Academic literature on the topic 'Schlumberger Limited'

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Journal articles on the topic "Schlumberger Limited"

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Perrin, José, Didier Belaud, Jean-Pierre Yver, and Charles Naville. "S-wave anisotropy from two dipole sonic data processing methods, confronted with fracture permeability, logs and cores." Science and Technology for Energy Transition 77 (2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/stet/2022006.

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The present paper consists in two parts, determined by the historical emerging production of Dipole Sonic Imager (DSI) measurements and results in the early 1990’s. The DSI data were processed following two methods simultaneously developed in France and in USA by Schlumberger. In the first part the early dipole sonic S-wave velocity results obtained in late 1993 are confronted with the other borehole data obtained in the scientific borehole MM-1, entirely cored and extensively logged, as part of the comprehensive scientific project named Géologie Profonde de la France (GPF), conducted by the Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM, i.e. the French Geological Survey), in Ardèche, southern France. In 1994, José Perrin summarized and integrated all the borehole information including the preliminary results from an azimuthal “rotation scan” of S-wave sonic slowness determination method quickly developed in Schlumberger-France and aiming at detecting only the presence of S-wave velocity anisotropy in a first step. The initial results were presented to the French industrial logging community in April 1994, prior to the commercialization of any S-wave splitting computer detection routine applied to dipole sonic data. The second part focuses on the comparison of the dipole sonic S-wave anisotropy detection results from two methods produced at a later time by Schlumberger, namely: a) results from the commercial S-wave anisotropy detection routine based on cross energy minimization, obtained in October 1994, and b) principal S-wave azimuth results sorted from the “rotation scan” azimuthal method, produced in 1995 and further improved in July 1997. After discussing the discrepancies of the principal fast S-wave azimuth derived from the two methods with diverse specialists in Schlumberger, over several years, and on a spare time basis, the authors expose constructive explanations in the present paper. A limited overview of the latest dipole sonic data processing developments has also been attempted to better understand the differing S-wave birefringence results obtained in MM-1, suggesting that the rock formation in the immediate borehole vicinity, up to three times the borehole radius, may not be homogeneous along the borehole depth depending on the local geological context. Besides, the Fast Azimuth split S-wave (FAZ) fits with the strike of major regional faults and parallel to the maximal horizontal palaeo-stress, which happens to be nearly orthogonal to the local present stress direction accepted by the geologists! The present case study suggests that the S-wave anisotropy results ought to become more reliable, mainly on the accuracy and precision of the FAZ. Additionally, the efficiency of the semblance parameter for S-wave attenuation anisotropy detection is pondered, where no S-wave velocity anisotropy is detected over the dipole sonic receiver array.
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Asmoro, Cahyo Puji, and Hana Susanti. "Analysis of Do-it-Yourself (DIY) Electrode for Soil Resistivity Measurement Practical of Geology and Geophysics Subject at Earth and Outerspace Laboratory." Jurnal Temapela 3, no. 1 (November 9, 2020): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/temapela.3.1.10-18.2020.

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This study describes the process of designing, manufacturing and the performance of Do It Yourself (DIY) electrodes for Soil Resitivity Measurement (SRM) practicum in the Geophysical Geology course. The aim is to produce electrodes that can be used with the Geo Tester tool from the Fluke 1623. The method used was the Research and Development method. the required electrode had been analyzed prior to the idea of making make your own electrode was created. The electrodes were designed in such a way as to consider the level of accuracy, convenience, safety and economics. The results showed that the DIY electrode was made well, the limited trial of data collection using the Schlumberger and Wenner configuration methods resulted in data error values ​​of 2.43% and 4.1%, respectively. The results were much smaller than the accepted minimum error threshold, namely 20%. The validation results from DIY electrode users (Data Collection Team) and Earth Physicist lecturers gave an average rating of 3.8 out of a scale 4. Thus, DIY eceltrodes can be used in practical for Geophysical Geology lectures in the Earth and Space Laboratory
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Alzahra, Salsa Rizkia, Didik Taryana, and Ferryati Masitoh. "Identifikasi lapisan akuifer Kawasan Dataran Suko Mulyo, Desa Suko Mulyo, Kecamatan Sepaku, Kabupaten Penajam Paser Utara, Kalimantan Timur." Jurnal Integrasi dan Harmoni Inovatif Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial (JIHI3S) 1, no. 11 (November 2, 2021): 1239–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um063v1i11p1239-1256.

