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1
Vieweg, Victor, James Levenson, Anand Pandurangi, and Joel Silverman. "Medical Disorders in the Schizophrenic Patient." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 25, no. 2 (June 1995): 137–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ttya-a89t-2yt9-uk2a.
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Objective: The primary purpose of this review of medical disorders in the schizophrenic patient is to provide the clinician interested in Consultation/ Liaison psychiatry and psychosomatic issues a comprehensive and current review of the subject. Method: The authors used the Index Medicus and Medline to find recent review articles and research articles related to medical disorders in the schizophrenic patient. Also, the authors described their clinical experience in Consultation/Liaison psychiatry working with schizophrenic patients in a large, tertiary-care academic medical center. Results: The authors divided their review into: 1) mortality and morbidity in schizophrenia, 2) differential diagnosis, 3) specific comorbidity management problems, 4) caring for schizophrenics on medical/surgical wards, and 5) antipsychotic drugs in the medical setting. Schizophrenia remains an important subject for Consultation/Liaison psychiatrists. Conclusions: Schizophrenia and its protean manifestations confound the care of the medical patient. The psychosis of schizophrenia may impair the patient's capacity to recognize or articulate emerging medical illness, or to respond to therapeutic interventions. The psychiatrist caring for and consulting on patients with medical illnesses bears major responsibility for understanding the complex interface of schizophrenia and medical illnesses. Psychiatrists need to educate our medical and surgical colleagues how schizophrenia alters the usual presentation, clinical course, and response to treatment of common medical and surgical illnesses.
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Gallardo, R., E. González, F. García, C. Botillo, J. D. Martínez, C. Salgado, and R. López. "“Mental Illness Awareness in Institutionalized Schizophrenics”." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73093-0.
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Our study aimed to compare the mental illness awareness in institutionalized schizophrenics when compared to non institutionalized schizophrenics.Diagnoses of Schizophrenia was done following the ICD-10 dignosis criteria. We chose a convenience sample of our patients: 74 patients, 69.9% of institutionalized inpatients and a 31.1% of outpatients.Specific survey applied by the group of investigators aiming to collect socio-demographical data and clinical data, using the following psychometric scales: Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD), Global Assessment Scale (GAS), and Clinical Global Impression (CGI).Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS v 15.0, including descriptive statistics and correlation analysis.Differences found among awareness of response to medication and the awareness of social consequences of mental disorders are statistically significant, being higher in the institutionalized group of schizophrenics.
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Kendler, Kenneth S., Catherine C. Masterson, and Kenneth L. Davis. "Psychiatric Illness in First-Degree Relatives of Patients with Paranoid Psychosis, Schizophrenia and Medical Illness." British Journal of Psychiatry 147, no. 5 (November 1985): 524–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.147.5.524.
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This study examines the respective morbid risk for psychiatric illness determined by the family history method in the first-degree relatives of medical controls and patients with delusional disorder (paranoid psychosis) and schizophrenia. The morbid risk for schizophrenia and schizoid-schizotypal personality disorder was significantly greater in the relatives of the schizophrenic patients than in those of the delusional disorder or medical control patients, but no difference in the risk for affective illness or alcoholism was found in the three groups of relatives. Paranoid personality disorder was significantly more common in the relatives of the delusional disorder patients than in those of the medical controls. These results support the familial independence of delusional disorder and schizophrenia.
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Saugstad, Letten F. "Age at Puberty and Mental Illness." British Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 4 (October 1989): 536–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.155.4.536.
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The hypothesis of a neurodevelopmental aetiology of manic-depressive psychosis and schizophrenia is based on the relation between onset of puberty and the final regressive events in the central nervous system (elimination of 40% of neuronal synapses), and the discrepancy in body build in the two disorders which is similar to that between early- and late-maturing individuals. The marked rise in manic–depressive psychoses and decline in schizophrenia, particularly the non-paranoid categories, accompanying the decline in mean pubertal age by some four years during the past hundred years are taken as evidence that manic–depressive psychosis affects early maturers and schizophrenia particularly affects late maturers. Gender differences and social differentials accord with this theory. Redundancy of neuronal synapses characterises manic-depressive psychosis, and reduced density of synapses is a characteristic of schizophrenia, whereas ‘normality’, with optimal synaptic density, is in between.
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Baron, Miron, and Rhoda S. Gruen. "Schizophrenia and Affective Disorder: Are They Genetically Linked?" British Journal of Psychiatry 159, no. 2 (August 1991): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.159.2.267.
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The relationship between schizophrenic ‘spectrum’ disorders and affective illness was studied in the nuclear families of 90 chronic schizophrenic probands. An increased risk of schizophrenia and related disorders was demonstrated among the first-degree relatives of probands with a family history of major affective disorders. Conversely, relatives of probands with a family history of schizophrenic ‘spectrum’ disorders were at a greater risk of affective illness (major depression) than relatives of probands with no family history. These results lend support to the notion that a subset of affective disorders is associated with the liability to schizophrenia.
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Kasow, Zachary M., and Robert S. Weisskirch. "Differences in Attributions of Mental Illness and Social Distance for Portrayals of Four Mental Disorders." Psychological Reports 107, no. 2 (October 2010): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/13.15.pr0.107.5.547-552.
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For individuals with mental illness, others' perceptions of mental illness often limit integration into communities. Perceptions of mental illness manifest as social stigma in the form of social distance and may depend on individuals' attributions of the origins of mental illness. 180 university students completed a survey on attribution of mental illness and social distance across several disorders (psychiatric and physical). Participants indicated greater social distance for severe mental illness (i.e., schizophrenia) than less severe mental illness and physical illness. More desire for social distance may be related to unfamiliarity with severe mental illness rather than less severe mental and physical illnesses. Greater understanding of how individuals perceive mental illness can inform efforts to educate the public.
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Hoon Jeong, Seong, Hee-Yeon Jung, In Won Chung, and Yong Sik Kim. "M171. THE GENE-SHARING RELATIONSHIP OF SCHIZOPHRENIA WITH OTHER MENTAL OR SYSTEMIC DISORDERS: A DISEASE-SIMILARITY NETWORK ANALYSIS FOCUSED ON EGOCENTRIC NETWORK." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S201—S202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa030.483.
