Journal articles: 'Schizophrenics Schizophrenia Youth'

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Kaleda, V. G., and M. A. Omelchenko. "The Clinical Course and Prognostic Problems of Youth Depressions with Attenuated Schizophrenic Symptoms." V.M. BEKHTEREV REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY, no. 1 (April 12, 2021): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31363/2313-7053-2021-1-42-52.

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Objective Clinical and follow-up verification of Attenuated Schizophrenic Symptoms (ASS) in the first youth depressive episode as early markers of the schizophrenic process, establishing further variants of the course of the disorder and its outcomes.Materials and methods. 124 young inpatients (averaged age 19,6±2,3 years) with the first depressive episode with ASS were examined. The control group consisted of 27 patients with youth depression without ASS. All patients have been tracked for at least five years. The average follow-up period was 7,1±1,6 years. The HDRS, SOPS, SANS and PSP scales were used to assess the symptomatic and functional outcomes. Statistical analysis was carried out using STATISTICA 12.Results. The typological classification of youth depressions (ASD) with ASS has been developed with the identification of three main types: (1) with attenuated positive symptoms (APS), (2) with attenuated negative symptoms (ANS), and (3) with attenuated symptoms of disorganization. Youth depression with ASS, compared to the control group, is more likely to move into chronic forms, has reliably worse functional and symptomatic outcomes, and is more associated with the diagnosis of schizophrenic spectrum disorders at five years follow-up.Conclusion. Attenuated schizophrenic symptoms in the structure of youth depressions have high affinity to each other, indicating a common pathogenic mechanism of their formation, and also have predicate value as risk factors for schizophrenia.

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Jungbauer, Johannes, Jutta Kinzel-Senkbeil, Juliane Kuhn, and Albert Lenz. "Familien mit einem schizophren erkrankten Elternteil: Ergebnisse einer fallrekonstruktiven Familienstudie." Journal of Family Research 23, no. 1 (April 1, 2011): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-234.

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Objective: This study aims at investigating the impact of a parental schizophrenia on the family members, their everyday life and their relations. For this purpose, we conduct qualitative interviews with mothers and fathers suffering from schizophrenia, their spouses and children. Methods: Interview data is analyzed using casereconstructive as well as content analysis methods. Results: Although results illustrate a great variety of family constellations and burdening circumstances, there are a number of typical patterns: Having children is perceived by affected parents in an ambiguous manner, i.e. as a resource as well as a distress. Relationships of couples and families are often impaired, resulting in a high risk of abandonment of relationships. At the same time, family members strive for normality in everyday life. Normalisation and avoidance strategies can bring about that the schizophrenia becomes a taboo issue within the family. Thus, with regard to their parent’s illness, many of the children are insufficiently informed. Often, the children are overstrained by this situation and, in turn, may develop behaviour disorders, anxiety, or depression. Discussion: In sum, schizophrenia can be considered as a “family disease” as it strongly affects the whole family system. Hence, it is necessary to provide preventive help offers for affected parents, their spouses and children. For delivering support, youth welfare and public health services should cooperate closely. Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: In diesem Beitrag werden Ergebnisse einer fallrekonstruktiven Studie vorgestellt, bei der Familien mit einem schizophren erkrankten Elternteil befragt wurden. Dabei sollte untersucht wurden, wie sich die Schizophrenie auf die Familienmitglieder, ihren Alltag und ihre Beziehungen auswirkt. Methodik: Die Auswertung erfolgte sowohl fall- als auch themenbezogen, wobei inhaltsanalytische und fallrekonstruktive Verfahren eingesetzt wurden. Ergebnisse: Trotz der Vielfalt der familiären Konstellationen und Belastungslagen zeigte sich eine Reihe charakteristischer Muster. Kinder zu haben bedeutet für erkrankte Eltern, sowohl Ressourcen als auch Belastungen zu haben. Paar- und Familienbeziehungen sind oft stark beeinträchtigt und weisen ein hohes Risiko für Beziehungsabbrüche auf. Zugleich wird im Familienalltag eine Normalität jenseits der Erkrankung angestrebt und erlebt. Normalisierungs- und Vermeidungsstrategien können dazu beitragen, dass die Erkrankung zu einem Tabuthema wird. Viele Kinder sind daher unzureichend über die elterliche Schizophrenie informiert. Sie sind in dieser Situation oft überfordert und entwickeln ihrerseits Verhaltensauffälligkeiten, Ängste und Depressionen. Diskussion: Die Schizophrenie kann insofern als „Familienerkrankung“ gedeutet werden, als sie das gesamte Familiensystem beeinflusst, belastet und gefährdet. Aus diesem Grund sollten verstärkt familienorientierte Präventionsangebote bereitgestellt werden, wobei Gesundheitswesen und Jugendhilfe eng miteinander kooperieren sollten.

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Rajji, T. K., Z. Ismail, and B. H. Mulsant. "Age at onset and cognition in schizophrenia: meta-analysis." British Journal of Psychiatry 195, no. 4 (October 2009): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.060723.

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BackgroundThe relationship between cognition and age at onset of schizophrenia is largely unknown.AimsTo compare cognitive deficits in individuals with youth-onset and late-onset schizophrenia with those in adults with first-episode schizophrenia.MethodTwenty-nine databases (including EMBASE, MEDLINE and PsycINFO) were searched from 1980 to 2008. Selected publications had to include healthy controls and analyse separately individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia or a related disorder and individuals with first-episode, youth-onset or late-onset schizophrenia. Descriptive and cognitive data were extracted and the latter aggregated into 22 cognitive measures. Cohen's effect size raw and weighted means of cognitive deficits were generated and compared in the three groups.ResultsIndividuals with youth-onset and first-episode schizophrenia demonstrate large deficits (mean effect size ⩾0.8) on almost all cognitive measures. Individuals with youth-onset schizophrenia demonstrate larger deficits than those with first-episode schizophrenia on arithmetic, executive function, IQ, psychomotor speed of processing and verbal memory. In contrast, those with late-onset schizophrenia demonstrate minimal deficits on arithmetic, digit symbol coding and vocabulary, but larger ones on attention, fluency, global cognition, IQ and visuospatial construction.ConclusionsIndividuals with youth-onset schizophrenia have severe cognitive deficits, whereas those with late-onset schizophrenia have some relatively preserved cognitive functions. This finding supports the view that severity of the disease process is associated with different ages at onset. In addition, the cognitive pattern of people with late-onset schizophrenia suggests that their deficits are specific rather than solely as a result of ageing and related factors.

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Dickson, Hannah, Emily P. Hedges, Shin Y. Ma, Alexis E. Cullen, James H. MacCabe, Matthew J. Kempton, Johnny Downs, and Kristin R. Laurens. "Academic achievement and schizophrenia: a systematic meta-analysis." Psychological Medicine 50, no. 12 (July 20, 2020): 1949–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291720002354.