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The Suko Mulyo Plain area, Sepaku, North Penajam Paser is experiencing problems with uneven groundwater availability and limited groundwater supply for clean water sources. The purpose of the study was to determine the condition of rock layers based on resistivity values ​​and identify the presence of aquifers. The method used is a configuration geoelectric survey schlumberger 200 meters 5 location points which is then processed with IPI2Win. IPI2Win serves to visualize the modeling of the aquifer layer. Geoelectric modeling results show that the hydrostratigraphy of the Suko Mulyo Plain Area consists of claystone, limestone, sandstone, quartz sandstone and claystone with coal insertion with a resistivity range of 56.2 to 3.65 m. In addition, observation and secondary data processing resulted in geomorphological interpretations in the form of structural denudational terrace and structural ridges. These rock formations and geomorphological units affect the presence of aquifers identified in the structural valley plains of Dusun 3 and the structural hills of Dusun 1 with a thickness of 52.6 meters and 64.3 meters. The results of the study are expected to be used as a reference for determining groundwater drilling points and as a basis for consideration of government officials in determining groundwater resource management policies. Kawasan Dataran Suko Mulyo, Sepaku, Penajam Paser Utara mengalami permasalahan ketersediaan air tanah yang tidak merata dan keterbatasan suplai air tanah untuk sumber air bersih. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui kondisi lapisan batuan berdasarkan nilai resistivitas dan mengidentifikasi keberadaan akuifer. Metode yang dilakukan adalah survei geolistrik konfigurasi schlumberger lintasan 200 meter pada 5 titik lokasi yang kemudian diolah dengan IPI2Win. IPI2Win berfungsi memvisualisasikan pemodelan lapisan akuifer. Hasil Pemodelan geolistrik menunjukkan bahwa hidrostratigrafi Kawasan Dataran Suko Mulyo terdiri dari batu lempung, batu gamping, batu pasir, batu pasir kuarsa dan batu lempung dengan sisipan batubara dengan rentang resistivitas 56,2 hingga 3,65 m. Selain itu, observasi dan pengolahan data sekunder menghasilkan interpretasi geomorfologi berupa Teras Denudasional Struktural dan Satuan Struktural. Formasi batuan dan satuan geomorfologi ini berpengaruh terhadap keberadaan akuifer yang teridentifikasi pada Dataran lembah struktural Dusun 3 dan Perbukitan struktural Dusun 1 dengan ketebalan 52,6 meter dan 64,3 meter. Hasil penelitian diharapkan dapat dijadikan acuan menentukan titik pengeboran air tanah dan sebagai dasar pertimbangan perangkat pemerintahan dalam penentuan kebijakan pengelolaan sumber air tanah.
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Tonge, Piers. "Exploiting the industry skills shortage as a competitive advantage." APPEA Journal 50, no. 2 (2010): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09079.

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Developing skilled petro-technical professionals (PTPs) has the greatest lead-time of any activity that oil and gas companies undertake today. Australia could double its gas production by 2020, which would create 50,000 new jobs. This will intensify competition for skilled petrotechnical professionals, and may drive up people costs. The market for PTPs in Australia is tight today, with active competition for technical talent between the oil and gas industry and other extractive industries. Conventional and unconventional oil and gas projects on Australia’s west and east coasts are already chasing the same, limited, talent pool. Competition for experienced PTPs will be intensified by the impending crew change, with a disproportionate number of experienced PTPs due to retire from Australia’s oil and gas industry over the next decade. Schlumberger Business Consulting has been benchmarking the people situation in the global oil and gas industry for the past six years, and working with exploration and production companies to address it. This paper will present our analysis of the global, and Australian, situation, with quantification of the skill balance through our demand and supply model. It will also highlight specific technical skills that will be in short supply, implications of the skills shortage, as well as potential mitigations to create competitive advantage.
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Boeije, C. S., and W. R. Rossen. "Fitting Foam-Simulation-Model Parameters to Data: I. Coinjection of Gas and Liquid." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 18, no. 02 (May 6, 2015): 264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/174544-pa.

