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Journal articles on the topic 'Schmorl nodes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Dar, Gali, Smadar Peleg, Youssef Masharawi, Nili Steinberg, Hila May, and Israel Hershkovitz. "Demographical Aspects of Schmorl Nodes." Spine 34, no. 9 (April 2009): E312—E315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/brs.0b013e3181995fc5.

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2

Niwa, Naoya, Toru Nishiyama, Choichiro Ozu, Yasuto Yagi, and Shiro Saito. "Schmorl Nodes Mimicking Osteolytic Bone Metastases." Urology 86, no. 1 (July 2015): e1-e2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2015.03.028.

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3

Masala, Salvatore, Vincenzo Pipitone, Marco Tomassini, Francesco Massari, Andrea Romagnoli, and Giovanni Simonetti. "Percutaneous Vertebroplasty in Painful Schmorl Nodes." CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology 29, no. 1 (November 24, 2005): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00270-005-0153-6.

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4

Cheung, Kenneth M., Dino Samartzis, Florence P. S. Mok, Jaro Karppinen, Keith D. K. Luk, and Daniel Y. T. Fong. "Schmorl Nodes, Disc Degeneration, and Pain." Global Spine Journal 4, no. 1_suppl (May 2014): s—0034–1376758—s—0034–1376758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1376758.

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5

Pilet, Bernard, Rodrigo Salgado, Tony Van Havenbergh, and Paul M. Parizel. "Development of Acute Schmorl Nodes After Discography." Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 33, no. 4 (July 2009): 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/rct.0b013e318188598b.

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6

González-Reimers, Emilio, María Mas-Pascual, Matilde Arnay-de-la-Rosa, J. Velasco-Vázquez, and F. Santolaria-Fernández. "Schmorl Nodes: Lack of Relationship between Degenerative Changes and Osteopenia." Radiology 222, no. 1 (January 2002): 293–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2221011147.

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7

Coulier, B. "Giant fatty Schmorl?s nodes: CT findings in four patients." Skeletal Radiology 34, no. 1 (October 15, 2004): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00256-004-0858-7.

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8

Gao, Chang, Min Zong, Wen-tao Wang, Lei Xu, Da Cao, and Yue-fen Zou. "Analysis of risk factors causing short-term cement leakages and long-term complications after percutaneous kyphoplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures." Acta Radiologica 59, no. 5 (August 7, 2017): 577–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0284185117725368.

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Background Percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) is a common treatment modality for painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs). Pre- and postoperative identification of risk factors for cement leakage and follow-up complications would therefore be helpful but has not been systematically investigated. Purpose To evaluate pre- and postoperative risk factors for the occurrence of short-term cement leakages and long-term complications after PKP for OVCFs. Material and Methods A total of 283 vertebrae with PKP in 239 patients were investigated. Possible risk factors causing cement leakage and complications during follow-up periods were retrospectively assessed using multivariate analysis. Cement leakage in general, three fundamental leakage types, and complications during follow-up period were directly identified through postoperative computed tomography (CT). Results Generally, the presence of cortical disruption ( P = 0.001), large volume of cement ( P = 0.012), and low bone mineral density (BMD) ( P = 0.002) were three strong predictors for cement leakage. While the presence of intravertebral cleft and Schmorl nodes ( P = 0.045 and 0.025, respectively) were respectively identified as additional risk factors for paravertebral and intradiscal subtype of cortical (C-type) leakages. In terms of follow-up complications, occurrence of cortical leakage was a strong risk factor both for new VCFs ( P = 0.043) and for recompression ( P = 0.004). Conclusion The presence of cortical disruption, large volume of cement, and low BMD of treated level are general but strong predictors for cement leakage. The presence of intravertebral cleft and Schmorl nodes are additional risk factors for cortical leakage. During follow-up, the occurrence of C-type leakage is a strong risk factor, for both new VCFs and recompression.

