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Academic literature on the topic 'Schofield's equation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Schofield's equation"
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Anjos, Luiz Dos, Bruna Silva, and Vivian Wahrlich. "Energy Intake and Total Daily Energy Expenditure Assessed by Subjective and Objective Methods in Older Individuals from a Tropical Setting in Brazil." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa049_016.
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Abstract Objectives To assess different methods of estimating energy balance (EB) and its components in a sample of older people (age ≥ 60 years) living in a tropical city in Brazil. Methods EB was calculated in 85 older individuals (69 women) as the difference between energy intake (EI), obtained by three 24-hour dietary recalls on nonconsecutive days, and total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) estimated by 24-hour physical activity recalls (24hPAR, subjective method) and accelerometry (ACC, objective method) on the same days. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was estimated by a validated local predictive equations derived from a sample of healthy adults from the same city and by international equations (Schofield). Resting energy expenditure (MET) was also estimated by local predictive equation and the conventional value of 3.5 mL.kg−1.min−1. Anthropometry and % body fat (DXA) assessment was also obtained. Results Mean (SD) age was 69.0 (5.5) years with a mean BMI of 26.7 (4.4) kg.m−2 and %BF of 39.4 (7.9). BMR from locally-derived equations (1050.7 ± 188.7 kcal.day−1) was significantly lower than BMR estimated by the Schofield's equation (1286.5 ± 145.3 kcal.day−1). Likewise, predicted MET was significantly lower than the conventional value. Despite the high prevalence of overweight (66% with BMI ≥ 25 kg.m−2), EB was always negative for the 24hPAR method (−863.5 ± 799.5 kcal.day−1) but positive (252.1 ± 726.6 kcal.day−1) with the ACC method when MET was calculated with population-specific equations. EB estimated by ACC was also negative (−122.7 ± 781.0 kcal.day−1) using the conventional MET value. Conclusions The findings of this study indicate that EB is negative when the subjective method of TDEE estimation is used but becomes positive with the objective method. It is also evident that BMR and MET equations derived from samples of the population of interest may help improve the final estimates of TDEE and EB in older adults. Funding Sources CNPq (310,461/2016–20 and 485,168/2011–1) and FAPERJ (E-26/111.496/2011; E-26/202.514/2018; E-26/203.068/2017).
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Anjos, Luiz Dos, Tatiana Campos, Juliana Dantas, Fernanda Fernandes, and Vivian Wahrlich. "Measured and Predicted Basal Metabolic Rate in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa049_017.
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Abstract Objectives To measure basal metabolic rate (BMR) and to compare the values with estimated BMR from international and local predictive equations in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Methods A total of 72 (38 women) subjects with Chron's disease (n = 45, 19 women) and ulcerative colitis (n = 27, 19 women) from an outpatient care unit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, agreed to participate in the study. Anthropometric measures were obtained using standard procedures. Percent body fat (PBF) was assessed by DXA. BMR was measured (BMRm) by indirect calorimetry (Vmax Encore 29) under standardized conditions and compared with BMR estimated by internationally-recommended (Schofield, 1985) and locally-developed (Anjos et al., 2014) predictive equations. Bias was calculated as estimated - measured BMR. Results The mean ± SD (range) age was 38.0 ± 11.3 (20.1 – 58.3) years with a mean BMI of 24.7 ± 4.5 (16.1 – 39.1) kg.m−2 and PBF of 32.2 ± 9.1 (9.7 – 53.4). BMRm was significantly lower in women (1169.3 ± 205.0) than men (1439.0 ± 197.5) kcal.day−1. The Schofield's equations significantly overestimated BMR for both women (bias of 204.0 ± 148.3 kcal.day−1 or 17.4%) and men (306.7 ± 171.0 kcal.day−1 or 21.3%). The locally-developed equation yielded nonsignificant estimates for both women (−5.8 ± 143.7 kcal.day−1 or −0.5%) and men (−19.9 ± 165.5 kcal.day−1 or −1.4%). Conclusions The findings of the present study indicate that internationally-recommended BMR predictive equations are not accurate to estimate BMR in IBD patients in a tropical setting. As observed in samples of healthy adults from the same city, the locally-developed BMR equations yield unbiased and accurate estimates for IBD patients. Funding Sources CNPq (310,461/2016–20) and FAPERJ (E-26/202.514/2018; E-26/203.068/2018; E-26/203.068/2017; E-26/202.520/2016; E-26/210.747/2016).
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Henry, CJK. "Basal metabolic rate studies in humans: measurement and development of new equations." Public Health Nutrition 8, no. 7a (October 2005): 1133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2005801.
