Log in

Relevant bibliographies by topics / School management and organization – Decision making – Botswana / Dissertations / Theses

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: School management and organization – Decision making – Botswana.

Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'School management and organization – Decision making – Botswana'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'School management and organization – Decision making – Botswana.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

1

Bettesworth, Leanne Rae. "Administrators' use of data to guide decision-making /." view abstract or download file of text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1192187491&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2006.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. "This study builds on an emerging body of research literature that sites the importance of data driven decision-making in creating more effective schools ... The purpose of this study is to determine if participation in training sessions that teach pre-service administrators how to use statistics significantly increases their ability and efficacy in using data for decision making ... Findings from this study will inform training, instruction, and practical applications in data analysis and data based decision-making in the Initial Administrative Licensure (IAL) program at the University of Oregon and similar leadership training and preparation programs"--Introd. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-160). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Lai, Hoi-yuen Hilary. "A study of decision-making : recent theoretical perspectives in educational administration /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20135956.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Lowry, Daniel G. "Decentralized decision-making in Missouri public schools /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9720556.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Fryer, Anthony Raymond. "Effective secondary principal decision-making during crisis situations." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/198880.

Full text

Abstract:

These qualitative case studies explore the experiences of leaders of local and international secondary schools in Hong Kong. The research questions guiding this study centre on Principal leadership during times of crisis and sought to explore how crisis was managed effectively and how if faced with a similar crisis could be improved. The author was interested in finding a similarity between the participant’s responses and whether external influences may have played a significant part their decision-making. The study also explores the relationship of leadership under crisis communication between Principal and staff and Principal and parents. The primary focus of this research is to understand if there was anything learnt during these crisis experiences among the participants as they relate to leadership development. The analysis of data resulted in the emergence of six primary themes: 1) the impact and extent of effective decision making under crises, 2) the quality of leadership after crisis experience and the ensuing consideration of what leadership means, 3) the role of teachers and administrators throughout the crisis, 4) the experiences related to improved leadership development and 5) correct communication among stakeholders, parents, students and staff. These themes were synthesized into three areas of discussion. First, the experiences and perspectives of the participants offer a unique, first hand, framework for exploring what leadership means in a time of crisis. Second, these same experiences begin to shed new light on the role of Principals in times of crisis. Third, the participants’ reflections on experiences related to leadership development provide a bridge between the ideas related to how leadership is learned and how these experiences become meaningful during times of crisis. The results reflect a need for further qualitative research into Principal crisis leadership as well as the opportunity to further examine the leadership role of educational leaders in crisis situations.
published_or_final_version
Education
Master
Master of Education

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

黎凱源 and Hoi-yuen Hilary Lai. "A study of decision-making: recent theoretical perspectives in educational administration." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31960236.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Lou, Wei Wei. "A Non-decision-reaching Decision-making process." PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1193.

Full text

Abstract:

Decision-making processes are among the most important activities within human organizations. This dissertation is a case study of decision-making in the review of high school graduation standards in an urban school district. The review process lasted three years and was terminated before any decision was reached concerning graduation standards. The purpose of this study is to answer three questions: Why would a decision-making process be terminated before any results are achieved? Under what circumstances do decision makers choose to let the process die? What do such decision making processes reveal about the organization? This case study employs the rational choice model, the process model, and the organizational decision-making model. These three models are constructed within the theoretical frameworks of systems science, sociology, and political science, and also draw upon the literatures of education reform and organization theory. Define a NDR (non-decision-reaching) decision-making process as one which produces no outcome. The rational choice model suggests that the NDR outcome in this case was the best alternative under the circumstances. Two obstacles, insufficient resources and external uncertainties, were identified as important factors which led decision makers to choose the NDR outcome over other alternatives. The process model suggests that a decision outcome may not be necessary in many organizational decision-making processes, as the process itself is often significant and sufficient. The process accommodates, to some extent, the interests of the decision makers even without a definite outcome. The organizational decision-making model posits that organizational rules and procedures dictate decision-making processes, and that organizational interests will determine the nature and the outcome of such processes. In this model the NDR outcome is the result of organizational interests that no decision be reached. The conclusions of this case study indicate that a loose structural relationship among the decision makers was a major cause of the NDR outcome. In addition, the decision makers had never fully reconciled their differences regarding the nature of the decision problem. The changing environment of public education is also identified as a factor leading to the NDR outcome.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Enderle, Mark D. "Decision-making involvement and job satisfaction of accelerated schools' elementary teachers /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9841197.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Streck, Mary Theresa. "Distributed leadership and shared decision making leadership practices that promote collaboration /." Connect to resource online, 2009. http://library2.sage.edu/archive/thesis/ED/2009streck_m.PDF.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (E.Ed.)--The Sage Colleges, 2009.
"A Doctoral Research Project presented to Professor of Education James Butterworth, Doctoral Research Committee Chair, School of Education, The Sage Colleges." Suggested keywords: distributed leadership; shared decision making; leadership. Includes bibliographical references: (p. 69-74).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Lee, Chee-too. "Teachers participation in decision making : a case study of a local private secondary school /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2118365X.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Gander, Brian David. "A comparison of early reading outcomes and program costs in four primary reading programs for improved decision-making /." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank) Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/6279.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (D. Ed.)--University of Oregon, 2007.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 182-189). Also available online in Scholars' Bank; and in ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Karant, Vicki Inez. "Differentiated staffing, shared decision making and the role of administrators : three portraits of participation /." Access Digital Full Text version, 1989. http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php/bybib/10901838.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Chadwell, Jim F. "Strands of dreams an exploration into the personal experience of leadership and decision-making /." [Fort Worth, Tex.] : Texas Christian University, 2009. http://etd.tcu.edu/etdfiles/available/etd-10302009-113942/unrestricted/Chadwell.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Syms, Johannes Jacobus. "Development of a leadership model for public schools." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2080.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (DTech (Human Resources Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005.
This thesis describes a model for developing and implementing leadership strategies in any public school and Education Department in South Africa. To shape this model, first of all, a general literature review was undertaken. Transformational, transactional, developmental, competency-based and instructional leadership, as well as leadership styles, leadership principles, the human dynamics of leadership, qualities of leadership and the role of leadership in change were researched and studied. Although the National Education Department and the Western Cape Education Department place great emphasis on effective leadership, newly appointed educational leaders and managers often feel they would have liked more induction and training regarding leadership than they received. The Western Cape Education Department (WCED) has programmes whereby they do capacity-building work sessions with educational leaders. The mentioned programmes are mostly held once a year for newly appointed leaders in education over a period of two days. An educational leader can only attend a work session once. The educational leader has a great responsibility towards all stakeholders and must therefore be well equipped as a leader. However, many problems regarding the lack of leadership skills, effectiveness, managing of the curriculum, staff and resources in schools have necessitated the Western Cape Education Department to bring out a circular on effective leadership, emphasising the role and responsibilities of the educational leader regarding effective leadership and management. The Education Department wants to maintain the efficacy of academic, leadership and managerial standards at schools. A well structured developmental, corrective training mechanism is an attempt to deal with the poor work performance and abilities of principals and senior staff members. The national minister of education, Mrs. Grace Naledi Pandor now recently made a announcement that she intend to empower educational leaders through workshops in 2006 regarding their responsibilities, leadership capacity, and effectiveness. Against this background, the researcher undertook a survey to determine the extent to which leadership strategies are being employed at schools in the Western Cape. A questionnaire Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) was used to gather information and data. Structured interviews and a focus group discussion were also held.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Evans, Leslie P. (Leslie Paul) 1954. "Principals' Perceptions of Organizational Practices and Decision Making Roles in Middle Level Schools." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279167/.

Full text

Abstract:

The problem addressed in this study was whether middle level schools have adopted currently held research findings with respect to organizational structure and decision making processes promoted by the work of the Carnegie Foundation and various state agencies. Purposes included determining the perceptions of principals in schools utilizing interdisciplinary teams of teachers regarding the roles of principals and teachers in decision making processes, differences in campus performance on the Texas Assessment of Academic Skills and specific demographic variables in comparison to perceptions of principals in schools not utilizing interdisciplinary teams on these same questions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Lee, Chee-too, and 李紫桃. "Teachers participation in decision making: a case study of a local private secondary school." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31961046.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Hui, Yiu-chi. "Participative decision making and its relation to school effectiveness perceptions of vice principals in aided secondary schools of Hong Kong /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31956063.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Mefford, Ellyn Eckert. "A Case Study of a School Superintendent's Decision Making in Initiating Year-Round Education in a Public School in Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278056/.

