Journal articles: 'Schizophrenia in children'

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Atlas, Jeffrey A. "Birth Seasonality in Developmentally Disabled Children." Psychological Reports 64, no. 3_suppl (June 1989): 1213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.64.3c.1213.

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26 children with diagnoses of autism and 22 children with diagnoses of childhood schizophrenia or a variant thereof were compared on the variable of winter birth. Analyses showed that autistic children had a higher proportion of winter births than schizophrenic children. These findings are related to other research linking winter birth to negative-syndrome adult schizophrenia.

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Espina, Alberto, Asunción Ortego, Iñigo Ochoa de Alda, and Pilar González. "Dyadic adjustment in parents of schizophrenics." European Psychiatry 18, no. 5 (August 2003): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(03)00063-4.

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AbstractObjectiveTo study the dyadic adjustment in couples with a schizophrenic offspring.Method140 married couples, 67 with a children with schizophrenia, and two control groups: 41 couples without pathology and 32 couples with pathology, were assessed with the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory and the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale.ResultsThe couples with a schizophrenic offspring evidenced significantly worse dyadic adjustment than did the normal controls, especially low consensus and cohesion in husbands, and low cohesion and satisfaction in wives. Anxiety and depression in mothers of schizophrenics is significantly higher than in mothers of controls.DiscussionThese findings suggest that the poor dyadic adjustment of the parents with a schizophrenic offspring could be an effect of the burden.ConclusionThe treatment on the schizophrenia should be supplemented by interventions aimed at parents’ dyadic adjustment, and mothers’ anxiety and depression, so that they can be in better conditions to help their child.

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Ross, Randal G., Julia Maximon, Jonathan Kusumi, and Susan Lurie. "Violence in childhood-onset schizophrenia." Mental Illness 5, no. 1 (February 11, 2013): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mi.2013.e2.

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Violence is elevated in older adolescents and adults with schizophrenia; however, little is known about younger children. This report focuses on rates of violence in younger children with schizophrenic-spectrum illnesses. A retrospective review of structured diagnostic interviews from a case series of 81 children, ages 4-15 years of age, with childhood onset of schizophrenic-spectrum illness is reported. Seventy-two percent of children had a history of violent behavior, including 25 children (31%) with a history of severe violence. Of those with a history of violence, 60% had a least one episode of violence that did not appear to be in response to an external stimulus (internally driven violence). There was no significant impact of age or gender. For many children, these internally driven violent episodes were rare and unpredictable, but severe. Similar to what is found in adolescents and adults, violence is common in children with schizophrenic-spectrum illnesses. General violence prevention strategies combined with early identification and treatment of childhood psychotic illnesses may decrease the morbidity associated with childhood psychotic violence.

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Ross, Randal G., Julia Maximon, Jonathan Kusumi, and Susan Lurie. "Violence in childhood-onset schizophrenia." Mental Illness 5, no. 1 (February 11, 2013): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi.2013.e2.

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Violence is elevated in older adolescents and adults with schizophrenia; however, little is known about younger children. This report focuses on rates of violence in younger children with schizophrenic-spectrum illnesses. A retrospective review of structured diagnostic interviews from a case series of 81 children, ages 4-15 years of age, with childhood onset of schizophrenic-spectrum illness is reported. Seventy-two percent of children had a history of violent behavior, including 25 children (31%) with a history of severe violence. Of those with a history of violence, 60% had a least one episode of violence that did not appear to be in response to an external stimulus (internally driven violence). There was no significant impact of age or gender. For many children, these internally driven violent episodes were rare and unpredictable, but severe. Similar to what is found in adolescents and adults, violence is common in children with schizophrenic-spectrum illnesses. General violence prevention strategies combined with early identification and treatment of childhood psychotic illnesses may decrease the morbidity associated with childhood psychotic violence.

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Jungbauer, Johannes, Jutta Kinzel-Senkbeil, Juliane Kuhn, and Albert Lenz. "Familien mit einem schizophren erkrankten Elternteil: Ergebnisse einer fallrekonstruktiven Familienstudie." Journal of Family Research 23, no. 1 (April 1, 2011): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-234.

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Objective: This study aims at investigating the impact of a parental schizophrenia on the family members, their everyday life and their relations. For this purpose, we conduct qualitative interviews with mothers and fathers suffering from schizophrenia, their spouses and children. Methods: Interview data is analyzed using casereconstructive as well as content analysis methods. Results: Although results illustrate a great variety of family constellations and burdening circumstances, there are a number of typical patterns: Having children is perceived by affected parents in an ambiguous manner, i.e. as a resource as well as a distress. Relationships of couples and families are often impaired, resulting in a high risk of abandonment of relationships. At the same time, family members strive for normality in everyday life. Normalisation and avoidance strategies can bring about that the schizophrenia becomes a taboo issue within the family. Thus, with regard to their parent’s illness, many of the children are insufficiently informed. Often, the children are overstrained by this situation and, in turn, may develop behaviour disorders, anxiety, or depression. Discussion: In sum, schizophrenia can be considered as a “family disease” as it strongly affects the whole family system. Hence, it is necessary to provide preventive help offers for affected parents, their spouses and children. For delivering support, youth welfare and public health services should cooperate closely. Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: In diesem Beitrag werden Ergebnisse einer fallrekonstruktiven Studie vorgestellt, bei der Familien mit einem schizophren erkrankten Elternteil befragt wurden. Dabei sollte untersucht wurden, wie sich die Schizophrenie auf die Familienmitglieder, ihren Alltag und ihre Beziehungen auswirkt. Methodik: Die Auswertung erfolgte sowohl fall- als auch themenbezogen, wobei inhaltsanalytische und fallrekonstruktive Verfahren eingesetzt wurden. Ergebnisse: Trotz der Vielfalt der familiären Konstellationen und Belastungslagen zeigte sich eine Reihe charakteristischer Muster. Kinder zu haben bedeutet für erkrankte Eltern, sowohl Ressourcen als auch Belastungen zu haben. Paar- und Familienbeziehungen sind oft stark beeinträchtigt und weisen ein hohes Risiko für Beziehungsabbrüche auf. Zugleich wird im Familienalltag eine Normalität jenseits der Erkrankung angestrebt und erlebt. Normalisierungs- und Vermeidungsstrategien können dazu beitragen, dass die Erkrankung zu einem Tabuthema wird. Viele Kinder sind daher unzureichend über die elterliche Schizophrenie informiert. Sie sind in dieser Situation oft überfordert und entwickeln ihrerseits Verhaltensauffälligkeiten, Ängste und Depressionen. Diskussion: Die Schizophrenie kann insofern als „Familienerkrankung“ gedeutet werden, als sie das gesamte Familiensystem beeinflusst, belastet und gefährdet. Aus diesem Grund sollten verstärkt familienorientierte Präventionsangebote bereitgestellt werden, wobei Gesundheitswesen und Jugendhilfe eng miteinander kooperieren sollten.