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Abstract Background Schizophrenia is an archetypal example that a psychiatric illness may not merely be a mental or a brain disorder but rather a systemic illness. It can be glimpsed from a wide range of biomarkers that span all the imaginable body systems, and from higher co-morbidity with other systemic illnesses. However, quantitative analysis of schizophrenia’s relationship with other diseases are not yet satisfactory. Genome-wide association studies have identified more than hundreds of genetic loci associated with schizophrenia. In turn, these loci are associated with a wide variety of other diseases. From this gene-disease relationship, a bipartite network can be built which, after appropriate projection, could help to map a complex disease-similarity network. In case of schizophrenia, it would reveal the position of schizophrenia among the broader categories of systemic illnesses. Methods DisGeNET is a discovery platform which contains one of the largest collections of gene-disease association data. The major source of the integrated data is the automatized curation from MEDLINE abstract. Therefore, it contains the timestamp of reported gene-disease association. Gene-disease-timestamp (year of publication) triplet was fed into a Neo4J graph database platform. From this, disease-disease relationships with shared gene count and Jaccard similarity score was extracted. The network structure of level 1.5 egocentric network centered upon schizophrenia was inspected. Louvain community detection algorithm was applied to expose underlying group structure among the 1st order alters. For comparison, similar ego-networks centered upon several major psychiatric illnesses were also inspected. Finally, the yearly variation of Jaccard score which reflected the accumulation of research data were monitored. Results The diseases which showed the highest Jaccard score (j) were bipolar disorder (j=0.203) and depressive disorder (j=0.190) as expected. Other diseases with meaningful similarity could be grouped into three communities: 1) psychiatric illness including bipolar/depressive disorder, 2) a variety of malignancies including neuroblastoma (j=0.083), stomach cancer (j=0.070) and pancreatic cancer (j=0.065) 3) other systemic illnesses including multiple sclerosis (j=0.088), metabolic syndrome (j=0.076), myocardial infarction (j=0.073), rheumatoid arthritis (j=0.070), lupus erythematosus (0.056). The gene-sharing relationship with systemic illnesses (malignancies and other) began to be revealed after 2005. Since then, more and more evidences were accumulated to solidify the schizophrenia’s link with systemic illnesses. Discussion Recently, a couple of large-scale epidemiological studies verified the significant correlation between prevalence of schizophrenia and cancer/autoimmune disorders. The present study results may augment these epidemiological data and thus strongly support the concept of schizophrenia as a systemic illness. Gene-sharing and its reflection in prevalence data would indicate deeper link at the level of pathogenesis with systemic illnesses. Recently, many authors contemplated the possible link between schizophrenia and cancer in terms of cell cycle regulation and control of apoptosis. Likewise, others suspected immunological disturbance as the fundamental mechanism of schizophrenia. In this vein, the need for extending the concept of mental disorders as a focused manifestation of systemic illness seems gaining impetus.
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DeVylder, Jordan E. "Preventing Schizophrenia and Severe Mental Illness." Research on Social Work Practice 26, no. 4 (December 18, 2015): 449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049731515622687.
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Jarema, M., and J. Kacperczyk. "The evaluation of the severity of illness, affective blunting and neuroleptic treatment outcome in schizophrenic subgroups." European Psychiatry 8, no. 3 (1993): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924933800001942.
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SummaryIn 61 schizophrenic patients divided into subgroups according to DSM III-R, positive/negative symptoms and Leonhard's classification of systematic and non-systematic schizophrenia, the severity of illness (BPRS) and affective blunting (MARS and RSEB scales) were measured before and after neuroleptic therapy. The evaluation of affective blunting with the use of RSEB revealed more significant differences within schizophrenic subgroups than with the use of MARS. The severity of illness did not differentiate the subgroups studied. The affective blunting was more severe in patients with systematic than with non-systematic schizophrenia as well as in mixed and negative than in positive schizophrenia. The severity of illness correlated however with the severity of affective blunting. Clinical improvement after neuroleptic treatment was more favorable in patients with positive schizophrenia. The diminution of affective blunting after neuroleptic therapy varied among the subgroups.
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Tiandini, Windy, and Dr Khairina. "Schizophrenia Patient’s Need Assessment." Jurnal Psikiatri Surabaya 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jps.v9i1.15026.
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Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness and cause dysfunction in the social, work and family environment. The main goal of the treatment of schizophrenia is recovery that is either physically or mentally completed from loss of symptoms, work function, independent life, and relationships that require the role of the patient and caregiver. Planning therapy for schizophrenic patients is not just medical approval or treatment, but the discussion of basic needs is very important in order to reduce dysfunction in schizophrenic patients and improve their quality of life. The Camberwell Assessment of Need (CAN) is an instrument developed to support several aspects of life and mental well-being and to provide an overview of the needs of schizophrenic patients.
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Mccreadie, R. G., M. A. Connolly, D. J. Williamson, R. W. B. Athawes, and D. Tilak-Singh. "The Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys." British Journal of Psychiatry 165, no. 3 (September 1994): 340–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.165.3.340.
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BackgroundThe aim was to examine in a population of schizophrenic patients the clinical correlates of ‘neurodevelopmental’ schizophrenia and their relationship to putative aetiological factors.MethodPremorbid social adjustment, premorbid schizoid and schizotypal personality traits, and the obstetric history of 40 schizophrenic patients and their 102 sibs were assessed through interviews with their mothers. Patients' premorbid level of intelligence was assessed by the National Adult Reading Test and current symptoms by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Subjective Deficit Syndrome Scale.ResultsPatients had more schizoid and schizotypal traits than their sibs. They showed a deterioration in social adjustment between childhood and adolescence; sibs' social adjustment improved. There were statistically significant associations between current negative schizophrenic symptoms, premorbid deterioration in social adjustment, and schizoid and schizotypal personality traits, and between an early age of onset of illness and the same premorbid assessments. There was no evidence that patients with a family history of severe mental illness leading to hospitalisation, or a history of definite obstetric complications, had poorer premorbid functioning or more severe current symptoms.ConclusionsWe have confirmed clinical correlates of ‘neurodevelopmental’ schizophrenia but found no association between these and obstetric complications or a family history of severe mental disorder.
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Gupta, Swati, Pratibha PK, and Richa Gupta. "Necessity of oral health intervention in schizophrenic patients – A review." Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 6, no. 4 (May 1, 2017): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v6i4.17254.
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Individuals with mental illness often cannot perform day to day activities due to a psychiatric or emotional disorder. Schizophrenia is one such psychiatric disorder characterized by worsening self-care ability with progressing mental illness. This disease may potentially deteriorate oral health by affecting the subject's ability to perform oral hygiene measures. Literature on oral disease manifestations in schizophrenia is limited. Lack of desire for oral health care as well as generally poor awareness of oral health issues in these patients, compounded further by side effects of medications, may complicate dental management in schizophrenic patients. The present review explores clinical features and possible factors associated with oral health status among those with Schizophrenia.
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Owens, D. G. Cunningham, Patrick Miller, Stephen M. Lawrie, and Eve C. Johnstone. "Pathogenesis of schizophrenia: a psychopathological perspective." British Journal of Psychiatry 186, no. 5 (May 2005): 386–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.186.5.386.