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AbstractBackgroundCognitive impairments in childhood are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia in later life, but the extent to which poor academic achievement is associated with the disorder is unclear.MethodsMajor databases were searched for articles published in English up to 31 December 2019. We conducted random-effects meta-analyses to: (1) compare general academic and mathematics achievement in youth who later developed schizophrenia and those who did not; (2) to examine the association between education level achieved and adult-onset schizophrenia; and, (3) compare general academic achievement in youth at-risk for schizophrenia and typically developing peers. Meta-regression models examined the effects of type of academic assessment, educational system, age at assessment, measurement of educational level attained, school leaving age, and study quality on academic achievement and education level among individuals with schizophrenia.ResultsMeta-analyses, comprising data of over four million individuals, found that: (1) by age 16 years, those who later developed schizophrenia had poorer general academic (Cohen's d = −0.29, p ⩽ 0.0001) and mathematics achievement (d = −0.23, p = 0.01) than those who did not; (2) individuals with schizophrenia were less likely to enter higher education (odds ratio = 0.49, p ⩽ 0.0001); and, (3) youth reporting psychotic-like experiences and youth with a family history of schizophrenia had lower general academic achievement (d = −0.54, p ⩽ 0.0001; d = −0.39, p ⩽ 0.0001, respectively). Meta-regression analyses determined no effect modifiers.DiscussionDespite significant heterogeneity across studies, various routinely collected indices of academic achievement can identify premorbid cognitive dysfunction among individuals who are vulnerable for schizophrenia, potentially aiding the early identification of risk in the population.

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Lim, Keane, Max Lam, Hailiang Huang, Jianjun Liu, and Jimmy Lee. "Genetic liability in individuals at ultra-high risk of psychosis: A comparison study of 9 psychiatric traits." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): e0243104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243104.

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Individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) of psychosis are characterised by the emergence of attenuated psychotic symptoms and deterioration in functioning. In view of the high non-psychotic comorbidity and low rates of transition to psychosis, the specificity of the UHR status has been called into question. This study aims to (i) investigate if the UHR construct is associated with the genetic liability of schizophrenia or other psychiatric conditions; (ii) examine the ability of polygenic risk scores (PRS) to discriminate healthy controls from UHR, remission and conversion status. PRS was calculated for 210 youths (nUHR = 102, nControl = 108) recruited as part of the Longitudinal Youth at Risk Study (LYRIKS) using nine psychiatric traits derived from twelve large-scale psychiatric genome-wide association studies as discovery datasets. PRS was also examined to discriminate UHR-Healthy control status, and healthy controls from UHR remission and conversion status. Result indicated that schizophrenia PRS appears to best index the genetic liability of UHR, while trend level associations were observed for depression and cross-disorder PRS. Schizophrenia PRS discriminated healthy controls from UHR (R2 = 7.9%, p = 2.59 x 10−3, OR = 1.82), healthy controls from non-remitters (R2 = 8.1%, p = 4.90 x 10−4, OR = 1.90), and converters (R2 = 7.6%, p = 1.61 x 10−3, OR = 1.82), with modest predictive ability. A trend gradient increase in schizophrenia PRS was observed across categories. The association between schizophrenia PRS and UHR status supports the hypothesis that the schizophrenia polygenic liability indexes the risk for developing psychosis.

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Seidman, Larry J., and Allan F. Mirsky. "Evolving Notions of Schizophrenia as a Developmental Neurocognitive Disorder." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 23, no. 9-10 (October 2017): 881–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617717001114.

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AbstractWe review the changing conceptions of schizophrenia over the past 50 years as it became understood as a disorder of brain function and structure in which neurocognitive dysfunction was identified at different illness phases. The centrality of neurocognition has been recognized, especially because neurocognitive deficits are strongly related to social and role functioning in the illness, and as a result neurocognitive measures are used routinely in clinical assessment of individuals with schizophrenia. From the original definitions of the syndrome of schizophrenia in the early 20th century, impaired cognition, especially attention, was considered to be important. Neurocognitive impairments are found in the vast majority of individuals with schizophrenia, and they vary from mild, relatively restricted deficits, to dementia-like syndromes, as early as the first psychotic episode. Neurocognitive deficits are found in the premorbid phase in a substantial minority of pre-teenage youth who later develop schizophrenia, and they apparently worsen by the prodromal, high-risk phase in a majority of those who develop the illness. While there is limited evidence for reversibility of impairments from pharmacological interventions in schizophrenia, promising results have emerged from cognitive remediation studies. Thus, we expect cognitive interventions to play a larger role in schizophrenia in the coming years. Moreover, because youth at risk for schizophrenia can be identified by an emergent high-risk syndrome, earlier interventions might be applied in a pre-emptive way to reduce disability and improve adaptation. The notion of schizophrenia as a developmental neurocognitive disorder with stages opens up a window of possibilities for earlier interventions. (JINS, 2017, 23, 881–892)

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Jalbrzikowski, Maria, Lambertus Klei, William Foran, Beatriz Luna, and Bernie Devlin. "O11.1. MULTIPLE GENOMIC MEASURES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA RISK ARE RELATED TO CORTICAL THICKNESS IN TYPICALLY DEVELOPING YOUTH AND YOUNG ADULTS." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa028.061.

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Abstract Background The incidence of psychotic disorders increases in adolescence and young adulthood. Transition to a psychotic disorder is associated with atypical development of brain structures, specifically protracted developmental course. It is unknown how polygenic risk for schizophrenia and gene expression profiles of schizophrenia risk genes affect typical brain development. The goal of the current study is to examine relationships multiple genomic measures associated with schizophrenia risk and structural neuroimaging measures thickness in typically developing youth. Methods We combined structural neuroimaging and genetic data from three different cohorts of typically developing youth (N=994, 5–30 years old): the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, Pediatric Imaging Neurocognition and Genetics Study, and a locally collected sample at the University of Pittsburgh. All youth were free from psychiatric disorders and not taking psychiatric medications. We used Freesurfer to process the T1-weighted structural scans and calculate subcortical volumes, cortical thickness, and surface area measurements. After regressing out study, sex, ancestry eigenvectors, and grey matter signal-to-noise ratio, we ran principal components analysis on all neuroimaging measures (N=156). We calculated a schizophrenia polygenic risk score using genome-wide summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genome Consortium. Using a generalized linear model, each of the top five principal components was evaluated in relation to the risk score. We then used a computational method, Predixcan, to calculate expected gene expression profiles from the genotype data. We selected 125 genes that were associated with schizophrenia in a previous case-control comparison. Elastic net regression was used to determine significant associations between individual gene expression and the principal components. Results Schizophrenia polygenic risk was statistically associated with the 5th principal component (b=-0.10, p=0.001), which consisted of contributions from multiple measures of cortical thickness. Reduced cortical thickness in frontal and temporal regions was associated with increased genetic liability for schizophrenia. Increased cortical thickness in sensory-motor areas was associated with higher schizophrenia polygenic risk scores. This relationship remained when age was included as a predictor of interest and there were no statistically significant interactions between schizophrenia polygenic risk and age. Sixteen unique gene expression profiles were also associated with this principal component, significantly increasing the proportion of variance explained in this measure (from ~1% with the schizophrenia polygenic risk only to ~6% when including the additional gene expression measures). Many of the genes significantly associated with this principal component have important roles during early fetal brain development, including neuronal migration (e.g., SDCCAG8) and DNA repair (e.g., MLH1). Discussion These results suggest that that genetic risk for schizophrenia has a consistent influence on subtle, individual differences in a distinct spatial pattern of cortical thickness across typical development. This spatial pattern of cortical thickness is also associated with schizophrenia risk genes that have important functions during early brain development. Taken together, these findings suggest that increased genetic risk for schizophrenia is related to early subtle alterations during early brain development, setting up individuals with higher risk profiles to have a small biological vulnerability for later developing the illness.