Full text

Abstract:

Using a case study approach, this investigation focused on the decision-making processes and leadership of a school district superintendent as he initiated and implemented the school restructuring effort of year-round education. The study was conducted during 1 school year period but was enhanced through a 3 year follow-up report. The research questions focused on the superintendent's decision-making processes and the impact that groups had on those processes. Questions also emerged during the data collection phase of the study about the superintendent's change-facilitation leadership behaviors. A Texas school superintendent committed to the implementation of year-round education was selected as the subject of this study. Data were collected for 1 school year by the participant observer who served as an unpaid intern to the superintendent. Data included field notes recorded during the day-to-day operations and interactions of the district, meetings which the superintendent attended, newspaper articles, district memoranda and documents, observation, and interviews. Field notes and interviews were triangulated with document analysis to identify patterns in the data and to identify the factors influencing the decision-making processes and the leadership behaviors of the superintendent.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Lessard, Anne P. "Leadership and decision-making : a qualitative study of a female principal." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0020/MQ54999.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Watson, Larry (Larry Paul). "Perceptions of Site Based Decision Making Implementation in the Irving Independent School District, Irving, Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278726/.

Full text

Abstract:

In 1983, the report A Nation at Risk catapulted school reform to the forefront of national attention. The State of Texas responded with legislation dictating curriculum and instructional time. Failure to accomplish the desired improvement in student achievement caused these mandates to be eased. In lieu of the mandates, the Texas legislature and the Texas Education Agency have set expectation standards called academic indicators. Local districts and campuses must utilize site based decision making (SBDM) to determine how each campus will meet the set standards. Dealing primarily with curriculum roles and responsibilities, this study details perceptions of principals and teachers as SBDM was being implemented in a suburban school district serving 25,000 students. Data were gathered utilizing a structured interview and a follow-up telephone interview. Addressed in the study are perceptions of: (a) role changes, (b) responsibility changes, (c) needed improvements in the implementation process, (d) teacher empowerment, (e) positive and negative elements, and (f) student achievement.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Yip, Wai-hung, and 葉偉雄. "Factors affecting willingness of heads of departments to participate in decision making in secondary schools." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31957602.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

McFann, Paul L. "Primary influencers of Indiana K-12 public educational decisions and methods of influencing : a Delphi technique." Virtual Press, 1987. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/514855.

Full text

Abstract:

The purposes of the study were to identify persons who had primarily influenced selected educational decisions made in Indiana between January 1, 1982 an December 31, 1985 and to develop a composite profile of the personal characteristics of the primary influentials. Further purposes were to identify sources of power and methods utilized by the primary influentials to affect the educational decisions.A survey of selected educational leaders was utilized to identify the selected educational decisions. A Delphi technique consisting of a series of four sequential surveys of selected educational leaders, and elected and appointed state officials was utilized to identify the primary influencers, sources of power, methods of influencing, and to develop a composite profile of the primary influentials.The following are selected findings:1. Seven persons were identified as constituting an inner core of the power structure, however, none were identified for all five of the selected decisions and nonprimary influentials were identified in the peripheral of the power structure for each decision.2. In three of the five selected decisions two persons were invested with the primary power of decision-making, with three and four persons invested for each of the other selected decisions.3. Politics, money, power, selling self and improving education were the primary factors impacting educational decisions.Data collected supported the following conclusions:1. A pyramidal power structure exists in Indiana and functions to influence educational decisions.2. The inner core of the power structure consist of positional leaders; the Governor, Governor's Aide, and Chairmen of powerful legislative committees; Senate Finance, House Ways and Means, and House Education committees.3. The power structure does not include females, non-whites, minority party members, lower income persons, nor residents of Southern Indiana.4. Education of students is a secondary consideration by many influentials regarding decisions impacting K-12 public education in Indiana with Party politics and money considered more often than educating students. 5.Educators are devisive and do not play a primary role in the decisions impacting K-12 public education and are not a part of the power structure.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Kelly, William. "Decentralization of educational decision-making in the Newfoundland and Labrador education system reform process : illusion or reality /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0007/MQ36143.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Ankney, Barry Brickell John L. "The use of computer assisted instruction with educable mentally handicapped students implications for administrative decision making /." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1987. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p8806851.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1987.
Title from title page screen, viewed August 19, 2005. Dissertation Committee: John L. Brickell (chair), David L. Franklin, Patricia H. Klass, John R. McCarthy, Lanny E. Morreau. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-136) and abstract. Also available in print.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Miller, Margaret D. "The impact of the Principals' Academy on teachers' perception of their empowerment in group decision making in West Virginia faculty senates." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1998. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=177.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (Ed. D.)--West Virginia University, 1998.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 110 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-98).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Hodgkin, Russell E. "Information sources utilized by secondary school principals to implement selected mandates." Virtual Press, 1990. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/720388.