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9

Luk, K., T. Law, M. Portia-Anthony, and D. Samartzis. "Assessment of the Neurocentral Synchondrosis in Pediatric Spines and the “Developmental” Etiology of Schmorl Nodes." Global Spine Journal 4, no. 1_suppl (May 2014): s—0034–1376576—s—0034–1376576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1376576.

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10

Ma, Heather Ting, James F. Griffith, Yixiang Wang, Anthony W. L. Kwok, Ping Chung Leung, Jason Leung, and David K. W. Yeung. "Is there any relationship between lumbar endplate changes (Modic changes, Schmorl nodes) and bone mineral density?" Bone 43 (October 2008): S66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2008.08.078.

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11

Mok, Florence P. S., Dino Samartzis, Jaro Karppinen, Keith D. K. Luk, Daniel Y. T. Fong, and Kenneth M. C. Cheung. "ISSLS Prize Winner: Prevalence, Determinants, and Association of Schmorl Nodes of the Lumbar Spine With Disc Degeneration." Spine 35, no. 21 (October 2010): 1944–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/brs.0b013e3181d534f3.

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12

Papadakis, Georgios Z., Corina Millo, Ulas Bagci, Samira M. Sadowski, and Constantine A. Stratakis. "Schmorl Nodes Can Cause Increased 68Ga DOTATATE Activity on PET/CT, Mimicking Metastasis in Patients With Neuroendocrine Malignancy." Clinical Nuclear Medicine 41, no. 3 (March 2016): 249–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/rlu.0000000000001065.

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13

Yin, Ruofeng, Elizabeth L. Lord, Jeremiah Raphael Cohen, Zorica Buser, Lifeng Lao, Guibin Zhong, and Jeffrey C. Wang. "Distribution of Schmorl Nodes in the Lumbar Spine and Their Relationship With Lumbar Disk Degeneration and Range of Motion." Spine 40, no. 1 (January 2015): E49—E53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/brs.0000000000000658.

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14

Slonimsky, Einat, Merav Lidar, Myriam Stern, and Iris Eshed. "Degenerative changes of the thoracic spine do exist in patients with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: a detailed thoracic spine CT analysis." Acta Radiologica 59, no. 11 (February 26, 2018): 1343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0284185118761205.

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Background Degenerative intervertebral disease (DID) is an exclusion criterion in the Resnick and Niwayama radiographic classification for diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). However, although DID was previously described in DISH, no systematic computed tomography (CT) analysis has been reported so far. Purpose To assess for the presence and prevalence of such changes on CT examinations of the thoracic spine of individuals with DISH. Material and Methods Intervertebral space (D1–L1) on chest CT examinations of DISH patients was retrospectively evaluated for the presence of DID. Parameters evaluated were disc space height, disc protrusion, subchondral cysts/sclerosis, Schmorl nodes, vacuum phenomenon, and posterior elements including costovertebral and facet joints. Parameters were compared with two age- and gender-matched control groups of individuals whose entire spine CT lacked evidence of DISH (Control 1 individuals < 2 flowing osteophytes, Control 2 individuals < 4 and ≥ 2 flowing osteophytes). Results A total of 158 participants (DISH/Control 1/Control 2 = 54/54/50; 106 men, 52 women; average age = 70.6 years) were evaluated. Average intervertebral disc height was significantly lower in the DISH group compared with both control groups (DISH/Control 1/Control 2 = 4.55/5.13/5.01 mm, P < 0.001). Costovertebral degenerative changes were more prevalent in DISH patients ( P < 0.05) and, except for vacuum phenomenon (more prevalent in controls), other DID changes were as prevalent in DISH as in controls. Conclusion The presence of degenerative intervertebral changes on thoracic CT should not deter from diagnosing DISH. Thus, the radiographic Resnick and Niwayama DISH criteria cannot be directly adapted to CT.