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Done, D. John, Eeva Leinonen, Timothy J. Crow, and Amanda Sacker. "Linguistic performance in children who develop schizophrenia in adult life." British Journal of Psychiatry 172, no. 2 (February 1998): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.172.2.130.

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BackgroundLess syntactically complex speech in patients with schizophrenia has been thought to represent a premorbid dysfunction, of possible prognostic value and indicative of a neurodevelopmental origin for schizophrenia.MethodNarratives written at age 11 by children who then developed psychiatric disorders in adult life (using PSE CATEGO diagnoses), especially schizophrenia, were compared with matched controls on syntactic complexity syntactic maturity, grammatical deviance and spelling ability.ResultsChildren who later developed either schizophrenia, affective psychosis or a neurotic type of disorder in adulthood did not differ from normal controls on any of the measures of syntactic production, grammatical errors or spelling.Conclusionsit is probable that previous reports of reduced syntactic complexity in schizophrenic speech are a consequence of being in a psychotic state and do not represent a premorbid deficit.

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Sacker, A., D. J. Done, and T. J. Crow. "Obstetric complications in children born to parents with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of case–control studies." Psychological Medicine 26, no. 2 (March 1996): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170003467x.

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SynopsisOn the basis of previous findings, we used meta-analyses to consider whether births to parents with schizophrenia have an increased risk of obstetric complications. Meta-analyses were based on published studies satisfying the following selection criteria. The schizophrenic diagnosis could apply to either parent: parents with non-schizophrenic psychoses were not included: only normal controls were accepted. In all, 14 studies provided effect sizes or data from which these could be derived. Studies were identified by data searches through MEDLINE, PSYCLIT and through references of papers relating to the subject. Births to individuals with schizophrenia incur an increased risk of pregnancy and birth complications, low birthweight and poor neonatal condition. However, in each case the effect size is small (mean r = 0·155; 95% CI = 0·057). The risk is greater for mothers with schizophrenia and is not confined to mothers with onset pre-delivery or to the births of the children who become schizophrenic themselves.

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Masi, Gabriele, Maria Mucci, and Cinzia Pari. "Children with Schizophrenia." CNS Drugs 20, no. 10 (2006): 841–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200620100-00005.

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TANGUAY, PETER E., and SHEILA L. CANTOR. "Schizophrenia in Children." Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 25, no. 5 (September 1986): 591–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-7138(09)60282-x.

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Assadollahi, G. A., G. R. Ghassemi, and T. Mehrabi. "Training families to better manage schizophrenics’ behaviour." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 6, no. 1 (February 15, 2000): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2000.6.1.118.

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The influential role of family in the outcome of chronic schizophrenia is well documented. Because families have become the primary caretakers, this study was designed to train parents of chronic schizophrenics to better manage their offspring. The sample comprised 40 parents whose offspring were admitted to a psychiatric ward from April to June 1996. A self-developed index [Patient Management Skills] was used to measure changes in the parents’ expertise in handling their children before and after a 1-month training programme. After training, more parents had the necessary skills to manage the verbal and non-verbal behaviours of their children. Our results bear out the importance of the family’s supportive role in producing a better outcome for schizophrenic patients

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Jundong, J., R. Kuja-Halkola, C. Hultman, N. Långström, B. M. D'Onofrio, and Paul Lichtenstein. "Poor school performance in offspring of patients with schizophrenia: what are the mechanisms?" Psychological Medicine 42, no. 1 (July 7, 2011): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711001127.

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BackgroundOffspring of patients with schizophrenia exhibit poorer school performance compared with offspring of non-schizophrenic parents. We aimed to elucidate the mechanisms behind this association.MethodWe linked longitudinal national population registers in Sweden and compared school performance among offspring of schizophrenic parents with offspring of non-schizophrenic parents (1 439 215 individuals with final grades from compulsory school 1988–2006). To investigate the mechanisms, we studied offspring of schizophrenic patients and controls within the same extended families. We investigated genetic effects by stratifying analyses of parent–child associations according to genetic relatedness (half-cousins, full cousins and half-siblings). Environmental effects were investigated by comparing school performance of offspring of schizophrenic fathers and of schizophrenic mothers, respectively, and by stratifying the analyses according to environmental relatedness while controlling genetic relatedness (paternal and maternal half-cousins, paternal and maternal half-siblings).ResultsOffspring of parents with schizophrenia had poorer overall school performance than unrelated offspring of non-schizophrenic parents (−0.31 s.d.). Variability in genetic relatedness greatly moderated the strength of the within-family association (β=−0.23 within exposure-discordant half-cousins, β=−0.13 within exposure-discordant full cousins, β=0.04 within exposure-discordant half-siblings), while no evidence was found that the environment affected offspring school performance.ConclusionsGenetic factors account for poorer school performance in children of parents with schizophrenia. This supports that cognitive deficits found in individuals with schizophrenia and their relatives might be genetically inherited. Early detection of prodromal signs and impaired functioning of offspring of patients with schizophrenia could lead to earlier and better tailored interventions.

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Vlasenkova, I. N., and N. V. Zvereva. "Selectivity of Thinking and Particularity of Association Activity in Different Modalities in Normal and Schizophrenia Children 8–11 Years Old." Клиническая и специальная психология 6, no. 2 (2017): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpse.2017060203.

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The article is devoted to the actual problem of clinical psychology studies of cognitive dysontogenesis in schizophrenic conditions. Evaluation results of particularity of association activity and selectivity of thinking in normal and schizophrenic primary school age children are given. Two samples were examined: 60 schizophrenic children and 60 mentally healthy children at the age from 7 to 11 years old. Experimental psychological author’s complex of techniques for evaluation of verbal associations in response to stimuli of different modalities (olfactory, audio-verbal, visual, tactile) along with evaluation of thinking selectivity and cognitive development level were used. Present research results are discussed in relations with particularity of cognitive deficiency and manifestation of cognitive dysontogenesis in schizophrenic primary school age children. Connections between thinking selectivity disorder and particularities of association activity in different modalities of schizophrenic young schoolchildren are demonstrated. The key research result is following: thinking selectivity disorder in schizophrenia condition is also manifested in the association process of schizophrenic children and doesn’t depend on modality.