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O'Callaghan, Eadbhard, Conall Larkin, Oonagh Redmond, John Stack, Joseph T. Ennis, and John L. Waddington. "‘Early-Onset Schizophrenia’ After Teenage Head Injury." British Journal of Psychiatry 153, no. 3 (September 1988): 394–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.153.3.394.

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A 14–year-old youth sustained an Injury to the left frontoparietal area, which was followed by evident change in personality and subsequently by an early-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed ventricular dilatation, slightly more marked in the left hemisphere, and cortical atrophy. Some implications of this case for research on schizophrenia itself are discussed.

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Arsalidou, Marie, Zachary Yaple, Tomas Jurcik, and Vadim Ushakov. "Cognitive Brain Signatures of Youth With Early Onset and Relatives With Schizophrenia: Evidence From fMRI Meta-analyses." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, no. 4 (January 24, 2020): 857–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbz130.

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Abstract Deficits in cognitive function are a major characteristic of schizophrenia. Many functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies examine brain correlates of cognitive function in adults with schizophrenia, showing altered implication of associative areas such as the prefrontal cortex and temporal cortex. fMRI studies also examine brain representation of cognitive function in adolescents with early onset schizophrenia and those at risk of the disorder, yet results are often inconsistent. We compile and analyze data from eligible fMRI studies using quantitative meta-analyses to reveal concordant brain activity associated with adolescent relatives of patients with schizophrenia and those with early onset schizophrenia. Results show similar functional hubs of brain activity (eg, precuneus) yet in opposite hemispheres and clusters in ventrolateral rather than dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. Other areas of altered implication include the middle temporal gyrus, insula, and cerebellum. We discuss the findings in reference to the protracted maturation of the prefrontal cortex and possible effects due to the medication status of the two groups.

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Dalsgaard, S., P. B. Mortensen, M. Frydenberg, C. M. Maibing, M. Nordentoft, and P. H. Thomsen. "Association between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in childhood and schizophrenia later in adulthood." European Psychiatry 29, no. 4 (May 2014): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.06.004.

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AbstractPurpose:To estimate the risk of schizophrenia in adulthood among children and adolescents with ADHD compared to the background population.Subjects/materials and methods:Two hundred and eight youths with ADHD (183 boys; 25 girls) were followed prospectively. Diagnoses of schizophrenia were obtained from The Danish Psychiatric Central Register. The relative risk (RR) of schizophrenia for cases with ADHD, compared to the normal population, was calculated as risk ratios. Hazard ratios (HR's) by Cox regression were calculated in the predictor analyses.Results:Mean age for ADHD cases at follow-up was 31.1 years. Schizophrenia diagnoses were given to 3.8% of these cases. Compared to the general population, RR of schizophrenia in cases with ADHD was 4.3 (95% CI 1.9–8.57).Discussion and conclusion:This prospective follow-up study found children with ADHD to be at higher risk of later schizophrenia than controls. If replicated, these results warrant increased focus on the possible emergence symptoms of schizophrenia or schizophreniform psychosis during clinical follow-up of patients with ADHD.

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Maat, Arija, Sebastian Therman, Hanna Swaab, and Tim Ziermans. "M33. ATTENTUATED POSITIVE SYMPOMS AND FACIAL AFFECT PROCESSING IN HIGH-RISK ADOLESCENTS WITH AND WITHOUT AUTISM." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S146—S147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa030.345.

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Abstract Background Autism and schizophrenia spectrum disorders both represent severely disabling neurodevelopmental disorders with marked impairments in social functioning. Despite an increased incidence of psychosis in autism, and substantial overlap in symptoms and cognitive markers, it is unclear whether such phenotypes are specifically related to risk for psychosis or perhaps reflect more general, idiosyncratic autism traits. Attenuated positive symptoms (APS) currently constitute the best and most-replicated clinical predictors of schizophrenic psychosis, and are common in clinical youth with and without autism. The aims of this study were to test the hypothesis that facial affect processing is impaired in adolescents with APS and to explore whether such deficits are more indicative of psychotic or autistic phenotypes on a categorical and dimensional level. Methods Fifty-three adolescents with APS and 81 typically developing controls (aged 12–18) were included. The APS group consisted of adolescents with (n = 21) and without (n = 32) a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Facial affect recognition and ‘lower-level’ cognitive skills, namely pattern and face recognition, were assessed with the Amsterdam Neuropsychological Tasks. For associations with schizotypal and autistic-like traits the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire and Social Communication questionnaire were used and one-dimensional factor scores were generated with confirmatory factor analysis. Results Our preliminary findings suggest that APS in adolescents is not associated with impairments in pattern, face, or emotion recognition. However, the APS group with autism spectrum disorder generally showed slower reaction times for face/emotional stimuli and they were significantly worse in recognizing fearful expressions than APS participants without autism spectrum disorder and controls. There were no dimensional correlations with schizotypal traits and marginal correlations between autistic-like traits and speed of recognizing faces. Discussion Contrary to our expectations, APS demonstrated limited use in identifying cognitive deficits typical to schizophrenic psychosis. A more autistic-like profile may be characterized by slower reaction times to facial stimuli, suggesting that more complicated and dynamic social cognitive stimuli have a better chance of discerning between autistic and psychotic-like phenotypes.

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Dickson, H., K. R. Laurens, A. E. Cullen, and S. Hodgins. "Meta-analyses of cognitive and motor function in youth aged 16 years and younger who subsequently develop schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 42, no. 4 (September 6, 2011): 743–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711001693.

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BackgroundPrevious reviews have reported cognitive and motor deficits in childhood and adolescence among individuals who later develop schizophrenia. However, these reviews focused exclusively on studies of individuals with affected relatives or on population/birth cohorts, incorporated studies with estimated measures of pre-morbid intelligence, or included investigations that examined symptomatic at-risk participants or participants 18 years or older. Thus, it remains unclear whether cognitive and motor deficits constitute robust antecedents of schizophrenia. Meta-analyses were conducted on published studies that examined cognitive or motor function in youth aged 16 years or younger who later developed schizophrenia or a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) and those who did not.MethodTwenty-three studies fulfilled the following inclusion criteria: (1) written in English; (2) prospective investigations of birth or genetic high-risk cohorts, or follow-back investigations of population samples; (3) objective measures of cognitive or motor performance at age 16 or younger; (4) results provided for individuals who did and who did not develop schizophrenia/SSD later in life; and (5) sufficient data to calculate effect sizes. Four domains of function were examined: IQ; Motor Function; General Academic Achievement; and Mathematics Achievement.ResultsMeta-analyses showed that, by age 16, individuals who subsequently developed schizophrenia/SSD displayed significant deficits in IQ (d=0.51) and motor function (d=0.56), but not in general academic achievement (d=0.25) or mathematics achievement (d=0.21). Subsidiary analysis indicated that the IQ deficit was present by age 13.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that deficits in IQ and motor performance precede the prodrome and the onset of illness.

