Journal articles: 'Schizophrenia Schizophrenic psychology'

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Angermeyer, Matthias C., Jill M. Goldstein, and Ludwig Kuehn. "Gender differences in schizophrenia: rehospitalization and community survival." Psychological Medicine 19, no. 2 (May 1989): 365–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700012411.

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SynopsisThis study tested the hypothesis that schizophrenic men experience a poorer course than schizophrenic women. A representative sample from Hannover, FRG, including 278 first admission DSM-III schizophrenics, were followed for three years. Findings demonstrated that schizophrenic women experience fewer rehospitalizations, shorter lengths of stay, and survive longer in the community than schizophrenic men. Implications of the role of gender for schizophrenia are discussed.

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Vandamme, Michel J., and Jean-Louis Nandrino. "Temperament and Character Inventory in Homicidal, Nonaddicted Paranoid Schizophrenic Patients: A Preliminary Study." Psychological Reports 95, no. 2 (October 2004): 393–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.2.393-406.

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This study assessed the personalities of 13 murderer schizophrenics using Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory, controlling different factors such as institution, treatment, detention or loss of liberty, and can discriminate between schizophrenic patients involved in homicide, schizophrenics with no past violent behavior, paranoiac murderers, and imprisoned murderers with no psychiatric history. Results show significantly that murderer schizophrenics had significantly higher scores on the subscale, Self-transcendence, than other groups, which suggests that Self-transcendence as measured may be an aggravating factor for schizophrenia and may be found in the personality of schizophrenic subjects who performed homicidal acts. This dimension constitutes a way and an additional element for diagnosis not available with the DSM–IV criteria. It may help understanding and predicting violent behavior among schizophrenic patients.

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Di Nuovo, Santo, Caterina Laicardi, and Cinzia Tobino. "Rorschach Indices for Discriminating between Two Schizophrenic Syndromes." Perceptual and Motor Skills 67, no. 2 (October 1988): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.67.2.399.

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Thinking disturbance and disorder of affects may be different in two subtypes of schizophrenia, the “florid” and the “withdrawal” syndromes. In Exner's approach to the Rorschach system, the diagnostic indicators of disordered thinking may point out large differences not only between schizophrenic and control subjects but also between different types of schizophrenics. The Rorschach protocols of 45 subjects (15 “florid” schizophrenics, 15 “withdrawn” schizophrenics, and 15 controls of the same age and education, matched by sex) were examined on several Exner indices. Compared with the control group, both schizophrenic types confirmed an impairment of perceptual accuracy and of reality testing as well as a reduced emotional control. Compared with the “withdrawn” group, the “florid” schizophrenic subjects showed significantly higher indices of poor perceptual functioning, of an inadequate organizational activity (more Whole and Z responses characterized by negative Form Quality) and greater disordered ideational production.

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Manschreck, Theo C., Brendan A. Maher, Donna Ames, and Margaret L. Schneyer. "Impoverished Written Responses and Negative Features of Schizophrenia." Perceptual and Motor Skills 64, no. 3_suppl (June 1987): 1163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.64.3c.1163.

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Repetition in the written language of schizophrenics and its possible relationships to other aspects of schizophrenic disorders are not well understood. We investigated repetitiousness in written utterances, finding schizophrenic subjects to be more repetitive than affective controls and normal controls. Over-all, written repetitiousness was more strongly correlated with psychopathologic features than oral repetitiousness. As in previous work, thought-disordered schizophrenic subjects produced the most repetitive responses. Poverty of content and illogical thinking were correlated with scores for written repetition. Measures of other negative features, disturbed mental functioning and motor behavior were also associated with repetitiousness in both written and oral modes. That these negative features are linked (namely, linguistic repetitiousness, negative formal thought disorder, voluntary motor abnormalities, and deficient mental functioning) is consistent with Crow's concept of a defect syndrome (Type 2) in schizophrenia.

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O'Carroll, R. E., A. Rogers, S. M. Lawrie, C. Murray, M. Van Beck, K. P. Ebmeier, M. Walker, D. Blackwood, E. C. Johnstone, and G. M. Goodwin. "Laterality of visuo-spatial attention in acute and chronic schizophrenia, major depression and in healthy controls." Psychological Medicine 25, no. 5 (September 1995): 1091–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700037582.

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SYNOPSISPrevious studies have suggested that schizophrenia is characterized by an asymmetry of visuo-spatial attention, in particular that acute unmedicated schizophrenics demonstrate relative inattention to right hemispace, whereas chronically medicated patients demonstrate the opposite pattern. In the present study, 30 unmedicated schizophrenic patients, 32 chronically medicated schizophrenic patients, 30 patients suffering from major depression and 60 healthy controls were assessed using two measures of hemispatial attentional neglect, namely letter and star cancellation. The results demonstrated that the chronic schizophrenic group made more total omissions for star cancellation (in both right and left hemispace), but that there was no difference between the groups in terms of omission asymmetry for either letter or star cancellation.

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Schroeder, J., M. S. Buchsbaum, B. V. Siegel, F. J. Geider, R. J. Haier, J. Lohr, J. Wu, and S. G. Potkin. "Patterns of cortical activity in schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 24, no. 4 (November 1994): 947–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700029032.

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SynopsisEighty-three patients with schizophrenia and 47 healthy controls received positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-2-deoxyglucose uptake while they were executing the Continuous Performance Test (CPT). The entire cortex was divided into 16 regions of interest in each hemisphere, four in each lobe of the brain, and data from corresponding right and left hemispheric regions were averaged. Data from the schizophrenic patients were subjected to a factor analysis, which revealed five factors that explained 80% of the common variance. According to their content, the factors were identified and labelled ‘parietal cortex and motor strip’, ‘associative areas’, ‘temporal cortex’, ‘hypofrontality’ (which included midfrontal and occipital areas) and ‘frontal cortex’. Hemispheric asymmetry was only confirmed for the temporal cortex. Factor weights obtained in the schizophrenic group were applied to the metabolic data of the healthy controls and factor scales computed. Schizophrenics were significantly more hypofrontal than the controls, with higher values on the ‘parietal cortex and motor strip’ factor and a trend towards higher values in the temporal cortex. A canonical discriminant analysis confirmed that the ‘hypofrontality’ and ‘parietal cortex and motor strip’ factors accurately separated the schizophrenic group from the healthy controls. Hemispheric asymmetry was only confirmed for the temporal lobe. Significantly higher factor scores for the left temporal lobe in schizophrenics than in normals were obtained when calculated for the right and left hemisphere separately. Taken together, our results confirm the importance of hypofrontality as a pattern of cortical metabolic rate and point to the potential importance of parietal and motor strip function in schizophrenia.