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BackgroundDespite interest in early treatment of schizophrenia, premorbid and prodromal symptomatology remain poorly delineated.AimsTo compare pre-illness symptomatology in patients at high risk of schizophrenia who progress to illness with that of high-risk subjects who remain well and with normal controls.MethodUsing Present State Examination (PSE) data, symptomatic scales were devised from participants of the Northwick Park Study of first-episode schizophrenia and scores were compared on the first and last PSEs of participants of the Edinburgh High Risk Study.ResultsAt entry, when still well, high-risk individuals who subsequently became ill (mean time to diagnosis 929 days; s.e.=138 days) scored significantly higher on ‘situational anxiety’, ‘nervous tension’, ‘depression’, ‘changed perception’ and ‘hallucinations' than those remaining well and normal controls, who did not differ. With illness onset, affective symptomatology remained high but essentially stable.ConclusionsIn genetically predisposed individuals, affective and perceptual disorders are prominent before any behavioural or subjective change that usually characterises the shift to schizophrenic prodrome or active illness.
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Matsunaga, Asami, and Toshinori Kitamura. "The effects of symptoms, diagnostic labels, and education in psychiatry on the stigmatization towards schizophrenia: a questionnaire survey among a lay population in Japan." Mental Illness 8, no. 1 (May 18, 2016): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi.2016.6344.
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This questionnaire survey was conducted to study the determinants of stigmatization toward schizophrenia in Japan. A total of 1003 persons living in Kumamoto Prefecture (mean age 25.5; SD=14.1) participated in this study through convenience sampling. They read one of four case vignettes about a person with mental illness and answered questions about their attitudes toward the case. Vignettes varied in terms of descriptions of symptoms (schizophrenia vs. depression) and presentation of the diagnostic label of schizophrenia (yes or no). A path analysis was performed to examine the effects of symptoms, diagnostic label, experience of education in psychiatry, and demographic features on stigmatizing attitudes. Results showed that schizophrenic symptoms, diagnostic label of schizophrenia, and experience of education in psychiatry were significantly associated with stigmatization toward the case. Interaction terms of these variables did not show significant association with stigmatization. These results highlight the importance of optimizing education techniques about mental illness so as to avoid cultivating stigmatizing attitudes toward schizophrenia.
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Martinot, J. L., M. L. Paillère-Martinot, C. Loc'h, P. Hardy, M. F. Poirier, B. Mazoyer, B. Beaufils, B. Mazière, J. F. Allilaire, and A. Syrota. "The Estimated Density of D2 Striatal Receptors in Schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 158, no. 3 (March 1991): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.158.3.346.
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The striatal D2 receptors of 19 untreated schizophrenics and 14 normal control subjects were investigated with PET and 76Br-bromolisuride. The ratio of radioactivity in the striatum to that in the cerebellum was taken as an index of the striatal D2 receptor density. There was no significant difference between the control and the schizophrenic groups, nor any difference between subgroups of patients defined by clinical type or course of illness, and no relationship between the striatum:cerebellum activity ratio and SANS or SAPS ratings of symptoms. Unlike in the controls, this ratio was not correlated with age in schizophrenics. This study suggests that there is no quantitative abnormality of striatal D2 dopamine receptors in schizophrenia.
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Häfner, Heinz, and Wolfram an der Heiden. "Epidemiology of Schizophrenia." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 42, no. 2 (March 1997): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379704200204.
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Objective: To characterize the epidemiology of schizophrenia. Method: Narrative literature review. Results: Each year 1 in 10 000 adults (12 to 60 years of age) develops schizophrenia. Based on a restrictive and precise definition of the diagnosis and using standardized assessment methods and large, representative populations, the incidence rates appear stable across countries and cultures and over time, at least for the last 50 years. Schizophrenic patients are not born into ecological and social disadvantage. The uneven distribution of prevalence rates is a result of social selection: an early onset leads to social stagnation, a late onset to descent from a higher social status. The main age range of risk for schizophrenia is 20 to 35 years. It is still unclear whether schizophrenia-like late-onset psychoses (for example, late paraphrenia) after age 60 should be classified as schizophrenia either psychopathologically or etiologically. In 75% of cases, first admission is preceded by a prodromal phase with a mean length of 5 years and a psychotic prephase of one year's duration. On average, women fall ill 3 to 4 years later than men and show a second peak of onset around menopause. Consequently, late-onset schizophrenias are more frequent and more severe in women than in men. The sex difference in age of onset is smaller in cases with a high genetic load and greater in cases with a low genetic load. Type of onset and core symptoms do not differ between the sexes. The most pronounced sex difference is the socially negative illness behaviour of young men. Conclusions: Among the factors determining social course and outcome are level of social development at onset, the disorder itself (for example, genetic liability, severity of symptoms, and functional deficits), general biological factors (for example, estrogen), and sex- and age-specific illness behaviour.
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Pfeiffer, Carl C. "Mental Illness and Schizophrenia - The nutrition connection." Physiotherapy 74, no. 2 (February 1988): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(10)63711-x.
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Brown, Catana. "Comparing Individuals with and without Mental Illness Using the Daily Activities Checklist." Occupational Therapy Journal of Research 18, no. 3 (July 1998): 84–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153944929801800302.
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This study of the Daily Activities Checklist examined an aspect of construct validity, distinguishing differences between groups, specifically investigating differences in activity engagement in individuals with different types of mental illness (schizophrenia and mood disorders) and individuals without mental illness. The Daily Activities Checklist includes subscales of self-care, community living skills, socialization, and quality of performance. Individuals with schizophrenia (N=19), individuals with mood disorders (N=16), and individuals without mental illness (N=20) completed the Daily Activities Checklist every day for a one-week period. An ANCOVA with age as a covariate was used to examine differences in scores across the three groups. Individuals with mental illness scored lower than individuals without mental illness on the total score and all but one subscale of the Daily Activities Checklist. There was no difference between individuals with schizophrenia and individuals without mental illness on the quality subscale scores. Individuals with schizophrenia scored lower than individuals with mood disorders on the self-care subscale and the total score. These results support the usefulness of the Daily Activities Checklist in evaluating engagement in daily activities.
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Kendler, Kenneth S., Laura Karkowski-Shuman, and Dermot Walsh. "Age at Onset in Schizophrenia and Risk of Illness in Relatives." British Journal of Psychiatry 169, no. 2 (August 1996): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.169.2.213.
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BackgroundFor many common medical and neuropsychiatric disorders, early age at onset reflects high familial liability to illness. However, for schizophrenia, most studies do not find such a relationship.MethodUsing Cox proportional hazard models, we investigate this question in the epidemiologically-based Roscommon family study.ResultsNo relationship was found between age at onset in schizophrenic probands and the hazard rate for schizophrenia in their relatives. Similar results were obtained when the definition of illness was expanded to include schizoaffective disorder and other non-affective psychoses.ConclusionsFor schizophrenia, a ‘common-sense’ model for age of onset (i.e. those with highest familial liability to illness succumb first while those with lower liability survive longer before falling ill) does not seem to apply. Our results are more consistent with a model in which variation in age at onset of schizophrenia is due to random developmental effects or to environmental experiences unique to the individual.
