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Anjos, Luiz Dos, Bruna Silva, and Vivian Wahrlich. "Energy Intake and Total Daily Energy Expenditure Assessed by Subjective and Objective Methods in Older Individuals from a Tropical Setting in Brazil." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa049_016.
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Abstract Objectives To assess different methods of estimating energy balance (EB) and its components in a sample of older people (age ≥ 60 years) living in a tropical city in Brazil. Methods EB was calculated in 85 older individuals (69 women) as the difference between energy intake (EI), obtained by three 24-hour dietary recalls on nonconsecutive days, and total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) estimated by 24-hour physical activity recalls (24hPAR, subjective method) and accelerometry (ACC, objective method) on the same days. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was estimated by a validated local predictive equations derived from a sample of healthy adults from the same city and by international equations (Schofield). Resting energy expenditure (MET) was also estimated by local predictive equation and the conventional value of 3.5 mL.kg−1.min−1. Anthropometry and % body fat (DXA) assessment was also obtained. Results Mean (SD) age was 69.0 (5.5) years with a mean BMI of 26.7 (4.4) kg.m−2 and %BF of 39.4 (7.9). BMR from locally-derived equations (1050.7 ± 188.7 kcal.day−1) was significantly lower than BMR estimated by the Schofield's equation (1286.5 ± 145.3 kcal.day−1). Likewise, predicted MET was significantly lower than the conventional value. Despite the high prevalence of overweight (66% with BMI ≥ 25 kg.m−2), EB was always negative for the 24hPAR method (−863.5 ± 799.5 kcal.day−1) but positive (252.1 ± 726.6 kcal.day−1) with the ACC method when MET was calculated with population-specific equations. EB estimated by ACC was also negative (−122.7 ± 781.0 kcal.day−1) using the conventional MET value. Conclusions The findings of this study indicate that EB is negative when the subjective method of TDEE estimation is used but becomes positive with the objective method. It is also evident that BMR and MET equations derived from samples of the population of interest may help improve the final estimates of TDEE and EB in older adults. Funding Sources CNPq (310,461/2016–20 and 485,168/2011–1) and FAPERJ (E-26/111.496/2011; E-26/202.514/2018; E-26/203.068/2017).
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Anjos, Luiz Dos, Tatiana Campos, Juliana Dantas, Fernanda Fernandes, and Vivian Wahrlich. "Measured and Predicted Basal Metabolic Rate in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa049_017.
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Abstract Objectives To measure basal metabolic rate (BMR) and to compare the values with estimated BMR from international and local predictive equations in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Methods A total of 72 (38 women) subjects with Chron's disease (n = 45, 19 women) and ulcerative colitis (n = 27, 19 women) from an outpatient care unit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, agreed to participate in the study. Anthropometric measures were obtained using standard procedures. Percent body fat (PBF) was assessed by DXA. BMR was measured (BMRm) by indirect calorimetry (Vmax Encore 29) under standardized conditions and compared with BMR estimated by internationally-recommended (Schofield, 1985) and locally-developed (Anjos et al., 2014) predictive equations. Bias was calculated as estimated - measured BMR. Results The mean ± SD (range) age was 38.0 ± 11.3 (20.1 – 58.3) years with a mean BMI of 24.7 ± 4.5 (16.1 – 39.1) kg.m−2 and PBF of 32.2 ± 9.1 (9.7 – 53.4). BMRm was significantly lower in women (1169.3 ± 205.0) than men (1439.0 ± 197.5) kcal.day−1. The Schofield's equations significantly overestimated BMR for both women (bias of 204.0 ± 148.3 kcal.day−1 or 17.4%) and men (306.7 ± 171.0 kcal.day−1 or 21.3%). The locally-developed equation yielded nonsignificant estimates for both women (−5.8 ± 143.7 kcal.day−1 or −0.5%) and men (−19.9 ± 165.5 kcal.day−1 or −1.4%). Conclusions The findings of the present study indicate that internationally-recommended BMR predictive equations are not accurate to estimate BMR in IBD patients in a tropical setting. As observed in samples of healthy adults from the same city, the locally-developed BMR equations yield unbiased and accurate estimates for IBD patients. Funding Sources CNPq (310,461/2016–20) and FAPERJ (E-26/202.514/2018; E-26/203.068/2018; E-26/203.068/2017; E-26/202.520/2016; E-26/210.747/2016).
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Henry, CJK. "Basal metabolic rate studies in humans: measurement and development of new equations." Public Health Nutrition 8, no. 7a (October 2005): 1133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2005801.
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AbstractObjectiveTo facilitate the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University Joint (FAO/WHO/UNU) Expert Consultation on Energy and Protein Requirements which met in Rome in 1981, Schofield et al. reviewed the literature and produced predictive equations for both sexes for the following ages: 0–3, 3–10, 10–18, 18–30, 30–60 and >60 years. These formed the basis for the equations used in 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU document, Energy and Protein Requirements.While Schofield's analysis has served a significant role in re-establishing the importance of using basal metabolic rate (BMR) to predict human energy requirements, recent workers have subsequently queried the universal validity and application of these equations. A survey of the most recent studies (1980–2000) in BMR suggests that in most cases the current FAO/WHO/UNU predictive equations overestimate BMR in many communities. The FAO/WHO/UNU equations to predict BMR were developed using a database that contained a disproportionate number – 3388 out of 7173 (47%) – of Italian subjects. The Schofield database contained relatively few subjects from the tropical region.The objective here is to review the historical development in the measurement and application of BMR and to critically review the Schofield et al. BMR database presenting a series of new equations to predict BMR.DesignThis division, while arbitrary, will enable readers who wish to omit the historical review of BMR to concentrate on the evolution of the new BMR equations.SettingBMR data collected from published and measured values.SubjectsA series of new equations (Oxford equations) have been developed using a data set of 10 552 BMR values that (1) excluded all the Italian subjects and (2) included a much larger number (4018) of people from the tropics.ResultsIn general, the Oxford equations tend to produce lower BMR values than the current FAO/WHO/UNU equations in 18–30 and 30–60 year old males and in all females over 18 years of age.ConclusionsThis is an opportune moment to re-examine the role and place of BMR measurements in estimating total energy requirements today. The Oxford equations' future use and application will surely depend on their ability to predict more accurately the BMR in contemporary populations.
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Miller, Michelle D., Lynne A. Daniels, Elaine Bannerman, and Maria Crotty. "Resting energy expenditure measured longitudinally following hip fracture compared to predictive equations: is an injury adjustment required?" British Journal of Nutrition 94, no. 6 (December 2005): 976–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051593.
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The present study measuring resting energy expenditure (REE; kJ/d) longitudinally using indirect calorimetry in six elderly women aged ≥70 years following surgery for hip fracture, describes changes over time (days 10, 42 and 84 post-injury) and compares measured values to those calculated from routinely applied predictive equations. REE was compared to REE predicted using the Harris Benedict and Schofield equations, with and without accounting for the theoretical increase in energy expenditure of 35 % secondary to physiological stress of injury and surgery. Mean (95 % CI) measured REE (kJ/d) was 4704 (4354, 5054), 4090 (3719, 4461) and 4145 (3908, 4382) for days 10, 42 and 84, respectively. A time effect was observed for measured REE,P=0·003. Without adjusting for stress the mean difference and 95 % limits of agreement for measured and predicted REE (kJ/kg per d) for the Harris Benedict equation were 1 (−9, 12), 10 (2, 18) and 9 (1, 17) for days 10, 42 and 84, respectively. The mean difference and 95 % limits of agreement for measured and predicted REE (kJ/kg per d) for the Schofield equation without adjusting for stress were 8 (−3, 19), 16 (6, 26) and 16 (10, 22) for days 10, 42 and 84, respectively. After adjusting for stress, REE predicted from the Harris Benedict or Schofield equations overestimated measured REE by between 38 and 69 %. Energy expenditure following fracture is poorly understood. Our data suggest REE was relatively elevated early in recovery but declined during the first 6 weeks. Using the Harris Benedict or Schofield equations adjusted for stress may lead to overestimation of REE in the clinical setting. Further work is required to evaluate total energy expenditure before recommendations can be made to alter current practice for calculating theoretical total energy requirements of hip fracture patients.
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Xue, Jingjing, Shuo Li, Yong Zhang, and Ping Hong. "Accuracy of Predictive Resting-Metabolic-Rate Equations in Chinese Mainland Adults." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15 (August 1, 2019): 2747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152747.