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Warren, Jerry. "Psychological and Social Integration for Those Labeled Schizophrenic." Psychological Reports 58, no. 1 (February 1986): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1986.58.1.243.

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The scope and etiology of schizophrenia, the negative effects of neuroleptic treatment and involuntary hospitalization, and the lack of psychosocial rehabilitation services in the United States are noted. Self-help communes for former mental patients in Denmark and Germany are briefly described as providing a communal therapy through group meetings and daily communal life that apparently leads to psychological and social integration of individuals previously labeled schizophrenic. The development of similar communes for chronic schizophrenics is proposed for the United States.

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Bernstein, A. S., D. B. Schnur, P. Bernstein, A. Yeager, J. Wrable, and S. Smith. "Differing patterns of electrodermal and finger pulse responsivity in schizophrenia and depression." Psychological Medicine 25, no. 1 (January 1995): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700028087.

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SynopsisNon-response of the autonomic orienting response (OR), as indexed jointly by deficient skin conductance (SCR) and finger pulse amplitude responding (FPAR), has been shown to occur with excessive frequency in the schizophrenic population. The present study is an attempt to replicate earlier evidence that SCR-OR and FPAR-OR, when measured in concert, could distinguish schizophrenic from depressed patients (Bernstein et al. 1988). This issue is critical of the question of diagnostic specificity of OR non-responding, since reduced SCR has been found repeatedly in depression as well as in schizophrenia. We examined SCR and FPAR concurrently in 69 schizophrenic, 45 depressed, and 67 normal subjects. SCR non-responding was more frequent in both schizophrenics and depressives than in normal controls, while only the schizophrenics displayed excessive FPAR non-responding. Moreover, among SCR non-responders, concordant OR non-responding — defined as non-responding indexed simultaneously in both the SCR and FPAR components — was most common in the schizophrenic sample. These findings support our previous conclusion that OR non-responding in depression, may have distinct peripheral origins. Our results also suggest that measuring multiple biochemically distinct components of the OR may be more sound methodologically than obtaining a single channel recording.

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Andrew, B., D. C. Watt, C. Gillespie, and H. Chapel. "A study of genetic linkage in schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 17, no. 2 (May 1987): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700024910.

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SynopsisFamilies with more than one member affected by schizophrenia were identified and their members were interviewed. Four standardized diagnostic definitions (PSE, DSM-III, ICD-9, Feighner) were applied to all subjects who were classified as schizophrenic or not schizophrenic according to each definition. Non-schizophrenic psychiatric disorders which have been shown to be familially associated with schizophrenia were also identified. Twenty blood markers were ascertained for all subjects and evidence of co-segregation with schizophrenia was sought. No selective segregation was found and therefore there was no evidence suggesting linkage or supporting a monogenic theory of transmission of susceptibility to schizophrenia.

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Harvey, I., R. Persaud, M. A. Ron, G. Baker, and R. M. Murray. "Volumetric MRI measurements in bipolars compared with schizophrenics and healthy controls." Psychological Medicine 24, no. 3 (August 1994): 689–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700027847.

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SynopsisTwenty-six patients with RDC bipolar disorder were compared with a previously reported group of 48 RDC schizophrenics and 34 healthy controls, using volumetric MRI measurements of cerebral, cortical and sulcal volumes. The bipolar group appeared no different from the controls, and both of these groups had significantly larger cerebral and cortical volumes than the schizophrenics. Our previous report of a significantly reduced cortical volume in the schizophrenic group, with a corresponding increase in the volume of sulcal fluid is, therefore, not a generalized feature of psychotic illness but may be more specific to schizophrenia.

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Whitaker, Leighton C. "Resolving the Trouble With Schizophrenic Thinking." Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 15, no. 1 (2013): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.15.1.50.

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Psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler declared in 1911 that the primary trouble in the “schizophrenias” is the thinking disorder. Now, a century later, epidemiologic evidence shows that the prevailing disease model is misleading and that the somatic treatments are more damaging than helpful because they rapidly increase disability rates and fail to help patients achieve adaptive thinking ability crucial for fully functioning living. Schizophrenia is claimed to be a disease like diabetes although the “newer antipsychotics” can cause actual diabetes.Empathizing with and understanding the characteristic dynamic gestalt of terror, loneliness, hopelessness, and need for witting awareness can lead to developing crucial thinking ability as terror becomes intense constructive motivation to learn. This orientation, fundamentally opposite in direction from the standard drug treatment, is illustrated with several examples of persons hospitalized for schizophrenic breakdowns. When unhampered by the prevailing drug treatment and focused on the central interpersonal issues, psychotherapy can lead to high levels of adaptive thinking ability in what were persons with severe psychosis. Consequently, persons with schizophrenia can experience for themselves that schizophrenia is neither incurable nor a disease.

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Soyka, Michael, Sebastian Dittert, Martin Schäfer, Andreas Gartenmaier, Gerd Laux, Catja Winter, and Hans-Jürgen Möller. "Psychomotor Performance Under Neuroleptic Treatment in Schizophrenia." Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 12, no. 1 (February 2001): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//1016-264x.12.1.49.

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Abstract: Cognitive dysfunction has been recognized as an important clinical feature of schizophrenia. The possible pharmacological effect of neuroleptics on cognitive and psychomotor function including driving ability is crucial for rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients. Atypical neuroleptics such as risperidone have been shown to improve cognitive deficits in schizophrenics. We conducted a naturalistic nonrandomized clinical study to determine the effect of risperidone on psychomotor function compared to haloperidol in schizophrenic patients. In this study the psychomotor performance of 26 patients, who met the ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia, was assessed by means of ART-90, a computer-based Act & React Testsystem. 11 patients were on risperidone (mean dosage 4.0 mg) and 15 patients on haloperidol (mean dosage 10.5 mg). Patients were examined at discharge after psychopathological stabilization. In some relevant items the patients in the haloperidol group showed more impaired performance compared to the patients in the risperidone group. These preliminary data indicate a possible beneficial effect of risperidone compared to haloperidol on psychomotor performance and driving ability. Further randomized trials are necessary.