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Sham, Pak C., Charles J. Maclean, and Kenneth S. Kendler. "Risk of Schizophrenia and Age Difference with Older Siblings." British Journal of Psychiatry 163, no. 5 (November 1993): 627–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.163.5.627.

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Recent reports that some influenza epidemics may be followed by a transient increase in the births of schizophrenic patients have led to the hypothesis that maternal viral infections contribute to the aetiology of schizophrenia. It is well known that respiratory viral infections are frequently brought into the home by young children. We tested the predictions that the risk of schizophrenia is decreased in first-born children, and increased in individuals who had siblings of a young age while in utero, using data from a Swedish family study. Our results are consistent with these predictions. In particular, having siblings three to four years older was associated with a significantly increased risk of schizophrenia, even after allowing for birth order, sibship size, and other potential confounders. If replicated, these results provide indirect support for the maternal viral infection hypothesis, although there are alternative explanations.

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MATSUMOTO, H., N. TAKEI, F. SAITO, K. KACHI, and N. MORI. "The association between obstetric complications and childhood-onset schizophrenia: a replication study." Psychological Medicine 31, no. 5 (July 2001): 907–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701003944.

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Background. Many previous studies have shown that individuals who develop schizophrenia in adult life are more likely than normal controls to have a history of obstetric complications (OCs) at birth. However, little attention has been paid to the involvement of OCs in the risk of developing childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS). In our earlier report, we found an association between OCs and the development of COS. In this study, we determined whether the association could be replicated in another, independent set of patients with COS.Methods. OCs, birth weight and gestational age were retrospectively assessed in 35 children, aged between 14 and 15 years old (average 15·4 years), who met the DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia, and in age- and gender-matched controls (children with anxiety disorders).Results. The COS patients showed significantly greater scores in all of the three measures of OCs according to the Parnas et al. scale compared to controls. Moreover, individuals exposed to OCs were about 3·2 times (odds ratio = 3·22; 95% confidence interval, 1·1–9·8) more likely to develop schizophrenia than those without a history of OCs. The mean birth weight was significantly lower in schizophrenics than in controls (P < 0·05). The frequency of prematurity signs with weight < 2500 g was significantly higher in schizophrenics than in controls (P < 0·05).Conclusion. Repeatedly reported association between OCs and adult-onset schizophrenia have also been demonstrated in patients with COS. This suggests that there may be a continuity between childhood- and adult-onset schizophrenia.

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Atlas, Jeffrey A. "Symbol Use by Developmentally Disabled Children." Psychological Reports 61, no. 1 (August 1987): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1987.61.1.207.

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13 children with a diagnosis of autism and 20 children with a diagnosis of childhood schizophrenia or a variant thereof were compared for skill in symbol use across modalities of expressive language, drawing, gesture, and play. The children were also given the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised as a measure of receptive comprehension. Analysis showed that the autistic children had poorer receptive language than the schizophrenic children. The autisic children were poorer in symbol use, as predicted, across all expressive modalities except play, when receptive language was treated as a covariate. Implications of these results for differential identification of children with severe developmental disturbance are discussed.

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Vlasenkova, I. N., and N. V. Zvereva. "Level of intellectual development and features of association activity of children of normal and schizophrenia conditions in response to stimuli of different modalities." Клиническая и специальная психология 4, no. 3 (2015): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpse.2015040303.

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The article contains results of comparison of level of intellectual development and features of verbal association measurements of young schoolchildren in normal and schizophrenia conditions in response to stimuli of different modalities. There have been examined two selections: schizophrenic children and mentally healthy children (60 schizophrenic children and 60 mentally healthy children at the age from 7 to 11 y.o.). There have been used experimental-psychological author’s complex of methods to research verbal associations in response to stimuli of different modalities (olfactory, audio-verbal, visual, tactile), as well as battery of K-ABC tests. The research results are discussed in the context of particularity of cognitive deficiency and manifestation of cognitive dysontogenesis of young school schizophrenic children. The article contains description of various combinations of connection/ absence of connection between intelligence level (according to Kauffman’s battery of K –ABC tests) and various measurements of association activity (productiveness, temporary indications of activity, commonality coefficient). The principal research result is relative independence of particularity of association activity of schizophrenic children (according to commonality coefficient) of their cognitive development level.

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Suryaningsih, Chatarina. "Pengalaman Ibu yang Merawat Remaja Skizofrenia Pasca Rawat Inap." Jurnal Keperawatan Silampari 5, no. 1 (September 27, 2021): 134–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/jks.v5i1.2673.

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This study aims to explore the experience of mothers caring for schizophrenic adolescents after hospitalization. This type of research is qualitative research with a descriptive phenomenological approach. The results of this study indicate that the participants who took part in this study consisted of 7 mothers who cared for adolescent children with schizophrenia, with an age range of 39 years to 57 years. Most of the participants were housewives, and the education level of the participants was from elementary to high school. All participants had schizophrenic teenagers at home. The participant's residence is in the Bandung area. In conclusion, this study resulted in six themes, namely psychological responses during caring for children, support received by mothers to continue treatment of children, disturbances in daily activities, treatment efforts made by mothers to heal their children, coping strategies while caring for children, stigma felt by mothers during treatment. Take care of children. Keywords: Mother's Experience, Schizophrenic Adolescents

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SCHIFFMAN, JASON, CECILIA W. LAM, TINA JIWATRAM, MORTEN EKSTROM, HOLGER SORENSEN, and SARNOFF MEDNICK. "Perspective-taking deficits in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a prospective investigation." Psychological Medicine 34, no. 8 (November 2004): 1581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704002703.