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Accurate measurement of the resting metabolic rate (RMR) is necessary when we make energy requirements and nutrition suggestions in clinical. However, indirect calorimetry is not always available. The objectives of this study were to make a comparison between RMR measured by indirect calorimetry and RMR predicted by different kinds of equations, and to develop new predictive equations for Chinese mainland adults. In this study, 315 Chinese mainland adults from different provinces all over China were recruited. Subjects underwent half a day of testing, which consisted of anthropometric assessment and RMR measurement. Measured and predicted RMR were compared; new optimal equations for Chinese mainland adults were developed and tested by splitting the subjects into a development and validation group. The measured RMR was in the range of 831–2776 kcal/day (mean 1651 ± 339 kcal/day). Our findings indicated that, except for the Harris–Benedict and Schofield equations, three Chinese equations and two fat-free mass (FFM) modeling equations all significantly underestimated RMR compared to the measured value (all p < 0.01). There were no significant differences between predicted and measured RMR using the new equations for females and males. Of the pre-existing equations, Schofield’s is the most suitable for Chinese mainland adults. However, the two new equations developed in this study seem to be more effective for predicting the RMR of Chinese mainland adults, and need to be validated by a larger independent sample with different physiological and anthropometric characteristics.
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Vassimon, Helena Siqueira, Jacqueline Pontes Monteiro, Alcyone Artioli Machado, Francisco José Albuquerque de Paula, Andressa Kutschenko, and Alceu Afonso Jordão. "Which equation should be used to measure energy expenditure in HIV-infected patients?" Revista de Nutrição 26, no. 2 (April 2013): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-52732013000200010.
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OBJECTIVE: In view of the practical need to use equations for the evaluation of energy expenditure in HIV-infected patients, the objective of the present study was to determine the concordance between the energy expenditure values obtained by indirect calorimetry as the gold standard and those obtained by predictive equations elaborated from data for the healthy population: Harris-Benedict, Schofield and Cunningham, and by equations elaborated from data for HIV-infected patients: Melchior (1991-1993). METHODS: The study was conducted at the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto on 32 HIV-infected men under treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Resting energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry and estimated on the basis of measurement of O2 consumption and CO2 production. RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed weak concordance for the Harris-Benedict (0.38) and Cunningham (0.34) equations and satisfactory concordance for the Schofield equation (0.47). Only the two Melchior equations (1991 and 1993) showed strong concordance with the values obtained by indirect calorimetry (0.63 and 0.66, respectively) and could be used in practice. CONCLUSION: The best equations seem to be population-specific, such as the Melchior equations elaborated for HIV-infected patients.
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Yang, Xiaojiao, Ming Li, Deqian Mao, Guo Zeng, Qin Zhuo, Wen Hu, Jianhua Piao, Xiaoguang Yang, and Chengyu Huang. "Basal energy expenditure in southern Chinese healthy adults: measurement and development of a new equation." British Journal of Nutrition 104, no. 12 (August 31, 2010): 1817–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510002795.
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The objective of the present study is to measure basal energy expenditure (BEE) using the Cosmed K4b2portable metabolic system (Rome, Italy) and to develop a new predictive equation for BEE in southern Chinese adults. A total of 165 healthy Chinese adults aged 18–45 years with normal body weight were involved in the present study. BEE was measured by Cosmed K4b2. Body composition was determined by body composition analysers (ImpediMed DF50, QLD, Australia). Multiple linear regression analysis and correlation analysis were applied to develop a new optimal equation for predicting BEE of southern healthy Chinese adults. Measured BEE (mBEE) of southern Chinese healthy adults was 5513 (sem96) kJ/d, which was similar to the results predicted by the equation developed by of Liu 5579 (sem57) kJ/d (P = 0·37) and significantly lower than those from equations developed by Henry (5763 (sem54) kJ/d), Schofield (5898 (sem58) kJ/d) and Harris–Benedict (HB; 5863 (sem51) kJ/d) (allP = 0·001). The optimal equation developed by our data was BEE (kJ/d) = 277+89 weight (kg)+600 sex (male = 1 and female = 0) (r2 = 0·48,n165). For males, BEE (kJ/d) = 105 weight (kg) − 58 (r2 = 0·27,n79); for females, BEE (kJ/d) = 69 weight (kg)+1335 (r2 = 0·24,n86). In conclusion, the mBEE of southern Chinese healthy adults was 5513 (sem96) kJ/d. The BMR of Chinese adults of normal weight is overestimated by widely used prediction equations developed by Henry, Schofield and HB. The equation developed in the present study (equation 7) can be used in predicting BEE for Chinese adults aged 18–45 years with normal body weight.
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Ramirez-Zea, Manuel. "Validation of three predictive equations for basal metabolic rate in adults." Public Health Nutrition 8, no. 7a (October 2005): 1213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2005807.
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AbstractObjectiveTo cross-validate three predictive set of equations for basal metabolic rate (BMR) developed by Schofield (Schofield database), Henry (Oxford database) and Cole (Oxford database) using mean values for age, weight, height and BMR of published studies.DesignLiterature review of studies published from 1985 to March 2002.SettingAll studies selected used appropriate methods and followed conditions that met the criteria established for basal metabolism, were performed in healthy adults, and were not part of the Schofield or Oxford database.SubjectsA total of 261 groups of men and women from 175 studies were selected and categorised in three age groups (18.5–29.9, 30.0–59.9, ≥60 years old) and three body mass index (BMI) groups (normal weight, overweight and obese).ResultsLinear regression and concordance correlation analysis showed that the three sets of equations had the same association and agreement with measured BMR, across gender, age, and BMI groups. The agreement of all equations was moderate for men and poor for women. The lowest mean squared prediction errors (MSPRs) were given by Henry equations in men and Cole equations in women. Henry and Cole equations gave lower values than Schofield equations, except for men over 60 years of age. Henry equations were the most accurate in men. None of the three equations performed consistently better in women.ConclusionThese results support the use of Henry equations in men with a wide range of age and BMI. None of the proposed predictive equations seem to be appropriate to estimate BMR in women.
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Amaro-Gahete, Francisco, Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado, Juan Alcantara, Borja Martinez-Tellez, Victoria Muñoz-Hernandez, Elisa Merchan-Ramirez, Marie Löf, Idoia Labayen, and Jonatan R. Ruiz. "Congruent Validity of Resting Energy Expenditure Predictive Equations in Young Adults." Nutrients 11, no. 2 (January 22, 2019): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11020223.
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Having valid and reliable resting energy expenditure (REE) estimations is crucial to establish reachable goals for dietary and exercise interventions. However, most of the REE predictive equations were developed some time ago and, as the body composition of the current population has changed, it is highly relevant to assess the validity of REE predictive equations in contemporary young adults. In addition, little is known about the role of sex and weight status on the validity of these predictive equations. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of sex and weight status in congruent validity of REE predictive equations in young adults. A total of 132 young healthy adults (67.4% women, 18–26 years old) participated in the study. We measured REE by indirect calorimetry strictly following the standard procedures, and we compared it to 45 predictive equations. The most accurate equations were the following: (i) the Schofield and the “Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization/United Nations” (FAO/WHO/UNU) equations in normal weight men; (ii) the Mifflin and FAO/WHO/UNU equations in normal weight women; (iii) the Livingston and Korth equations in overweight men; (iv) the Johnstone and Frankenfield equations in overweight women; (v) the Owen and Bernstein equations in obese men; and (vi) the Owen equation in obese women. In conclusion, the results of this study show that the best equation to estimate REE depends on sex and weight status in young healthy adults.
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Innerd, Alison L., and Liane B. Azevedo. "The Energy Expenditure of Free-Living Physical Activities in Primary Schoolchildren." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 13, s1 (June 2016): S57—S61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2015-0724.
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Background:The aim of this study is to establish the energy expenditure (EE) of a range of child-relevant activities and to compare different methods of estimating activity MET.Methods:27 children (17 boys) aged 9 to 11 years participated. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 routines of 6 activities ranging from sedentary to vigorous intensity. Indirect calorimetry was used to estimate resting and physical activity EE. Activity metabolic equivalent (MET) was determined using individual resting metabolic rate (RMR), the Harrell-MET and the Schofield equation.Results:Activity EE ranges from 123.7± 35.7 J/min/Kg (playing cards) to 823.1 ± 177.8 J/min/kg (basketball). Individual RMR, the Harrell-MET and the Schofield equation MET prediction were relatively similar at light and moderate but not at vigorous intensity. Schofield equation provided a better comparison with the Compendium of Energy Expenditure for Youth.Conclusion:This information might be advantageous to support the development of a new Compendium of Energy Expenditure for Youth.