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Summary Cheng et al. (2000) present a simple method to fit foam-simulation parameters without oil to data for pressure gradient as a function of superficial velocities of gas and liquid. The key in this process is the identification of “high-quality” (high gas fraction) and “low-quality” foam regimes. The method is essentially the same for the foam-model parameters in foam models in STARS (Cheng et al. 2000), UTCHEM (Cheng et al. 2000), or ECLIPSE (Schlumberger 2010). Often, however, available data are more limited: pressure gradient for one scan of foam quality at fixed total superficial velocity. We show how to extend this method to the more-limited data set. The transition in regimes occurs at the foam quality with the maximum-pressure gradient. We illustrate the method by fitting parameters to several published data sets. Our approach is simple and direct. The model fit would be appropriate for an enhanced-oil-recovery process involving foam injection at finite water fraction, but not a surface-alternating-gas foam process involving large slugs of gas and liquid. For the latter process, the model fit should focus on data relevant to that process (i.e., at extremely high foam quality). The approach assumes an abrupt transition between high- and low-quality-foam regimes (e.g., a large value of epdry in the STARS foam model). If the transition is less abrupt, the parameter values quickly obtained by this method could provide the initial guess for a computer-based least-squares fit of all parameters, including a smaller value of epdry, and a check on the parameters so obtained.
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Al-Khersan, Emad. "Integrated Ground Penetrating Radar and Electrical Resistivity Study to Explore Such Basrah Low Resistivity Soils for Engineering Purposes, Southern Iraq." Iraqi Geological Journal 54, no. 2E (November 30, 2021): 104–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.54.2e.7ms-2021-11-23.

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A total of 45 ground penetrating radar profiles have been conducted in Basrah City, Southern Iraq, to detect buried utilities in such soils which have not been tested before. This study tries to explore how much this technique can be useful for Basrah low resistivity soils during arid and humid seasons. In Basrah University Campus (silty clay soil) and Basrah Sport City (silty sand soil), 37 and 8 ground penetrating radar profiles were achieved inside these locations respectively. Vertical electrical sounding (Schlumberger array) and electrical profiling (Wenner array) were also used in compatibility with radar surveys side by side in all sites. Here, radargrams do not reveal much more details about the subsurface conditions because of the moisture content and soil characterizations. The actual penetrating depth of 250 and 500 MHz antennas are limited to 1.4 and 0.4 m respectively due to the soil total dissolved solids of about 6790 ppm. The tests suggest that the 250 MHz antenna is somewhat better than the 500 MHz one for detecting the shapes and depths of the buried bodies in silty clay soils during rainy or even arid periods. In Basrah Sport City (500 MHz) antenna, the radargram wave signals are not good for more than 2.5 m depth, and this antenna, rather than the 250 MHZ one is suitable for silty sand soil type.
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Dlugosch, Raphael, Thomas Günther, Mike Müller-Petke, and Ugur Yaramanci. "Improved prediction of hydraulic conductivity for coarse-grained, unconsolidated material from nuclear magnetic resonance." GEOPHYSICS 78, no. 4 (July 1, 2013): EN55—EN64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0187.1.

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The prediction of hydraulic conductivity [Formula: see text] from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements has been performed primarily in sandstones. In hydrogeological applications, however, unconsolidated material is more prevalent. Compared to sandstones, unconsolidated sediments can show pore sizes up to several millimeters. The known (semi-)empiric relations to estimate [Formula: see text] from NMR have been applied on this material, but the underlying assumptions are not valid for large pores. We formulated a new model, called the Kozeny-Godefroy model. It is based on capillary pores with a single pore radius, and accounts for bulk water relaxation and relaxation in porous media under fast- and slow-diffusion conditions. The bulk-water relaxation and slow-diffusion conditions significantly affect the NMR measurements on coarse material. If the impact of the bulk-water relaxation is well known and small, a maximum [Formula: see text] can be derived from NMR measurements by accounting for the slow-diffusion case. The model replaces the empirical factors in known relations with physical, structural, and intrinsic NMR parameters. Focusing the calibration on material-specific NMR parameters improves the prediction of [Formula: see text] for similar material. Measurements on well-sorted glass beads and natural sands with different grain sizes are used for evaluation. These measurements confirm the applicability of the new model and, for coarse material, show the limit of the fast-diffusion-based Seevers and Schlumberger-Doll-Research equations. The application of our model is limited to (1) simple pore geometries, and (2) materials with a small range of pore sizes.
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8

Stoll, Johannes B., and Karsten Bahr. "Optimization of signal‐to‐noise ratio in dc soundings." GEOPHYSICS 65, no. 5 (September 2000): 1495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444838.