Full text

Abstract:

The purpose of the study was to determine sources Indiana secondary principals used to gather and utilize information to comply with eight selected mandates associated with school improvement during the years 1983 through 1988. In addition, the study was to determine the most frequently used information sources, and to examine the judgments of principals regarding the quality of the various resources. Further, the study was to survey what relationships existed, if any, between selected demographic factors and the sources used and the time spent implementing selected policy decisions.Five research questions were developed to analyze the judgments of principals about information sources used to implement the eight selected mandates. Seven categories of information sources were listed on a questionnaire sent to selected Indiana secondary school principals. Respondents recorded the sources most frequently used among the categories, rated the quality of each information source, and selected the amount of time required to implement each mandate in relation to time spent on other administrative tasks.Selected Findings1. Principals identified seven categories of information as being most useful in developing strategies to implement eight state-imposed mandates. The sources of information were Department of Education, Professional Journals and Newsletters, Superintendent's Office, Colleagues, Personal Resources, Professional Consultants, and Other, a category for specific individual preferences.2. The Department of Education was the most frequently used resource for the greatest number of mandates and was judged most valuable in quality by the respondents.The Superintendent's Office, Colleagues, and Professional Journals and Newsletters also were judged frequently as important resources.3. A multivariate analysis of variance indicated no relationship between selected demographic factors and the sources used in gathering information to implement selected policy decisions with one exception. A subsequent univariate analysis and a Scheffe multiple comparison test showed respondents of schools of 1000-1999 students used the Superintendent's Office significantly more as an information source to implement mandates than did respondents of schools under 1000 students. Respondents of schools over 2000 students were found to use Professional Consultants significantly more as an information source to implement selected mandates than did respondents of schools of 1000-1999 students.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Mullins, Frank E. (Frank Edward). "Rural Shared Service Arrangements: An Analysis of Perceived Responsibilities / Roles With and Without Site-Based Decision-Making." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279153/.

Full text

Abstract:

This study examined the perceptions of school superintendents of districts and building principals of schools within selected shared service arrangements in the state of Texas who receive services from the cooperative, and selected directors of rural shared service arrangements pertaining to the responsibilities and roles of shared service arrangements when site-based decision-making (SBDM) was used as the guiding philosophy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Hui, Yiu-chi, and 許耀賜. "Participative decision making and its relation to schooleffectiveness: perceptions of vice principalsin aided secondary schools of Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31956063.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Carelse, Garth Craig. "An investigative case study of the introduction of democratic decision-making within an East London secondary school." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007404.

Full text

Abstract:

The move towards greater democracy and participation in our education system is legislated quite succinctly in our South African Schools Act. The Act furthermore, and more importantly for this case study, posits that decision-making should be democratic in nature and our schools should eventually become governed in a collaborative and co-operative manner. Other policy texts such as the Labour Relations Act and the South African Constitution canonise the demand for a democratic South African society. This study investigates how democratic decision-making practices are taking place in an East London Secondary School namely Ebenezer Majombozi High. Even though distinct links exist between management and governance arms of schools, this study concentrates predominantly on decision-making within the school governing body and touches briefly on management thinking trends as a theoretical background to the kind of management at the school. What makes the school interesting as a case study is its rich history and its location in a deprived and impoverished township environment. The school was also part of the ex-Department of Education and Training, the black educational department of the past apartheid state. The kind of research undertaken was in the form of unstructured personal interviews with influential stakeholders at the school. Some of these stakeholders fonn part of the school governing body and the questions asked probed forms of governance at the school and how decision-making impacted on the overall school governance. The research findings acknowledges that decision-making does occur democratically at the school but that the practical implementation of positive consensual decisions are rarely realized. The school governing body only meets to deal with crises underpinned by a lack of learning and teaching and has not even debated the policies within the South African Schools Act. The study also argues that only by building capacity within the school and empowering the stakeholders, can constructive participation by all become a reality.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Marshall, Ralph L. Arnold Robert. "A case study of a school improvement program through participatory decision making utilizing cost-versus-benefit information." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9720811.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (Ed. D.)--Illinois State University, 1996.
Title from title page screen, viewed May 31, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Robert Arnold (chair), Paul Baker, Kenneth Strand, Norman Durflinger. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-74) and abstract. Also available in print.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Garcera, Felicisimo Capucao. "The rationale behind a small school district superintendent's decision to hire a facilities manager." Scholarly Commons, 2007. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/651.