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Anjos, Luiz A., Vivian Wahrlich, and Mauricio TL Vasconcellos. "BMR in a Brazilian adult probability sample: the Nutrition, Physical Activity and Health Survey." Public Health Nutrition 17, no. 4 (January 3, 2013): 853–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012005381.
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AbstractObjectiveTo measure BMR in a probability sample of adults from an urban city of Brazil and to compare indirectly measured BMR (BMRi) with BMR predicted from different equations.DesignBMR data were obtained by indirect calorimetry and estimated by different predictive equations (Schofield; Harris and Benedict; Henry and Rees). Anthropometric and body composition measures were also obtained.SettingThe Nutrition, Physical Activity and Health Survey (PNAFS), a household survey conducted in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil.SubjectsRepresentative sample of 529 adults (aged ≥20 years; 339 females) living in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil.ResultsMean BMRi values were 5839·7 (se 73·9) kJ/d and 4758·1 (se 39·5) kJ/d for men and women, respectively. Predicted BMR by all equations was significantly higher (difference between means and 95 % CI did not include zero) than BMRi in both men and women of all ages. Overall bias in BMR (predicted BMR minus BMRi) using the Schofield equations (overestimation of about 20 %) was higher than when using the Henry and Rees equations (13 % and 16 % overestimation for males and females, respectively). The percentage of individuals whose BMR predicted by the Schofield equations fell within 10 % of BMRi was very low (7·8 % and 14·1 % of males and females, respectively).ConclusionsCurrent available predictive equations of BMR are not adequate to estimate BMR in Brazilians living in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Reale, Reid J., Timothy J. Roberts, Khalil A. Lee, Justina L. Bonsignore, and Melissa L. Anderson. "Metabolic Rate in Adolescent Athletes: The Development and Validation of New Equations, and Comparison to Previous Models." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 30, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0323.
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We sought to assess the accuracy of current or developing new prediction equations for resting metabolic rate (RMR) in adolescent athletes. RMR was assessed via indirect calorimetry, alongside known predictors (body composition via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, height, age, and sex) and hypothesized predictors (race and maturation status assessed via years to peak height velocity), in a diverse cohort of adolescent athletes (n = 126, 77% male, body mass = 72.8 ± 16.6 kg, height = 176.2 ± 10.5 cm, age = 16.5 ± 1.4 years). Predictive equations were produced and cross-validated using repeated k-fold cross-validation by stepwise multiple linear regression (10 folds, 100 repeats). Performance of the developed equations was compared with several published equations. Seven of the eight published equations examined performed poorly, underestimating RMR in >75% to >90% of cases. Root mean square error of the six equations ranged from 176 to 373, mean absolute error ranged from 115 to 373 kcal, and mean absolute error SD ranged from 103 to 185 kcal. Only the Schofield equation performed reasonably well, underestimating RMR in 51% of cases. A one- and two-compartment model were developed, both r2 of .83, root mean square error of 147, and mean absolute error of 114 ± 26 and 117 ± 25 kcal for the one- and two-compartment model, respectively. Based on the models’ performance, as well as visual inspection of residual plots, the following model predicts RMR in adolescent athletes with better precision than previous models; RMR = 11.1 × body mass (kg) + 8.4 × height (cm) − (340 male or 537 female).
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Ullah, S., R. Arsalani-Zadeh, and J. MacFie. "Accuracy of prediction equations for calculating resting energy expenditure in morbidly obese patients." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 94, no. 2 (March 2012): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588412x13171221501988.
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INTRODUCTION The accuracy of prediction equations for estimating resting energy expenditure (REE) in morbidly obese patients is unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the REE measured using bedside indirect calorimetry with commonly used prediction equations. METHODS A total of 31 morbidly obese patients were studied. Pre-operative REE was measured with indirect calorimetry and compared with estimated REE using the Harris–Benedict and Schofield equations. All patients subsequently underwent a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and measurements were repeated at six weeks and three months following surgery. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 47 years. The mean pre-operative body mass index was 46kg/m2. The mean REE measured using indirect calorimetry was 1,980kcal/day. The estimated REE using the Harris–Benedict and Schofield formulae was 2,195 and 2,129kcal/day respectively. The equations overestimated REE by 10% and 7%. Body weight and body mass index reduced significantly following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. There was no significant change in measured REE over the three-month period. After weight loss the difference between the estimated and measured REE reduced to 1–3%. CONCLUSIONS Prediction equations overestimate REE in morbidly obese patients. Their accuracy improved after surgery induced weight loss, confirming their validity for the normal weight population. Indirect calorimetry should be used in morbid obesity.
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Macena, Mateus L., Isabele R. O. M. Pureza, Ingrid S. V. Melo, Ana G. Clemente, Haroldo S. Ferreira, Telma M. M. T. Florêncio, Karina Pfrimer, Eduardo Ferrioli, Ana L. Sawaya, and Nassib B. Bueno. "Agreement between the total energy expenditure calculated with accelerometry data and the BMR yielded by predictive equations v. the total energy expenditure obtained with doubly labelled water in low-income women with excess weight." British Journal of Nutrition 122, no. 12 (September 26, 2019): 1398–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114519002460.
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AbstractLow-income women are the group with the highest levels of obesity worldwide. In low-income settings, the use of predictive equations, which yield a measure of the individuals’ BMR, is a feasible approach to estimate the individuals’ total energy expenditure (TEE), using the factorial method (calculated-TEE = BMR × physical activity level), an important step of the obesity nutritional care. The present study aimed to identify the predictive equation that, in conjunction with metabolic equivalents of tasks (MET) data from accelerometers, yields the calculated-TEE with better agreement compared with the TEE measured by doubly labelled water (TEE-DLW). Forty-five women aged 19–45 years, with excess weight and mothers of undernourished children, were included. They received DLW to determine TEE (14 d); at the same time, they used triaxial accelerometers (7 d) to estimate their MET. The Bland–Altman method, paired-sample t tests, concordance correlation coefficient and root-mean-square error were used to assess the agreement. Maximum allowed differences were defined as 24 %, based on the within-variance coefficient of the energy intake of the sample. Eleven equations were studied. The calculated-TEE obtained by five equations showed non-significant bias: Dietary Reference Intake (Institute of Medicine (2005) Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids), FAO/WHO/UNU ((2001) Food and Nutrition Technical Report Series), Harris & Benedict ((1919) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA4, 370–373), Henry & Rees ((1991) Eur J Clin Nutr45, 177–185) and Schofield ((1985) Hum Nutr Clin Nutr39, 5–41). The mean percentage differences were –1·5, –0·8, 2·2, –2·2 and 2·0 %, respectively. Considering all parameters, FAO/WHO/UNU ((2001) Food and Nutrition Technical Report Series) equation performed slightly better than the others; nevertheless, no equation in conjunction with the estimated-MET showed a calculated-TEE with its CI for the Bland–Altman limits of agreement inside the pre-defined acceptable range.
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Ortner, J. "Equation of states for classical Coulomb systems: Use of the Hubbard-Schofield approach." Physical Review E 59, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): 6312–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.59.6312.
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Amarri, S., W. A. Coward, M. Harding, and L. T. Weaver. "Importance of measuring CO2-production rate when using 13C-breath tests to measure fat digestion." British Journal of Nutrition 79, no. 6 (June 1998): 541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19980093.
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Stable isotope breath tests offer a safe, repeatable non-invasive method of measuring fat digestion. They involve the ingestion of a substrate labelled with 13C followed by serial measurements of the 13C: 12C ratio in expired CO2, from which the percentage of the 13C dose recovered (PDR) can be calculated. However PDR depends on the CO2-production rate. Our aim was to compare results obtained using directly measured CO2-production rates with those calculated from two predicted values. Twelve normal healthy children and twenty-four children with cystic fibrosis (CF) (without or with the normal dose of enzyme supplementation) were studied with 1,3-distearyl, 2[carboxyl[13C]octanoyl glycerol. The volume of CO2 produced (litres/min) was measured at rest for 30 min approximately 3 h after substrate ingestion, and the results were converted to mmol/min. For each subject the expected BMR was calculated from the equation of Schofield (1985), based on sex, age, weight and height, and from these values, CO2-production rate was derived. Surface area was calculated and an estimated value of 5 mmol/m2 per min (Shreeve et al. 1970) was used. Using these three CO2-production rates, three different PDR were calculated and compared. In healthy children there was a close concordance between measured and predicted CO2-production rates, but children with CF had a mean measured CO2-production rate 39% higher than normal children. This use of normal data for predicted CO2-production rates in children with CF underestimates cumulative PDR. If direct measurements of CO2-production rate are not available or impossible to perform the Vco2 obtained from the BMR calculated using the equations of Schofield (1985) or Shreeve et al. (1970) can be used in normal children. However, if accurate results for PDR are to be obtained, CO2-production rates should be measured when performing breath tests in conditions where energy expenditure and/or CO2-production rate are not expected to be normal.