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Geoelectric (dc) sounding methods are usually limited to electrode spacings smaller than 1 km, which restrict the depth of investigation to only several hundreds of meters. Greater depths of investigation require both a larger electrode spacing and motor‐generator driven transmitters. In order to increase the depth of investigation into the middle crust, the distance between transmitter and receiver dipole must be increased up to 100 km as well. Instead of a Schlumberger electrode configuration, we use a dipole‐dipole electrode arrangement, which avoids cable connections of several tens of kilometers. It takes less logistics in the field and requires less precautions to control the cable circuits. However, the electric field of a grounded dipole decays by the power of 3. Even if a strong current source with a power of 30 kW is employed, at distances beyond 10 km the amplitude of the transmitted dc signal becomes considerably smaller than the naturally inductive field and cultural noise. Here, we present a technique which resolves the transmitted dc signal at sites up to 60 km apart using an electric dipole source. The suggested technique removes the inductive part in the time series and, therefore, reduces the noise level. It requires applying the magnetotelluric technique before and/or after the geoelectrical sounding. Both the magnetic and electric variational fields are recorded during geoelectrical sounding. If the magnetotelluric transfer function is obtained at a site, then the natural inductive electric field can be predicted, which in turn is used to remove the inductive electrical part from the receiver dipole record.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Water-Based Drilling Fluid Helps Control Extreme Conditions in Gas Shale Play." Journal of Petroleum Technology 74, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1122-0062-jpt.

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_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper URTeC 208307, “A Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Controlling Deep-Reservoir Extreme Conditions in an Abu Dhabi Gas Shale Play,” by Gabe Manescu, SPE, Schlumberger; Balazs Veer, SPE, TotalEnergies; and Panamarathupalayam Balakrishnan, SPE, Schlumberger, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ A combination of teamwork and fluids technology proved to be the formula for successfully drilling in high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) conditions for an onshore UAE shale gas play. The success achieved in drilling deep [6200-m measured depth (MD)], long-lateral-displacement (2,000-m) wells with an integrated global operator is a combination dependent on frequent, transparent communication between team members. The environmentally acceptable aqueous drilling fluid delivered a barite sag-free operation in these highly deviated wellbores. Introduction The drilling of unconventional HP/HT wells in the Diyab field can experience difficulty in reaching target depth. One significant challenge is the design of a drilling fluid to manage reservoir pressures and temperatures. The reservoir temperature may reach 165.5°C, requiring mud weights (MW) greater than 20 lbm/gal. Tailoring the drilling-fluid formulation to balance economics and environmental regulations while overcoming HP/HT conditions is critical. In the Diyab drilling campaign, special emphasis was placed on designing the drilling fluid and then on its use in 8½-in. reservoir sections. Background The Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian to Middle Kimmeridgian) Diyab formation, also known as the Dukhan formation, has served as the source rock for several major oil and gas fields in the Middle East. The Diyab formation is unique because of its lower porosities, high carbonate mineralogy, and pressure gradient. Despite the lower porosity, the high-carbonate content defines an extremely brittle target conducive to hydraulic fracture stimulation. Several organic-rich intervals exist throughout the Diyab formation and are separated by less-organic tight limestones, which create different flow units. From a developmental perspective, this condition has the potential to create a high-impact stacked play. The extent of the prospective unconventional Diyab formation within the UAE is limited to the onshore north-central UAE, where most of this area is within Block 1, operated by TotalEnergies. The depth of the prospective basal Diyab interval across Block 1 ranges between 3758 and 4115 m. Three unconventional offset wells (DE-02, DE-03, and DE-04) were drilled by ADNOC within Block 1 to test the productivity of the three submembers of the greater Diyab interval (the Jubaila, Hanifa, and Tuwaiq Mountain formations). After determining that the Hanifa formation had the most-promising productivity, the first TotalEnergies appraisal horizontal well, DE-05, was drilled. After drilling this well, the DE-06 well was the second horizontal appraisal well to be drilled. Additionally, two more deep wells, DE-09 and DE-10, were successfully drilled and evaluated.
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Yusuf, Solomon Nehemiah, Hilnan Christopher Drenkat, and Charity Mamza Azi. "Groundwater Exploration Using Vertical Electrical Sounding And 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography In Shale Formation: A Case Study Of Sabongida, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria." Warta Geologi 48, no. 1 (April 28, 2022): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7186/wg481202202.