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Brent, Benjamin K., Heidi W. Thermenos, Matcheri S. Keshavan, and Larry J. Seidman. "Gray Matter Alterations in Schizophrenia High-Risk Youth and Early-Onset Schizophrenia." Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 22, no. 4 (October 2013): 689–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2013.06.003.

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Sugranyes, Gisela, Mireia Masias, Jose Pariente, Emma Muñoz, Daniel Ilzarbe, Mireia Rosa, Adriana Fortea, et al. "S164. HIPPOCAMPAL CONNECTIVITY IN YOUTH WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA: COMPARISON WITH PATIENTS WITH NMDA RECEPTOR ENCEPHALITIS AND HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S98—S99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa031.230.

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Abstract Background The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction model of schizophrenia suggests that dysfunction of these receptors could underlie the brain functional abnormalities characterising these patients. In NMDAR encephalitis (NMDARE), which holds clinical similarities with schizophrenia, autoantibodies target NMDARs, predominantly located in the hippocampal region, leading to disrupted glutamatergic transmission. One study so far has described abnormal connectivity between the medial temporal lobe and posterior default mode network regions in patients with NMDARE (Peer et al., 2017), however no study so far has examined brain functional correlates of schizophrenia and NMDARE comparatively. Methods Patients with schizophrenia (N=16) and with NMDARE shortly after clinical stabilisation (N=15) were recruited within a tertiary setting, and compared with age and sex-matched healthy volunteers (N=20). All individuals were scanned with a 3T Siemens scanner including a functional resting state sequence, during which individuals were instructed to view a fixation cross. A seed-based analysis was performed using a spherical seed of 4mm located in the left hippocampus (MNI coordinates x =-32, y=-24, x=-14). Only grey matter voxels were considered to obtain the seed average signal. BOLD signal was preprocessed including slice timing, motion correction, spatial smoothing, and frequency filtering, and regressed taken into account movement parameters (rigid transformation, frame displacement, and DVARS). Statistics was performed between the correlation maps including age and sex as covariates. Family-wise error (FWE) was used to correct for multiple comparisons. Results Seed to voxel analyses revealed connectivity between the seed and the bilateral thalamus, parahippocampus, precuneus, posterior cingulate, right hippocampus and lateral temporal regions (threshold Fisher’s z > 0.28). We first examined differences in connectivity between both patient groups combined and healthy volunteers, which revealed greater connectivity in patients than in controls between the left hippocampus and the left inferior parietal, postcentral and posterior cingulate gyri (pFWE< 0.05). When examining patient groups individually, patients with schizophrenia continued to exhibit significantly greater connectivity between the left hippocampus and left inferior parietal and postcentral region (pFWE< 0.05) and at near trend level in the posterior cingulate (pFWE= 0.15). NMDARE patients also presented near trend level increased connectivity in the posterior cingulate and postcentral gyri (pFWE= 0.10). There were no differences in functional connectivity of the left hippocampus between patients with schizophrenia and with NMDARE. Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare patients with schizophrenia with patients with NMDARE using measures of brain function. We found that, for both conditions, the left hippocampus showed greater connectivity with areas belonging to the posterior default mode network. Connectivity between these regions has been associated with psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia (Lefebvre et al., 2016). Our findings suggest that this alteration could also underlie neuropsychiatric symptoms in NMDARE, and provides further evidence that NMDAR dysfunction may underpin the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

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Hollis, Chris. "Schizophrenia in children and adolescents." BJPsych Advances 21, no. 5 (September 2015): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.114.014076.

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SummaryThis article summarises new research, together with core features, course and outcome of schizophrenia with onset in childhood and adolescence, and investigates its neurobiology and continuity into adult life. It concludes that, in conformity with other disorders of childhood, adult-based diagnostic criteria have validity in adolescence. Sadly, the disorder has a poorer outcome when onset is in youth.

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MacKenzie, L. E., V. C. Patterson, A. Zwicker, V. Drobinin, H. L. Fisher, S. Abidi, A. N. Greve, et al. "Hot and cold executive functions in youth with psychotic symptoms." Psychological Medicine 47, no. 16 (June 7, 2017): 2844–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291717001374.

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BackgroundPsychotic symptoms are common in children and adolescents and may be early manifestations of liability to severe mental illness (SMI), including schizophrenia. SMI and psychotic symptoms are associated with impairment in executive functions. However, previous studies have not differentiated between ‘cold’ and ‘hot’ executive functions. We hypothesized that the propensity for psychotic symptoms is specifically associated with impairment in ‘hot’ executive functions, such as decision-making in the context of uncertain rewards and losses.MethodsIn a cohort of 156 youth (mean age 12.5, range 7–24 years) enriched for familial risk of SMI, we measured cold and hot executive functions with the spatial working memory (SWM) task (total errors) and the Cambridge Gambling Task (decision-making), respectively. We assessed psychotic symptoms using the semi-structured Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia interview, Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes, Funny Feelings, and Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument – Child and Youth version.ResultsIn total 69 (44.23%) youth reported psychotic symptoms on one or more assessments. Cold executive functioning, indexed with SWM errors, was not significantly related to psychotic symptoms [odds ratio (OR) 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85–2.17, p = 0.204). Poor hot executive functioning, indexed as decision-making score, was associated with psychotic symptoms after adjustment for age, sex and familial clustering (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.25–4.50, p = 0.008). The association between worse hot executive functions and psychotic symptoms remained significant in sensitivity analyses controlling for general cognitive ability and cold executive functions.ConclusionsImpaired hot executive functions may be an indicator of risk and a target for pre-emptive early interventions in youth.

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Wilson, Thomas E., Tommie Lee White, and Robin Heiber. "Reparenting Schizophrenic Youth in a Hospital Setting." Transactional Analysis Journal 15, no. 3 (July 1985): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036215378501500305.

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Hodgins, S., P. Larm, and J. Westerman. "Individuals developing schizophrenia are hidden among adolescent substance misusers." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 14 (August 15, 2016): 3041–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291716001781.