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Janssen, Xanne, Dylan Cliff, Anthony D. Okely, Rachel A. Jones, Marijka Batterham, Ulf Ekelund, Søren Brage, and John J. Reilly. "Practical utility and reliability of whole-room calorimetry in young children." British Journal of Nutrition 109, no. 10 (September 19, 2012): 1917–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512003820.
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The use of whole-room calorimetry (WRC) in young children can increase our understanding of children's energy balance. However, studies using WRC in young children are rare due to concerns about its feasibility. To assess the feasibility of WRC in young children, forty children, aged 4–6 years, were asked to follow a graded activity protocol while in a WRC. In addition, six children participated in two additional resting protocols to examine the effect of diet-induced thermogenesis on resting energy expenditure (REE) measures and the reliability of REE measurement. Refusals to participate and data loss were quantified as measures of practical utility, and REE measured after an overnight fast and after a 90-min fast were compared. In addition, both were compared to predicted BMR values using the Schofield equation. Our results showed that thirty (78·9 %) participants had acceptable data for all intensities of the activity protocol. The REE values measured after a 90-min fast (5·07 (sd 1·04) MJ/d) and an overnight fast (4·73 (sd 0·61) MJ/d) were not significantly different from each other (P= 0·472). However, both REE after an overnight fast and a 90-min fast were significantly higher than predicted BMR (3·96 (sd 0·18) MJ/d) using the Schofield equation (P= 0·024 and 0·042, respectively). We conclude that, with a developmentally sensitive approach, WRC is feasible and can be standardised adequately even in 4- to 6-year-old children. In addition, the effect of a small standardised breakfast, approximately 90 min before REE measurements, is likely to be small.
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CARTERI, Randhall Bruce, Marceli FELDMANN, Júlia Silveira GROSS, Renata Lopes KRUGER, André Luis LOPES, and Álvaro REISCHAK-OLIVEIRA. "Comparison between resting metabolic rate and indirect calorimetry in postmenopausal women." Revista de Nutrição 30, no. 5 (October 2017): 583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-98652017000500004.
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ABSTRACT Objective To compare resting metabolic rate values determined by indirect calorimetry with values estimated using different predictive equations in lean and overweight postmenopausal women. Methods Twenty-four women, who had stopped menstruating for at least two years, were subjected to anthropometric measurements and indirect calorimetry after 12-hour overnight fasting to determine, mathematically and experimentally, resting metabolic rate values. Results There was no difference in the indirect calorimetry values between the groups evaluated. Difference values of resting metabolic rate were obtained with all equations used. For the lean women, there was no difference between the values obtained by indirect calorimetry and those estimated using the equations proposed by Food and Agricultural Organization, Fredix, Lazzer, and Schofield. However, in the overweight group, the resting metabolic rate values estimated using the Institute of Medicine, Berstein and Owen equations were different from those obtained by indirect calorimetry. Conclusion This study suggests that differences in body composition in postmenopausal women influence the accuracy of predictive equations, demonstrating the need for more accurate estimation methods for resting metabolic rate in postmenopausal women with different body compositions.
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Clevenger, Kimberly A., Aubrey J. Aubrey, Rebecca W. Moore, Karissa L. Peyer, Darijan Suton, Stewart G. Trost, and Karin A. Pfeiffer. "Energy Cost of Children’s Structured and Unstructured Games." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 13, s1 (June 2016): S44—S47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0005.
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Background:Limited data are available on energy cost of common children’s games using measured oxygen consumption.Methods:Children (10.6 ± 2.9 years; N = 37; 26 male, 9 female) performed a selection of structured (bowling, juggling, obstacle course, relays, active kickball) and unstructured (basketball, catch, tennis, clothespin tag, soccer) activities for 5 to 30 minutes. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was calculated using Schofield’s age- and sex-specific equation. Children wore a portable metabolic unit, which measured expired gases to obtain oxygen consumption (VO2), youth METs (relative VO2/child’s calculated RMR), and activity energy expenditure (kcal/kg/min). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize data.Results:Relative VO2 ranged from 16.8 ± 4.6 ml/kg/min (bowling) to 32.2 ± 6.8 ml/kg/min (obstacle course). Obstacle course, relays, active kickball, soccer, and clothespin tag elicited vigorous intensity (>6 METs), the remainder elicited moderate intensity (3–6 METs).Conclusions:This article contributes energy expenditure data for the update and expansion of the youth compendium.
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Mahardikawati, Venny Agustiani, and Katrin Roosita. "AKTIVITAS FISIK, ASUPAN ENERGI DAN STATUS GIZI WANITA PEMETIK TEH DI PTPN VIII BANDUNG, JAWA BARAT." Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan 3, no. 2 (July 13, 2008): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2008.3.2.79-85.
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<p class="MsoTitle" style="margin: 0cm 13.05pt 6pt 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.95pt;"><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">Quality of human resources is very important to improve productivity. The worker productivity is correlated with nutritional status and health status. The objective of the research is to analyze physical activity, energy intake</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">, nutritional status, of women workers at Tea Plantation PTPN VIII Bandung, West Java.</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us"> The cross sectional design was used in this study to elaborate physical activity, nutritional status, and productivity of tea picker’s women. The criteria of study sample were tea picker’s women at cluster area of Malabar tea plantation of PTPN VIII Bandung, having infant and they were willing to be interviewed. The total number of 92 women sample was chosen randomly. Primary data consisted of physical activity recall (2x24 hours), food consumption <span>recall</span> (2x24 hours), anthropometry data (weight and height), and productivity (passage of tea sprout). Secondary data were included data of PT Perkebunan Nusantara VIII Bandung, West Java. The result showed that more than a half of samples having active or moderate physical activity level (PAL). The physical activity level of samples during work day (average PAL=1.87) was higher than holiday (average PAL=1.69) (p<0.05). The physical activity was related to energy expenditure. According to Schofield equation, energy expenditure of sample during workday (average=2362 kcal) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than day off (average=2134 kcal). This result is related to Oxford equation, energy expenditure of sample during workday (average=2223 kcal) was significantly higher than holiday (average=2011 kcal). The related factors of energy expenditure are body weight and age. Energy intake on workday and day off were respectively </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">2362 kcal and 2134 kcal</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">. The average energy adequacy level during workday and day off according to Schofield and Oxford equation were </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">not significantly different</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">, respectively </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">97,2% and 103,3%. </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">The majority of samples had normal nutritional status, and 30.4% of the sample was overweight. The energy adequacy level according to Schofield and Oxford equation are related to nutritional status of women workers. </span></em><em></em></p><strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Keywords: </span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">physical activity, energy expenditure, nutritional status, plantation <span>women</span></span></em>
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Carlsohn, Anja, Friederike Scharhag-Rosenberger, Michael Cassel, Josefine Weber, Annette de Guzman Guzman, and Frank Mayer. "Physical Activity Levels to Estimate the Energy Requirement of Adolescent Athletes." Pediatric Exercise Science 23, no. 2 (May 2011): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.23.2.261.
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Adequate energy intake in adolescent athletes is considered important. Total energy expenditure (TEE) can be calculated from resting energy expenditure (REE) and physical activity level (PAL). However, validated PAL recommendations are available for adult athletes only. Purpose was to comprise physical activity data in adolescent athletes and to establish PAL recommendations for this population. In 64 competitive athletes (15.3 ± 1.5yr, 20.5 ± 2.0kg/m2) and 14 controls (15.1 ± 1.1yr, 21 ± 2.1kg/m2) TEE was calculated using 7-day activity protocols validated against doubly-labeled water. REE was estimated by Schofield-HW equation, and PAL was calculated as TEE:REE. Observed PAL in adolescent athletes (1.90 ± 0.35) did not differ compared with controls (1.84 ± 0.32, p = .582) and was lower than recommended for adult athletes by the WHO. In conclusion, applicability of PAL values recommended for adult athletes to estimate energy requirements in adolescent athletes must be questioned. Instead, a PAL range of 1.75–2.05 is suggested.