Full text

Abstract:

This study investigated the rationale behind a district superintendent's decision to hire a facilities manager to perform the facilities management function. Two main research questions guided this study: (a) If hiring a facilities manager is not an option, how can smaller school district superintendents maximize utilization of resources in facilities management? (b) What is the rationale behind a school district superintendent's decision to hire a facilities manager? In order to achieve this purpose, a qualitative approach was utilized to collect opinions and data from smaller school district superintendents. A group of school administrators, ten school district superintendents and one director of facilities planning participated in the interviews. The interviews conducted were a combination of one-on-one and a focus group interview. Triangulation, both data and methodological, was employed to validate raw interview data. All interviews were video and audio taped to record both spoken and non-verbal responses. The findings of the study indicate that the facilities management function or the n----- facilities manager position was viable and was growing into an even more important 0-------~ ' ~ function. The need for educating the school board of trustees, the final decision maker in a school district, was clearly expressed by the majority of the superintendents interviewed. The need for more awareness of the facilities management function on the part of the superintendents was also clearly stated. The superintendents recognize the need and the importance of the facilities management function. They also understand the benefits associated with the establishment of a fully integrated facilities management department in the school district. The interview results revealed that for smaller school districts, the school superintendents always think of the facilities manager function to be directly connected only to construction activities, thus, a cyclical need rather than an integral part of a centralized school district operation performing the nine major functional areas of facilities management as outlined by the International Facilities Management Association (IFMA).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Rosen, Jeffrey A. "An exploration of perceived decision making influence for teachers in public schools relationships between influence, charter schools, and school performance /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1181055232.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Chan, Elic, and 陳依力. "Team building by a new principal, the staff and students in a well established secondary school in Hong Kong: anaction research." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31959210.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Bertrand, Sheila Ellen. "A descriptive study of the nature of shared decision making in terms of context and outcomes in selected elementary schools in a large suburban Virginia public school system." Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-171526/.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Botha, Marius Johan. "Die rol van die bestuurspan van 'n skool in die vestiging van 'n gesonde leerkultuur." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49760.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (MEd)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The primary goal of this study is to provide a functional description of the function and the role of management teams, in the promotion of a culture of learning, at High School level. Teachers, management teams, but also parents have an important role to play in creating a culture of learning. Thus, the parents can make a valuable contribution to the development of a learning culture and ultimately enhance lifelong learning and education. Presently, schools are in the process of developing a culture of learning, unfortunately the majority of schools are still attempting to recover from the negative effects of apartheid. In order to develop such a culture of learning, aspects such as discipline, commitment and self-discipline must be addressed. We have to strive towards educating learners to accept authority and discipline, as well as learners that will be committed and motivated. One has to remember that a culture of learning starts at home. Since culture is a dynamic entity, it has an influence on the culture of organisation and management. Through effective management, we have to create opportunities for every individual to develop his/her full potential. The management team thus plays a significant role in establishing and maintaining a learning culture. A school culture is determined by the value, attitude and behaviour of certain situations that lead to insufficient, unacceptable learning activities. Through projects, initiated by government, we will be able to create more awareness and participation in the development of a culture of learning. The role of parents is placed under the spotlight, because of different needs within a culture of learning. By placing parents under this spotlight, we can focus on the management team and also the governing body. This implies that there has to be a management and strategic plan in place. By having these factors in place, one can create and build a better and healthy relationship between the parents and the school. The approach followed in the study was firstly to contextualise the need for a learning culture against the background of changes in the South African education system in the last few decades. Thereafter, relevant concepts were identified and defined: the general concept of culture was was more closely explained and differentiated by investigating the relationship between concepts such as organisational culture, school culture, learning culture and teaching culture, as well as the connection between school based management and a learning culture. Two important steps follow: firstly, the study investigated the preconditions for the establishment of a learning culture, including the potential participation of stakeholders - especially with the aid of information obtained through personal inputs from role players in a specific school project of which the writer was part - and secondly, the study looks at conditions necessary, once it is established, to maintain and sustain a healthy learning culture, with special reference to the cardinal role of the management team. The study concludes with recommendations and suggestions for further research.