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AbstractObjectiveTo facilitate the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University Joint (FAO/WHO/UNU) Expert Consultation on Energy and Protein Requirements which met in Rome in 1981, Schofield et al. reviewed the literature and produced predictive equations for both sexes for the following ages: 0–3, 3–10, 10–18, 18–30, 30–60 and >60 years. These formed the basis for the equations used in 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU document, Energy and Protein Requirements.While Schofield's analysis has served a significant role in re-establishing the importance of using basal metabolic rate (BMR) to predict human energy requirements, recent workers have subsequently queried the universal validity and application of these equations. A survey of the most recent studies (1980–2000) in BMR suggests that in most cases the current FAO/WHO/UNU predictive equations overestimate BMR in many communities. The FAO/WHO/UNU equations to predict BMR were developed using a database that contained a disproportionate number – 3388 out of 7173 (47%) – of Italian subjects. The Schofield database contained relatively few subjects from the tropical region.The objective here is to review the historical development in the measurement and application of BMR and to critically review the Schofield et al. BMR database presenting a series of new equations to predict BMR.DesignThis division, while arbitrary, will enable readers who wish to omit the historical review of BMR to concentrate on the evolution of the new BMR equations.SettingBMR data collected from published and measured values.SubjectsA series of new equations (Oxford equations) have been developed using a data set of 10 552 BMR values that (1) excluded all the Italian subjects and (2) included a much larger number (4018) of people from the tropics.ResultsIn general, the Oxford equations tend to produce lower BMR values than the current FAO/WHO/UNU equations in 18–30 and 30–60 year old males and in all females over 18 years of age.ConclusionsThis is an opportune moment to re-examine the role and place of BMR measurements in estimating total energy requirements today. The Oxford equations' future use and application will surely depend on their ability to predict more accurately the BMR in contemporary populations.
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Miller, Michelle D., Lynne A. Daniels, Elaine Bannerman, and Maria Crotty. "Resting energy expenditure measured longitudinally following hip fracture compared to predictive equations: is an injury adjustment required?" British Journal of Nutrition 94, no. 6 (December 2005): 976–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051593.
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The present study measuring resting energy expenditure (REE; kJ/d) longitudinally using indirect calorimetry in six elderly women aged ≥70 years following surgery for hip fracture, describes changes over time (days 10, 42 and 84 post-injury) and compares measured values to those calculated from routinely applied predictive equations. REE was compared to REE predicted using the Harris Benedict and Schofield equations, with and without accounting for the theoretical increase in energy expenditure of 35 % secondary to physiological stress of injury and surgery. Mean (95 % CI) measured REE (kJ/d) was 4704 (4354, 5054), 4090 (3719, 4461) and 4145 (3908, 4382) for days 10, 42 and 84, respectively. A time effect was observed for measured REE,P=0·003. Without adjusting for stress the mean difference and 95 % limits of agreement for measured and predicted REE (kJ/kg per d) for the Harris Benedict equation were 1 (−9, 12), 10 (2, 18) and 9 (1, 17) for days 10, 42 and 84, respectively. The mean difference and 95 % limits of agreement for measured and predicted REE (kJ/kg per d) for the Schofield equation without adjusting for stress were 8 (−3, 19), 16 (6, 26) and 16 (10, 22) for days 10, 42 and 84, respectively. After adjusting for stress, REE predicted from the Harris Benedict or Schofield equations overestimated measured REE by between 38 and 69 %. Energy expenditure following fracture is poorly understood. Our data suggest REE was relatively elevated early in recovery but declined during the first 6 weeks. Using the Harris Benedict or Schofield equations adjusted for stress may lead to overestimation of REE in the clinical setting. Further work is required to evaluate total energy expenditure before recommendations can be made to alter current practice for calculating theoretical total energy requirements of hip fracture patients.
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Xue, Jingjing, Shuo Li, Yong Zhang, and Ping Hong. "Accuracy of Predictive Resting-Metabolic-Rate Equations in Chinese Mainland Adults." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15 (August 1, 2019): 2747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152747.