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BackgroundStrategies are needed to identify youth developing schizophrenia. The present study aimed to determine whether adolescents treated for substance misuse were at elevated risk to develop schizophrenia, whether this risk has changed since the late 1960s, and whether substance misuse in adolescence predicted poorer outcomes through adulthood.MethodIn a Swedish city, since the mid-1960s there has been only one clinic for adolescent substance misuse. Three samples from this clinic were studied: 1992 individuals treated from 1968 to 1971 followed to age 50 years; 1576 treated from 1980 to 1984 followed to age 35 years; and 180 treated in 2004 followed to age 22 years. Each clinical sample was matched on age, sex and place of birth to an equal, or larger, number of randomly selected individuals from the general population. Schizophrenia, substance use disorders, physical disorders related to substance misuse, criminal convictions, poverty and death were identified using national registers.ResultsIndividuals treated for substance misuse in adolescence were at increased risk to subsequently develop schizophrenia: in males the increase was approximately four-fold and in females between five- and seven-fold. There was no difference in risk for those treated in 1968–1971 and from 1980 to 1984 when cannabis use increased from 37.6% to 49.8% of the clinical samples. Among males who developed schizophrenia, treatment for substance misuse was associated with increased risk of substance use disorders and criminal convictions through adulthood.ConclusionsTreatment programmes for adolescents misusing substances include a disproportionate number developing schizophrenia. Early detection and treatment have the potential to improve long-term outcomes.

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Martin, Ann Marie, Katherine Stavropoulos, and Jan Blacher. "Differential diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder and early onset schizophrenia: two clinical cases." Advances in Autism 6, no. 2 (February 13, 2020): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aia-11-2019-0043.

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Purpose Historically, children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were sometimes diagnosed with schizophrenia or major psychosis. Although significant advancements in the process of differential diagnosis have been made since 1950s, there still exists a problematic delay in diagnosis due to overlap of symptoms. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia can mimic the social difficulties and stereotyped behaviors characteristic of ASD, whereas positive symptoms of schizophrenia can be perceived as restricted and repetitive behaviors, complicating the diagnostic process. The purpose of this paper is to present two clinical cases that highlight the complexities in differential diagnosis of early psychosis, schizophrenia and ASD. Design/methodology/approach Two females, 14 and 16 years of age, were referred to a free screening clinic in Southern California to be assessed for possible ASD. Both females were referred because of the presentation of restricted and repetitive behaviors and social communication difficulties. Both females and their families were administered a battery of measures to ascertain the youths’ cognitive functioning, adaptive living skills and severity of autism-related behaviors. Findings The 14-year-old presented with early-stage (prodromal or at-risk mental state) psychosis; 16-year-old met criteria for schizophrenia. Both were referred to clinics specializing in treatment for psychosis and/or schizophrenia. Neither met criteria for ASD. Originality/value More published studies are needed on the overlap of symptoms between ASD and schizophrenia to help prevent diagnostic overshadowing of autistic symptoms and promote treatment during the early stages of psychosis. This is particularly important given the strong evidence that early treatment for psychosis improves social, cognitive and functional outcomes.

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Radoeva, Petya D., Wanda Fremont, Kevin M. Antshel, and Wendy R. Kates. "Longitudinal study of premorbid adjustment in 22q11.2 deletion (velocardiofacial) syndrome and association with psychosis." Development and Psychopathology 29, no. 1 (February 11, 2016): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579416000018.

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AbstractVelocardiofacial syndrome, also known as 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), is associated with an increased risk of major psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. The emergence of psychotic symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia in the general population is often preceded by a premorbid period of poor or worsening social and/or academic functioning. Our current study evaluated premorbid adjustment (via the Cannon–Spoor Premorbid Adjustment Scale [PAS]) and psychotic symptoms (via the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms and the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children—Present and Lifetime Version) in youth with 22q11DS (N = 96), unaffected siblings (N = 40), and community controls (N = 50). The PAS scores indicated greater maladjustment during all developmental periods in individuals with 22q11DS compared to the controls. Many participants with 22q11DS had chronically poor (n = 33) or deteriorating (n = 6) PAS scores. In 22q11DS, chronically poor PAS trajectories and poor childhood and early adolescence academic domain and total PAS scores significantly increased the risk of prodromal symptoms or overt psychosis. Taking into account the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genotype, the best predictor of (prodromal) psychosis was the early adolescence academic domain score, which yielded higher sensitivity and specificity in the subgroup of youth with 22q11DS and the high-activity (valine) allele. PAS scores may help identify individuals at higher risk for psychosis.

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Makara-Studzińska, Marta, Małgorzata Wołyniak, and Karolina Kryś. "Influence of Anxiety and Depression on Quality of Life of People with Schizophrenia in the Eastern Region of Poland." ISRN Psychiatry 2012 (February 19, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/839324.

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Schizophrenia is the most severe and most debilitating mental illness, which is one of the first ten causes of disability in youth and elderly people. Regarding many consequences that schizophrenia brings for individual and social functioning of ill people, their assessment of the quality of their lives seems to be interesting. The aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence and severity of anxiety and depression as well as analysis of the impact level of anxiety and depression on life quality of people with schizophrenia. A group of patients with schizophrenia from psychiatric centers was involved in a study. A set of methods, included: author's questionnaire, the quality of life scale WHOQOL-BREF, and the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). Anxiety disorders occurred in more than 78% of respondents, while depressive disorders in more than half of respondents. The more severe anxiety and depressive disorders, the lower values were observed in all tested components of quality of life. The study of quality of life of the mentally ill patients should be conducted on a continuous basis in order to explore the current factors influencing the improvement of their psychophysical welfare. It is necessary to promote prohealthy mental lifestyle.

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Kaleda, V. G. "Youth-onset schizophrenia: psychopathology, clinical presentation and therapy." Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova 115, no. 11. Vyp. 2 (2015): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/jnevro201511511226-33.

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Canady, Valerie. "Marijuana use by youth, schizophrenia genetic risk examined." Brown University Child and Adolescent Behavior Letter 31, no. 10 (September 22, 2015): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbl.30074.

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Canady, Valerie A. "Marijuana use by youth, schizophrenia genetic risk examined." Mental Health Weekly 25, no. 34 (August 30, 2015): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mhw.30319.

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Omelchenko, M. A. "Clinical Features of Youth Depression with Attenuated Symptoms of the Schizophrenic Spectrum." Psikhiatriya 19, no. 1 (March 28, 2021): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30629/2618-6667-2021-19-1-16-25.

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Objective: establishment of clinical and psychometric features of youth depression with attenuated symptoms of the schizophrenic spectrum (ASSS) for early differential diagnosis and nosological assessment.Patients and methods: clinical and psychometric examination of young 219 inpatients (average age 19.6 ± 2.4 years), first admitted to the clinic “Mental Health Research Centre” from 2011 to 2020 with the first depressive episode with ASSS. Control group of inpatients (52 patients) with “classical” youth depressions without ASSS (average age 19.6 ± 2.4 years). Diagnosis according ICD-10: F32.1, F32.2, F32.28, F32.8.Results: the psychopathological structure of youth depression with ASSS is characterized by the following types: (1) depression with attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS), which were divided into the subtype (1a) depression with APS and (1b) depression with brief limited intermittent psychotic symptoms (BLIPS); (2) depression with attenuated negative symptoms (ANS), comprising two subtypes (2a) with most emotional damage and (2b) with volitional impairment, and type (3) with attenuated symptoms of disorganization (ASD) in the structure of depressive episode. Clinical and reliable psychometric differences have been established between depressions with ASSS and «classical» youth depressions without ASSS. Conclusions: youth depression with ASSS is definitely different from “classical” youth depression without ASSS. Differences have been found in the psychopathological structure of youth depression with ASSS, resulting in a typological differentiation.