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15

Lee, Jin Ho, and Sekyoung Park. "Differentiation of Schmorl Nodes From Bone Metastases of the Spine: Use of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Derived From DWI and Fat Fraction Derived From a Dixon Sequence." American Journal of Roentgenology 213, no. 5 (November 2019): W228—W235. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.18.21003.

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16

Pfirrmann, Christian W. A., and Donald Resnick. "Schmorl Nodes of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine: Radiographic-Pathologic Study of Prevalence, Characterization, and Correlation with Degenerative Changes of 1,650 Spinal Levels in 100 Cadavers." Radiology 219, no. 2 (May 2001): 368–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.219.2.r01ma21368.

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17

Sehgal, Garima, Tahsin Haider, Syed Shadeeh Haider, and Sachin Khandury. "SCHMORL’S NODES: AN INCIDENTAL FINDING ON MRI." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 4, no. 4.1 (October 31, 2016): 2891–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2016.362.

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18

Atay, Zeynep, Serap Turan, Onur Buğdaycı, Tulay Guran, and Abdullah Bereket. "Restoration of Height after 11 Years of Letrozole Treatment in 11β-Hydroxylase Deficiency." Hormone Research in Paediatrics 92, no. 3 (2019): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000501456.

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11β-hydroxylase deficiency (11β-OHD) is the second most common form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Males with 11β-OHD CAH are often diagnosed late with a significantly advanced bone age leading to a poor height prognosis due to early closure of epiphysis. Delaying epiphyseal fusion by treatment of aromatase inhibitors (AIs) might be a useful strategy in patients with very advanced bone ages. However, there are limited data regarding the effect on final height and long-term safety of this approach. We report our experience with 11 years of letrozole treatment and 17 years of follow-up in a boy with 11β-OHD. He presented at 2 years and 11 months of age with a bone age of 13 years (predicted adult height, PAH, 129.5 cm). Letrozole was added after 1 year of glucocorticoid treatment due to no improvement in height prognosis (130 cm), and continued until the age of 14 years and 11 months. He also received GnRH analog treatment at 10 years and 3 months of age for 2.5 years due to central activation of puberty. He reached a final height of 165.2 cm (35.2 cm above his PAH). This long-term treatment with letrozole was associated with changes in vertebral morphology such as vertebral body end-plate changes, Schmorl nodes, and mild protrusions in the intervertebral discs. Testicular volumes, gonadotropins, testosterone, and anti-Müllerian hormone were normal at age 20 years. A spermiogram showed a normal count but impaired sperm motility and morphology. This unique case represents the longest duration of AI treatment reported in CAH and the first case in which letrozole was started before puberty with the final height reported. We conclude that AIs may restore height in selected patients with CAH with very advanced bone age and severely compromised height prognosis.

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19

Peterhans, Loris, Stefan Fröhlich, Christoph Stern, Walter O. Frey, Mazda Farshad, Reto Sutter, and Jörg Spörri. "High Rates of Overuse-Related Structural Abnormalities in the Lumbar Spine of Youth Competitive Alpine Skiers: A Cross-sectional MRI Study in 108 Athletes." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 232596712092255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120922554.