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Wood, Ian G., Lidunka Vočadlo, David P. Dobson, G. David Price, A. D. Fortes, Frances J. Cooper, J. W. Neale, et al. "Thermoelastic properties of magnesiowüstite, (Mg1−xFex)O: determination of the Anderson–Grüneisen parameter by time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction at simultaneous high pressures and temperatures." Journal of Applied Crystallography 41, no. 5 (September 11, 2008): 886–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889808025417.
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The ability to perform neutron diffraction studies at simultaneous high pressures and high temperatures is a relatively recent development. The suitability of this technique for determiningP–V–Tequations of state has been investigated by measuring the lattice parameters of Mg1−xFexO (x= 0.2, 0.3, 0.4), in the rangeP < 10.3 GPa and 300 <T< 986 K, by time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction. Pressures were determined using metallic Fe as a marker and temperatures were measured by neutron absorption resonance radiography. Within the resolution of the experiment, no evidence was found for any change in the temperature derivative of the isothermal incompressibility, ∂KT/∂T, with composition. By assuming that the equation-of-state parameters either varied linearly or were invariant with composition, the 60 measured state points were fitted simultaneously to aP–V–T–xequation of state, leading to values of ∂KT/∂T= −0.024 (9) GPa K−1and of the isothermal Anderson–Grüneisen parameter δT= 4.0 (16) at 300 K. Two designs of simultaneous high-P/Tcell were employed during this study. It appears that, by virtue of its extended pressure range, a design using toroidal gaskets is more suitable for equation-of-state studies than is the system described by Le Godec, Dove, Francis, Kohn, Marshall, Pawley, Price, Redfern, Rhodes, Ross, Schofield, Schooneveld, Syfosse, Tucker & Welch [Mineral. Mag.(2001),65, 737–748].
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Murakami, Kentaro, and M. Barbara E. Livingstone. "Prevalence and characteristics of misreporting of energy intake in US children and adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2012." British Journal of Nutrition 115, no. 2 (November 3, 2015): 294–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515004304.
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AbstractUsing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2012, we investigated the prevalence and characteristics of under- and over-reporting of energy intake (EI) among 14 044 US children and adolescents aged 2–19 years. For the assessment of EI, two 24-h dietary recalls were conducted with the use of the US Department of Agriculture Automated Multiple-Pass Method. Under-, plausible and over-reporters of EI were identified using two methods: based on the 95 % confidence limits (1) for agreement between the ratio of EI:BMR and a physical activity level for sedentary lifestyle (1·55) and (2) of the expected ratio of EI:estimated energy requirement (EER) of 1·0. BMR was calculated using Schofield’s equations. EER was calculated using equations from the US Dietary Reference Intakes, assuming ‘low active’ level of physical activity. The risk of being an under- or over-reporter compared with a plausible reporter was analysed using multiple logistic regression. Percentages of under-, plausible and over-reporters were 13·1, 81·5 and 5·4 %, respectively, based on EI:BMR and 18·8, 72·3 and 8·8 %, respectively, based on EI:EER. Under-reporting was associated with older age, non-Hispanic blacks (compared with non-Hispanic whites) and overweight and obesity (compared with normal weight). Over-reporting was associated with younger age, lower family poverty income ratio, normal weight and the first survey cycle. Similar findings were obtained when analysing only the first 24-h recall data from NHANES 1999–2012 (n 22 949). In conclusion, we found that EI misreporting remains prevalent and differential in US children and adolescents.
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Murakami, Kentaro, and M. Barbara E. Livingstone. "Prevalence and characteristics of misreporting of energy intake in US adults: NHANES 2003–2012." British Journal of Nutrition 114, no. 8 (August 24, 2015): 1294–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515002706.
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AbstractUsing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2012, we investigated the prevalence and characteristics of under-reporting and over-reporting of energy intake (EI) among 19 693 US adults ≥20 years of age. For the assessment of EI, two 24-h dietary recalls were conducted using the US Department of Agriculture Automated Multiple-Pass Method. Under-reporters, acceptable reporters and over-reporters of EI were identified by two methods based on the 95 % confidence limits: (1) for agreement between the ratio of EI to BMR and a physical activity level for sedentary lifestyle (1·55) and (2) of the expected ratio of EI to estimated energy requirement (EER) of 1·0. BMR was calculated using Schofield’s equations. EER was calculated using equations from the US Dietary Reference Intakes, assuming ‘low active’ level of physical activity. The risk of being an under-reporter or over-reporter compared with an acceptable reporter was analysed using multiple logistic regression. Percentages of under-reporters, acceptable reporters and over-reporters were 25·1, 73·5 and 1·4 %, respectively, based on EI:BMR, and 25·7, 71·8 and 2·5 %, respectively, based on EI:EER. Under-reporting was associated with female sex, older age, non-Hispanic blacks (compared with non-Hispanic whites), lower education, lower family poverty income ratio and overweight and obesity. Over-reporting was associated with male sex, younger age, lower family poverty income ratio, current smoking (compared with never smoking) and underweight. Similar findings were obtained when analysing only the first 24-h recall data from NHANES 1999–2012 (n 28 794). In conclusion, we found that misreporting of EI, particularly under-reporting, remains prevalent and differential in US adults.
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Walton, Samuel R., Candace Bernitt, Brooke Daniell, Steven Malin, and Jacob Resch. "Resting metabolic rate following sport concussion: A preliminary analysis." Neurology 91, no. 23 Supplement 1 (December 4, 2018): S24.2—S25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000550652.73921.29.
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ObjectiveAlterations in energy expenditure have been observed following moderate and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in animals and humans. However, few data exist characterizing how mild TBI, specifically concussion, affects whole-body energy expenditure. The purpose of this study was to examine resting metabolic rate (RMR) following sport concussion in university and high school student-athletes.MethodsConcussed participants were recruited from a university and local high schools. Concussion diagnosis was made by an athletic trainer or physician. Participants could have no other concurrent injury (e.g., fracture). RMR was determined by indirect calorimetry (VMax Metabolic Cart) with a ventilated hood < 72 hours following a diagnosed concussion (T1), 7 days after T1 (T2), and 7 days after T2 (T3). Predicted RMR (pRMR) was also calculated using 3 validated equations: Harris-Benedict (HB), Mifflin-St. Jeor (MSJ) and Schofield (SCH). These equations were used to examine the magnitude of change in RMR following concussion. Measured and predicted values were compared at each time point using percentages ([RMR/pRMR] × 100). Changes over time in measured RMR were assessed using a repeated measures ANOVA.ResultsTwelve concussed participants (aged 17.7 + 2.15 years, BMI 21.8 + 2.94) completed T1 at 1.8 + 0.84 days post-injury. There were 3 participants of each sex from each academic setting (university and high school). Measured RMR percent of pRMR was below 100% at each time point post-concussion (T1: HB = 53% + 7.6%, MSJ = 55% + 8.6%, SCH = 53% + 9.1%; T2: HB = 54% + 6.6%, MSJ = 56% + 6.7%, SCH = 53% + 8.1%; and T3: HB = 57% + 8.5%, MSJ = 59% + 9.6%, SCH = 57% + 9.0%). Additionally, measured RMR did not change over time (T1 = 909 + 226.0 kcal, T2 = 905 + 154.5 kcal, T3 = 975 + 266.7 kcal; F2 = 1.348, p = 0.28).ConclusionsConcussed student-athletes appear to have suppressed resting metabolism of about 40% following injury when compared with validated prediction equations. Although future studies are needed to confirm our findings by comparing concussed participants to healthy-matched controls, these preliminary data suggest use of prediction equations to estimate concussed student-athletes' dietary energy requirements should be used with caution.
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LaMunion, Samuel R., Andrew L. Blythe, Paul R. Hibbing, Andrew S. Kaplan, Brandon J. Clendenin, and Scott E. Crouter. "Use of consumer monitors for estimating energy expenditure in youth." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 45, no. 2 (February 2020): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2019-0129.
