinical and cognitive scales, including MSCEIT, WAIS-IV, TMT and Rey Figure.ResultsMSCEIT was negatively correlated with age, the severity of the clinical symptoms (BPRS, CGI-S), the TMT-A and the Test of Complex Figure, and positively with the intelligence quotient.ConclusionsThe deficits in emotional intelligence are part of a set of cognitive, social and non-social skills, which are altered in these severe mental disorders. Emotional intelligence worsens with the deterioration of cognitive functioning, executive dysfunction and severity of psychiatric disorder.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Ota, Miho, Junko Matsuo, Noriko Sato, Toshiya Teraishi, Hiroaki Hori, Kotaro Hattori, Yoko Kamio, and Hiroshi Kunugi. "Correlation of reduced social communicational and interactional skills with regional grey matter volumes in schizophrenia patients." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 29, no. 6 (April 10, 2017): 374–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2017.9.
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ObjectiveRecent studies have detected similarities between autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. We investigated structural abnormalities associated with autistic-like traits in patients with schizophrenia by voxel-based morphometry.MethodsPatients with schizophrenia and healthy subjects were evaluated by the adult version of the social responsiveness scale (SRS-A), which is sensitive to autistic traits and symptoms even under subthreshold conditions, and magnetic resonance imaging.ResultsThere were significant decreases in the anterior cingulate cortex, bilateral hippocampi, cerebellums, and right insula of patients with schizophrenia, compared with healthy subjects. We found significant negative correlations of the social communication and interaction (SCI) score, a subscale of SRS-A, with grey matter volume in the left posterior superior temporal region of schizophrenia patients. When subscales of SCI were examined separately in schizophrenic patients, negative correlations were observed between the social cognition score and the volumes of the left posterior superior temporal region, and between social motivation and the posterior cingulate cortex.ConclusionWe found significant negative correlation between the SCI score and the grey matter volume in the left posterior superior temporal region of schizophrenia patients. This area was the region affected in previous studies of autistic spectrum disorders. Further, this area was associated with the theory of mind. Schizophrenia patients not necessarily show the impairment of SCI, nor this correlated region was not always the point with schizophrenia-specific change. However, we reveal the relationship between the left posterior superior temporal gyrus and the severity of the SCI in schizophrenia by using with SRS-A.