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Kendler, Kenneth S., and Dermot Walsh. "Gender and Schizophrenia Results of an Epidemiologically-based Family Study." British Journal of Psychiatry 167, no. 2 (August 1995): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.167.2.184.
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BackgroundGender may have a significant impact on the prevalence, age at onset, symptoms, course and outcome of schizophrenia, as well as on the pattern of psychopathology in relatives.MethodWe examined these questions in the Roscommon Family Study, in which the probands were epidemiologically sampled from a case registry and followed up an average of 15 years after onset. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 86% of traceable living relatives.ResultsThe treated lifetime prevalence of DSM–III–R schizophrenia was 0.54 ± 0.06% in men and 0.28 ± 0.04% in women. No significant differences were seen in the age at onset, symptoms, course or outcome of schizophrenia. The risks for schizophrenia, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, affective illness and alcoholism were similar in relatives of male and female schizophrenic probands.ConclusionsGender has little impact on the presentation and course of schizophrenia in the west of Ireland. The familial liability to schizophrenia did not differ in affected men and women. No evidence was found that schizophrenia in women, compared to men, is, from a symptomatic or familial perspective, more closely related to affective illness. The substantial gender difference in the prevalence rate of schizophrenia in Ireland cannot be explained by women having a greater resistance to the familial predisposition to illness.
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Robbins, Michael. "Psychoanalytic and Biological Approaches to Mental Illness: Schizophrenia." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 40, no. 2 (April 1992): 425–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000306519204000206.
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Biological psychiatrists tend to look upon the phenomena of mind and meaning, which are the data of psychoanalysis, as meaningless epiphenomena, and propose reductive explanations of complex mental states, whereas psychoanalysis tend to ignore the proliferation of neurobiological data indicating the importance of constitutional factors in mental illness. Interactive models which confuse biological causes and psychological consequences, or vice-versa, are theoretically unsound. A scientific model hierarchy is proposed, along with some principles for coexistence and collaboration between neurobiology and psychoanalysis. The problem is illustrated with schizophrenia, a condition whose probable biological underpinnings are now generally considered to remove it from the realm of psychoanalysis. Schizophrenia-vulnerable phenotypes consistent with organic findings and clinical observations are hypothesized, and some ideas about their development in the context of early object relations, leading to pathological forms of symbiosis, are elaborated. A neurobiological rationale for the psychoanalytic treatment of schizophrenia is presented, and special problems related to the biological and symbiotic substrate are examined.
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Sacker, Amanda, D. John Done, Timothy J. Crow, and Jean Golding. "Antecedents of Schizophrenia and Affective Illness Obstetric Complications." British Journal of Psychiatry 166, no. 6 (June 1995): 734–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.166.6.734.
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BackgroundThis exploratory study seeks to generate new hypotheses about the relationship between obstetric complications and schizophrenia.MethodThe British Perinatal Mortality Survey represents 98% of all births during one week in March 1958 in Great Britain. Present State Examination (PSE), Catego diagnoses of narrowly defined schizophrenia (n = 49), broadly defined schizophrenia (n = 79), affective psychosis (n = 44) and neurosis (n = 93) were derived from case notes for all cohort members. The remainder of the cohort, surviving the perinatal period, acted as controls (n = 16 812). Variables in the British Perinatal Mortality Survey were grouped into five categories: the physique/lifestyle of the mother (including demographic characteristics), her obstetric history, the current pregnancy, the delivery and the condition of the baby.ResultsThere were 7/17 significant differences in maternal physique/lifestyle and obstetric history between the births of schizophrenics and controls, compared to 4/40 comparisons of somatic variables relating to pregnancy, birth and the condition of the baby. This compares with 4/17 and 7/40 for affective psychotics and a total of 4/57 differences for all categories of variables when neurotics were contrasted with controls.ConclusionsThe purported increased risk of obstetric complications in schizophrenics may result from the physique/lifestyle of their mothers.
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Cascella, Nicola. "Medical Illness and Schizophrenia." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 192, no. 11 (November 2004): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000144964.83457.32.
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Kumar, C. T. Sudhir. "Physical illness and schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 184, no. 6 (June 2004): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.184.6.541.
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Flaschen, Reed Cromwell, and Peter Manu. "Medical illness and schizophrenia." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 121, no. 2 (February 2010): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01478.x.
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Lee, Tae Young, and Hang Joon Jo. "Differential diagnosis and comorbid physical illness of schizophrenia." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 64, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2021.64.8.551.
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Background: Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that generally develops during adolescence or early adulthood. However, differentiating it from psychosis caused by a physical illness is difficult due to the phenotypebased diagnostic system. In this review, differential diagnosis of schizophrenia and the comorbid physical illnesses of patients with schizophrenia will be discussed.Current Concepts: Psychotic symptoms can be caused by various physical illnesses, and patients with schizophrenia have many physical comorbidities. Symptoms of psychosis can also be expressed by physical illness including brain tumors, encephalitis, temporal lobe epilepsy, autoimmune disease, and genetic disease. For the differential diagnosis of other physical illnesses that can cause psychosis, biological tests are essential. Depending on the cause, antipsychotics and treatment of physical diseases are required. In addition, patients with schizophrenia have many comorbid medical conditions such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, but the diagnosis rate is low, and the mortality is higher than that of the general population due to untreated medical diseases.Discussion and Conclusion: The differential diagnoses of schizophrenia and physical illness causing psychosis are important. To decrease the high mortality of patients with schizophrenia, periodic physical condition examinations and mental status examinations should be conducted.
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Ottewell, Namino. "Newspaper reporting of mental illness." Journal of Public Mental Health 16, no. 2 (June 19, 2017): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpmh-10-2016-0051.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine a time trend in newspaper reporting of mental illness in Japan between 1987 and 2014. Design/methodology/approach Four high-circulation national newspapers (the Yomiuri newspaper, the Asahi newspaper, the Mainichi newspaper and the Nikkei Newspaper) were selected for analysis. Articles were analysed using qualitative content analysis (n=448). Findings Whilst articles concerning the dangerousness of those with mental illness occupied a high proportion of coverage between 1987 and 2014, an overall shift is apparent whereby there is now more reporting of mental illness in relation to stress than in relation to dangerousness, particularly for depression. In contrast, schizophrenia was often reported in the context of violent crime. Information on the treatment, symptoms and prevalence of mental illness was rarely reported. Social implications While the nature of newspaper coverage of mental illness has been changing, there still is over-representation of dangerousness of mental illness, particularly of schizophrenia. For improving the public’s images of mental illness, it is hoped to reduce the proportion of reporting about dangerousness and to increase the proportion of reporting about treatment, symptoms and prevalence of mental illness and personal stories of those affected. Originality/value The present study is the first to examine changes in Japanese newspaper coverage over time and at the variation in reporting among diagnoses.