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Jundong, J., R. Kuja-Halkola, C. Hultman, N. Långström, B. M. D'Onofrio, and Paul Lichtenstein. "Poor school performance in offspring of patients with schizophrenia: what are the mechanisms?" Psychological Medicine 42, no. 1 (July 7, 2011): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711001127.

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BackgroundOffspring of patients with schizophrenia exhibit poorer school performance compared with offspring of non-schizophrenic parents. We aimed to elucidate the mechanisms behind this association.MethodWe linked longitudinal national population registers in Sweden and compared school performance among offspring of schizophrenic parents with offspring of non-schizophrenic parents (1 439 215 individuals with final grades from compulsory school 1988–2006). To investigate the mechanisms, we studied offspring of schizophrenic patients and controls within the same extended families. We investigated genetic effects by stratifying analyses of parent–child associations according to genetic relatedness (half-cousins, full cousins and half-siblings). Environmental effects were investigated by comparing school performance of offspring of schizophrenic fathers and of schizophrenic mothers, respectively, and by stratifying the analyses according to environmental relatedness while controlling genetic relatedness (paternal and maternal half-cousins, paternal and maternal half-siblings).ResultsOffspring of parents with schizophrenia had poorer overall school performance than unrelated offspring of non-schizophrenic parents (−0.31 s.d.). Variability in genetic relatedness greatly moderated the strength of the within-family association (β=−0.23 within exposure-discordant half-cousins, β=−0.13 within exposure-discordant full cousins, β=0.04 within exposure-discordant half-siblings), while no evidence was found that the environment affected offspring school performance.ConclusionsGenetic factors account for poorer school performance in children of parents with schizophrenia. This supports that cognitive deficits found in individuals with schizophrenia and their relatives might be genetically inherited. Early detection of prodromal signs and impaired functioning of offspring of patients with schizophrenia could lead to earlier and better tailored interventions.

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Cuesta, Manuel J., Victor Peralta, and Amalia Zarzuela. "Psychopathological Dimensions and Lack of Insight in Schizophrenia." Psychological Reports 83, no. 3 (December 1998): 895–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3.895.

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The present study investigated the relationships of psychopathological dimensions of schizophrenia with Insight in a sample of 100 acute schizophrenic patients. Lack of insight was significantly correlated with disorganized, excited and negative schizophrenic dimensions but not with other Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale dimensions. In addition, when insight was assessed through a multidimensional approach, a variety of relationships with the schizophrenic dimensions were found.

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Berenbaum, Howard, Thomas F. Oltmanns, and Irving I. Gottesman. "Hedonic capacity in schizophrenics and their twins." Psychological Medicine 20, no. 2 (May 1990): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700017682.

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SynopsisAudio-taped interviews recorded in the Gottesman–Shields schizophrenic twin series (17 pairs of identical twins, 14 pairs of fraternal same-sex twins, and 12 unpaired twins) were rated for level of hedonic capacity. Schizophrenics who were not hospitalized at the time of their interview were rated significantly lower (more impaired) on hedonic capacity than their normal co-twins. A significant negative correlation was also found between hedonic capacity and severity of illness. Hedonic capacity was found to be genetically influenced, although it appeared to be less heritable than the global diagnosis of schizophrenia. These results are consistent with Meehl's suggestion that reduced hedonic capacity is a heritable personality trait which potentiates the development of schizophrenia among those who are genetically predisposed to the disorder. The results suggest that anhedonia is not a phenotypic vulnerability marker for schizophrenia.

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ALLEN, DANIEL N., GERALD GOLDSTEIN, and ERIN WARNICK. "A consideration of neuropsychologically normal schizophrenia." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 9, no. 1 (January 2003): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135561770391006x.

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Neuropsychological deficits are considered by many to be core features of schizophrenia. However, about 20% of patients with schizophrenia appear to have normal neuropsychological function. This study investigates this subgroup by comparing a “neuropsychologically normal” schizophrenia group to a non-schizophrenic, non-brain damaged patient comparison (PC) sample, and to patients with definitive brain damage who performed normally on neuropsychological testing. All patients completed the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery and were classified as neuropsychologically normal or impaired using the Average Impairment Rating (AIR). In a sample of 113 patients with schizophrenia, 19.5% were classified as neuropsychologically normal. The brain damaged neuropsychologically normal group (BD-NN) consisted of 14.3% of 124 subjects. These groups were compared with a patient non-schizophrenic, non-brain damaged group who were selected on the basis of having an Average Impairment Rating in the neuropsychologically normal range. The neuropsychologically normal schizophrenic group performed less well than the non-brain damaged, non-schizophrenic patient comparison group on a number of tests, indicating that patients in this group may not be completely neuropsychologically normal, and would be better characterized as “high-functioning” or near normal. The results are discussed in regard to possible neurobiological differences between neuropsychologically impaired and intact schizophrenic patients, and implications for course and outcome. (JINS, 2003, 9, 56–63.)

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Hemsley, David R. "Schizophrenic cognition: Taken out of context?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26, no. 1 (February 2003): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x03310027.

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AbstractThis commentary addresses: (a) the problems of definition which have been prominent in the use of the term context in schizophrenia research; (b) potentially useful distinctions and links with other theories of schizophrenic cognition; and (c) possible pathways to schizophrenic symptoms. It is suggested that at least two major aspects of the operation of context may be distinguished and that both may be impaired in schizophrenia.

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Kraus, Alfred. "Phenomenology of the Technical Delusion in Schizophrenics." Journal of Phenomenological Psychology 25, no. 1 (1994): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156916294x00115.

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AbstractTechnical delusions are highly significant for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. What can we learn from the content and the formal aspects of this kind of delusion about the primary schizophrenic experiences underlying the technical delusion and about its meaning and purpose for the patient? In a phenomenological investigation of six schizophrenics, comparing their experiences in technical delusion with the normal experience of technical phenomena, I describe the patient's relationship to himself, to his world, and to others and the modalities of his hallucinatory perceptions. Finally, I discuss the effect of the technical delusion on the patient's relationship to reality.

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Cernovsky, Zack Z., and Johan Landmark. "Correlates of Hysterical Symptoms in Schizophrenic Patients." Psychological Reports 75, no. 1 (August 1994): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.75.1.251.