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Sabongida is characterized by lots of abortive boreholes which are often shallow as a result of the complex nature of shale formation in the area and limited application of integrated geophysical techniques before drilling of boreholes. The presence of shale formation in the area makes it extremely difficult to drill productive boreholes, while the existing hand dug wells are always shallow due to the difficulty in digging deeper wells, this and other factors motivated the choice of the study location for the purpose of proffering solutions to solve the perennial water problem in the area. Twenty-two (22) vertical electric soundings data (VES) using Schlumberger array with the aid of Ohms mega resistivity meter were conducted with electrode spread of AB/2 = 215 m and eleven (11) 2D electrical resistivity tomography data (ERT) using ADMT – 600 S - X equipment were acquired. ERT was conducted using 20 m as the length of each profile with 300 m in 10 profile lines and 400 m as the depth of probing. The result of the VES interpretation shows three to five geo-electric layers while the geo-electric section revealed the aquifers to consist of sandstones with varying thicknesses. Two groundwater potential zones were delineated as shelly sandstones and clayey sand. The different color band indicates the different layers within the ground as the soil resistivity varies, blue indicates low resistivity values, green - yellow indicates moderate resistivity values while high resistivity values are brown - red. The results from the 2D images indicate the low resistivity regions, suggesting aquifer is within the depths of 150 to 300 m. Thus, the recommended depths for drilling of productive boreholes are 180 to 210 m and 270 to 300 m in Sabongida.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Schlumberger Limited"

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Giguel, Paulette. "Les stratégies de développement de la "compagnie des compteurs" de sa création à sa fusion au sein de la multinationale pétrolière "Schlumberger Limited" (1872-1987)." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010580.

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La société M. Nicolas & G. Chamon, créée en 1872 à l'initiative de Gabriel Chamon contremaître ferblantier introduit dans la filière du comptage du gaz, animé de l'esprit d'entreprendre donna, au prix d'associations successives, naissance à la Compagnie pour la fabrication des compteurs & matériels d'usines à gaz, réunion des maisons M Nicolas, G. Chamon, Foiret & Cie, Siry Lizars & Cie, J. Williams, Michel & Cie. L'activité élargie au comptage de l'eau et de l'électricité, poursuivie dans deux sites parisiens autonomes, engendra une culture d'entreprise interne qui survécut au regroupement en 1923 dans une usine moderne à Montrouge. Les stratégies de développement perpétuées au fil de décennies, adaptées aux circonstances et aux événements politiques économiques et sociaux, permirent à l'entreprise de passer, en un siècle, du statut artisanal à celui d' entreprise paternaliste et capitaliste qui, à la fin des années 1960, la rendirent attractive pour des investisseurs potentiels.
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Books on the topic "Schlumberger Limited"

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Auletta, Ken. The art of corporate success: The story of Schlumberger. New York, N.Y., U.S.A: Penguin, 1985.

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Limited, Schlumberger. 80 years of innovation. Sugarland, Tex: Oilfield Services Marketing Communications, 2007.

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Riboud, Jean. Jean Riboud. [Paris?: s.n., 1989.

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Bowker, Geoffrey C. Science on the run: Information managementand industrial geophysics at Schlumberger, 1920-1940. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1994.

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Bowker, Geoffrey C. Science on the run: Information management and industrial geophysics at Schlumberger, 1920-1940. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1994.

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Auletta, Ken. Art of Corporate Success: The Story of Schlumberger. Open Road Integrated Media, Inc., 2015.

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Conference papers on the topic "Schlumberger Limited"

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Montiel, Edgar, Kinda Nachef, Elodie Marquina-Guinois, Karen Spenley, and Robert Van Kuijk. "A Life Cycle Carbon Footprint Calculator for Early Quantification of the Environmental Impact of Oil and Gas Services and Products." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210949-ms.