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Background: Alpine ski racing is known as a sport with unfavorable spinal loads and high rates of back overuse injuries at the elite level. However, little is known about overuse-related structural abnormalities occurring in the spine of youth athletes. Purpose: To describe the prevalence of abnormal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in the lumbar spine of youth competitive alpine skiers within the U16 category (under 16 years) with respect to sex, height growth, multifidus size, increasing age, and clinical relevance. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 108 youth competitive alpine skiers aged 13 to 15 years underwent MRI examination of the lumbar spine and measurement of the multifidus cross-sectional area on a 3-T Magnetom Prisma scanner. Complementary assessments included the determination of anthropometrics and biological maturation. Athletes were classified as symptomatic when, pursuant to the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center questionnaire on health problems, at least 1 substantial back overuse–related health problem episode had been registered during the 12 months before the MRI examination. Results: Of the analyzed youth skiers, 37.0% presented with ≥1 abnormal MRI finding in the lumbar spine. The most prevalent findings in both sexes were disc degeneration (23.1%), Schmorl nodes (19.4%), end plate changes (10.2%), and pars interarticularis anomalies (10.2%); the pars interarticularis anomalies occurred exclusively in males. A smaller relative lumbar multifidus cross-sectional area was related to more frequent occurrence of disc protrusions ( P = .018; R2 = 0.116) and end plate changes ( P = .024; R2 = 0.096). Overall, the occurrence of abnormal MRI findings in the lumbar spine increased with age ( P = .034; R2 = 0.054). Disc degeneration (particularly disc dehydration and disc protrusion) were significantly more prevalent in symptomatic versus asymptomatic athletes ( P < .05 for all). Conclusion: As early as age 15 years or younger, competitive alpine skiers demonstrated distinct overuse-related structural abnormalities in the lumbar spine, with some of them being clinically relevant and restrictive of sports participation. As sex, height growth, multifidus size, and increasing age seem to play an important role for the occurrence of such abnormalities, considering these factors might be essential for prevention.

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20

Yasuma, Tsuguo, Shiu Saito, and Kazuo Kihara. "SCHMORL'S NODES." Pathology International 38, no. 6 (June 1988): 723–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1827.1988.tb02344.x.

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21

Kyere, Kwaku A., Khoi D. Than, Anthony C. Wang, Shayan U. Rahman, Juan M. Valdivia–Valdivia, Frank La Marca, and Paul Park. "Schmorl’s nodes." European Spine Journal 21, no. 11 (April 28, 2012): 2115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-012-2325-9.

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22

Guimbard Pérez, Joint Halley, Andrés Barriga-Martín, and Luis María Romero-Munóz. "Hernia intraesponjosa de Schmörl sintomática. [Symptomatic intraosseous Schmörl herniation]." Revista de la Asociación Argentina de Ortopedia y Traumatología 84, no. 3 (August 5, 2019): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15417/issn.1852-7434.2019.84.3.847.

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Las hernias discales intraesponjosas vertebrales o nódulos de Schmörl consisten en una herniación o una extrusión del núcleo pulposo del disco intervertebral a través del platillo vertebral hacia el cuerpo adyacente. Suelen asociarse a deformidades vertebrales, como la enfermedad de Scheuermann, o a enfermedades reumáticas, como la espondilitis anquilopoyética. En general, son hallazgos casuales y cuadros asintomáticos; son pocos los casos publicados de nódulos sintomáticos. Su aparición estaría relacionada con un platillo vertebral debilitado por traumatismo o estrés repetido. Cuando el nódulo es agudo o reciente, puede ser difícil diferenciar la degeneración benigna de una infiltración maligna o una infección. Presentamos un caso inusual de un nódulo de Schmörl doloroso en un hombre sin antecedentes de relevancia, que enmascaró una lesión metastásica de carcinoma pancreático a nivel lumbar. Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica. ABSTRACTIntraosseous disc herniation –or Schmörl nodes (SN)– are a herniation or prolapse of the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc through the vertebral plate and into the adjacent vertebral body. They are usually associated with vertebral deformities, suchas Scheuermann’s disease, or rheumatic diseases, such as ankylopoietic spondylitis. In general, they are spontaneous and asymptomatic findings, and there are only a few reported cases of symptomatic nodes. The etiology is supposedly related to a weakened spinal plate due to trauma or repeated stress. When the node is acute or recent, it can be difficult to differentiate a benign degeneration from a malignant infiltration or infection. In this paper, we discuss the unusual case of a painful Schmörl node in a man with no relevant history and a masked metastatic lumbar spinal tumor originated from pancreatic cancer. We performed a literature review.