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Arseneault, Louise, Mary Cannon, John Witton, and Robin M. Murray. "Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence." British Journal of Psychiatry 184, no. 2 (February 2004): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.184.2.110.

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BackgroundControversy remains as to whether cannabis acts as a causal risk factor for schizophrenia or other functional psychotic illnesses.AimsTo examine critically the evidence that cannabis causes psychosis using established criteria of causality.MethodWe identified five studies that included a well-defined sample drawn from population-based registers or cohorts and used prospective measures of cannabis use and adult psychosis.ResultsOn an individual level, cannabis use confers an overall twofold increase in the relative risk for later schizophrenia. At the population level, elimination of cannabis use would reduce the incidence of schizophrenia by approximately 8%, assuming a causal relationship. Cannabis use appears to be neither a sufficient nor a necessary cause for psychosis. It is a component cause, part of a complex constellation of factors leading to psychosis.ConclusionsCases of psychotic disorder could be prevented by discouraging cannabis use among vulnerable youths. Research is needed to understand the mechanisms by which cannabis causes psychosis.

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HJERN, A., S. WICKS, and C. DALMAN. "Social adversity contributes to high morbidity in psychoses in immigrants – a national cohort study in two generations of Swedish residents." Psychological Medicine 34, no. 6 (August 2004): 1025–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170300148x.

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Background. Recent reports have indicated that immigrants have an elevated risk of schizophrenia as well as an increasing tendency for social exclusion. The aim of this study was to compare rates of schizophrenia and other psychoses in immigrants and their children of different ethnic groups with the majority population in Sweden in relation to social adversity.Method. The study population consists of a national cohort of 1·47 million adults (born 1929–1965) and 1·16 million children and youth (born 1968–1979) in family households from the national census of 1985. Multivariate Cox regression analyses was used to study hospital discharge data during 1991–2000 in relation to socio-economic household indicators from 1985 and 1990 (single adult household, adults having received social welfare, parental unemployment, urban residency, housing and socio-economic status).Results. First as well as second generation immigrants had higher age and sex adjusted risk ratios for schizophrenia as well as for other psychoses (RRs 1·4–3·1 and 1·0–2·0 respectively) compared with the Swedish majority population. These risk ratios decreased considerably after adjusting for socio-economic indicators, for all groups, but particularly for the non-European immigrants. However, an elevated risk still remained in the Finnish and Eastern and Southern European study groups.Conclusions. A higher risk of schizophrenia and psychoses was found in two generations of immigrants of diverse ethnicity. The results indicate that social adversity contributes to the higher risk.

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Baker, Krista, Carolyn Howell, and Robert L. Findling. "Current Treatment Trends of Psychosis in Youth with Schizophrenia." Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry 3, no. 1 (February 12, 2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40501-016-0066-9.

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Gonzalez-Heydrich, Joseph, Michelle Bosquet Enlow, Eugene D’Angelo, Larry J. Seidman, Sarah Gumlak, April Kim, Kristen A. Woodberry, et al. "N100 Repetition Suppression Indexes Neuroplastic Defects in Clinical High Risk and Psychotic Youth." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4209831.

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Highly penetrant mutations leading to schizophrenia are enriched for genes coding for N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor signaling complex (NMDAR-SC), implicating plasticity defects in the disease’s pathogenesis. The importance of plasticity in neurodevelopment implies a role for therapies that target these mechanisms in early life to prevent schizophrenia. Testing such therapies requires noninvasive methods that can assess engagement of target mechanisms. The auditory N100 is an obligatory cortical response whose amplitude decreases with tone repetition. This adaptation may index the health of plasticity mechanisms required for normal development. We exposed participants aged 5 to 17 years with psychosisn=22, at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosisn=29, and healthy controlsn=17to an auditory tone repeated 450 times and measured N100 adaptation (mean amplitude during first 150 tones − mean amplitude during last 150 tones). N100 adaptation was reduced in CHR and psychosis, particularly among participants <13 years old. Initial N100 blunting partially accounted for differences. Decreased change in the N100 amplitude with tone repetition may be a useful marker of defects in neuroplastic mechanisms measurable early in life.

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Schiffman, Jason, Bruce F. Chorpita, Eric L. Daleiden, Justin A. Maeda, and Brad J. Nakamura. "Service profile of youths with schizophrenia–spectrum diagnoses." Children and Youth Services Review 30, no. 4 (April 2008): 427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.10.013.

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El-Sayed, Mohamed. "Brain volumes in psychotic youth with schizophrenia and mood disorders." Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 35, no. 4 (July 1, 2010): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/jpn.090051.

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Loureiro, Luís Manuel Jesus, Anthony Francis Jorm, Rui Aragão Oliveira, Aida Maria Oliveira Cruz Mendes, José Carlos Pereira dos Santos, Manuel Alves Rodrigues, and Catarina Sofia Ferreira Sousa. "Mental health literacy about schizophrenia: a survey of Portuguese youth." Early Intervention in Psychiatry 9, no. 3 (January 20, 2014): 234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eip.12123.

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Abidi, S. "Psychosis in Children and Youth: Focus on Early-Onset Schizophrenia." Pediatrics in Review 34, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): 296–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.34-7-296.

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Takahashi, Hidehiko, Takashi Ideno, Shigetaka Okubo, Hiroshi Matsui, Kazuhisa Takemura, Masato Matsuura, Motoichiro Kato, and Yoshiro Okubo. "Impact of changing the Japanese term for “schizophrenia” for reasons of stereotypical beliefs of schizophrenia in Japanese youth." Schizophrenia Research 112, no. 1-3 (July 2009): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2009.03.037.

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Migalina, V. V. "Youth Chronic Endogenous Depression in Disorders of the Affective and Schizophrenic Spectrum." Psikhiatriya 19, no. 1 (March 28, 2021): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30629/2618-6667-2021-19-1-54-62.