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Background. This study examined data from a Danish prospective longitudinal project in attempt to address the state/trait controversy regarding theory of mind deficits in schizophrenia. Deficits in perspective-taking – a component of theory of mind – were investigated prospectively among children who developed schizophrenia spectrum disorders as adults in comparison to children who did not develop schizophrenia spectrum disorders.Method. A total of 265 high risk and control subjects were studied in 1972. At the time of initial assessment, the Role-Taking Task (RTT) was administered. Two hundred and forty-two of these children were evaluated in 1992 during follow-up examinations. Sixteen developed schizophrenia, 10 developed a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, 70 had outcomes of other psychopathology, and 146 did not develop a mental illness.Results. Children who later developed schizophrenia or a schizophrenia spectrum disorder had lower RTT scores, controlling for verbal IQ and age, compared to those who did not develop any mental illness. Although in the expected direction, RTT scores for those with schizophrenia spectrum disorders were not significantly different from those who developed a non-psychotic disorder.Conclusions. Deficits in perspective-taking among children who later developed schizophrenia spectrum disorders suggest that a facet of theory of mind is impaired prior to development of schizophrenia. Our findings lend support to the hypothesis that theory of mind deficits in schizophrenia are trait markers of the disorder.

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Reed, Zoe E., Hannah J. Jones, Gibran Hemani, Stanley Zammit, and Oliver S. P. Davis. "Schizophrenia liability shares common molecular genetic risk factors with sleep duration and nightmares in childhood." Wellcome Open Research 4 (January 25, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15060.1.

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Background: Sleep abnormalities are common in schizophrenia, often appearing before psychosis onset; however, the mechanisms behind this are uncertain. We investigated whether genetic risk for schizophrenia is associated with sleep phenotypes. Methods: We used data from 6,058 children and 2,302 mothers from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). We examined associations between a polygenic risk score for schizophrenia and sleep duration in both children and mothers, and nightmares in children, along with genetic covariances between these traits. Results: Polygenic risk for schizophrenia was associated with increased risk of nightmares (OR=1.07, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.14, p=0.02) in children, and also with less sleep (β=-44.52, 95% CI: −88.98, −0.07; p=0.05). We observed a similar relationship with sleep duration in mothers, although evidence was much weaker (p=0.38). Finally, we found evidence of genetic covariance between schizophrenia risk and reduced sleep duration in children and mothers, and between schizophrenia risk and nightmares in children. Conclusions: These molecular genetic results support recent findings from twin analysis that show genetic overlap between sleep disturbances and psychotic-like experiences. They also show, to our knowledge for the first time, a genetic correlation between schizophrenia liability and risk of nightmares in childhood.

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Reed, Zoe E., Hannah J. Jones, Gibran Hemani, Stanley Zammit, and Oliver S. P. Davis. "Schizophrenia liability shares common molecular genetic risk factors with sleep duration and nightmares in childhood." Wellcome Open Research 4 (August 20, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15060.2.

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Background: Sleep abnormalities are common in schizophrenia, often appearing before psychosis onset; however, the mechanisms behind this are uncertain. We investigated whether genetic risk for schizophrenia is associated with sleep phenotypes. Methods: We used data from 6,058 children and 2,302 mothers from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). We examined associations between a polygenic risk score for schizophrenia and sleep duration in both children and mothers, and nightmares in children, along with genetic covariances between these traits. Results: Polygenic risk for schizophrenia was associated with increased risk of nightmares (OR=1.07, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.14, p=0.02) in children, and also with less sleep (β=-44.52, 95% CI: −88.98, −0.07; p=0.05). We observed a similar relationship with sleep duration in mothers, although evidence was much weaker (p=0.38). Finally, we found evidence of genetic covariance between schizophrenia risk and reduced sleep duration in children and mothers, and between schizophrenia risk and nightmares in children. Conclusions: These molecular genetic results support recent findings from twin analysis that show genetic overlap between sleep disturbances and psychotic-like experiences. They also show, to our knowledge for the first time, a genetic correlation between schizophrenia liability and risk of nightmares in childhood.

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Melter, Herbert Y. "Schizophrenia in Children and Adolescents." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 63, no. 3 (March 15, 2002): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v63n0313a.

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Lykes, William C., and Jeanette E. Cueva. "RISPERIDONE IN CHILDREN WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 35, no. 4 (April 1996): 405–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199604000-00005.

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GARRALDA, E. "Schizophrenia in children and adolescents." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 71, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 417a—417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.71.3.417a.

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WILCOX, JAMES A. "Schizophrenia in Children and Adolescents." American Journal of Psychiatry 159, no. 4 (April 2002): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.685.

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Luk, Ernest S. L. "Schizophrenia in children and adolescents." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 36, no. 3 (June 2002): 437–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.t01-9-01031.x.

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Hollis, Chris. "Schizophrenia in children and adolescents." BJPsych Advances 21, no. 5 (September 2015): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.114.014076.

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SummaryThis article summarises new research, together with core features, course and outcome of schizophrenia with onset in childhood and adolescence, and investigates its neurobiology and continuity into adult life. It concludes that, in conformity with other disorders of childhood, adult-based diagnostic criteria have validity in adolescence. Sadly, the disorder has a poorer outcome when onset is in youth.

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&NA;, &NA;. "Children at Risk for Schizophrenia." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 175, no. 2 (February 1987): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198702000-00019.

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Strogova, S., A. Sergienko, and N. V. Zvereva. "Cognitive Defect in Children and Adolescents with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Psychometric and Neuropsychological Approaches to the Assessment of Cognitive Disorders." Клиническая и специальная психология 5, no. 1 (2016): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpse.2016050105.

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The article is devoted to the diagnostic approaches of cognitive defects in schizophrenia using psychometric and neuropsychological methods. The clinical psychological research results of different kinds of cognitive defects in children and adolescents with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (74 subjects of average age of 11 ± 2 years old, 18 of which have passed a complete neuropsychological examination) are described. We have compared psychrometric and neuropsychological diagnostics results of children and adolescents with schizophrenia spectrum disorders with the results of reference group of children with normal development. The differences of intellectual levels depending on the diagnosis have been marked and the respective types of cognitive defect are described. The total (most severe) defect has been detected in children with progredient schizophrenia (F20). While in other groups (children and adolescents with non-progredient schizophrenia) there has been revealed partial defect. Complex psychometric and neuropsychological diagnostics allows to make more detailed evaluation of the cognitive defect and its structure. Neuropsychological diagnostics has also confirmed that there are intensity differences of brain dysfunction between the diagnosed groups. Patients with сhildren schizophrenia (F20) have notable dysfunctions (or functional immaturity) of cortical structures, while in the group of children with diagnosis of episodic schizophrenia (episodic with progressive clinical course) with progressive or stable defect (F20.x) impairment of interhemispheric coordination has been observed. Children and adolescents with schizotypal disorder (F21) have showed dysfunctions of subcortical structures. Our research results support the hypotheses about the interrelation between kinds of cognitive defect and specificity of neuropsychological status in children and adolescents with different kinds of progredient schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

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Tiffin, Paul A., and Charlotte E. W. Kitchen. "Incidence and 12-month outcome of childhood non-affective psychoses: British national surveillance study." British Journal of Psychiatry 206, no. 6 (June 2015): 517–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.158493.