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23

Leibner, E. D., and Yizhar Floman. "Tunneling Schmorl's nodes." Skeletal Radiology 27, no. 4 (April 9, 1998): 225–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002560050371.

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24

Trzciński, Dawid, Anna Myszka, and Janusz Piontek. "High stature and body mass might affect the occurrence of Schmorl’s nodes." Anthropological Review 80, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/anre-2017-0020.

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AbstractSchmorl’s nodes are vertical herniation of intervertebral discs into the body of neighbouring vertebral endplate. Notwithstanding extensive studies, no consensus has been reached in the subject of their possible etiology. It is hypothesized that physical stress, trauma and high axial loading are the key factors in the occurrence of this pathology. The main objective of the current work is to reevaluate the relationship between stature and body mass and Schmorl’s nodes. For this purpose, skeletal samples from Lithuania (44 males and 19 females) and Poland (97 males and 60 females) were used. The study confirmed that Schmorl’s nodes are age-independent, and more frequent in males (12.63% on the superior and 19.32% on the inferior surface of vertebrae) than in females (6.23% and 12.29% respectively). Obtained results also suggest that high stature (e.g. Spearmann correlation for superior:R=0.20 p=0.017, and inferior:R=0.31p=0.000 surface of vertebrae) and body mass (R=0.25,p=0.002 andR=0.32,p<0.001, respectively) are factors that increase the risk of Schmorl’s nodes. Authors hypothesize that the afore-mentioned body size traits alter loadings acting on intervertebral discs, and rigidity of the spine.

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25

Hauger, Olivier, Anne Cotten, Jean-François Chateil, Olivier Borg, Maryse Moinard, and François Diard. "Giant Cystic Schmorl's Nodes." American Journal of Roentgenology 176, no. 4 (April 2001): 969–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.176.4.1760969.

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26

Brown, P. J., G. L. D. Alterio, and D. Fews. "A case of invertebral disc degeneration and prolapse with Schmorl's node formation in a sheep." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 19, no. 03 (2006): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632997.

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SummaryA Schmorl's node is the herniation of nucleus pulposus through the cartilaginous end plate of the vertebral disc into the body of the adjacent vertebra. Their formation is relatively common in people, and they may be symptomatic or asymptomatic. In contrast, there are few reported cases of Schmorl's nodes in non-human animals. This report describes a case of thoracic intervertebral disc degeneration, with Schmorl's node formation in a sheep.

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27

Lee, S. L., and W. Jin. "MR Imaging of Schmorl's Nodes and Several Factors Influencing Enhancement of Schmorl's Nodes." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 12, no. 2_suppl (March 1999): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19714009990120s252.

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28

Peng, B., W. Wu, S. Hou, W. Shang, X. Wang, and Y. Yang. "The pathogenesis of Schmorl’s nodes." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 85-B, no. 6 (August 2003): 879–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.85b6.13555.

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29

Jin, Wook, and Seung Ik Lee. "MR Findings of Large Schmorl's Nodes." Journal of the Korean Radiological Society 39, no. 4 (1998): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3348/jkrs.1998.39.4.807.

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30

Hamanishi, Chiaki, Tutomu Kawabata, Takeo Yosii, and Seisuke Tanaka. "Schmorlʼs Nodes on Magnetic Resonance Imaging." Spine 19, Supplement (February 1994): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199402001-00012.

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31

Takahashi, K., T. Miyazaki, H. Ohnari, T. Takino, and K. Tomita. "Schmorl's nodes and low-back pain." European Spine Journal 4, no. 1 (February 1995): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00298420.

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32

Michael, Dimitra Ermioni, Efstathios Iliadis, and Sotiris K. Manolis. "Using dental and activity indicators in order to explore possible sex differences in an adult rural medieval population from Thebes (Greece)." Anthropological Review 80, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 427–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/anre-2017-0031.