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The correlations of symptoms of hysteria with 87 symptoms relevant for diagnosing schizophrenia were examined in a sample of 112 patients (70 women and 42 men whose mean age was 38.1 yr., SD = 9.8) with DSM-III diagnosis of schizophrenia. Hysterical symptoms were recorded in 37.5% of the schizophrenics. No significant relationships ( phi coefficients) were found to key symptoms of schizophrenia.

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ROSSELL, S. L., J. COAKES, J. SHAPLESKE, P. W. R. WOODRUFF, and A. S. DAVID. "Insight: its relationship with cognitive function, brain volume and symptoms in schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 33, no. 1 (December 23, 2002): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291702006803.

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Background. Lack of insight is frequently observed in schizophrenia. Relationships have been noted between poor insight, clinical symptoms and cognitive impairments but the findings are inconsistent. There have been some recent attempts to relate poor insight to neuro-anatomical measures.Method. We assessed insight, positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, cognitive performance, and whole brain volumes in a sample of 78 DSM-IV male schizophrenics and 36 normal male comparison subjects matched for age and IQ. Subjects underwent a dual-echo MRI brain scan to establish grey, white and whole brain volumes.Results. Poor Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance inversely correlated with insight in schizophrenic patients, as did the symptoms alogia, anhedonia, avolition/apathy, affective flattening, inappropriate affect, thought disorder and delusions. The presence of inappropriate affect, delusions and thought disorder, showed the most significant impact on insight levels. There were no significant correlations between whole brain, white and grey matter volume and degree of insight.Conclusions. The results suggest that poor insight is significantly related to schizophrenic psychopathology, and confirm that there is a relationship between insight and executive performance. Awareness of illness is not related to any global brain measures, suggesting future investigations should pay attention to more specific cortical regions such as the frontal cortex.

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Gooding, Diane C., and Jacqueline G. Braun. "Cognitive coordination deficits: A necessary but not sufficient factor in the development of schizophrenia." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26, no. 1 (February 2003): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x03290026.

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AbstractThe Phillips & Silverstein model of NMDA-mediated coordination deficits provides a useful heuristic for the study of schizophrenic cognition. However, the model does not specifically account for the development of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. The P&S model is compared to Meehl's seminal model of schizotaxia, schizotypy, and schizophrenia, as well as the model of schizophrenic cognitive dysfunction posited by McCarley and colleagues.

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Woodruff, P. W. R., G. D. Pearlson, M. J. Geer, P. E. Barta, and H. D. Chilcoat. "A computerized magnetic resonance imaging study of corpus callosum morphology in schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 23, no. 1 (February 1993): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700038836.

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SynopsisThe hypothesis tested was that, in schizophrenia, corpus callosum size would be reduced, particularly in the region responsible for communication between both temporal lobes. This is supported by knowledge of: (a) anatomical homotopicity and functional specialization of fibres within the corpus callosum; (b) evidence linking structural and functional deficits of the corpus callosum and left temporal lobe with schizophrenia; and (c) that temporal lobe neuronal fibres pass through the middle region of the corpus callosum. Brain area and corpus callosum areas, widths and length were measured on mid-sagittal MRI scans using a computer outlining method. Scans from 30 schizophrenics and 44 normal subjects were compared. Mid-sagittal brain area, corpus callosum area, length and anterior widths were reduced in the schizophrenic group compared with controls. A significant area difference between schizophrenics and controls was seen in the mid-corpus callosum which communicates between the temporal lobes, including the superior temporal gyri. In schizophrenics, corpus callosum area reduction was not accounted for by brain area shrinkage alone. Differences between the two groups were accounted for by comparisons between males only. These findings support the hypothesis and the possibility that localized abnormalities of bilaterally connected brain regions might have secondary effects on their homotopically distributed fibres within the corpus callosum.

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Vázquez-Barquero, J. L., M. J. Cuesta Núñez, F. Quintana Pando, M. De La Varga, S. Herrera Castanedo, and G. Dunn. "Structural abnormalities of the brain in schizophrenia: sex differences in the Cantabria First Episode of Schizophrenia Study." Psychological Medicine 25, no. 6 (November 1995): 1247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700033213.

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SynopsisThis paper examines structural brain abnormalities, as evaluated by the CT scan, in first episodes of schizophrenia and their association with sociodemographic, diagnostic and clinical variables. The investigation included all patients with a first episode of schizophrenia who, over a 2-year period, made contact with any of the public mental health services of the Autonomous Region of Cantabria in Northern Spain. Diagnostic and clinical characteristics were evaluated through the use of the Spanish version of the Present State Examination (PSE-9) and the Scales for the Assessment of Positive and Negative Symptoms (SANS and SAPS respectively). The study demonstrated the presence of structural brain abnormalities in this sample of first episode schizophrenics. These abnormalities were mainly expressed in the presence of larger VBR for schizophrenic patients than in the controls, these findings being more marked in women than in men. We failed to reveal, however, any evidence of an association of these brain abnormalities with diagnostic or clinical characteristics.

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Crawford, T. J., B. Haeger, C. Kennard, M. A. Reveley, and L. Henderson. "Saccadic abnormalities in psychotic patients. I. Neuroleptic-free psychotic patients." Psychological Medicine 25, no. 3 (May 1995): 461–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700033389.

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SYNOPSISMost of the previous research reporting abnormalities of rapid re-fixation eye movements (saccades) in patients with schizophrenia has used patients receiving neuroleptic medication. In this study non-neuroleptically medicated schizophrenics were compared with other psychiatric patients using a variety of saccadic paradigms to determine the specificity of saccadic dysfunction. The patient groups consisted of schizophrenics (N = 18), bipolar affectives (N = 18), anxiety neurotics (N = 10) and normal controls (N = 31), none of whom had received neuroleptic medication for the preceding 6 months. Four behavioural paradigms, reflexive, predictive, remembered and ANTI were used to elicit saccades. The primary abnormality in the schizophrenic group was a significantly increased rate of distractibility in the ANTI (saccades made towards the target rather than in an opposite direction) and REM (saccades made prior to the imperative cue) paradigms. The major neuropsychological variable predictive of these errors was Wisconsin card sort perseverative errors. These data, in conjunction with findings from previous neurological research, would seem to provide converging evidence towards dysfunction of prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia.