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SummaryThe schizophrenias are uncommon before the age of 14 but incidence/prevalence figures are lacking. The 1-year incidence, clinical features and short-term outcomes in childhood-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorder were evaluated via the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Surveillance System. Fifteen children with a provisional diagnosis were reported. Outcome data were obtained for 12 individuals, 8 of whom met the diagnostic criteria, equating to an estimated incidence of 0.21/100 000 (95% CI 0.08–0.34). Delusions and thought disorder were a more consistent predictor of ‘caseness' than hallucinations. Illness outcomes at 1 year were generally poor. Childhood-onset schizophrenia appears to be a rare but serious disorder.

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El Kissi, Y., N. Hannach, S. Gaabout, S. Samoud, M. Ayachi, J. Boukadida, and B. Ben Hadj Ali. "High prevalence of human herpesvirus 8 in a Tunisian sample of Schizophrenic patients." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73080-2.

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BackgroundThe prevalence of Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) has never been investigated in schizophrenic patients.ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the prevalence of HHV8 serum antibodies in schizophrenic patients and in healthy controls.MethodsDuring a 24 months period, we consecutively enrolled 108 patients meeting DSM-IV criteria of schizophrenia, in psychiatry department of Sousse Farhat Hached hospital (Tunisia). We also enrolled 108 controls among consenting blood donors. They were age and sex matched and free from any psychotic disorder as screened by MINI-Plus.Psychopathology and severity were measured using PANSS, BPRS, SANS, SAPS and CGI. Sera samples were obtained from patients and controls and then analyzed for the presence of anti-HHV8 antibodies (anti-HHV8) using a sensitive indirect immunofluorescence assay to latent and lytic HHV8 antigens.ResultsA significantly higher prevalence of anti-HHV8 in schizophrenic patients than in healthy controls was found (28.7% vs. 14.8%, p = 0.01). Marital status, educational level, professional activity, poverty, promiscuity, number of children, sexual behavior or presence of risk factors of blood transmission were not associated with HHV8 prevalence (p > 0.05). However, among schizophrenic patients, HHV8 prevalence was statically associated with positive symptoms (SAPS score) (p = 0.01) and the severity of illness (CGI score) (p = 0.02).ConclusionTo our knowledge, this would be the first report of high HHV8 prevalence in schizophrenic patients, which support the role of this virus in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. To go on further with this hypothesis, more investigations of HHV8 in schizophrenia are needed.

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Cullen, Alexis E., Helen L. Fisher, Ruth E. Roberts, Carmine M. Pariante, and Kristin R. Laurens. "Daily stressors and negative life events in children at elevated risk of developing schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 204, no. 5 (May 2014): 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.127001.

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BackgroundPsychological stress is implicated in the development of schizophrenia, but little is known about experiences of stress among children at elevated risk for the disorder.AimsTo examine stressor exposure and reactivity in children with different vulnerability profiles for schizophrenia: (a) children presenting multiple antecedents of schizophrenia (ASz group), (b) children with a family history of schizophrenia (FHx group) and (c) typically developing low-risk (TD) children.MethodNinety-five children (ASz = 29; FHx = 19; ASz+FHx = 5; TD = 42), identified aged 9–12 years using a community-based screening procedure or as relatives of individuals with schizophrenia, completed questionnaires assessing environmental stressors and psychopathology at age 11–14 years.ResultsRelative to their typically developing peers, children in the FHx and ASz groups were exposed to a greater number of negative life events and a higher frequency of daily stressors, respectively; and were more distressed by these experiences.ConclusionsStress exposure and reactivity may constitute useful targets of early intervention for psychosis.

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McCarthy, James, Laura Loewenthal, Lisa Herdsman, Noelle Leonard, Cheryl Bluestone, and Bernard Gorman. "Evaluation of Bizarre-Idiosyncratic Thinking Scale as a Measure of Thought Disorder in Children and Adolescents with Severe Psychiatric Disorders." Perceptual and Motor Skills 97, no. 1 (August 2003): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2003.97.1.207.

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To investigate the prevalence of thought disorder and the possible appropriateness of the Bizarre–Idiosyncratic Thinking Scale for children and adolescents with severe psychiatric disorders, 96 child and adolescent inpatients and day hospital patients, ages 6 to 18 years, at a state psychiatric hospital were rated by review of retrospective records using Marengo and Harrow's 1986 Evaluation of Bizarre–Idiosyncratic Thinking Scale for the presence of thought disorder in the Thematic Apperception Test and Rorschach Inkblot Test responses. Although the Evaluation of Bizarre–Idiosyncratic Thinking Scale had not been previously used with children and adolescents, the analysis suggested possible indications of thought disorder in several diagnostic groups. No significant differences were found on the Rorschach between patients with Schizophrenia and Psychosis, Not Otherwise Specified and those with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Major Depression, and Conduct Disorder. On the basis of the Thinking Scale ratings, the Thematic Apperception Test responses showed significantly higher ratings of thought disorder for patients with Schizophrenia and Psychosis, Not Otherwise Specified. There was no general relation between thought disorder and age or IQ, but schizophrenic patients, aged 13 and older, had more thought disorder than schizophrenic patients who were younger than 13.

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Gunnarsdóttir, Elin Dianna, Jonas Hällgren, Christina M. Hultman, Thomas F. McNeil, Milita Crisby, and Sven Sandin. "Risk of neurological, eye and ear disease in offspring to parents with schizophrenia or depression compared with offspring to healthy parents." Psychological Medicine 48, no. 16 (April 19, 2018): 2710–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718000338.