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Abstract Schlumberger has taken the lead in the oil and gas service industry by creating a footprint emissions quantification tool that balances the time investment with the accuracy required to assess the carbon footprint of technologies along their lifecycle, in order to draw comparisons and shed the light on less impactful services. As an initiative, this is intended to help with the pressing issue of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and how we may contribute to limit the impact of our industry on global warming. Schlumberger's Technology Sustainability Team, with a representation from all divisions, has built a versatile lifecycle carbon emission calculator, integrating different oil and gas use-phase models. This calculator's development has entailed an in-depth understanding of the lifecycle assessment (LCA) framework as per ISO 14040, a detailed bibliography for the selection of the emission factors to be used, as well as a thorough technical understanding of the processes, equipment, and operations to develop the computation modules, and in particular the use phases models. It is intended to be user-friendly and efficient, thus allowing even those who are not sustainability experts, to perform a carbon footprint lifecycle initial assessment of their product line or new services in their development phase. We will present the methodology used, the learnings and the use-phase emissions computed in the context of Schlumberger services’ technology portfolio. A comparison of the carbon emissions on the full lifecycle of a product, computed with this tool versus a third party performed full LCA may also be presented to exemplify the investment return in both cases, and how such a calculator is used to assess a wide portfolio of products and services. The presented tool allows to efficiently assess the "hot spots" on the lifecycle of a product. As the embedded carbon footprint estimate is one of the outcomes of the LCA, it can be put in perspective of the full lifecycle for further action taking. With the overall picture, the output of this tool can be the basis for discussion of opportunities with customers in their way to reduce their footprint.
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Unnam, Jagadeesh, Carola Rawson, Sammay Hernandez, and Raqib Ali Shah. "The Art of Debottlenecking to Optimize Production in a Crude-Oil Processing Facility." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22278-ms.

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Abstract When operators feel comfortable with the performance and safety of a facility producing at its design conditions, it becomes natural for them to push the service company to produce even more. While it might appear safer to increase the capacity beyond the initial design of a crude-oil processing facility than a gas processing facility, many points must be checked using a debottleneck study to guarantee a safe and reliable operation. Schlumberger production facilities engineering, and operations teams collaborated on a debottleneck study to increase the capacity of a Middle East crude-oil processing facility by 40% of its design, which helped to achieve the annual production targets. Debottleneck studies require deep knowledge of the processing train and early identification of equipment presenting significant limitations, which, in a crude-oil processing facility, is the oil train equipment (i.e., heater treater and desalter). Validating these two pieces of equipment was the first step to overcoming challenges to increasing capacity. The original design of the heater treater used a forced-draft burner system, and the study showed severe limitations to safely releasing the necessary heat for the increased throughput. A change to the burner type and configuration was identified as a need; a natural-draft burner system was installed in addition to modifications to the fuel-gas train. This change enabled a greater heat release without compromising the mechanical integrity of the heater; however, because of limitations regarding the heat transfer surface area, total duty to the process fluid remained limited. To overcome this challenge, a mechanical device (turbulator) was designed to increase the convective heat transfer coefficient. The combined effect of these changes resulted in the delivery of the required heat duty to process fluids. For desalting, the challenge was in achieving the required salt specification. Key variables studied were the salinity of the wash water, mixing efficiencies, and the feasible extent of dehydration. Because of the high salinity of the wash water that was being used and limits to the mixing efficiency and ability to achieve deep dehydration, the recommendation was to change the wash-water source to fresh water. Detailed salt balance calculations demonstrated the incremental production increase from using fresh water. In addition, adequacy checks of other process equipment, storage tanks and their venting systems, pumps, pipework, valves, instruments, and utility systems were reviewed and confirmed to be suitable for the increased capacity with only minimal changes. The required modifications were implemented following the approved change management procedures and optimization of the process parameters of the entire processing facility by the operations team. This ensured a smooth and safe operation at a 40% greater flow rate than that provided by the design. Being the technology owner, integrator, and processing facility operator allowed the service company a unique opportunity to conduct a detailed system-wide study, seek real-time performance feedback, and understand the limits, constraints, and opportunities for expansion. These modifications also ensured considerable reductions in greenhouse gas emissions by means of enhancements to the efficiencies of the heating systems.
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