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Background: chronic endogenous depression in youth has a number of features associated with their severe atypia, work and social maladjustment, deterioration in the quality of life, high risk of suicidal and self-injurious behavior, difficulties in choosing therapy, difficulty in diagnosis and nosological evaluation. Until now, no special research has been done on chronic endogenous depression among young people of this age.Purpose of research: to identify psychopathological features and dynamics of endogenous depression developed in youth, to work out a clinical typology. Patients: 62 young patients (16–25 years old) were clinically and psychopathologically examined, who were first admitted to FSBSI MHRC, within the period of 2017 to 2020 suffering from chronic endogenous depression state for more than two years. Clinically significant somatic, neurological, and mental pathology defined the criteria for exclusion.Methods: for the research the clinical-psychopathological and psychometric methods were used. The patients were examined by the psychometric method upon admission to the hospital and at the stage of reduction of psychopathological disorders upon discharge: the HDRS, SANS and SOPS scales included.Results and conclusion: the clinical picture of youth chronic endogenous depression is characterized by pronounced polymorphism, atypia, erosion of the thymic component, and the dominance of negative affectivity. Based on the analysis of psychopathological characteristics of endogenous depression in youth, two typological varieties were identified: unitary depressions (type I) and supplementary depressions (type II). Among the type II depressions, 2 subtypes were distinguished: with neurosis-like disorders and with psychopathic-like disorders.

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Hill, Kathryn, Nicolas Bolo, Suraj Sarvode Mothi, Paulo Lizano, Synthia Guimond, Neeraj Tandon, Elena Molokotos, and Matcheri Keshavan. "Subcortical surface shape in youth at familial high risk for schizophrenia." Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 267 (September 2017): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.07.002.

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Webster, Duncan, Sivakumaran Devarajan, Janet Gallant, Andrew Harris, and Lili C. Kopala. "Extreme weight gain in a youth with schizophrenia: risk/benefit considerations." Schizophrenia Research 56, no. 1-2 (July 2002): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00253-5.

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McNamara, Robert K., Jeffrey R. Strawn, Kiki D. Chang, and Melissa P. DelBello. "Interventions for Youth at High Risk for Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia." Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 21, no. 4 (October 2012): 739–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2012.07.009.

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Omelchenko, M. A., Yu A. Atadzhykova, V. V. Migalina, I. Yu Nikiforova, and V. G. Kaleda. "Clinical and pathopsychological features of youth depression with attenuated schizophrenic symptoms." Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova 121, no. 5 (2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202112105112.

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Sandstrom, A., L. MacKenzie, A. Pizzo, A. Fine, S. Rempel, C. Howard, M. Stephens, et al. "Observed psychopathology in offspring of parents with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 50, no. 6 (May 23, 2019): 1050–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719001089.

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AbstractBackgroundChildren of parents with mood and psychotic disorders are at elevated risk for a range of behavioral and emotional problems. However, as the usual reporter of psychopathology in children is the parent, reports of early problems in children of parents with mood and psychotic disorders may be biased by the parents' own experience of mental illness and their mental state.MethodsIndependent observers rated psychopathology using the Test Observation Form in 378 children and youth between the ages of 4 and 24 (mean = 11.01, s.d. = 4.40) who had a parent with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or no history of mood and psychotic disorders.ResultsObserved attentional problems were elevated in offspring of parents with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia (effect sizes ranging between 0.31 and 0.56). Oppositional behavior and language/thought problems showed variable degrees of elevation (effect sizes 0.17 to 0.57) across the three high-risk groups, with the greatest difficulties observed in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. Observed anxiety was increased in offspring of parents with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder (effect sizes 0.19 and 0.25 respectively) but not in offspring of parents with schizophrenia.ConclusionsOur results suggest that externalizing problems and cognitive and language difficulties may represent a general manifestation of familial risk for mood and psychotic disorders, while anxiety may be a specific marker of liability for mood disorders. Observer assessment may improve early identification of risk and selection of youth who may benefit from targeted prevention.

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Chen, Ya-Ling, Barbara Rittner, Eugene Maguin, and Shannon Dziadaszek. "‘I Need a Cigarette’ — The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Depression and Anxiety of Youth With Early Onset Schizophrenia." Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools 27, no. 1 (July 4, 2016): 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2016.16.

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The aim of this research was to examine effects of cigarette smoking on depression and anxiety among children and adolescents (youth) with early onset schizophrenia and/or psychosis. Data were obtained from the national evaluation of the Comprehensive Community Mental Health Services for Children and Their Families Program (CMHS Program). Cubic mixed models were used to analyze the longitudinal data with seven waves (over 3 years). Results showed that 29% youth (N = 117, mean age at intake = 13.9) smoked cigarettes in any prior 6-month period. Cigarette users had high levels of initial and sustained depression and anxiety throughout the seven waves. Predicted depression and anxiety scores of cigarette users and non-users showed that cigarette users had higher but more stable states of anxiety and depression. Results suggested that youth with EOS might use cigarettes for mood regulation. Implications of results for psychologists and counsellors in schools are discussed.

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Lecomte, Tania, Sabina Abidi, Iliana Garcia-Ortega, Irfan Mian, Kevin Jackson, Kim Jackson, and Ross Norman. "Canadian Treatment Guidelines on Psychosocial Treatment of Schizophrenia in Children and Youth." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 62, no. 9 (September 2017): 648–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743717720195.

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Dickson, Hannah, Alexis E. Cullen, Rebecca Jones, Abraham Reichenberg, Ruth E. Roberts, Sheilagh Hodgins, Robin G. Morris, and Kristin R. Laurens. "Trajectories of cognitive development during adolescence among youth at‐risk for schizophrenia." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 59, no. 11 (April 23, 2018): 1215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12912.

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Jalbrzikowski, Maria, Lambertus Klei, William Foran, Beatriz Luna, and Bernie Devlin. "43 SCHIZOPHRENIA POLYGENIC RISK IS ASSOCIATED WITH BRAIN MATURATION IN TYPICALLY DEVELOPING YOUTH." European Neuropsychopharmacology 29 (October 2019): S83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.07.184.

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Kennedy, Michael G., Karen G. Schepp, and Sangjan Rungruangkonkit. "Experiences of Asian American Parents in a Group Intervention for Youth With Schizophrenia." Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 21, no. 4 (October 29, 2008): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2008.00138.x.

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Hazan, Hadar, Richard Linscott, and Elaine Reese. "S31. BASIC SENSE OF SELF IN YOUTH AT HIGH RISK FOR DEVELOPING SCHIZOPHRENIA." Schizophrenia Bulletin 44, suppl_1 (April 1, 2018): S335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby018.818.

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Swadi, Harith, and Candace Bobier. "Substance Use Disorder Comorbidity Among Inpatient Youths With Psychiatric Disorder." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 37, no. 3 (June 2003): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01180.x.

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Objective: Substance abuse/dependence has been reported to show significant association with psychopathology, and is likely to influence the course and outcome of psychiatric illness. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of substance use disorders (other than alcohol) comorbidity among inpatient adolescents with severe Axis 1 psychiatric disorder. Method: A retrospective analysis of systematically collected data was carried out. The subjects were 16–18-year-old youths, admitted to an inpatient unit for severe psychiatric disorder. The data collection process utilized the DSM-IV criteria for diagnostic categorization of psychiatric disorder and substance use disorder. Demographic data, and data on suicide attempts were also collected. Results: Over a period of one year (March 2001–March 2002), 62 patients were admitted to the Christchurch Youth Inpatient Unit; 40 (64.5%) had a comorbid Substance Abuse Disorder (SAD) according to DSM-IV criteria and none had a Substance Dependence Disorder. The vast majority involved cannabis and stimulants. Sixty per cent of those with mood disorder, 63% of those with anxiety disorder and 80% of those with schizophrenia spectrum disorder had a comorbid SAD. Internalizing problems, especially mood disorders, predominated among those with SAD reflecting the Unit's admission criteria. There were no differences in attempted suicide rates between those with SAD and those without SAD, but those with SAD were more likely to have unstable accommodation/living arrangements than those without SAD. Conclusions: Our findings confirm previous reports suggestive of high rates of SAD comorbidity among youth with severe psychiatric illness. There are clinical and process implications for these findings particularly identification of substance use disorders and their treatment as well as resource availability and staff training.