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The purpose of this study was to compare energy expenditure (EE) estimates from 5 consumer physical activity monitors (PAMs) to indirect calorimetry in a sample of youth. Eighty-nine youth (mean (SD); age, 12.3 (3.4) years; 50% female) performed 16 semi-structured activities. Activities were performed in duplicate across 2 visits. Participants wore a Cosmed K4b2(criterion for EE), an Apple Watch 2 (left wrist), Mymo Tracker (right hip), and Misfit Shine 2 devices (right hip; right shoe). Participants were randomized to wear a Samsung Gear Fit 2 or a Fitbit Charge 2 on the right wrist. Oxygen consumption was converted to EE by subtracting estimated basal EE (Schofield’s equation) from the measured gross EE. EE from each visit was summed across the 2 visit days for comparison with the total EE recorded from the PAMs. All consumer PAMs estimated gross EE, except for the Apple Watch 2 (net Active EE). Paired t tests were used to assess differences between estimated (PAM) and measured (K4b2) EE. Mean absolute percent error (MAPE) was used to assess individual-level error. The Mymo Tracker was not significantly different from measured EE and was within 15.9 kcal of measured kilocalories (p = 0.764). Mean percent errors ranged from 3.5% (Mymo Tracker) to 48.2% (Apple Watch 2). MAPE ranged from 16.8% (Misfit Shine 2 – right hip) to 49.9% (Mymo Tracker).Novelty Only the Mymo Tracker was not significantly different from measured EE but had the greatest individual error. The Misfit Shine 2 – right hip had the lowest individual error. Caution is warranted when using consumer PAMs in youth for tracking EE.
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Kurilina, T., T. Marushko, A. Pysariev, R. Loboda, I. Shurygina, and K. Mashurenko. "NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT OF PALLIATIVE CHILDREN WITH SERIOUS NUTRIRION DEFICIT." Inter Collegas 5, no. 1 (April 22, 2018): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35339/ic.5.1.27-31.
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NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT OF PALLIATIVE CHILDREN WITH SERIOUS NUTRIRION DEFICITT. Kurilina, T. Marushko, A. Pysariev, R. Loboda, I. Shurygina, K. Mashurenko Children with severe injury of nervous system compose high risk group on nutrition deficit. The purpose of the study is to assess the degree of nutrition deficit, calculate its actual requirement in enteric substrate and organization of adequate feeding. Indices of Broke 2, Pine, Z-score were used for determination of nutrition insufficiency degree. Physiological and actual requirements were defined by Schofield (WН) equation. Broke 2 index accounted for 40 %, BWI – 9.18, Z-score for BW on age – "-"6, for height on age – "-"12, for BW on height – "-3.5", which attested about extreme degree of nutritive insufficient (cachexia) and significant delay in physical development. High requirements in energy and low tolerance for necessary volume of feeding determine the administration of specialized isocaloric clinical product. Conclusion. Employment of simple standardized indices allows to determine the degree of nutrition deficit in palliative children. The definition of actual, instead physiological, requirements and administration of special clinical products permits to provide adequate nutrition in spite of low tolerance for high volume of feeding. Keywords: children, palliative care, nutrition’s deficit, clinical feeding, polymeric enteral products НУТРИТИВНА ПІДТРИМКА ДІТЕЙ ПАЛІАТИВНОЇ ГРУПИ З ТЯЖКИМ НУТРИТИВНИМ ДЕФІЦИТОМКуріліна Т.В., Марушко Т.В., Писарєв А.О., Лобода Р.Н., Шуригіна І.В., Машуренко К.Ю. Діти з тяжкими ураженнями нервової системи складають групу високого ризику по нутритивному дефіциту. Мета дослідження - оцінка ступеня нутритивного дефіциту у дитини паліативної групи, розрахунок її фактичних потреб у ентеральному субстраті та організація адекватного харчування. Матеріали і методи. Для визначення ступеня нутритивної недостатності використовували індекс Брока, індекс Пін’є, Z-score. Проведено обчислення фізіологічних та фактичних енергетичних потреб за рівнянням Schofield (WН). Результати: значення індексу Брока 2 у дитини становило 40 %, ІМТ – 9,18, Z-score для маси тіла на вік – "-"6, Z-score для росту на вік – "-"12, Z-score для маси тіла на довжину тіла – "-3,5", що свідчить про крайній ступінь нутритивної недостатності (кахексія) та значне відставання у фізичному розвитку. Високі енергетичні фактичні потреби та низька толерантність до потрібних об’ємів годування обумовили призначення спеціалізованого ізокалорійного клінічного харчування. Висновки. Застосування простих стандартизованих індексів дозволяє визначити ступінь нутритивного дефіциту у дітей паліативної групи. Визначення фактичних, замість фізіологічних потреб, а також застосування продуктів спеціалізованого клінічного харчування дозволяє забезпечити адекватне харчування, незважаючи на низьку толерантність до високих об’ємів їжі.Ключові слова: діти, паліативна допомога, нутритивний дефіцит, клінічне харчування, полімерні ентеральні субстрати НУТРИТИВНАЯ ПОДДЕРЖКА ДЕТЕЙ ПАЛЛИАТИВНОЙ ГРУППЫ С ТЯЖЕЛЫМ НУТРИТИВНЫМ ДЕФИЦИТОМТ.В. Курилина, Т.В. Марушко, А.А. Писарев, Р.Н. Лобода, И.В. Шурыгина, Е.Ю. МашуренкоДети с тяжелыми повреждениями нервной системы составляют группу высокого риска по нутритивному дефициту. Цель исследования – оценка степени нутритивного дефицита у ребенка паллиативной группы, расчет ее фактических потребностей в энтеральном субстрате и организация адекватного вскармливания. Материал и методы. Для определения степени нутритивной недостаточности использовали индекс Брока 2, индекс Пинье, Z-score. По уравнению Schofield (WН) определены физиологические и фактические потребности. Результаты: индекс Брока 2 составил 40 %, ИМТ – 9,18, Z-score для массы тела на возраст – "-"6, для роста на возраст – "-"12, для массы тела на рост – "-3,5", что свидетельствует о крайней степени нутритивной недостаточности (кахексия) и значительное отставание в физическом развитии. Высокие энергетические потребности и низкая толерантность к нужным объемам кормления обусловили назначение специализированного изокалорийного клинического питания. Выводы. Использование простых стандартизированных индексов позволяет определить степень нутритивного дефицита у детей паллиативной группы. Определение фактических, вместо физиологических потребностей, а также использование специализированных продуктов клинического питания позволяет обеспечить адекватное питание, несмотря на низкую толерантность к высоким объемам питания.Ключевые слова: дети, паллиативная помощь, нутритивный дефицит, клиническое питание, полимерные энтеральные субстраты.
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Zinn, Caryn, Amy Rush, and Rebecca Johnson. "Assessing the nutrient intake of a low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet: a hypothetical case study design." BMJ Open 8, no. 2 (February 2018): e018846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018846.
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ObjectiveThe low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet is becoming increasingly employed in clinical dietetic practice as a means to manage many health-related conditions. Yet, it continues to remain contentious in nutrition circles due to a belief that the diet is devoid of nutrients and concern around its saturated fat content. This work aimed to assess the micronutrient intake of the LCHF diet under two conditions of saturated fat thresholds.DesignIn this descriptive study, two LCHF meal plans were designed for two hypothetical cases representing the average Australian male and female weight-stable adult. National documented heights, a body mass index of 22.5 to establish weight and a 1.6 activity factor were used to estimate total energy intake using the Schofield equation. Carbohydrate was limited to <130 g, protein was set at 15%–25% of total energy and fat supplied the remaining calories. One version of the diet aligned with the national saturated fat guideline threshold of <10% of total energy and the other included saturated fat ad libitum.Primary outcomesThe primary outcomes included all micronutrients, which were assessed using FoodWorks dietary analysis software against national Australian/New Zealand nutrient reference value (NRV) thresholds.ResultsAll of the meal plans exceeded the minimum NRV thresholds, apart from iron in the female meal plans, which achieved 86%–98% of the threshold. Saturated fat intake was logistically unable to be reduced below the 10% threshold for the male plan but exceeded the threshold by 2 g (0.6%).ConclusionDespite macronutrient proportions not aligning with current national dietary guidelines, a well-planned LCHF meal plan can be considered micronutrient replete. This is an important finding for health professionals, consumers and critics of LCHF nutrition, as it dispels the myth that these diets are suboptimal in their micronutrient supply. As with any diet, for optimal nutrient achievement, meals need to be well formulated.
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Wardani, Noni Eka Jaya, and Katrin Roosita. "AKTIVITAS FISIK, ASUPAN ENERGI, DAN PRODUKTIVITAS KERJA PRIA DEWASA: STUDI KASUS DI PERKEBUNAN TEH MALABAR PTPN VIII BANDUNG, JAWA BARAT." Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan 3, no. 2 (July 12, 2008): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2008.3.2.71-78.