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Accurate measurement of the resting metabolic rate (RMR) is necessary when we make energy requirements and nutrition suggestions in clinical. However, indirect calorimetry is not always available. The objectives of this study were to make a comparison between RMR measured by indirect calorimetry and RMR predicted by different kinds of equations, and to develop new predictive equations for Chinese mainland adults. In this study, 315 Chinese mainland adults from different provinces all over China were recruited. Subjects underwent half a day of testing, which consisted of anthropometric assessment and RMR measurement. Measured and predicted RMR were compared; new optimal equations for Chinese mainland adults were developed and tested by splitting the subjects into a development and validation group. The measured RMR was in the range of 831–2776 kcal/day (mean 1651 ± 339 kcal/day). Our findings indicated that, except for the Harris–Benedict and Schofield equations, three Chinese equations and two fat-free mass (FFM) modeling equations all significantly underestimated RMR compared to the measured value (all p < 0.01). There were no significant differences between predicted and measured RMR using the new equations for females and males. Of the pre-existing equations, Schofield’s is the most suitable for Chinese mainland adults. However, the two new equations developed in this study seem to be more effective for predicting the RMR of Chinese mainland adults, and need to be validated by a larger independent sample with different physiological and anthropometric characteristics.
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Vassimon, Helena Siqueira, Jacqueline Pontes Monteiro, Alcyone Artioli Machado, Francisco José Albuquerque de Paula, Andressa Kutschenko, and Alceu Afonso Jordão. "Which equation should be used to measure energy expenditure in HIV-infected patients?" Revista de Nutrição 26, no. 2 (April 2013): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-52732013000200010.
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OBJECTIVE: In view of the practical need to use equations for the evaluation of energy expenditure in HIV-infected patients, the objective of the present study was to determine the concordance between the energy expenditure values obtained by indirect calorimetry as the gold standard and those obtained by predictive equations elaborated from data for the healthy population: Harris-Benedict, Schofield and Cunningham, and by equations elaborated from data for HIV-infected patients: Melchior (1991-1993). METHODS: The study was conducted at the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto on 32 HIV-infected men under treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Resting energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry and estimated on the basis of measurement of O2 consumption and CO2 production. RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed weak concordance for the Harris-Benedict (0.38) and Cunningham (0.34) equations and satisfactory concordance for the Schofield equation (0.47). Only the two Melchior equations (1991 and 1993) showed strong concordance with the values obtained by indirect calorimetry (0.63 and 0.66, respectively) and could be used in practice. CONCLUSION: The best equations seem to be population-specific, such as the Melchior equations elaborated for HIV-infected patients.
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Yang, Xiaojiao, Ming Li, Deqian Mao, Guo Zeng, Qin Zhuo, Wen Hu, Jianhua Piao, Xiaoguang Yang, and Chengyu Huang. "Basal energy expenditure in southern Chinese healthy adults: measurement and development of a new equation." British Journal of Nutrition 104, no. 12 (August 31, 2010): 1817–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510002795.
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The objective of the present study is to measure basal energy expenditure (BEE) using the Cosmed K4b2portable metabolic system (Rome, Italy) and to develop a new predictive equation for BEE in southern Chinese adults. A total of 165 healthy Chinese adults aged 18–45 years with normal body weight were involved in the present study. BEE was measured by Cosmed K4b2. Body composition was determined by body composition analysers (ImpediMed DF50, QLD, Australia). Multiple linear regression analysis and correlation analysis were applied to develop a new optimal equation for predicting BEE of southern healthy Chinese adults. Measured BEE (mBEE) of southern Chinese healthy adults was 5513 (sem96) kJ/d, which was similar to the results predicted by the equation developed by of Liu 5579 (sem57) kJ/d (P = 0·37) and significantly lower than those from equations developed by Henry (5763 (sem54) kJ/d), Schofield (5898 (sem58) kJ/d) and Harris–Benedict (HB; 5863 (sem51) kJ/d) (allP = 0·001). The optimal equation developed by our data was BEE (kJ/d) = 277+89 weight (kg)+600 sex (male = 1 and female = 0) (r2 = 0·48,n165). For males, BEE (kJ/d) = 105 weight (kg) − 58 (r2 = 0·27,n79); for females, BEE (kJ/d) = 69 weight (kg)+1335 (r2 = 0·24,n86). In conclusion, the mBEE of southern Chinese healthy adults was 5513 (sem96) kJ/d. The BMR of Chinese adults of normal weight is overestimated by widely used prediction equations developed by Henry, Schofield and HB. The equation developed in the present study (equation 7) can be used in predicting BEE for Chinese adults aged 18–45 years with normal body weight.
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Ramirez-Zea, Manuel. "Validation of three predictive equations for basal metabolic rate in adults." Public Health Nutrition 8, no. 7a (October 2005): 1213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2005807.