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Sweet, Emily. "The Religious Schizophrenic: Why Spirituality is Crucial for Recovery." Athens Journal of Health and Medical Sciences 8, no. 3 (June 24, 2021): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajhms.8-3-2.
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Up to 80% of schizophrenic patients use religion to cope with their illness. These positive spiritual coping strategies are the primary predictor of mental wellness in patients with schizophrenia. Yet, most medical professionals have no religious training and are often ill-equipped to guide their schizophrenic patients in spiritual matters. Typically, religious institutions and modern medicine are not associated together, but what happens when mental health professionals lack the training to assist 80% of their schizophrenic patients who use religion as a coping strategy? Schizophrenic patients whose beliefs are not respected have a higher rate of suicide, face increased stigma and report a lower overall quality of life. Such patients are more likely to decline mentally and drop out of treatment. Some scholars, psychologists and philosophers are now arguing that ignoring the connection between religion and mental wellness is unethical because practitioners are failing to take patient diversity into account. This paper will attempt to answer the following questions: In an increasingly diverse world, is it the responsibility of mental health professionals to learn about their patients’ religious beliefs, especially when their beliefs are so closely intertwined with their chances at successfully managing their illness, such as the case with schizophrenics? Why is it a good idea to consider combining religion and healthcare? Should the increase in diverse patients require additional training for mental health professionals? Is it unethical for a mental health care professional to be ignorant of diverse cultures and religions? What are the dangers of allowing medical professionals, who largely have no training in religious affairs, to guide mentally ill patients? What are the potential solutions for this problem? Which solutions are more effective and why? Are the current practiced healthcare models, which combine medicine and religion, effective? Keywords: schizophrenia, religion, treatment, therapy, psychosis, stigma
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Vargas-Huicochea, Ingrid, Rebeca Robles-García, Carlos Berlanga, Carlos Alfonso Tovilla-Zárate, Nicolás Martínez-López, and Ana Fresán. "Mental health literacy about bipolar disorder and schizophrenia among medical students: a comparative study of illness recognition, treatment, and attitudes according to perception of aggressiveness-dangerousness." Salud mental 40, no. 4 (July 31, 2017): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2017.018.
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Introduction. Lack of information may result in health professionals’ negative attitudes toward individuals with mental illness. Objective. We sought to determine the association between the perception of aggressiveness–dangerousness and illness recognition, suggested treatment, and attitudes regarding schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in a group of medical students. Method. This field study used a non-experimental, cross-sectional comparative design in a purposive sample of medical students. Mental illness recognition, beliefs about adequate treatment, perception of patient’s aggressiveness-dangerousness, and attitudes toward severe mentally ill persons were assessed with previously validated instruments. Results. Of the 104 participants, 54.8% identified a mental health condition in the schizophrenia vignette compared with only 3.8% in the case of bipolar disorder. Most students believed that both diagnoses could lead to aggressive behaviors. Dangerousness was more frequently perceived in the schizophrenia vignette. Discussion and conclusion. It is necessary to sensitize and educate medical students so they have accurate information about symptoms and available treatments for individuals with mental illnesses.
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Ross, Randal G., Julia Maximon, Jonathan Kusumi, and Susan Lurie. "Violence in childhood-onset schizophrenia." Mental Illness 5, no. 1 (February 11, 2013): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mi.2013.e2.
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Violence is elevated in older adolescents and adults with schizophrenia; however, little is known about younger children. This report focuses on rates of violence in younger children with schizophrenic-spectrum illnesses. A retrospective review of structured diagnostic interviews from a case series of 81 children, ages 4-15 years of age, with childhood onset of schizophrenic-spectrum illness is reported. Seventy-two percent of children had a history of violent behavior, including 25 children (31%) with a history of severe violence. Of those with a history of violence, 60% had a least one episode of violence that did not appear to be in response to an external stimulus (internally driven violence). There was no significant impact of age or gender. For many children, these internally driven violent episodes were rare and unpredictable, but severe. Similar to what is found in adolescents and adults, violence is common in children with schizophrenic-spectrum illnesses. General violence prevention strategies combined with early identification and treatment of childhood psychotic illnesses may decrease the morbidity associated with childhood psychotic violence.
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Ross, Randal G., Julia Maximon, Jonathan Kusumi, and Susan Lurie. "Violence in childhood-onset schizophrenia." Mental Illness 5, no. 1 (February 11, 2013): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi.2013.e2.
Full textAbstract:
Violence is elevated in older adolescents and adults with schizophrenia; however, little is known about younger children. This report focuses on rates of violence in younger children with schizophrenic-spectrum illnesses. A retrospective review of structured diagnostic interviews from a case series of 81 children, ages 4-15 years of age, with childhood onset of schizophrenic-spectrum illness is reported. Seventy-two percent of children had a history of violent behavior, including 25 children (31%) with a history of severe violence. Of those with a history of violence, 60% had a least one episode of violence that did not appear to be in response to an external stimulus (internally driven violence). There was no significant impact of age or gender. For many children, these internally driven violent episodes were rare and unpredictable, but severe. Similar to what is found in adolescents and adults, violence is common in children with schizophrenic-spectrum illnesses. General violence prevention strategies combined with early identification and treatment of childhood psychotic illnesses may decrease the morbidity associated with childhood psychotic violence.
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Keshavan, M. S., N. R. Schooler, J. A. Sweeney, G. L. Haas, and J. W. Pettegrew. "Research and treatment strategies in first-episode psychoses: The Pittsburgh experience." British Journal of Psychiatry 172, S33 (June 1998): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000297675.
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Background Studies of first-episode patients allow investigation of the biological basis of psychotic disorders without the potential confounds of prior treatment and illness chronicity. Prospective studies of this population can clarify the impact of illness course and treatment on neurobiology.Method We summarise preliminary findings from our ongoing magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy studies of first-episode schizophrenia patients being conducted prospectively from index evaluations through a period of two years; during this period, patients were treated with either a conventional antipsychotic such as haloperidol, or the atypical risperidone.Results Baseline neurobiological evaluations in first-episode schizophrenia patients have revealed evidence for structural and functional brain abnormalities consistent with a neurodevelopmental model of this illness. Our preliminary data support the value of risperidone as an antipsychotic drug of first choice among patients with early schizophrenic illness.Conclusions Focused studies of first-episode patients have the potential to unravel pathophysiology of schizophrenic illness. Such knowledge is critical for more effective early detection, intervention and even prevention of this enigmatic disorder.