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AbstractAssessing the subsistence strategies of past populations; through their dietary and occupational patterns; could provide important information regarding social status and possible gender differences, especially in turbulent historical periods, as the one of the Crusader’s occupation in Greece (1204-1460 AD). Therefore, the human sample from Aghia Triada in Thebes (13th-14thc. AD) serves as the ideal skeletal material. Diet was explored through two dental indicators; dental caries and tooth wear, while occupational stress was explored through three activity markers; osteoarthritis (OA), spinal facet remodeling and Schmorl’s nodes. The aims of the present study are to assess the dietary and activity patterns of the stated population and explore possible sex differentiations. A total of 126 teeth and 350 vertebrae have been examined. The entire population presents a caries rate of 16.7%, and males present a much higher caries frequency than females (25.5% males vs. 9.9% females). Furthermore, females present significantly higher rates of osteophytes than males, whereas no significant sex differences were found regarding facet remodeling and Schmorl’s nodes. Dental results confirm historical information of medieval Thebes having an agricultural economy and are also in agreement with isotopic data. In addition, our findings suggest very intense physical activity for both sexes, whereas the distribution of facet remodeling along the spine could indicate a possible gender division of labor. Our study proposes two positive correlations; between facet remodeling and osteophytes, and between Schmorl’s nodes and facet remodelling; as activity indicators in past or/and modern populations. Finally, we strongly encourage the inclusion of spinal facet remodelling in studies focusing on occupational stress.

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Liu, Junhui, Lu Hao, Xuyang Zhang, Zhi Shan, Shengyun Li, Shunwu Fan, and Fengdong Zhao. "Painful Schmorl’s nodes treated by discography and discoblock." European Spine Journal 27, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-017-4996-8.

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34

Mattei, Tobias A., and Azeem A. Rehman. "Schmorl's nodes: current pathophysiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic paradigms." Neurosurgical Review 37, no. 1 (August 18, 2013): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10143-013-0488-4.

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35

Stäbler, A., M. Bellan, M. Weiss, C. Gärtner, J. Brossmann, and M. F. Reiser. "MR imaging of enhancing intraosseous disk herniation (Schmorl's nodes)." American Journal of Roentgenology 168, no. 4 (April 1997): 933–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.168.4.9124143.

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36

Zhang, Ning, Fang-Cai Li, Yi-Jiang Huang, Chong Teng, and Wei-Shan Chen. "Possible key role of immune system in Schmorl’s nodes." Medical Hypotheses 74, no. 3 (March 2010): 552–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.09.044.

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37

Silberstein, Morry, Ken Opeskin, and Vanessa Fahey. "Spinal Schmorl's nodes: Sagittal sectional imaging and pathological examination." Australasian Radiology 43, no. 1 (February 1999): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1673.1999.00613.x.

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38

Hong, Seong Ju, Kyung Nam Ryu, Woo Suk Choi, and Yup Yoon. "Schmorl's Nodes of the Lumbar Spine: Are They Simply Normal." Journal of the Korean Radiological Society 38, no. 6 (1998): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3348/jkrs.1998.38.6.1085.

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39

M.S.Ortho,FNBspine, Dr SreeHarsha C. K., and Dr VenkataRamakrishnaTukkapuram M.S.Ortho,fellowinspinesurgery. "ALKAPTONURIC PATIENT PRESENTING WITH BLACK DISC AND MULTIPLE SCHMORL’S NODES." International Journal of Advanced Research 4, no. 12 (December 31, 2016): 1969–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/2609.

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40

Hopley, Philip J. "Plesiosaur spinal pathology: the first fossil occurrence of Schmorl's nodes." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21, no. 2 (July 20, 2001): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0253:psptff]2.0.co;2.

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41

Faccia, K. J., and R. C. Williams. "Schmorl's nodes: clinical significance and implications for the bioarchaeological record." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 18, no. 1 (January 2008): 28–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.924.