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AbstractObjectiveTo cross-validate three predictive set of equations for basal metabolic rate (BMR) developed by Schofield (Schofield database), Henry (Oxford database) and Cole (Oxford database) using mean values for age, weight, height and BMR of published studies.DesignLiterature review of studies published from 1985 to March 2002.SettingAll studies selected used appropriate methods and followed conditions that met the criteria established for basal metabolism, were performed in healthy adults, and were not part of the Schofield or Oxford database.SubjectsA total of 261 groups of men and women from 175 studies were selected and categorised in three age groups (18.5–29.9, 30.0–59.9, ≥60 years old) and three body mass index (BMI) groups (normal weight, overweight and obese).ResultsLinear regression and concordance correlation analysis showed that the three sets of equations had the same association and agreement with measured BMR, across gender, age, and BMI groups. The agreement of all equations was moderate for men and poor for women. The lowest mean squared prediction errors (MSPRs) were given by Henry equations in men and Cole equations in women. Henry and Cole equations gave lower values than Schofield equations, except for men over 60 years of age. Henry equations were the most accurate in men. None of the three equations performed consistently better in women.ConclusionThese results support the use of Henry equations in men with a wide range of age and BMI. None of the proposed predictive equations seem to be appropriate to estimate BMR in women.
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Amaro-Gahete, Francisco, Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado, Juan Alcantara, Borja Martinez-Tellez, Victoria Muñoz-Hernandez, Elisa Merchan-Ramirez, Marie Löf, Idoia Labayen, and Jonatan R. Ruiz. "Congruent Validity of Resting Energy Expenditure Predictive Equations in Young Adults." Nutrients 11, no. 2 (January 22, 2019): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11020223.
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Having valid and reliable resting energy expenditure (REE) estimations is crucial to establish reachable goals for dietary and exercise interventions. However, most of the REE predictive equations were developed some time ago and, as the body composition of the current population has changed, it is highly relevant to assess the validity of REE predictive equations in contemporary young adults. In addition, little is known about the role of sex and weight status on the validity of these predictive equations. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of sex and weight status in congruent validity of REE predictive equations in young adults. A total of 132 young healthy adults (67.4% women, 18–26 years old) participated in the study. We measured REE by indirect calorimetry strictly following the standard procedures, and we compared it to 45 predictive equations. The most accurate equations were the following: (i) the Schofield and the “Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization/United Nations” (FAO/WHO/UNU) equations in normal weight men; (ii) the Mifflin and FAO/WHO/UNU equations in normal weight women; (iii) the Livingston and Korth equations in overweight men; (iv) the Johnstone and Frankenfield equations in overweight women; (v) the Owen and Bernstein equations in obese men; and (vi) the Owen equation in obese women. In conclusion, the results of this study show that the best equation to estimate REE depends on sex and weight status in young healthy adults.
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Innerd, Alison L., and Liane B. Azevedo. "The Energy Expenditure of Free-Living Physical Activities in Primary Schoolchildren." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 13, s1 (June 2016): S57—S61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2015-0724.
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Background:The aim of this study is to establish the energy expenditure (EE) of a range of child-relevant activities and to compare different methods of estimating activity MET.Methods:27 children (17 boys) aged 9 to 11 years participated. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 routines of 6 activities ranging from sedentary to vigorous intensity. Indirect calorimetry was used to estimate resting and physical activity EE. Activity metabolic equivalent (MET) was determined using individual resting metabolic rate (RMR), the Harrell-MET and the Schofield equation.Results:Activity EE ranges from 123.7± 35.7 J/min/Kg (playing cards) to 823.1 ± 177.8 J/min/kg (basketball). Individual RMR, the Harrell-MET and the Schofield equation MET prediction were relatively similar at light and moderate but not at vigorous intensity. Schofield equation provided a better comparison with the Compendium of Energy Expenditure for Youth.Conclusion:This information might be advantageous to support the development of a new Compendium of Energy Expenditure for Youth.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Schofield's equation"
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Kosková, Martina. "Komparace jednotlivých metod určování bazálního metabolismu." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-379099.
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Title: Comparison of individual methods of basal metabolism determination Objectives: The aim of the work is to compare the individual methods of basal metabolism. These values were measured by indirect calorimetry, plethysmography, bioelectric impedance and predictive equations. Methods: The research was attended by 31 people, including eight men and twenty-three women. All participants of my research were aged 21-30 years. None of the participants was a professional athlete, they were all healthy and none of the women were pregnant or had menstruation. The indirect calorimetry, bioelectronics impedance device Tanita MC - 980 and BOD POD were used to collect the data. Basal metabolic rates were calculated from the prediction equations by Harris & Benedict, Fleisch's equation and Schofield's equation using measured anthropometric values. Results: The results of the methods that have been used for this group of people vary, but the difference is not significant. If we choose as a reference method indirect calorimetry, we can't replace it by any other method. The results for other methods are not significantly different, so we can replace one method with another, except indirect calorimetry. From calculations, we also found out that fat free mass greatly influences the results of basal metabolic rate...