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Morgan, V. A., F. Morgan, G. Valuri, A. Ferrante, D. Castle, and A. Jablensky. "A whole-of-population study of the prevalence and patterns of criminal offending in people with schizophrenia and other mental illness." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 9 (December 13, 2012): 1869–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712002887.
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BackgroundLarge epidemiological studies are needed to better understand the prevalence and profile of offending by people with mental illness. This study used a whole-of-population design to examine the prevalence, type and pattern of offending across all psychiatric diagnoses, including schizophrenia, compared to the general population.MethodWe used whole-of-population longitudinal record-linked data for a cohort of all Western Australians born 1955–1969 to determine arrest history over the period 1985–1996 and to ascertain recorded history of psychiatric illness. Of the cohort, 116 656 had been arrested and 40 478 were on the psychiatric case register.ResultsThe period prevalence of arrest for people with any psychiatric illness was 32.1%. The highest arrest prevalence, by diagnostic category, was for substance use disorders (59.4%); the prevalence for schizophrenia was 38.7%. Co-morbid substance use disorders significantly increased risk of arrest in people with schizophrenia. The prevalence of mental illness among offenders was 11.1%: 6.5% of offenders had substance use disorders and 1.7% had schizophrenia. For the majority of offenders with a psychiatric illness, first arrest preceded first contact with mental health services; for schizophrenia only, this proportion was increasing over time. The mean percentage annual change in the number of arrests during 1985–1996 rose significantly for offenders with a psychiatric illness other than schizophrenia and dropped significantly for those with no mental illness. Compared to non-psychiatric offenders, offenders with schizophrenia were more likely to offend alone, to offend in open places and to target strangers.ConclusionsOur findings open the way to an informed approach to the management of offenders with mental illness.
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Bersani, G., A. Garavini, I. Taddei, G. Tanfani, M. Nordio, and P. Pancheri. "Computed tomography study of pineal calcification in schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 14, no. 3 (June 1999): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(99)80735-4.
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SummaryComputed tomography studies concerning pineal calcification (PC) in schizophrenia have been conducted mainly by one author who correlated this calcification with several aspects of the illness. On the basis of these findings the aim of the present study was to analyze size and incidence of pineal gland calcification by CT in schizophrenics and healthy controls, and to verify the relationship between pineal calcification and age, and the possible correlation with psychopathologic variables. Pineal calcification was measured on CT scans of 87 schizophrenics and 46 controls divided into seven age subgroups of five years each. No significant differences in PC incidence and mean size between patients and controls were observed as far as the entire group was considered. PC size correlated with age both in schizophrenics and controls. We found a higher incidence of PC in schizophrenics in the age subgroup of 21–25 years, and a negative correlation with positive symptoms of schizophrenia in the overall group. These findings could suggest a premature calcific process in schizophrenics and a probable association with `non-paranoid' aspects of the illness. Nevertheless the potential role of this process possibly related to some aspects of the altered neurodevelopment in schizophrenia is still unclear.
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James, Bawo Onesirosan, Joyce Ohiole Omoaregba, and Esther Osemudiamen Okogbenin. "Stigmatising attitudes towards persons with mental illness: a survey of medical students and interns from Southern Nigeria." Mental Illness 4, no. 1 (January 30, 2012): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mi.2012.e8.
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Stigmatising attitudes towards persons with mental illness are commonly reported among health professionals. Familiarity with mental illness has been reported to improve these attitudes. Very few studies have compared future medical doctors' attitudes toward types of mental illness, substance use disorders and physical illness. A cross-sectional survey of 5th and 6th year medical students as well as recently graduated medical doctors was conducted in April 2011. The 12-item level of contact report and the Attitude towards Mental Illness Questionnaire were administered. Partici -pants endorsed stigmatising attitudes towards mental illness; with attitudes more adverse for schizophrenia compared to depression. Stigmatising attitudes were similarly endorsed for substance use disorders. Paradoxically, attitudes towards HIV/AIDS were positive and similar to diabetes mellitus. Increasing familiarity with mental illness was weakly associated with better attitudes towards depression and schizophrenia. Stigmatising attitudes towards depression and schizophrenia are common among future doctors. Efforts to combat stigma are urgently needed and should be promoted among medical students and recent medical graduates.
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Hinkley, Noah, and Jordan Sparks Waldron. "The Effect of Treatability Information and Genetic Explanations on Schizophrenia Stigma." Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research 25, no. 4 (2020): 368–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.jn25.4.368.
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Attributing mental illness to genetic factors has been shown to reduce blame; however, doing so may create other negative attitudes. Genetic attributions can increase the desire to remain distant from someone with a mental illness (desire for social distance), reduce one’s beliefs that an ill person can get better (prognostic pessimism), and cause people living with mental illness to be perceived as more dangerous. Presenting information about how mental illnesses can be treated alongside a genetic causal attribution may combat these negative side effects. Participants (N = 268) were recruited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk to read vignettes about a man (“John”) with schizophrenia. Participants randomly received either a genetic or environmental attribution for John’s illness, and then received treatability information or no information. A genetic explanation of schizophrenia led people to believe that the symptoms of schizophrenia described in the vignette were more permanent, p < .01, ηp2 = .07; however, this finding was qualified by a significant interaction where the type of attribution had no impact on prognostic pessimism when presented with treatability information, p = .04, ηp2 = .01. The present findings suggest the potential importance of emphasizing treatability information for disorders that are perceived to be genetically influenced.
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Ring, Noreen, Digby Tantam, Linda Montague, and Julie Morris. "Negative Symptoms in Chronic Schizophrenia Relationship to Duration of Illness." British Journal of Psychiatry 159, no. 4 (October 1991): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.159.4.495.
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The frequency and distribution of negative symptoms in a sample of 40 patients admitted to hospital with RDC-definite schizophrenia were examined. There was a highly significant positive correlation between negative symptom scores obtained using three different rating scales, but the presence of negative symptoms was not significantly related to duration of illness or number of episodes of illness. These findings do not support a model of negative symptoms being the consequence of schizophrenic relapse, but are in favour of their being an integral component of the schizophrenic syndrome, as salient in the first as in later episodes.
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Williamson, Peter. "Hypofrontality in Schizophrenia: A Review of the Evidence*." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 5 (June 1987): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378703200516.
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This paper reviews the possible role of frontal lobe dysfunction in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Pathological, computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have indicated that a substantial number of schizophrenic patients show structural abnormalities in the frontal lobe areas and other parts of the brain. In some cases, these changes can be correlated with negative symptoms. Attempts to study frontal lobe function with neuropsychological tests, topographic EEG, cerebral blood flow (CBF) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans have also indicated that a substantial number of schizophrenics show abnormalities compared to normal controls. However, these abnormalities can be seen to some degree in other conditions. As well, patients early in the course of their illness tend not to show frontal lobe functional abnormalities. The implications of these findings for current theories of schizophrenia are discussed.