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Onstad, Sidsel, Ingunn Skre, Svenn Torgersen, and Einar Kringlen. "Parental representation in twins discordant for schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 23, no. 2 (May 1993): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700028439.

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SynopsisParental representation was assessed with the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) in 12 monozygotic (MZ) and 19 dizygotic (DZ) same-sexed twin pairs discordant for DSM-III-R schizophrenia. The schizophrenic twins reported less care and more overprotection from both parents than the non-schizophrenic co-twins. Multiple regression analysis disclosed that the results were independent of sex and age. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrated that whether the twins were monozygotic or dizygotic had no impact on the results. A stepwise discriminant analysis showed that difference in perceived paternal protection was the most important variable distinguishing between schizophrenic probands and their non-schizophrenic co-twins.

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Knezevic, Vladimir, Dragan Mitrovic, Svetlana Drezgic-Vukic, Jelena Knezevic, Aleksandar Ivezic, Djendji Siladji-Mladenovic, and Boris Golubovic. "Prevalence and Correlates of Aggression and Hostility in Hospitalized Schizophrenic Patients." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32, no. 2 (July 11, 2016): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515585537.

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This study is aimed at identifying the incidence as well as clinical and socio-demographic correlates of aggression in hospitalized schizophrenic patients. We prospectively recruited participants with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.) diagnosis of schizophrenia presenting to the Clinic for Psychiatry during a 2-year period. We used the Modified Overt Aggression Scale to assess the aggression and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) to assess the clinical characteristics of participants. One out of three patients with schizophrenia (31%) was aggressive and hostile at the time of presentation. Socio-demographic variables (such as gender, age, duration of illness, and number of hospitalizations) were poor predictors of aggression for schizophrenic patients. The level of aggression was not associated with the clinical characteristics in aggressive and hostile hospitalized schizophrenic patients. However, there was a weak negative association between the level of aggression and the PANSS Negative Scale ( p < .01). In conclusion, socio-demographic variables and clinical characteristics seem to be not such good predictors of aggressive behavior in hospitalized schizophrenic patients. Nevertheless, the results of our study contribute to the understanding of the prediction and treatment of aggression in a well-defined cohort of schizophrenic patients.

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Rubino, I. Alex, Monica Verucci, Maria Luisa Savino, Aristotele Hadjichristos, Ferdinando Saraceni, and Christos Hadjichristos. "Percept-Genetic Codings of Defense in Chronic Schizophrenia." Perceptual and Motor Skills 82, no. 2 (April 1996): 483–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.82.2.483.

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Hitherto available studies on the percept-genetic defensive organization of Schizophrenia have not distinguished between acute and chronic stages of the disorder. The present research with the Defense Mechanism Test included 30 chronic inpatients with several years of hospitalization and with acceptable perceptual thresholds. Compared with 30 sex- and age-matched nonschizophrenic psychiatric control patients, schizophrenics resorted significantly more often to (a) regression, (b) disappearance of the peripheral figure, (c) introjection (wrong sex attribution to the hero), and (d) significantly less often to the most mature variants of repression. In a further comparison of a subgroup of 16 women schizophrenic patients and a matched group of melancholic inpatients, the findings on regression, introjection, and repression were replicated.

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Owens, D. G. C., E. C. Johnstone, T. J. Crow, C. D. Frith, J. R. Jagoe, and L. Kreel. "Lateral ventricular size in schizophrenia: relationship to the disease process and its clinical manifestations." Psychological Medicine 15, no. 1 (February 1985): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700020900.

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SynopsisUsing computed tomography, lateral ventricular size was studied in a sample of 112 institutionalized chronic schizophrenic patients (selected from 510 cases to investigate the correlates of the defect state and intellectual decline and the effects of insulin, electroconvulsive and neuroleptic treatment), and compared with matched groups of non-institutionalized schizophrenics, patients with first schizophrenic episodes, institutionalized and non-institutionalized patients with primary affective disorder, and neurotic out-patients. Age was significantly correlated (P< 0·0002) with lateral ventricular size, but the institutionalized schizophrenic patients had significantly larger (P< 0·025) lateral ventricles than the neurotics when age was taken into account. Ventricular enlargement was unrelated to past physical treatment (neuroleptics, insulin coma and electroconvulsive therapy).Within the group of institutionalized schizophrenic patients few correlates of ventricular enlargement were identified; thus in this population increased ventricular size was not clearly associated with the features of the defect state (negative symptoms and intellectual impairment). however, there was a curvilinear (inverted-U) relationship between intellectual function and ventricular size was significantly related to absence of hallucinations, impairment of social behaviour, inactivity and the presence of abnormal involuntary movements.The findings confirm that structural brain changes do occur in chronic schizophrenia, but illustrate some of the difficulties in elucidating the clinical significance of ventricular enlargement. Lateral not bimodal; the relationship to particular features of the disease is complex and likely to emerge only in studies with a large sample size.

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Sacker, A., D. J. Done, and T. J. Crow. "Obstetric complications in children born to parents with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of case–control studies." Psychological Medicine 26, no. 2 (March 1996): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170003467x.

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SynopsisOn the basis of previous findings, we used meta-analyses to consider whether births to parents with schizophrenia have an increased risk of obstetric complications. Meta-analyses were based on published studies satisfying the following selection criteria. The schizophrenic diagnosis could apply to either parent: parents with non-schizophrenic psychoses were not included: only normal controls were accepted. In all, 14 studies provided effect sizes or data from which these could be derived. Studies were identified by data searches through MEDLINE, PSYCLIT and through references of papers relating to the subject. Births to individuals with schizophrenia incur an increased risk of pregnancy and birth complications, low birthweight and poor neonatal condition. However, in each case the effect size is small (mean r = 0·155; 95% CI = 0·057). The risk is greater for mothers with schizophrenia and is not confined to mothers with onset pre-delivery or to the births of the children who become schizophrenic themselves.

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Scholes, K. E., and M. T. Martin-Iverson. "Cannabis use and neuropsychological performance in healthy individuals and patients with schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 40, no. 10 (December 17, 2009): 1635–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291709992078.