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die primêre doel van die studie was om 'n beskrywing te gee van die funksie en die rol wat bestuurspanne, in die bevordering van 'n leerkultuur op hoërskoolvlak, moontlik kan speel. Soos die onderwyser en die bestuurspan 'n belangrike rol het om te vervul in die vestiging van 'n leerkultuur, het die ouers ook 'n belangrike rol om te vertolk. Die ouer behoort dus 'n bydrae te kan lewer tot die ontwikkeling van 'n leerkultuur en uiteindelik ook tot lewenslange leer en opvoeding. Skole is tans besig om 'n leerkultuur daar te stel, maar die meerderheid van skole is nog besig om te herstel van die negatiewe gevolge van apartheid. As ons 'n leerkultuur wil vestig, moet daar dissipline, toewyding en self-dissipline wees. Ons moet streef na leerders wat gesag en dissipline sal aanvaar, asook leerders wat toegewyd sal wees met 'n positiewe ingesteldheid teenoor die opvoedingsstruktuur. Wat ons wel moet onthou, is dat leerkultuur by die huis begin. Met dié dat kultuur dinamies is, het dit ook 'n invloed op organisasie- en bestuurskulture. Met effektiewe bestuur moet ons elke individu die geleentheid gee om te ontwikkel tot sy volle potensiaal. Die bestuurspan speel dus 'n beduidende rol in die vestiging of handhawing van 'n leerkultuur. Skoolkultuur word bepaal deur die waarde, houding en gedrag van sekere situasies wat bydra tot 'n ontoereikende onderrigaktiwiteit. Deur die vestiging van projekte wat geïnisieër is deur die regering, salons baie meer betrokkenheid kry by die vestiging van 'n leerkultuur. Die rol van die ouers word onder die soeklig geplaas as gevolg van die verskillende behoeftes in 'n leerkultuur. Deur die ouers onder die soeklig te plaas, kom die bestuurspan en die beheerraad na vore. Dit impliseer dat daar 'n bestuursplan en 'n strategiese beplanning in plek moet wees. Deur dit alles daar te stel, kan ons 'n beter verhouding bou, tussen die ouer en sy skool, en daardeur die leerkultuur van die skool versterk en uitbou. Die benadering in die studie was om eers die behoefte vir 'n leerkultuur te kontekstualiseer teen die agtergrond van veranderinge in die Suid-Afrikaanse onderwysstelsel in die laaste paar dekades. Daarna is relevante begrippe geïdentifiseer en omskryf: die algemene begrip kultuur is nouer verduidelik en gedifferensieer deur die verwantskap te ondersoek met begrippe soos organisasiekultuur, skoolkultuur, leerkultuur en onderrrigkultuur, sowel as die verwantskap tussen skoolgebaseerde bestuur en leerkultuur. Twee belangrike stappe volg: eerstens is die voorvereistes vir die vestiging van 'n leerkultuur ondersoek, insluitend die potensiale deelneme van belanghebbendes - veral met behulp van inligting bekom deur persoonlike insette van rolspelers in 'n spesifieke skoolprojek waarby die skrywer betrokke was - en tweedens, word die voorwaardes vir volhoubaarheid, nadat dit wel gevestig is, van 'n gesonde leerkultuur bespreek, met spesiale verwysing na die kardinale rol van die bestuurspan. Die studie word saamgevat met aanbevelings en voorstelle vir verdere navorsing.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Lau, Shiu-kwong, and 劉少光. "Assistant principals and administrative committee system: decision making in Hong Kong aided secondary schools." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31956488.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Mokhatle, Masese Bettie. "Factors influencing the drafting and implementation of strategic planning in schools in the Motheo district." Thesis, Welkom Campus: Central University of Technology, Free State, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/228.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (M. Ed. (Educational Management)) - Central University of Technology, Free State, 2013
The implementation of strategic planning in schools started in the United States of America (USA) in the 1980s. It is not clear when the concept was first used in South Africa, but its importance in the successful management of a school cannot be underestimated. Strategic planning basically includes a group of instruments, operations and concepts structured to help managers, leaders and planners to think and act strategically. The planning process comprises a definition of the goals, a valuation of the resources available for meeting the goals, and the definition of definite plans or initiatives that are intended to achieve the goals. The process usually includes a classification exercise that identifies the highest priority initiatives. The study addresses the management process and indicates how strategic management fits into this process. Strategic planning is the process of deciding on an organisation's goals, determining the policies and programmes necessary to achieve all specific objectives, and establishing the methods essential to assure that the policies and strategic programmes are implemented. Strategic planning ensures that the school is associated with the changing internal and external environment. This planning is formulated by top management and focuses on the entire organisation. A qualitative design was followed in which the opinions of principals and School Governing Body chairpersons were sought through the use of open-ended questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Method triangulation was incorporated by the use of afore-mentioned data collection methods. Another form of triangulation employed in this study is data source triangulation. This entails making use of more than one group of participants to gather data. This study obtained data from various groups of people as described in the sample. The findings of the study indicate that strategic planning does not occur in many schools in the Motheo district. If a form of strategic planning does occur, SGB chairpersons are often excluded in the drafting and implementation of these plans. Collaboration between School Management Teams and School Governing Bodies is needed to ensure the successful drafting and implementation of strategic plans