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Awad, A. George. "Drug Therapy in Schizophrenia — Variability of Outcome and Prediction of Response*." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 7 (October 1989): 711–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378903400716.
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In spite of the proven benefits of neuroleptics in reducing acute psychotic symptoms and in preventing relapse in schizophrenic patients, not all schizophrenics benefit equally from neuroleptic therapy. Predictors of response include: demographics, clinical characteristics, neurologic soft signs, neurocognitive functioning, morphologic brain changes, drug blood levels, indices of blockade of the dopamine receptors, subjective response to medications as well as early symptomatic improvement. Methodological difficulties in outcome research in drug therapy are reviewed. No single factor has been identified as a reliable predictor of drug response, and it is unlikely that such a single predictor will prove useful in a heterogeneous illness such as schizophrenia. This paper reviews the factors, which have been suggested as useful in developing better understanding of variability of drug response among schizophrenics.
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Queiros, C., S. Faria, and A. J. Marques. "Perceptions about mental illness in a sample of portuguese polytechnic students." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73188-1.
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IntroductionPeople with mental illness are frequently perceived as dangerous, suffering social stigma and exclusion. Deinstitutionalization movement implies a closer contact between citizen and individuals with mental illness. However, social perceptions can be a barrier to social inclusion, provoking unfavorable attitudes. Some studies found that social rejection is different according the pathology. Vogel and Boysen (2008) found that different mental illnesses provoke different attitudes of social distance. Norman and colleagues (2008) found that social distance was associated with the diagnosis, provoking schizophrenia greater social distance than depression.AimsCompare the perceptions about mental illness (in general), depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.MethodsData were collected using a translation of Mental Illness Stigma Scale (Day, 2007), fulfill on-line and in an anonym way by 315 Portuguese polytechnic students, studying in brief technological courses. The sample was composed by 69% male and 31% female; mean age 26.5 years.ResultsStudents have little contact with people with mental illness (mean = 1.5 in a Likert scale 1–5 points) but they fell comfortable when they contact a friend or a neighbor with mental illness (respectively, mean = 3.2 and mean = 2.7). They present some anxiety when they interact with people with mental illness and they avoid this contact, revealing attitudes of social exclusion. Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder was perceived more negatively than depression.ConclusionsDeinstitutionalization movement provokes more contact between citizens and individuals with mental illness, but social stigma still exist. Students can learn how to interact with those persons without anxiety and help to do better social inclusion.
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Harvey, I., R. Persaud, M. A. Ron, G. Baker, and R. M. Murray. "Volumetric MRI measurements in bipolars compared with schizophrenics and healthy controls." Psychological Medicine 24, no. 3 (August 1994): 689–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700027847.
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SynopsisTwenty-six patients with RDC bipolar disorder were compared with a previously reported group of 48 RDC schizophrenics and 34 healthy controls, using volumetric MRI measurements of cerebral, cortical and sulcal volumes. The bipolar group appeared no different from the controls, and both of these groups had significantly larger cerebral and cortical volumes than the schizophrenics. Our previous report of a significantly reduced cortical volume in the schizophrenic group, with a corresponding increase in the volume of sulcal fluid is, therefore, not a generalized feature of psychotic illness but may be more specific to schizophrenia.
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Goh, Xue Xin, Pek Yee Tang, and Shiau Foon Tee. "8-Hydroxy-2’-Deoxyguanosine and Reactive Oxygen Species as Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Mental Illnesses: A Meta-Analysis." Psychiatry Investigation 18, no. 7 (July 25, 2021): 603–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0417.
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Objective Mental illnesses may be caused by genetic and environmental factors. Recent studies reported that mental illnesses were accompanied by higher oxidative stress level. However, the results were inconsistent. Thus, present meta-analysis aimed to analyse the association between oxidative DNA damage indicated by 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) or 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), which has been widely used as biomarker of oxidative stress, and mental illnesses, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression. As oxidative DNA damage is caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), systematic review and meta-analysis were also conducted to analyse the relationship between ROS and these three mental illnesses.Methods Studies from 1964 to 2020 (for oxidative DNA damage) and from 1907 to 2021 (for ROS) in Pubmed and Scopus databases were selected and analysed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 2 respectively. Data were subjected to meta-analysis for examining the effect sizes of the results. Publication bias assessments, heterogeneity assessments and subgroup analyses based on biological specimens, patient status, illness duration and medication history were also conducted.Results This meta-analysis revealed that oxidative DNA damage was significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder based on random-effects models whereas in depressed patients, the level was not significant. Since heterogeneity was present, results based on random-effects model was preferred. Our results also showed that oxidative DNA damage level was significantly higher in lymphocyte and urine of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder respectively. Besides, larger effect size was observed in inpatients and those with longer illness duration and medication history. Significant higher ROS was also observed in schizophrenic patients but not in depressive patients.Conclusion The present meta-analysis found that oxidative DNA damage was significantly higher in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder but not in depression. The significant association between deoxyguanosines and mental illnesses suggested the possibility of using 8-OHdG or 8-oxodG as biomarker in measurement of oxidative DNA damage and oxidative stress. Higher ROS level indicated the involvement of oxidative stress in schizophrenia. The information from this study may provide better understanding on pathophysiology of mental illnesses.
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Todor, I. "Perceptions and beliefs about mental illness in romania." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72187-3.
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Negative stereotypes and stigmatizing attitudes against mentally ill persons have powerful historical roots in many cultures. The common perspective about these persons, who are unable to defend their rights, is that they are dangerous, violent and unpredictable (Arboreda-Florez & Sartorius, 2008). This paper presents a preliminary investigation regarding the public perceptions and attitudes about schizophrenia using an adapted version of the Opinions about Mental Illness Scale (Cohen & Struening, 1962). The participants were 350 university students and the following five attitudinal dimensions were investigated: authoritarianism (the opinion that people with schizophrenia are not able to respond about their acts and they should be controlled by the society), benevolence (an attitude that could be placed between tolerance and mercy), mental hygiene ideology (the opinion that mental illness is similar with other illnesses and it should be treated adequately by specialists), social restrictiveness (the opinion that mentally ill persons should be restricted in some social domains), and interpersonal aetiology (the belief that the real cause of a mental illness are the problematic interpersonal relations). The implications for the implementation of anti-stigma programs are discussed.
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Thomas, Neil, Darryl Ribaux, and Lisa J. Phillips. "Rumination, Depressive Symptoms and Awareness of Illness in Schizophrenia." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 42, no. 2 (November 9, 2012): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465812000884.