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42

Fahey, V., K. Opeskin, M. Silberstein, R. Anderson, and C. Briggs. "The Pathogenesis of Schmorlʼs Nodes in Relation to Acute Trauma." Spine 23, no. 21 (November 1998): 2272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199811010-00004.

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43

Lin, C. Y., H. Y. Chen, H. J. Ding, Y. K. Chen, and C. H. Kao. "Evaluation of Schmorl's nodes using F-18 FDG PET/CT." Clinical Radiology 67, no. 11 (November 2012): e17-e21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2012.04.006.

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Newell, Nicolas, Caroline A. Grant, Maree T. Izatt, J. Paige Little, Mark J. Pearcy, and Clayton J. Adam. "A semiautomatic method to identify vertebral end plate lesions (Schmorl's nodes)." Spine Journal 15, no. 7 (July 2015): 1665–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2015.04.027.

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Burke, Kelly L. "Schmorl’s Nodes in an American Military Population: Frequency, Formation, and Etiology*,†." Journal of Forensic Sciences 57, no. 3 (December 8, 2011): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01992.x.

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Abbas, Janan, Kamal Hamoud, Natan Peled, and Israel Hershkovitz. "Lumbar Schmorl’s Nodes and Their Correlation with Spine Configuration and Degeneration." BioMed Research International 2018 (November 7, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1574020.

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Abstract:

The aim of this study was to reveal whether demographic aspect, vertebral morphometry, and spine degeneration are associated with lumbar Schmorl’s nodes (SNs). A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed using data from the Department of Radiology (Carmel, Medical Center, Israel) for 180 individuals: age range between 40 and 99 years; 90 males and 90 females. All participants had undergone high-resolution CT scans for abdominal diagnostic purposes in the same supine position prior to our study, which enabled the processing of the scans in all planes and allowed a 3D reconstruction of the lower lumbar region. Eighty individuals (44.4%) had at least one SN along the lumbar spine, particularly at L3-4 level (30%). Vertebral body length (L1 to L3) and width (L1 and L4) were significantly greater in the SNs group compared to non-SNs group. On contrast, disc height (L3-4 and L4-5) was significantly lesser in SNs group than non-SNs group. SNs was significantly associated with smoking (X2= 4.436, P=0.02) and degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (X2= 5.197, P=0.038). Moreover, the prevalence of SN was significantly greater in individuals with vacuum phenomenon and osteophytes formation (L1-2 to L4-5 levels). This study indicates that vacuum phenomenon on L3-4 (OR: 4.7, P=0.034), smoking habit (OR: 3.2, P=0.003), disc height loss of L4-5 (OR: 0.798, P=0.008), vertebral body length of L1 (OR: 1.37, P<0.001), and age (OR: 1.05, P=0.002) increase the probability of developing lumbar SNs.

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ÃstÃ¼ndagÌ, H. "Schmorl's nodes in a post-medieval skeletal sample from Klostermarienberg, Austria." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 19, no. 6 (November 2009): 695–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.993.

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Williams, F. M. K., N. J. Manek, P. N. Sambrook, T. D. Spector, and A. J. Macgregor. "Schmorl's nodes: Common, highly heritable, and related to lumbar disc disease." Arthritis & Rheumatism 57, no. 5 (2007): 855–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.22789.

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Dar, Gali, Youssef Masharawi, Smadar Peleg, Nili Steinberg, Hila May, Bahaa Medlej, Natan Peled, and Israel Hershkovitz. "Schmorl’s nodes distribution in the human spine and its possible etiology." European Spine Journal 19, no. 4 (December 12, 2009): 670–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00586-009-1238-8.

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Moustarhfir, M., B. Bresson, P. Koch, A. Perozziello, G. Barreau, E. Schouman-Claeys, M. C. Henry-Feugeas, P. Ou, and B. Dallaudière. "MR imaging of Schmorl's nodes: Imaging characteristics and epidemio-clinical relationships." Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging 97, no. 4 (April 2016): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diii.2016.02.001.

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