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<p class="MsoTitle" style="margin: 0cm 13.05pt 6pt 17.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 26.95pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">The cross sectional design was used in this study to elaborate physical activity, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="af" xml:lang="af">energy consumption</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">, and work productivity of </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="af" xml:lang="af">men workers</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">. The total number of sample is 72 men. The inclusion criteria of the sample is the head of household’s </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="af" xml:lang="af">women tea pickers at Tea Plantation PTPN VIII Bandung, West Java who have</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us"> children 0-72 month age and willing to be interviewed. The place of the research was chose purposively. Malabar Plantation was chosen from the other five plantations (clusters) cause of its easier access and the homogenous characteristics inter cluster. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">Data collected was analyzed statistically. In general, more than a half of samples had active or moderately physical activity level (PAL=1.89). The physical activity level of samples during work day (average PAL=1.93) was higher than holiday (average PAL=1.77) (p<0.05). The working hours during holiday were substituted by doing domestic chores and miscellaneous recreational activities. There are significant differences (p<0.05) of energy requirement based on three calculation (Schofield equation, Oxford equation, and energy RDI on WNPG (2004)). Average energy consumption of men workers were </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="af" xml:lang="af">87.2 - 121.2%.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us"> Majority of samples (76.4%) had wages per month below the regional minimum wages. The working hours of more than a half of samples were below seven hours per day and had wages per hour below standard regional minimum wage. Based on correlation analysis, there are significant correlation between 1) education level with physical activity level; 2) age, income per capita, and family size with wage per month; 3) age and physical activity level with working hours; and 4) age and income per capita with wages per hour.</span></p>
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Gatti, S., M. Vallorani, E. Zoppi, M. Aloi, M. Bramuzzo, E. Felici, R. Panceri, et al. "P502 Dietary habits and nutritional status in children and adolescents with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: an italian multicenter case-control study (NUTRIBD study)." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 15, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): S485—S486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab076.811.
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Abstract Background Nutrition is involved in several aspects of pediatric IBD, ranging from disease etiology to induction and maintenance of disease. Presence of nutritional deficiencies can influence clinical outcomes and affect the immune system, growth and sexual maturation in children. Few studies assessed the dietary intake of IBD’s pediatric patients and investigated whether their dietary intakes meet the recommended daily allowances (RDA). Methods Children and adolescents with a diagnosis of IBD (> 1 year) and healthy controls (age and gender matched) were prospectively enrolled in 5 pediatric Italian IBD units. Daily dietary intake in the previous 6 months was assessed using a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Energy intake (EI) and macro and micronutrients intakes were compared to the national RDA (LARN) and EI to the predicted total energy expenditure (TEE) based on the Schofield equation. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was measured through the KIDMED score. Clinical and auxological data were recorded Results 110 IBD subjects and 110 controls (median age±SD: 14,6 ±2,2 and 13,8±2,8 years, p= 0,45) were enrolled. Weight and height z-scores were significantly lower in IBD compared to controls (p= 0,0005 and p=0,036).Weight, height and BMI z-score did not differ between CD and UC. EI (Kcal/day), the EI/RDA ratio (%) and the EI/TEE ratio (%) were significantly lower in IBD compared to the controls (1893 vs 2068 kcal/day, p= 0,009; 71,5% vs 84,7%, p< 0,0001; 79,8% vs 90,8%, p=0,007). When distributing patients by clinical disease activity, the TEE was lower in patients with active disease compared to patients in remission (1850 vs 1915; p=0,039). A significant correlation was not found between age, gender, type of disease, disease activity, and EI/RDA % and EI/TEE %. Total protein and fat intake were lower in children with IBD compared to controls. Conversely the total carbohydrate intake did not differ between IBD patients and controls (median 289,8 vs 311,7 gr/day, p= 0,077) while the percentage of carbohydrate to EI was higher (CHO % : 61 vs 58; p=0,012). Total charbohydrates intake was significantly lower in patients with active disease compared to patients in remission (265.7 vs 294.3 gr/day; p=0,002). IBD patients reported a lower intake of the main dietary micronutrients compared to controls. A poor adherence to the Mediterranean diet was more frequent in IBD children (37.2% vs 22.7%, p= 0,013). Conclusion The diet of Italian children and adolescents with IBD differs substantially from the general pediatric population and frequently does not meet the RDA. Our data suggest the need of an accurate evaluation of the dietary intake and nutritional status in order to prevent nutritional deficiencies and promote health.
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soni, harsha, Sudhanshu Kacker, Neha Saboo, Karampreet Buttar, and jitender. "Measurement of Resting Energy Expenditure with Indirect Calorimetry and Predictive Equations in Healthy Young Adults: A Cross-sectional Study." JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2020/43680.13881.
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Introduction: Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) is the main determinant of energy requirements. An inaccurate estimation of REE can lead to the over or under-prediction of energy requirements. Indirect calorimetry is considered as the gold standard for the assessment of REE. The most of the predictive equations which are formed, are from the studies conducted on Caucasian people while on Asian population these studies are very limited. Aim: To compare the REE measured by indirect calorimetry and predictive equation in healthy young adults. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on 100 healthy young adult participants from November 2018 to May 2019, of age group 18 to 25 years to measure REE using indirect calorimetry and predictive equations (Harris-Benedict’s, Schofield, FAO/WHO/UNU and Mifflin-St. Jeor equations). Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 16.0. Unpaired student t-test for comparison of data and Bland Altman test to check for validity of predictive equations were applied. Results: The mean value of REE using Indirect calorimetry was 1994.20±577.33 and that of using four Harris-Benedict’s, Schofield, FAO/WHO/UNU and Mifflin-St.Jeor equations were 1638.15±335.64 kcal/day, 1636.21±359.85 kcal/day, 1636.93±367.59 kcal/day and 1582.41±251.29 kcal/day, respectively. Thus, the highest mean difference between values of REE obtained using predictive equation and indirect calorimetry was 411.79±326.04 kcal/day with respect to Mifflin-St.Jeorand’s and the lowest mean difference was 356.05±241.69 kcal/day with respect to Herris Benedict’s equation. Conclusion: Predictive equations underestimated the REE of young adults when compared with that measured by indirect calorimetry.
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Rosi, Alice, Cinzia Franchini, and Francesca Scazzina. "The EnergyKids project: pilot study on the energy balance of primary school children during school days and summer camp days." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 79, OCE2 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665120003080.
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AbstractSpecific nutritional requirements should be cover during childhood to ensure proper growth. The daily energy need is defined as the number of calories necessary to satisfy the total energy expenditure in a healthy and active organism. Since children are more inclined to be physically active during summer, their energy expenditure may vary during school days respect to summer days and a proper energy intake should be planned during both periods.The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the energy balance during school days and summer camp days in primary school children living in the city of Parma (Italy), attending the Giocampus programme.Participants were asked to complete a 3-day weighed food diary and to wear an activity tracker for the same 3 consecutive days twice: within a school week and a summer camp week. Height and body weight were measured at the beginning of each assessment week and BMI was calculated to define the weight status through the IOTF gender- and age-related cut-offs for children BMI. The mean energy balance was estimated as the difference between the mean total energy expenditure (calculated multiplying the daily physical activity level by the basal metabolic rate from the Schofield's predictive equation) and the mean daily energy intakes (obtained through the Italian food database of the European Institute of Oncology).Fifty-five children (49% F, 51% M, 8–10 y) correctly completed the study. In both periods, the mean BMI corresponded to normal weight status, without significant differences between genders. Energy intake did not change significantly between the assessment periods or between sexes. As expected, the minutes of inactivity decreased during the summer camp period. Moreover, males were more active than females, but the increase in the total energy expenditure from school to summer camp, related to the increased physical activity, was significant in both sexes. Energy balance was negative in both assessment periods and it changed significantly from school to summer camp days, decreasing in both sexes but being more negative for boys than for girls.Our results underline the importance of providing children with meals nutritionally adequate and suggest that the energy content of children's meals should be increased during particular conditions, like a summer camp, and continuously monitored to assure an adequate energy intake to cover the energy requirements during both school and summer camp days.
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Balci, Aydın, Ebru Arslanoğlu Badem, Ayfer Ezgi Yılmaz, Aslı Devrim-Lanpir, Bihter Akınoğlu, Tuğba Kocahan, Adnan Hasanoğlu, Lee Hill, Thomas Rosemann, and Beat Knechtle. "Current Predictive Resting Metabolic Rate Equations Are Not Sufficient to Determine Proper Resting Energy Expenditure in Olympic Young Adult National Team Athletes." Frontiers in Physiology 12 (February 4, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.625370.