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AbstractBackgroundNeurological, visual and hearing deviations have been observed in the offspring of parents with schizophrenia. This study test whether children to parents hospitalized with schizophrenia have increased the likelihood of childhood neurological disorder.MethodsAmong all parents in Sweden born 1950–1985 and with offspring born 1968–2002: 7107 children with a parent hospitalized for schizophrenia were compared to 172 982 children with no parents hospitalized for schizophrenia or major depression, as well as to 32 494 children with a parent hospitalized for major depression as a control population with another severe psychiatric outcome. We estimated relative risks (RR) and two-sided 95% confidence intervals calculated from Poisson regression.ResultsChildren to parents with schizophrenia were more likely than controls to have been hospitalized before the age of 10 with a diagnosis of cerebral palsy, RR = 1.76 (95% CI: 1.15–2.69); epilepsy, RR = 1.78 (95% CI: 1.33–2.40), combined neurological disease, RR = 1.33 (95% CI: 1.11–1.60) and certain diseases of the eye, RR = 1.92 (95% CI: 1.17–3.15) and ear, RR = 1.18 (95% CI: 1.05–1.32). Similar disease-risk-pattern was found for children to parents hospitalized with a diagnosis of major depression. A specific risk increase for strabismus RR = 1.21 (95%CI: 1.05–1.40) was found for off-spring with parental depression.ConclusionsCompared with children to healthy parents, children to parents with schizophrenia have increased risk of a variety of neurological disorders as well as visual and hearing disorders at an early age. The risk increase was not specific to schizophrenia but was also seen in children to parents with a diagnosis of major depression.

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Turetz, M., T. Mozes, P. Toren, T. Chernauzan, R. Yoran-Hegesh, R. Mester, N. Wittenberg, S. Tyano, and A. Weizman. "An open trial of clozapine in neuroleptic-resistant childhood-onset schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 170, no. 6 (June 1997): 507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.170.6.507.

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BackgroundStudies performed with schizophrenic adults who were resistant to classical neuroleptics showed improvement in 30% of the patients when treated with clozapine. Very early onset schizophrenic patients benefit only partially from conventional antipsychotics and are at increased risk of developing extrapyramidal symptoms; clozapine may offer an alternative treatment for these patients.MethodEleven neuroleptic-resistant children (< 13 years) with schizophrenia were treated with clozapine. Improvement was monitored during the first 16 weeks using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and Clinical Global Impression. The mean clozapine dosage was 227.3 (s.d. 34.4) mg/day at the end of the 16 weeks.ResultsThere was an overall statistically significant reduction in all parameters, especially positive symptoms, implying a favourable outcome. Most of the improvement occurred during the first 6 to 8 weeks. The major side-effects were somnolence and drooling (no agranulocytosis).ConclusionClozapine may be a promising drug for the treatment of resistant childhood-onset schizophrenia.

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Filippova, Yu Yu, and A. L. Burmistrova. "Cytokine-neuroendocrine peripheral signature in the context of the “accelerated ageing” phenomenon in autism spectrum and schizophrenia spectrum disorders." Russian Journal of Immunology 24, no. 2 (April 15, 2021): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.46235/1028-7221-988-cnp.

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Currently, differentiation between autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia spectrum disorders in children is a difficult task, because it relies mainly on behavioral and symptomatic characteristics, since these disorders are highly similar. We have previously demonstrated that peripheral indexes of immune and neuroendocrine systems, which we combined into cytokine-neuroendocrine signature, may reflect distinct clinical phenotypes of autism and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Moreover, a number of researchers discovered the “accelerated ageing” phenomenon in the persons with schizophrenia, which includes deficiencies of cognitive functions and performance as the main symptoms. Here we carried out a search for biological markers of the “accelerated ageing” phenomenon in children with autistic conditions and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Our aim was to assess the opportunity of applying the cytokine-neuroendocrine signature as biological evidence of “accelerated ageing” phenomenon in children with autism and schizophrenia spectrum disorders, which could be potentially useful for differential diagnosis of these disorders.Thirteen parameters of the cytokine-neuroendocrine signature were assessed in blood plasma using ELISA method in 82 children with autism, 9 children with schizophrenia, 45 normally developing children, 25 subjects in their reproductive age, and 39 elderly persons: cytokines (IL-6, IL- 1β, IFNγ, TNFα, IL-10, IL-4) and neurohormones (oxytocin, dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, and serotonin). The nonlinear principal component analysis (CATPCA algorithm) was used to assess the variants of cytokine-neuroendocrine signature for different diagnostic categories, i.e., “autism spectrum disorders”, “schizophrenia spectrum disorders”, and “healthy ageing”.The “healthy ageing” variant of cytokine-neuroendocrine signature presented a classic phenomenon, referred to as immune senescence presented by pro-inflammatory age-related cytokines — IL-6, IL- 1β, IFNγ. Only the “schizophrenia spectrum disorders” variant of the cytokine-neuroendocrine signature, unlike all the other signature variants, demonstrated high-level similarity with the “healthy ageing” variant (differing in 2 out of 13 indexes): lower levels of IL- 1β and IFNγ, at the same level of IL-6 “gerontological cytokine” index.Evaluation of the cytokine-neuroendocrine signature can be used for differentiation between autistic disorders and schizophrenia spectrum disorders, including predictive diagnostics in children with autism, thus enabling group selection of children at risk for later conversion to schizophrenia.

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Greve, Aja Neergaard, Rudolf Uher, Thomas Damm Als, Jens Richardt Møllegaard Jepsen, Erik Lykke Mortensen, Ditte Lou Gantriis, Jessica Ohland, et al. "A Nationwide Cohort Study of Nonrandom Mating in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder." Schizophrenia Bulletin 47, no. 5 (March 27, 2021): 1342–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbab021.

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Abstract Nonrandom mating in parents with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder increases the population-level genetic variance among the offspring generation and creates familial (risk) environments likely to be shaped by specific conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of mental disorder and levels of cognitive and social functioning in individuals who have children by partners with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder compared to controls. The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study VIA 7 is a population-based cohort study conducted in Denmark between 2013 and 2016. This study focus on parents diagnosed with schizophrenia (n = 150) or bipolar disorder (n = 100) and control parents (n = 182), as well as their partners without schizophrenia or bipolar disorder (n = 440). We used linear mixed-effect models, and main outcomes were mental disorders, intelligence, processing speed, verbal working memory, and social functioning. We found that parents having children by a partner with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder more often fulfilled the criteria for a mental disorder and had poorer social functioning compared to parents having children by a partner without schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Furthermore, parents having children by a partner with schizophrenia performed poorer on processing speed compared to parents in the control group. The presence of nonrandom mating found in this study has implications for our understanding of familial transmission of these disorders and our findings should be considered in future investigations of potential risk factors for children with a parent with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.

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Sergienko, Aleksey Anatol'yevich, Svetlana Evgen'yevna Strogova, and Natalia Vladimirovna Zvereva. "Neuropsychological and psychometric analysis of the defect at children and adolescents with endogenous mental pathology." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 6, no. 4 (December 15, 2015): 112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped64112-115.