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Wannan, Cassandra M. J., Vanessa L. Cropley, M. Mallar Chakravarty, Tamsyn E. Van Rheenen, Sam Mancuso, Chad Bousman, Ian Everall, Patrick D. McGorry, Christos Pantelis, and Cali F. Bartholomeusz. "Hippocampal subfields and visuospatial associative memory across stages of schizophrenia-spectrum disorder." Psychological Medicine 49, no. 14 (December 4, 2018): 2452–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718003458.

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AbstractBackgroundWhile previous studies have identified relationships between hippocampal volumes and memory performance in schizophrenia, these relationships are not apparent in healthy individuals. Further, few studies have examined the role of hippocampal subfields in illness-related memory deficits, and no study has examined potential differences across varying illness stages. The current study aimed to investigate whether individuals with early and established psychosis exhibited differential relationships between visuospatial associative memory and hippocampal subfield volumes.MethodsMeasurements of visuospatial associative memory performance and grey matter volume were obtained from 52 individuals with a chronic schizophrenia-spectrum disorder, 28 youth with recent-onset psychosis, 52 older healthy controls, and 28 younger healthy controls.ResultsBoth chronic and recent-onset patients had impaired visuospatial associative memory performance, however, only chronic patients showed hippocampal subfield volume loss. Both chronic and recent-onset patients demonstrated relationships between visuospatial associative memory performance and hippocampal subfield volumes in the CA4/dentate gyrus and the stratum that were not observed in older healthy controls. There were no group by volume interactions when chronic and recent-onset patients were compared.ConclusionsThe current study extends the findings of previous studies by identifying particular hippocampal subfields, including the hippocampal stratum layers and the dentate gyrus, that appear to be related to visuospatial associative memory ability in individuals with both chronic and first-episode psychosis.

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Iwundu, Chisom N., Tzu-An Chen, Kirsteen Edereka-Great, Michael S. Businelle, Darla E. Kendzor, and Lorraine R. Reitzel. "Mental Illness and Youth-Onset Homelessness: A Retrospective Study among Adults Experiencing Homelessness." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22 (November 10, 2020): 8295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228295.

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Financial challenges, social and material instability, familial problems, living conditions, structural issues, and mental health problems have been shown to contribute to youth homelessness. Based on the paucity of literature on mental illness as a reason for youth homelessness, the current study retrospectively evaluated the association between the timing of homelessness onset (youth versus adult) and mental illness as a reason for homelessness among homeless adults living in homeless shelters and/or receiving services from homeless-serving agencies. Homeless participants (N = 919; 67.3% men) were recruited within two independent studies from Dallas and Oklahoma. Covariate-adjusted logistic regressions were used to measure associations between homelessness onset and mental illness as a reason for current homelessness, history of specific mental illnesses, the historical presence of severe mental illness, and severe mental illness comorbidity. Overall, 29.5% of the sample reported youth-onset homelessness and 24.4% reported mental illness as the reason for current homelessness. Results indicated that mental illness as a reason for current homelessness (AOR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.12–2.34), history of specific mental illnesses (Bipolar disorder–AOR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.24–2.45, and Schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder–AOR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.22–2.74), history of severe mental illness (AOR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.04–2.10), and severe mental illness comorbidities (AOR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.11–1.52) were each associated with increased odds of youth-onset homelessness. A better understanding of these relationships could inform needs for early interventions and/or better prepare agencies that serve at-risk youth to address precursors to youth homelessness.

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Lynham, Amy, Jeremy Hall, Ian Jones, and James Walters. "M108. CONCA: AN ONLINE COGNITIVE ASSESSMENT FOR USE WITH PATIENTS WITH PSYCHOSIS." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa030.420.

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Abstract Background Cognition is impaired in patient with psychosis and is predictive of functional outcomes. Despite this, cognitive function is not routinely assessed in clinical services in the United Kingdom. Collecting cognitive data for research is also labour-intensive and expensive. Web-based assessments may be a solution for these issues but to date, these have not been utilised in patients with psychosis or other psychiatric disorders. Methods We have developed an online cognitive battery for use in psychosis research (and broader mental health research) in collaboration with The Many Brains Project, website developers, patients and clinicians (Cardiff ONline Cognitive Assessment, CONCA). Tasks were selected to measure the domains outlined by the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) initiative. We have undertaken a cross-validation study in those with schizophrenia (N=15), bipolar disorder (N=16), depression (N=15) and healthy controls (N=19) to compare the online tasks with the MATRICS battery. Following validation, we invited participants from the Cardiff Cognition in Schizophrenia Study (CardiffCOGS) and the National Centre for Mental Health (NCMH) to complete CONCA. Results Correlations between CONCA and MATRICS tasks ranged from 0.25 to 0.73 in our validation sample (N=65). A total of 6960 individuals were invited to participate and 1227 consented to take part. There was a better response rate from NCMH participants (who were recruited more recently) compared to those from CardiffCOGS. Online participants recruited from NCMH were more highly educated (W=1171600, p<0.001) and more likely to be professionals (χ2(1)=5.4, p=0.02) than the original NCMH cohort. In CardiffCOGS, online participants were more highly educated than non-responders (W=7786.5, p=0.003). A total of 887 individuals met inclusion criteria for our analyses including 43 participants with schizophrenia, 146 with bipolar disorder, 261 with unipolar depression, 187 controls and 250 participants with other psychiatric disorders. Consistent with studies using offline assessments, participants with schizophrenia were the most severely impaired group (compared to controls: g=1.36, p<0.001), exhibiting greater impairments than participants with depression (g=1.04, p<0.001) and bipolar disorder (g=0.71, p=0.002). Of note, lower performance on the battery was associated with poorer functional outcome as assessed using the World Health Organisation’s Disability Assessment Scale (B=-1.77, SE=0.3, p=5.8 x 10–9). Discussion Web-based cognitive testing is a suitable method for collecting large-scale data in psychiatric populations, although there was some evidence of recruitment bias. The results of the validation and recruitment phases were used to inform selection of the final battery. We consulted with patients and health professionals from a youth psychosis service and NCMH’s patient involvement group to create a user-friendly interface and will continue to work with these groups to develop clinically useful feedback to facilitate patient monitoring in early intervention psychosis services.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Schizophrenics Schizophrenia Youth'

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