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BackgroundThe effects of cannabis use on neuropsychological indices that show characteristic disturbances in schizophrenia are unclear. The effect of cannabis use on these cognitive functions is of particular interest given the hypothesized association between cannabis use and schizophrenia. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of cannabis use on attentional control, working memory and executive functioning, in both healthy individuals and patients with schizophrenia.MethodNeuropsychological performance was assessed in 36 cannabis users who were otherwise healthy, 35 healthy non-users, 22 cannabis-using patients with schizophrenia, and 49 non-using patients with schizophrenia. Participants were administered the Stroop task, the letter–number sequencing and spatial span subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST).ResultsPatients with schizophrenia (both cannabis users and non-users) showed significantly poorer performance across all neuropsychological tasks, relative to controls; however, there were no significant differences between schizophrenic cannabis users and schizophrenic non-users on any measures, with the exception of increased non-perseverative errors on the WCST in cannabis-using patients. Similarly, healthy cannabis users showed no significant differences from healthy non-users in any of the cognitive domains, with the exception of a schizophrenic-like increase in perseveration on the WCST.ConclusionsAmongst both healthy individuals and patients with schizophrenia there appears to be little difference in cognitive performance between cannabis users and non-users, suggesting that cannabis use has only subtle effects on the neurocognitive performance indices assessed here, which have been well established to be disturbed in schizophrenia.

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Roy, Alec, and Ronald Draper. "Suicide among psychiatric hospital in-patients." Psychological Medicine 25, no. 1 (January 1995): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700028233.

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SynopsisWe examined for risk factors for suicide among psychiatric in-patients by comparing 37 in-patients from an Ontario Provincial Psychiatric Hospital who had committed suicide with 37 age and sex matched in-patient controls. Significantly more of the suicide victims had made a previous suicide attempt (62·2 v. 35·1%), suffered from schizophrenia (75·7 v. 35·1%), were involuntary at their last admission (70·3 v. 43·2%) and lived alone (70·3 v. 43·2%). Only six patients committed suicide on the ward. Almost a third of the patients, the majority schizophrenic, committed suicide after having been in the hospital for more than a year. These results suggest that in the psychiatric hospital setting the in-patient at risk for suicide has previously exhibited suicidal behaviour, suffers from schizophrenia, was admitted involuntarily, lives alone and that the risk of suicide may remain high among long-stay schizophrenics.

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Sass, Louis A. "`Schizophrenic Person' or `Person with Schizophrenia'?" Theory & Psychology 17, no. 3 (June 2007): 395–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354307073152.

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Atlas, Jeffrey A. "Birth Seasonality in Developmentally Disabled Children." Psychological Reports 64, no. 3_suppl (June 1989): 1213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.64.3c.1213.

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26 children with diagnoses of autism and 22 children with diagnoses of childhood schizophrenia or a variant thereof were compared on the variable of winter birth. Analyses showed that autistic children had a higher proportion of winter births than schizophrenic children. These findings are related to other research linking winter birth to negative-syndrome adult schizophrenia.

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MORITZ, S., T. S. WOODWARD, and C. C. RUFF. "Source monitoring and memory confidence in schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 33, no. 1 (December 23, 2002): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291702006852.

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Background. The present study attempted to extend previous research on source monitoring deficits in schizophrenia. We hypothesized that patients would show a bias to attribute self-generated words to an external source. Furthermore, it was expected that schizophrenic patients would be over-confident regarding false memory attributions.Method. Thirty schizophrenic and 21 healthy participants were instructed to provide a semantic association for 20 words. Subsequently, a list was read containing experimenter- and self-generated words as well as new words. The subject was required to identify each item as old/new, name the source, and state the degree of confidence for the source attribution.Results. Schizophrenic patients displayed a significantly increased number of source attribution errors and were significantly more confident than controls that a false source attribution response was true. The latter bias was ameliorated by higher doses of neuroleptics.Conclusions. It is inferred that a core cognitive deficit underlying schizophrenia is a failure to distinguish false from true mnestic contents.

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Feldman, Joan, and John Rust. "Religiosity, Schizotypal Thinking, and Schizophrenia." Psychological Reports 65, no. 2 (October 1989): 587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.65.2.587.

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The relationship between religiosity and the incidence of schizotypal thinking was investigated in a normal sample and in acute and chronic schizophrenic samples. The Rust Inventory of Schizotypal Cognitions was administered to measure schizotypal thinking, and two religiosity measures were developed. Religiosity had a significantly negative relationship with schizotypal thinking in normal subjects, while in schizophrenic patients the relationship was positive and significantly different. It is suggested that the process of existential growth of awareness in the normal development of religious belief, which is thought to be associated with schizotypal thinking, may have proceeded differently in persons suffering from schizophrenia.

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Nathaniel-James, D. A., and C. D. Frith. "Confabulation in schizophrenia: evidence of a new form?" Psychological Medicine 26, no. 2 (March 1996): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700034784.

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SynopsisThis study is an attempt to demonstrate confabulation in schizophrenia. Twelve patients who met DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia were matched for age, sex and pre-morbid IQ with 12 volunteers, 9 of whom were normal healthy subjects, with the remainder being depressed patients. To elicit confabulation, subjects were asked to recall narratives. In addition, subjects were examined on a number of neuropsychological tests. Confabulation was denned as recall of information not present in the narrative. Variable amounts of confabulation were observed in all schizophrenics, while only one control subject confabulated. The content and structure of their productions differed from previously reported forms of confabulation in that schizophrenic patients spontaneously rearranged the original narratives to produce new ideas. The amount of confabulation was found to be related to difficulties in suppressing inappropriate responses (Hayling test) and formal thought disorder, but unrelated to understanding of the gist or moral of the narratives. Tentative mechanisms for the process of confabulation are proposed, based on specific difficulties with comprehension, response monitoring and response suppression.

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Osberg, Timothy M. "The Disordered Monologue: A Classroom Demonstration of the Symptoms of Schizophrenia." Teaching of Psychology 19, no. 1 (February 1992): 47–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top1901_13.

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This article describes a demonstration that simulates a verbal encounter with a person experiencing symptoms of schizophrenia. Unannounced, the instructor launches into a monologue that illustrates the disordered thought and speech of a person with schizophrenia. The monologue contains examples of the most common schizophrenic disturbances in the content and form of thought described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev. [DSM-III-R]; American Psychiatric Association, 1987). Students in introductory and abnormal psychology classes find the demonstration engaging and useful.

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Soler, María José, Juan Carlos Ruiz, Inmaculada Fuentes, and Pilar Tomás. "A Comparison of Implicit Memory Tests in Schizophrenic Patients and Normal Controls." Spanish Journal of Psychology 10, no. 2 (November 2007): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600006685.