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This article presents a compound neuropsychological/psychometric analysis of manifestations of defects in children and adolescents with endogenous pathologies. The research was organized among children with diagnosed schizophrenia spectrum disorders: child type schizophrenia, schizotypal personality disorder and other forms of schizophrenia. All patients were on the stationary treatment and had verified diagnosis, defect in cognitive sphere was close to oligofrenic like defect. The experimental group (EG) - 74 children (52 boys), average age - 11,0 ± 2,9 years. Control group (CG) - children and adolescents (64 children, among them 38 boys) from Moscow schools, average age - 11,1 ± 3,0 years. The neuropsychological research was taken on 20 children from EG and on 15 children from CG. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of data included the formulation of criteria of marks of the psychometric and neuropsychological results. Based on our research data we distinguish specific compounds of manifestations of certain cerebrum structure dysfunctions and cognitive dysfunctions that are common in children with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. We also illustrate the differences in localization (in interhemispheric cooperation, cortical structures, subcortical structures) of primary dysfunctions in patients diagnosed with various schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Neuropsychological and psychometric analysis had shown that patients by their functional status are heterogeneous group. The defection of intellectual activity is not total but partial with gradual involvement of different aspects.

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Lawn, Rebecca B., Hannah M. Sallis, Amy E. Taylor, Robyn E. Wootton, George Davey Smith, Neil M. Davies, Gibran Hemani, Abigail Fraser, Ian S. Penton-Voak, and Marcus R. Munafò. "Schizophrenia risk and reproductive success: a Mendelian randomization study." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 3 (March 2019): 181049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181049.

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Schizophrenia is a debilitating and heritable mental disorder associated with lower reproductive success. However, the prevalence of schizophrenia is stable over populations and time, resulting in an evolutionary puzzle: how is schizophrenia maintained in the population, given its apparent fitness costs? One possibility is that increased genetic liability for schizophrenia, in the absence of the disorder itself, may confer some reproductive advantage. We assessed the correlation and causal effect of genetic liability for schizophrenia with number of children, age at first birth and number of sexual partners using data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and UK Biobank. Linkage disequilibrium score regression showed little evidence of genetic correlation between genetic liability for schizophrenia and number of children ( r g = 0.002, p = 0.84), age at first birth ( r g = −0.007, p = 0.45) or number of sexual partners ( r g = 0.007, p = 0.42). Mendelian randomization indicated no robust evidence of a causal effect of genetic liability for schizophrenia on number of children (mean difference: 0.003 increase in number of children per doubling in the natural log odds ratio of schizophrenia risk, 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.003 to 0.009, p = 0.39) or age at first birth (−0.004 years lower age at first birth, 95% CI: −0.043 to 0.034, p = 0.82). We find some evidence of a positive effect of genetic liability for schizophrenia on number of sexual partners (0.165 increase in the number of sexual partners, 95% CI: 0.117–0.212, p = 5.30×10 −10 ). These results suggest that increased genetic liability for schizophrenia does not confer a fitness advantage but does increase mating success.

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Davies, Eric J. "Developmental aspects of schizophrenia and related disorders: possible implications for treatment strategies." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 13, no. 5 (September 2007): 384–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.106.002600.

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Schizophrenia and other schizophrenia-spectrum disorders are neurodevelopmental disorders which may share genetic susceptibility factors and represent differential expressions of an underlying vulnerability. Schizophrenia may have its onset in childhood and can be reliably diagnosed. However, developmental factors modulate disease expression in children. Although the prevalence of schizophrenia in childhood is low, children who develop schizophrenia in adult life may show subtle and non-specific developmental abnormalities, consistent with the neurodevelopmental hypothesis. Studies of the schizophrenia prodrome also demonstrate that abnormalities may be apparent years before the onset of positive symptoms. Such evidence raises the possibility of using preventive approaches in the treatment of schizophrenia. Further advances in our knowledge of the aetiopathology of schizophrenia (and the identification of endophenotypes within the group of schizophrenia and related disorders) may further improve our ability to predict disease development, making implementation of preventive interventions more achievable.

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MILLER, P. M., M. BYRNE, A. HODGES, S. M. LAWRIE, and E. C. JOHNSTONE. "Childhood behaviour, psychotic symptoms and psychosis onset in young people at high risk of schizophrenia: early findings from the Edinburgh High Risk Study." Psychological Medicine 32, no. 1 (January 2002): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701004779.

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Background. Several studies suggest that many patients with schizophrenia have pre-morbid neurodevelopmental abnormalities. This study examines how behavioural abnormalities are associated with mild psychotic symptoms and later schizophrenic illness.Methods. Maternal ratings on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) of the early behaviour of 155 subjects were obtained at entry to the Edinburgh study of people at high risk of schizophrenia. These maternal ratings were compared in those with and without psychotic symptoms and used to predict the later onset of psychosis.Results. The CBCL syndrome scores for the children prior to age 13 did not distinguish any of the study groups at entry to the study. In the ratings made for the subjects when aged from 13 to 16, delinquent behaviour and ‘other problems’ were weakly associated with these symptoms. However, with the exception of somatic symptoms and thought problems, the age 13–16 scales were significant predictors of later schizophrenic illness. This was true also for some of the ratings prior to age 13.Conclusions. Various behaviours, in particular, withdrawn and delinquent–aggressive behaviour in adolescents at risk of schizophrenia may predict later onset of the illness. These behaviours, however, are far less predictive of isolated psychotic symptoms prior to psychosis onset.

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Lehtonen, Johannes. "From Dualism to Psychobiological Interaction A Comment on the Study by Tienari and his Co-workers." British Journal of Psychiatry 164, S23 (April 1994): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000292702.

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Although the prevailing conception of the aetiopathogenesis of schizophrenia assumes the combined effect of a biological predisposition and of environmental stress, genetic factors have recently received more attention than environmental ones. Rather than concentrating on only one of these, Professor Tienari and his team have directed their research efforts to clarifying the joint effects of both. For that purpose, they have gathered a comprehensive body of material, starting from 19 447 schizophrenic women with 291 children given away for adoption; of the latter, 155 index children, with their biological and adoptive parents, were ultimately included in their study. A group of 185 control children was collected for comparison, and their parents (adoptive and biological) were also investigated.