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Predictive resting metabolic rate (RMR) equations are widely used to determine athletes’ resting energy expenditure (REE). However, it remains unclear whether these predictive RMR equations accurately predict REE in the athletic populations. The purpose of the study was to compare 12 prediction equations (Harris-Benedict, Mifflin, Schofield, Cunningham, Owen, Liu’s, De Lorenzo) with measured RMR in Turkish national team athletes and sedentary controls. A total of 97 participants, 49 athletes (24 females, 25 males), and 48 sedentary (28 females, 20 males), were recruited from Turkey National Olympic Teams at the Ministry of Youth and Sports. RMR was measured using a Fitmate GS (Cosmed, Italy). The results of each 12 prediction formulas were compared with the measured RMR using paired t-test. The Bland-Altman plot was performed to determine the mean bias and limits of agreement between measured and predicted RMRs. Stratification according to sex, the measured RMR was greater in athletes compared to controls. The closest equation to the RMR measured by Fitmate GS was the Harris-Benedict equation in male athletes (mean difference -8.9 (SD 257.5) kcal/day), and Liu’s equation [mean difference -16.7 (SD 195.0) kcal/day] in female athletes. However, the intra-class coefficient (ICC) results indicated that all equations, including Harris-Benedict for male athletes (ICC = 0.524) and Liu’s for female athletes (ICC = 0.575), had a moderate reliability compared to the measured RMR. In sedentary subjects, the closest equation to the measured RMR is the Nelson equation in males, with the lowest RMSE value of 118 kcal/day [mean difference: 10.1 (SD 117.2) kJ/day], whereas, in females, all equations differ significantly from the measured RMR. While Nelson (ICC = 0.790) had good and Owen (ICC = 0.722) and Mifflin (calculated using fat-free mass) (ICC = 0.700) had moderate reliability in males, all predictive equations showed poor reliability in females. The results indicate that the predictive RMR equations failed to accurately predict RMR levels in the participants. Therefore, it may not suitable to use them in determining total energy expenditure.
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Thom, George, Konstantinos Gerasimidis, Eleni Rizou, Hani Alfheeaid, Nick Barwell, Eirini Manthou, Sadia Fatima, Jason M. R. Gill, Michael E. J. Lean, and Dalia Malkova. "Validity of predictive equations to estimate RMR in females with varying BMI." Journal of Nutritional Science 9 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jns.2020.11.
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Abstract Estimation of RMR using prediction equations is the basis for calculating energy requirements. In the present study, RMR was predicted by Harris–Benedict, Schofield, Henry, Mifflin–St Jeor and Owen equations and measured by indirect calorimetry in 125 healthy adult women of varying BMI (17–44 kg/m2). Agreement between methods was assessed by Bland–Altman analyses and each equation was assessed for accuracy by calculating the percentage of individuals predicted within ± 10 % of measured RMR. Slopes and intercepts of bias as a function of average RMR (mean of predicted and measured RMR) were calculated by regression analyses. Predictors of equation bias were investigated using univariate and multivariate linear regression. At group level, bias (the difference between predicted and measured RMR) was not different from zero only for Mifflin–St Jeor (0 (sd 153) kcal/d (0 (sd 640) kJ/d)) and Henry (8 (sd 163) kcal/d (33 (sd 682) kJ/d)) equations. Mifflin–St Jeor and Henry equations were most accurate at the individual level and predicted RMR within 10 % of measured RMR in 71 and 66 % of participants, respectively. For all equations, limits of agreement were wide, slopes of bias were negative, and intercepts of bias were positive and significantly (P < 0⋅05) different from zero. Increasing age, height and BMI were associated with underestimation of RMR, but collectively these variables explained only 15 % of the variance in estimation bias. Overall accuracy of equations for prediction of RMR is low at the individual level, particularly in women with low and high RMR. The Mifflin–St Jeor equation was the most accurate for this dataset, but prediction errors were still observed in about one-third of participants.
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Novitskaya, Maria, and Alice Ryan. "Abstract P195: Assessing the Validity of Predicting Resting Metabolic Rate in Chronic Stroke Patients." Stroke 52, Suppl_1 (March 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/str.52.suppl_1.p195.
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Chronic stroke patients may have lower resting metabolic rate (RMR) due to disability and ensuing loss of skeletal muscle. Established equations used to estimate RMR based on weight, height, age, or lean body mass in healthy non-stroke individuals may not be accurate for a hemiparetic patient population. The purpose of this study is to determine resting metabolic rate in chronic stroke survivors and compare to RMR calculated with established equations in healthy adults. Adults (n=71; 56 males, 15 females; 40 African American, 27 Caucasian, 4 other / not reported) aged 44-76 years (61 ± 7.5 yrs) who had a history of chronic stroke (> 3 months prior) underwent a 30 minute test after a 12-hour fast to measure RMR by indirect calorimetry, total body DXA scan, and treadmill test (VO2 peak). Estimated RMR was calculated using nine established equations. RMR measured in the total group (1552 ± 319 kcal/day) was significantly different from all nine estimated RMR values (Katch-McArdle 1664 ± 242 kcal/day, P=0.05; Livingston 1671 ± 239 kcal/day, P<0.001; Mifflin 1703 ± 254 kcal/day, P<0.001; Owen 1761 ± 269 kcal/day, P<0.001; Harris Benedict 1782 ± 308 kcal/day, P<0.001; revised Harris-Benedict 1795 ± 306 kcal/day, P<0.001; Cunningham 1818 ± 247 kcal/day, P<0.001; Schofield 2147 ± 301 kcal/day, P<0.001; IMNA 2428 ± 405 kcal/day, P<0.001). Calculated RMR was between 9% and 60% greater than measured RMR, regardless of race. Appendicular lean mass (r=0.65, P<0.001), total lean mass (r=0.65, P<0.001), and VO2 peak (r=0.50, P<0.001) were associated with measured RMR. RMR estimation equations established in healthy adults are not reliable for the chronic stroke population, indicating the need for a more accurate predictive equation to better assist nutritional status in patients with conditions of muscle atrophy.
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Evesque, Pierre, and Christian Stefani. "Relationship Between Dilatancy, Stresses and Plastic Dissipation in a Granular Material with Rigid Grains." MRS Proceedings 291 (January 1, 1992). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-291-473.
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ABSTRACTBy considering a drained cohesionless granular sample made up of rigid grains and submitted to a triaxial test, we derive an equation relating the dilatancy K, the deviatoric stress q and the confining pressure p to the energy losses D plasticdue to plastic yielding. We demonstrate that the system is contracting (K ≤ 0) at q=0, when q is increasing and that spontaneous uncontrolled yielding begins occurring when dilatancy K is maximum. We also demonstrate the existence of the characteristic state introduced by Luong and Habib and the existence of the critical state of Schofield and Wroth. We give at last a method to determine the plastic losses during a triaxial cell test using the experimental data.
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Jouancastay, Mylène, Camille Guillot, François Machuron, Alain Duhamel, Jean-Benoit Baudelet, Stéphane Leteurtre, and Morgan Recher. "Are Nutritional Guidelines Followed in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit?" Frontiers in Pediatrics 9 (June 7, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.648867.
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Background: French (2014) and American (2017) pediatric guidelines recommend starting enteral nutrition (EN) early in pediatric intensive care. The aims of this study were to compare the applicability of the guidelines in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and to identify risk factors of non-application of the guidelines.Methods: This retrospective, single-center study was conducted in a medical–surgical PICU between 2014 and 2016. All patients from 1 month to 18 years old with a length of stay >48 h and an exclusive EN at least 1 day during the PICU stay were included. The outcome variable was application of the 2014 and 2017 guidelines, defined by energy intakes ≥90% of the recommended intake at least 1 day as defined by both guidelines. The risk factors of non-application were studied comparing “optimal EN” vs. “non-optimal EN” groups for both guidelines.Results: In total, 416 children were included (mortality rate, 8%). Malnutrition occurred in 36% of cases. The mean energy intake was 34 ± 30.3 kcal kg−1 day−1. The 2014 and 2017 guidelines were applied in 183 (44%) and 296 (71%) patients, respectively (p < 0.05). Following the 2017 guidelines, enteral energy intakes were considered as “satisfactory enteral intake” for 335 patients (81%). Hemodynamic failure was a risk factor of the non-application of both guidelines.Conclusion: In our PICU, the received energy intake approached the level of intake recommended by the American 2017 guidelines, which used the predictive Schofield equations and seem more useful and applicable than the higher recommendations of the 2014 guidelines. Multicenter studies to validate the pediatric guidelines seem necessary.