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The objective of the current study was to compare the performance of schizophrenic patients and normal controls on implicit memory tests. Two neuropsychological tasks were administered to 29 patients and normal participant samples. The implicit tests were: Word fragment completion and Word production from semantic categories. The priming score was the variable of interest. Priming effects are obtained in normal subjects and schizophrenia patients, regardless of the implicit test used. However, a dissociation in priming between normal and patient groups was observed, depending on the test used. For word fragment test, priming was identical between the two groups. However, for word production, priming obtained in schizophrenics was lower than priming in normal controls. Results confirm a dissociation effect in implicit memory tests. These results could be explained in the context of the Roediger and Blaxton (1987) distinction between data-driven and conceptually-driven processing. This evidence suggests that a complete neuropsychological assessment of memory in schizophrenia should include different kinds of implicit memory tests (procedural, perceptual, and conceptual tasks).

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Vlasenkova, I. N., and N. V. Zvereva. "Selectivity of Thinking and Particularity of Association Activity in Different Modalities in Normal and Schizophrenia Children 8–11 Years Old." Клиническая и специальная психология 6, no. 2 (2017): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpse.2017060203.

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The article is devoted to the actual problem of clinical psychology studies of cognitive dysontogenesis in schizophrenic conditions. Evaluation results of particularity of association activity and selectivity of thinking in normal and schizophrenic primary school age children are given. Two samples were examined: 60 schizophrenic children and 60 mentally healthy children at the age from 7 to 11 years old. Experimental psychological author’s complex of techniques for evaluation of verbal associations in response to stimuli of different modalities (olfactory, audio-verbal, visual, tactile) along with evaluation of thinking selectivity and cognitive development level were used. Present research results are discussed in relations with particularity of cognitive deficiency and manifestation of cognitive dysontogenesis in schizophrenic primary school age children. Connections between thinking selectivity disorder and particularities of association activity in different modalities of schizophrenic young schoolchildren are demonstrated. The key research result is following: thinking selectivity disorder in schizophrenia condition is also manifested in the association process of schizophrenic children and doesn’t depend on modality.

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Weyerer, Siegfried. "Social Risk Factors in Schizophrenia." Psychological Reports 74, no. 3 (June 1994): 795–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.74.3.795.

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In analyzing the relationship between social factors and schizophrenia one can distinguish two research strategies. Studies can focus on individual differences or the aggregate level. Several investigations indicate that social factors, e.g., low socioeconomic status, single status, ethnic group, are significantly associated with the prevalence of schizophrenia. To explain this relationship most investigators favor the hypothesis of social selection rather than a social causation. This view is also supported by an ecological study of the incidence of psychiatrically treated schizophrenic disorders in the city of Mannheim.

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Krøll, J. "E. coli antibodies in schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 16, no. 1 (February 1986): 209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700002646.

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SynopsisThe present investigation demonstrates relatively high antibody titres against an E. coli O-antigen in sera from somatically healthy male schizophrenic patients. This observation supports the suggestion that abnormal portasystemic collaterals are relevant to the manifestation of schizophrenia.

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Shioiri, T., Y. Oshitani, T. Kato, J. Murashita, H. Hamakawa, T. Inubushi, T. Nagata, and S. Takahashi. "Prevalence of cavum septum pellucidum detected by MRI in patients with bipolar disorder, major depression and schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 26, no. 2 (March 1996): 431–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700034838.

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SynopsisThe incidence of cavum septum pellucidum (CSP), which has been widely regarded as a developmental anomaly of little clinical importance in neuropathology, was examined in 113 patients with affective disorders (69 with bipolar disorder and 44 with major depression), 40 schizophrenic patients, and 92 control subjects by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Significantly higher incidence of Grade 3–4 CSP (moderate to large) compared with the controls was found only in the schizophrenics. When a broader interpretation of CSP, including indeterminant (Grade 1) and small (Grade 2) CSP was used, three additional patients with bipolar disorder were found to have Grade 1–2 CSP, and the total prevalence of Grade 1–4 CSP in the patients with bipolar disorder was significantly higher than that in the control subjects but slightly lower than that in the schizophrenic patients. CSP was not observed in any patient with major depression. There were no differences between the patients with and without CSP in age, sex, education, or the duration of illness. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that neurodevelopmental abnormality may be present in schizophrenia, and such an abnormality may also be present in some patients with bipolar disorder.

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Stephensen, Helene, and Mads Gram Henriksen. "Not Being Oneself: A Critical Perspective on ‘Inauthenticity’ in Schizophrenia." Journal of Phenomenological Psychology 48, no. 1 (May 15, 2017): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691624-12341322.

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The task of being oneself lies at the heart of human existence and entails the possibility of not being oneself. In the case of schizophrenia, this possibility may come to the fore in a disturbing way. Patients often report that they feel alienated from themselves. Therefore, it is perhaps unsurprising that schizophrenia sometimes has been described with the heideggerian notion of inauthenticity. The aim of this paper is to explore if this description is adequate. We discuss two phenomenological accounts of schizophrenia: Binswanger’s account of schizophrenia as a form of inauthenticity and Blankenburg’s account of schizophrenia as a loss of common sense, which seems construable as a loss of inauthenticity. We argue that the accounts are highlighting aspects of the same underlying phenomenon, viz. schizophrenic autism. Moreover, we argue that Binswanger’s description of schizophrenia as a form of inauthenticity is inadequate and we discuss experiences of self-alienation in schizophrenia.

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Duffy, Louise, and Ronan O'Carroll. "Memory impairment in schizophrenia – a comparison with that observed in the Alcoholic Korsakoff Syndrome." Psychological Medicine 24, no. 1 (February 1994): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700026921.

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SynopsisUntil very recently, memory impairment was not considered to be a central feature of schizophrenia, except in chronic, deteriorated patients. In this study of a heterogeneous sample of 40 patients with DSM-III-R schizophrenia, episodic memory impairment was found to be prevalent, and in some cases, severe. The degree of memory impairment was not attributable to neuroleptic or anticholinergic medication, or to poor motivation or cooperation. These results, therefore, replicate those reported by McKenna et al. (1990) and Tamlyn et al. (1992), who suggested that the pattern of memory impairment in schizophrenia may conform in important respects to that of the classic amnesic syndrome. However, in a direct comparison of the schizophrenic sample with 18 patients suffering from the Alcoholic Korsakoff Syndrome (AKS), both quantitative and qualitative differences were found to exist between the two groups of patients. In particular, the level of long-term episodic memory impairment was found in the AKS sample to be far greater than that in the schizophrenic group. An interesting possible double-dissociation emerged between the two groups; although demonstrating superior episodic memory functioning, the schizophrenic sample were found to perform significantly more poorly than the AKS sample on a test of semantic memory.