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Background: Depressive symptoms are common in schizophrenia. Previous studies have observed that depressive symptoms are associated with both insight and negative appraisals of illness, suggesting that the way in which the person thinks about their illness may influence the occurrence of depressive responses. In affective disorders, one of the most well-established cognitive processes associated with depressive symptoms is rumination, a pattern of perseverative, self-focused negative thinking. Aims: This study examined whether rumination focused on mental illness was predictive of depressive symptoms during the subacute phase of schizophrenia. Method: Forty participants with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and in a stable phase of illness completed measures of rumination, depressive symptoms, awareness of illness, and positive and negative symptoms. Results: Depressive symptoms were correlated with rumination, including when controlling for positive and negative symptoms. The content of rumination frequently focused on mental illness and its causes and consequences, in particular social disability and disadvantage. Depressive symptoms were predicted by awareness of the social consequences of mental illness, an effect that was mediated by rumination. Conclusions: Results suggest that a process of perseveratively dwelling upon mental illness and its social consequences may be a factor contributing to depressive symptoms in people with chronic schizophrenia.
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Baron, Miron, Jean Endicott, and Jurg Ott. "Genetic Linkage in Mental Illness." British Journal of Psychiatry 157, no. 5 (November 1990): 645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.157.5.645.
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Advances in genetic linkage strategies, including techniques of molecular genetics, augur well for the discovery of disease-related genes in mental disorders. Recent studies showing linkage of chromosomal loci to bipolar affective illness and schizophrenia attest to the potential in the ‘new genetics'. However, the failure to replicate some of the early findings has led to calls for re-evaluation of the methodology in psychiatric research. Problems in studying complex (psychiatric) disorders include diagnostic uncertainties, unclear mode of transmission, aetiological heterogeneity, cohort effects, and assortative mating. Knowing the potential pitfalls in linkage analysis of mental illness should avert spurious findings and will increase the prospects of success.
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Hettema, John M., Dermot Walsh, and Kenneth S. Kendler. "Testing the Effect of Season of Birth on Familial Risk for Schizophrenia and Related Disorders." British Journal of Psychiatry 168, no. 2 (February 1996): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.168.2.205.
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BackgroundAn excess of late winter and early spring births in schizophrenia has been repeatedly demonstrated. Previous evidence has suggested that the risk for schizophrenia may differ in relatives of schizophrenic probands born in this high risk period v. at other times of the year.MethodIn an epidemiologically based family study conducted in the west of Ireland, we examined the relationship between season of birth in schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum probands and the risk for schizophrenia and related disorders in first-degree relatives. Risk was assessed using the Cox proportional hazard method. We examined four birth seasons previously shown to significantly predict risk for schizophrenia.ResultsNeither the risk for schizophrenia nor that for schizophrenia spectrum disorders in relatives was significantly associated with season of birth in probands.ConclusionsSeason of birth does not, in this sample, identify schizophrenic probands with particularly high or low familial vulnerability to illness.
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Birchwood, M., R. Mason, F. MacMillan, and J. Healy. "Depression, demoralization and control over psychotic illness: a comparison of depressed and non-depressed patients with a chronic psychosis." Psychological Medicine 23, no. 2 (May 1993): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700028488.
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SynopsisThis paper explores the hypothesis that depression in chronic schizophrenia is in part a psychological response to an apparently uncontrollable life-event, namely the illness and its long-term disabilities. It is suggested that depression is linked to patients' perception of controllability of their illness and absorption of cultural stereotypes of mental illness. Clinically and operationally diagnosed schizophrenic and manic-depressive patients receiving long-term maintenance treatment were studied. The cross-sectional prevalence of depression in schizophrenics was 29% and 11% for patients with bipolar affective illness. The hypothesis was supported. Multivariate analyses revealed that patients' perception of controllability of their illness powerfully discriminated depressed from non-depressed psychotic patients. Although those patients who accepted their diagnosis reported a lower perceived control over illness and an external locus of control, label acceptance was not associated with lowered depression, self-esteem or unemployment. The cross-sectional nature of the study makes the direction of causality and the role of intrinsic illness variables difficult to ascertain; however, the results set the scene for prospective and intervention studies and the various possibilities are discussed.
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Warnes, Ann, Geraldine Strathdee, and Kamaldeep Bhui. "On learning from the patient: hearing voices." Psychiatric Bulletin 20, no. 8 (August 1996): 490–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.20.8.490.
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This paper presents the coping strategies developed by one patient with 18 years experience of managing her own schizophrenic illness. The interventions which evolved gave her significant control over her illness. We report her experiences and emphasise that for some patients with treatment resistant schizophrenia, the patients themselves may have expertise in managing their symptoms.
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Harding, Courtenay M., Joseph Zubin, and John S. Strauss. "Chronicity in Schizophrenia: Revisited." British Journal of Psychiatry 161, S18 (October 1992): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000298887.
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Derived simply from the Greek workchronos, meaning time, the label ‘chronic’ denotes an illness of long duration or one of frequent recurrence. However, when chronic is paired with schizophrenia, as in ‘this person is a chronic schizophrenic’, the connotation becomes an expectation of deterioration, defect, or deficit states (Cutting, 1983). These perceptions about schizophrenia have pervaded and guided clinical judgements (Feighneret al, 1972; American Psychiatric Association, 1980, 1987), treatment programming (Bachrach, 1979; Lamb, 1981; Strauss & Glazer, 1982), policy formulation (Greenblatt, 1978; Talbott, 1979), and decisions about priority for funding (Kraft, 1981). These perceptions have also stripped hopes of recovery from patients and their families (Chamberlin, 1979; Lovejoy, 1984). Further, the use of phrases such as ‘deinstitutionalisation of chronic mental patients’ glosses over the large heterogeneity of patient types, courses of illness and recovery, and the actual shifts in composition and migrations of groups of patients within society (Lamb, 1979; Leighton, 1982; Harding & Ashikaga, 1982).
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Berenbaum, Howard, Thomas F. Oltmanns, and Irving I. Gottesman. "Hedonic capacity in schizophrenics and their twins." Psychological Medicine 20, no. 2 (May 1990): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700017682.
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SynopsisAudio-taped interviews recorded in the Gottesman–Shields schizophrenic twin series (17 pairs of identical twins, 14 pairs of fraternal same-sex twins, and 12 unpaired twins) were rated for level of hedonic capacity. Schizophrenics who were not hospitalized at the time of their interview were rated significantly lower (more impaired) on hedonic capacity than their normal co-twins. A significant negative correlation was also found between hedonic capacity and severity of illness. Hedonic capacity was found to be genetically influenced, although it appeared to be less heritable than the global diagnosis of schizophrenia. These results are consistent with Meehl's suggestion that reduced hedonic capacity is a heritable personality trait which potentiates the development of schizophrenia among those who are genetically predisposed to the disorder. The results suggest that anhedonia is not a phenotypic vulnerability marker for schizophrenia.