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Alves, M., A. R. Rodrigues, A. M. Moreira, and O. Queirós. "The Impact of Parental Schizophrenia in the Development of Behavioral Disorders and Mental Illness in Children." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1328.

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IntroductionParental schizophrenia will potentially cause dysfunction in mother-child relationships, and it will also cause difficulty in adapting to motherhood.ObjectivesWe aim to study the implications of the relationship between mothers with schizophrenia and their children. The psychosocial environment and the impact of dysfunctional relationship in social skills development may cause behavioral disorders in children and further development of severe mental illness taking into account genetic factors and biopsychosocial factors.MethodsNon systematic literature review, through the Pubmed and Medline database, with time constraints.ResultsThe development of schizophrenia is related to genetic and environmental factors. Children of parents with schizophrenia are at increased risk of developing psychiatric disorder compared to the general population. It was found early behavioral disorders, starting between 5 and 8 years old and the difficulties in social interaction may arise at this age and remain until adulthood.ConclusionsIt is important to assess the level of acquisition of social skills in children and families when there is a direct relationship with schizophrenia. It may be important in the future, monitorize the development of these children, as well as be aware of the surrounding social and family environment, to identify and manage early in the presence of behavioral disorders and possible development of serious mental illness. An early intervention at the level of social deficits in children can be a preventive intervention of later schizophrenia development.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Groisman, Adriana E., and Martha L. Seminatore. "Children and Adolescents Who Have Schizophrenia." Pediatrics in Review 24, no. 10 (October 2003): 356–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.24-10-356.

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Groisman, Adriana E., and Martha L. Seminatore. "Children and Adolescents Who Have Schizophrenia." Pediatrics In Review 24, no. 10 (October 1, 2003): 356–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.24.10.356.

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Ambelas, A. "Children, neurological soft signs and schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 182, no. 4 (April 2003): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.182.4.362.

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Leask, S. J., D. J. Done, and T. J. Crow. "Children, neurological soft signs and schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 182, no. 4 (April 2003): 362–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000228377.

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Kerbeshian, J., and L. Burd. "Tourette disorder and schizophrenia in children." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 12, no. 3-4 (September 1988): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7634(88)80057-5.

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Asarnow, Robert F., Keith H. Nuechterlein, David Fogelson, Kenneth L. Subotnik, Diana A. Payne, Andrew T. Russell, Joy Asamen, Heidi Kuppinger, and Kenneth S. Kendler. "Schizophrenia and Schizophrenia-Spectrum Personality Disorders in the First-Degree Relatives of Children With Schizophrenia." Archives of General Psychiatry 58, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.58.6.581.

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Carter, J. W., J. Parnas, A. Urfer-Parnas, J. Watson, and S. A. Mednick. "Intellectual functioning and the long-term course of schizophrenia-spectrum illness." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 6 (September 22, 2010): 1223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710001820.

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BackgroundRecent neurodevelopmental models of schizophrenia, together with substantial evidence of neurocognitive dysfunction among people with schizophrenia, have led to a widespread view that general cognitive deficits are a central aspect of schizophrenic pathology. However, the temporal relationships between intellectual functioning and schizophrenia-spectrum illness remain unclear.MethodLongitudinal data from the Copenhagen High-Risk Project (CHRP) were used to evaluate the importance of intellectual functioning in the prediction of diagnostic and functional outcomes associated with the schizophrenia spectrum. The effect of spectrum illness on intellectual and educational performance was also evaluated. The sample consisted of 311 Danish participants: 99 at low risk, 155 at high risk, and 57 at super-high risk for schizophrenia. Participants were given intellectual [Weschler's Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)/Weschler's Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)] assessments at mean ages of 15 and 24 years, and diagnostic and functional assessments at mean ages 24 and 42 years.ResultsIntellectual functioning was found to have no predictive relationship to later psychosis or spectrum personality, and minimal to no direct relationship to later measures of work/independent living, psychiatric treatment, and overall severity. No decline in intellectual functioning was associated with either psychosis or spectrum personality.ConclusionsThese largely negative findings are discussed in the light of strong predictive relationships existing between genetic risk, diagnosis and functional outcomes. The pattern of predictive relationships suggests that overall cognitive functioning may play less of a role in schizophrenia-spectrum pathology than is widely believed, at least among populations with an evident family history of schizophrenia.

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Androsova, L. V., N. V. Simashkova, O. V. Shushpanova, I. N. Otman, S. A. Zozulya, T. V. Shushpanova, and T. P. Klushnik. "Innate and acquired immunity indices in assessing the clinical severity of patients with childhood schizophrenia." Medical Immunology (Russia) 24, no. 2 (April 20, 2022): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-iaa-2375.

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The results of previous studies suggest pathogenetic role of immune system in the development of schizophrenia. Examination of adolescent and young adult schizophrenic patients showed that the activity/ level of distinct parameters of innate and acquired immunity correlates with acuity and severity of pathological process in the brain. Presumably, evaluation of immune system characteristics in patients with childhood schizophrenia, concerning severity of their clinical symptoms, along with potential therapeutic aspect, may be the basis for early diagnosis of these conditions, and monitoring and prognosis of the further progression of the disease. The objective of our study was to compare clinical and immunological indices in children with schizophrenia to analyze the possibility of using these parameters for determination of the degree of activity of the pathological process. Sixty-two patients (39 boys and 23 girls) from 4 to 17 years of age with childhood schizophrenia were examined. Psychopathological and psychometric methods (PANSS and CGI-S scales) were used to assess mental state of the patients. Immunological parameters were determined in blood serum taken by fingerprick. Activity of leukocyte elastase (LE) and a1-proteinase inhibitor (a1-PI) was determined by spectrophotometric method. To determine the level of autoantibodies to S-100B and MBP, we used enzyme immunoassay. The study revealed activation of innate (by activity of LE and a1-PI) and acquired (by the level of autoantibodies to S-100B and MBP neuroantigens) immunity markers in blood serum of children with schizophrenia. Correlation analysis showed the significant positive correlation between complex evaluation of activation level of the immune system and severity of the patients’ state on the CGI-S scale (r = 0.64, p < 0.0001), as well as severity of negative symptoms according to the PANSS scale (r = 0.34, p = 0.0077). The revealed correlations suggest an opportunity for using immunological parameters (LE and a1-PI activity, and antibodies to neuroantigens), as the additional laboratory criteria for the assessment of clinical state in patients with childhood schizophrenia.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Schizophrenia in children'

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