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Sartory, Gudrun, Anja Thom, Judith Griese, Donald Young, Mario Butorac, Allessandra Pokraja-Bulian, and Martina Sendula. "Lack of Insight and Concomitant Neuro- psychological Deficits in Schizophrenia." Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 12, no. 1 (February 2001): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//1016-264x.12.1.54.

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Abstract: Lack of insight is a core pathological feature of schizophrenia. It has been assumed to be part of the dysregulation of executive dysfunction evident in this disorder. Lack of insight has also been found to be associated with amnestic disorders. As schizophrenia is additionally characterized by memory deficits, we investigated which of the two cognitive impairments - executive dysfunction or memory deficits - accounted better for lack of insight in this disorder. Eighty-one chronic schizophrenic patients and 38 healthy control probands took part in the study. The patients were recruited in Canada, the UK, Germany and Croatia. Patients were assessed with regard to clinical symptoms and the awareness of mental illness; both groups were administered neuropsychological tests of verbal memory, verbal learning, and executive function. Schizophrenic patients performed less well than healthy controls in all areas of cognitive function. Multiple regression analyses revealed that lack of awareness of schizophrenic disorder is best accounted for by poor verbal memory and disorganization.

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Morrison-Stewart, S. L., D. Velikonja, W. C. Corning, and P. Williamson. "Aberrant interhemispheric alpha coherence on electroencephalography in schizophrenic patients during activation tasks." Psychological Medicine 26, no. 3 (May 1996): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700035674.

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SynopsisThirty schizophrenic patients (20 medicated, 10 off medication) were compared with 30 normal controls subjects matched for age, sex, handedness and intelligence. During the performance of a frontal activation task, normal subjects showed increased interhemispheric coherence between anterior brain regions. Schizophrenic patients did not show the same amount of bilateral anterior activation. During the performance of right hemisphere cognitive activation tasks, normal subjects and medicated schizophrenic patients showed significantly reduced bilateral interhemispheric coherence patterns, while the drug-free schizophrenic patients showed a trend towards this same pattern. It is suggested that these findings provide additional evidence for an aberrant functional organization of the brain in schizophrenia.

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Obiols, Jordi E., Margarida Clos, Eulalia Corberó, Mercè García-Domingo, Isabel de Trinchería, and Edelmira Doménech. "Sustained Attention Deficit in Young Schizophrenic and Schizotypic Men." Psychological Reports 71, no. 3_suppl (December 1992): 1131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.71.3f.1131.

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We studied groups of 39 schizophrenic subjects, 35 schizotypic subjects, and 33 control subjects, comparing them on a standard sustained attention task called the Continuous Performance Test (identical pairs version). The expected negative relationship between performance on sustained attention and psychopathology was confirmed by differences among the three groups which were in the direction predicted, although only the difference between the schizophrenic group and the other two groups was significant. This finding adds evidence to the view from research on high risk and attention with schizophrenic subjects that subtle attention deficits are present among subjects within the schizophrenia spectrum. Consequently, our results can be understood as supporting a dimensional theory of psychopathology.

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Nieznanski, Marek. "The self and schizophrenia: a cognitive approach." Swiss Journal of Psychology 62, no. 1 (March 2003): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//1421-0185.62.1.45.

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The aim of the study was to explore the basic features of self-schema in persons with schizophrenia. Thirty two schizophrenic patients and 32 normal controls were asked to select personality trait words from a check-list that described themselves, themselves as they were five years ago, and what most people are like. Compared with the control group, participants from the experimental group chose significantly more adjectives that were common to descriptions of self and others, and significantly less that were common to self and past-self descriptions. These results suggest that schizophrenic patients experience their personality as changing over time much more than do healthy subjects. Moreover, their self-representation seems to be less differentiated from others-representation and less clearly defined than in normal subjects.

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Capleton, Ronald A. "Cognitive Function in Schizophrenia: Association with Negative and Positive Symptoms." Psychological Reports 78, no. 1 (February 1996): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.78.1.123.

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20 schizophrenic patients were classified as having either predominantly negative ( n = 11) or predominantly positive symptoms ( n = 9), utilizing the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms and the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms. Cognitive functioning was evaluated in these participants and 10 non-patient controls using a word-fluency test and word-generation task. Finally, all participants were evaluated using the Coglab Card Sort Test, a computerized version of the Wisconsin Card Sort Test. The only reliable difference in performance among groups was on perseverative errors on the Coglab Card Sort Test Schizophrenic participants made significantly more perseverative errors than controls and those classified as having primarily negative symptoms made more perseverative errors than those classified as having predominantly positive symptoms. These findings confirm previous reports with respect to cognitive functioning of schizophrenic patients and are consistent with the hypotheses regarding frontal lobe dysfunction in schizophrenia. These data encourage research with larger samples.

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Kerwin, R., P. Robinson, and J. Stephenson. "Distribution of CCK binding sites in the human hippocampal formation and their alteration in schizophrenia: a post-mortem autoradiographic study." Psychological Medicine 22, no. 1 (February 1992): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700032700.

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SYNOPSISThe distribution of cholecystokinin binding sites has been visualized and quantified by quantitative autoradiography in the human hippocampus from post-mortem brains of 11 controls and 11 schizophrenics. CCK receptors were localized to subiculum and parahippocampal gyrus. In the cortical areas there was a particularly dense lamination of receptors.In the schizophrenic material a similar overall pattern was seen, but there were significant losses of receptors in CA1 subiculum and cortex. These findings confirm the distribution of CCK receptors in the retrohippocampal areas in man and also provide further support for earlier homogenate studies which have also shown a loss of CCK binding sites in schizophrenia. This effect was localized primarily to parahippocampal gyrus suggesting that CCK plays some role in the genesis of developmental abnormalities in this region.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Schizophrenia Schizophrenic psychology'

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