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Spooner, Kevin Eugene. "Leadership and Decision-Making Skills of High Poverty Elementary School Principals in an Era of Reduced Resources." Thesis, Portland State University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3722085.

Full text

Abstract:

Recently, a great deal of interest has been generated around the role of principal and its effectiveness, especially its impact on improving teacher instruction and student learning. Waters, Marzano, and McNulty (2003) concluded that one quarter of all “school effects” on achievement can be attributed to principals. While there is general agreement on the principal’s importance and affect, do we understand how principals have adapted to changes in schools with reduced resources and increased learning needs of students? How have principals made decisions in an environment where resources have been reduced over time? Given the stories of retired principals from high poverty elementary schools, the purpose of this narrative inquiry is to understand how principals made sense of their experience when having to respond to decreasing resources and the need for increased student achievement. Participants in the study included retired principals from high poverty elementary schools who were employed during the time period extending from 2008 through 2014. Findings from the study make sense of the meanings elementary principals have constructed and attached to the phenomena of decision-making in times of financial reduction in order to help other principals who have been challenged by similar circumstances. Three categories of leadership styles and seven skill areas emerged in the study. Principals made use of these styles and skills in their responses to the crisis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Prost, Joan Karen. "A review of the procedure for the allocation and disbursement of funds for elementary school." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/855.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Douglas, Anne. "The significance of James Bay Cree cultural values and practices in school committee policy-making : a documentary study." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59542.

Full text

Abstract:

This documentary study sought to determine the relevance of the James Bay Cree's cultural values and practices to their policy-making process as school committee members. The Cree's formal school system, for which they have full responsibility, is based on the values and practices of non-native society.
Using the historical method, both primary and secondary sources were searched for relevant information concerning Cree culture and its distinguishing characteristics. Evidence of a distinct egalitarian society, practicing consensus, reciprocity and communal land use was found. Sources also indicated the continuing existence and adaptability of Cree values and practices despite prolonged interaction with non-native society.
This thesis proposes that these cultural values and practices predispose the Cree to be effective school committee members. The study provides data for a possible future ethnographic study of Cree school committee participation. Further research could also focus on the policy-making process required of Cree school board members.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Barnum, Rebecca Ann. "Perceptions of the Changing Roles of Central Instructional Support Staff as Site-Based Decision Making is Implemented in One School District: A Descriptive Study." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278547/.

Full text

Abstract:

The purpose of this study was to analyze ways in which the roles of instructional support staff as perceived by principals and instructional support staff members in a large, suburban school district have been affected by the implementation of site-based decision making (SBDM). Research questions focused on changes which have occurred in the roles of instructional support staff and in the services provided to schools by support staff since the implementation of SBDM, the roles which support staff members believe they have in SBDM, the perceptions of principals regarding the roles of instructional support staff in SBDM, and a comparison of the views of instructional support staff and principals regarding the district's implementation of SBDM.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Petersen, Melanie. "'n Gevallestudie van die effek van die herverdeling van mag op vroue wat op skoolbeheerliggame dien /." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1594.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Muronga, Michael Muduva. "The participation of teachers in the management and decision-making of three schools in the Kavango region of Namibia: a case study." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003571.

Full text

Abstract:

The purpose of the research was to investigate stakeholders’ perceptions and experiences of teachers’ participation in school management and decision-making. Teachers’ involvement is a contested issue in schools. The goal was to find out to what extent and in what way teachers participate in school issues, as well as gain insight and understanding on the effects of participation of teachers in schools and how principals enhance democratic practice for quality education. The research was a case study conducted within the interpretive qualitative paradigm. I used document analysis, semi-structured interviews and observation to collect data for validity purposes and to counter subjectivity. The findings revealed at least a significant progress in terms of the Education Act, no 16 of 2001 requirement, of teachers’ participation in management and decision-making in schools, which has been an issue in the past. The study revealed that decisions are taken after consultation through consensus. The study revealed that the participation approach promotes ownership and commitment of staff to higher performance and common goals. The findings emerged that participative management has advantages for achieving higher performance through collaboration, consultation, and broader participation. The foremost findings include school principals’ roles in enhancing a collegial management approach by delegating, sharing leadership and responsibilities, and establishing organisation structures and committees involving teachers. Meetings serve as a platform for communication and sharing of information with stakeholders. However, there were also signs of tensions amid school management teams (SMTs) and teachers on participation in school matters in all aspects. Furthermore, its time-consuming nature, authoritarianism and accountability emerged as major challenges affecting the implementation of the participative approach. In addition to that, the study revealed that lack of knowledge and skills, unwillingness to involve others and to participate affects the implementation of the theory. As a result, the study recommends to the policies makers and the Ministry of Education to organize training for all stakeholders on participative management to empower them. Moreover, the study recommends to regional managers, inspectors, and advisory teachers (AT) to provide information to institutions responsible for teacher training to accommodate the theory into their curriculum. School principals should undergo training programmes or in-service training for participative leadership purposes to enhance their leadership capacity and to carry out their responsibilities effectively.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Hinojosa, Eliu Misael. "Superintendents' perceptions of curriculum management audits." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3026198.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Bell, J. Spicer. "A study of the relationship between community participation in educational governance and the socio-political environment of the school board." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74722.

Full text

Abstract:

The purpose of this study was to determine the opinions of local school board members in Maryland regarding community participation in educational decision-making. These opinions were analyzed in relationship to board members' preference for a trustee versus delegate role relationship to the community and other factors of the socio-political environment of the school board. A questionnaire was mailed to all public school board of education members in Maryland. A return rate of 83.7 percent was obtained. Data gathered was used to determine: 1) what community groups were most involved in educational decision-making, 2) what issues school boards sought community advisory group input on, and 3) what groups had the greatest influence on board decisions. School boards were also classified by their method of selection, extent of intraboard consensus, and the metropolitanism of the district. Chi-square and regression analysis was utilized to test the consistency of influence of these elements of the socio-political environment on opinions regarding community participation in decision-making. Respondents reported the greatest involvement in educational decisions by internal groups such as parent groups, teachers' unions, and advisory groups. Board members indicated greatest receptivity to input on decisions relating to school construction and closings, curriculum and instruction, and budget. An analysis of the relative influence various groups had on school board decisions revealed that the school administration had the greatest influence on board decisions in all decision areas studied. The analysis of the influence of the socio-political environmental variables revealed the following: 1) board members' preference for a trustee versus delegate role relationship to the community was not affected by method of selection to the board, and 2) metropolitanism of the district and intraboard consensus were not found to be consistent indicators of the socio-political environment of the school board as expressed through opinions regarding community participation.
Ed. D.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Mifsud, Denise. "Raising the curtain on relations of power in a Maltese school network." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21710.

Full text

Abstract:

This study concerns school reform in Malta. Under the policy framework ‘For All Children to Succeed’ (Ministry of Education, Youth & Employment, 2005) [henceforth referred to as FACT], Maltese state schools embarked on the process of being organized into networks called ‘colleges’. These consisted of primary and secondary schools according to geographical location, under the leadership of the Principal – a newly-designated role hierarchically above that of the individual Heads of School. The purpose of my research is to explore relations of power in a Maltese college. My study gives prominence to both theory and methodology. The theoretical research question investigates how networking unfolds among the various leadership hierarchies in school governance in a Maltese college. This is explored through the performance of policy-mandated collegiality; the circulating relations of power; and leadership distribution. My study is framed within a postmodern paradigm and adopts a Foucauldian theoretical framework, more specifically his concepts of power, discipline, governmentality, discourse, and subjectification. Data for my case study are collected through semi-structured, in-depth interviews; observation of a Council of Heads meeting; and a documentary analysis of FACT. Narrative is not only the phenomenon under exploration, but also the method of analysis, and mode of representation. Thus, I attempt to answer my methodological research question that investigates the ways a researcher negotiates the methodological tensions and contradictions in the conduct of qualitative inquiry in order to construct knowledge differently. The Maltese college is viewed as a surveillance mechanism by both the Principal and the Heads, with collegiality being regarded as a straitjacket imposed by the State through a policy mandate. However, there is unanimous agreement on conscription being the only way forward for Maltese state schools. Different degrees of ‘support’ and empowerment exist, according to the directives of the Principal and the State. College setup is problematized on geographical clustering and college streaming, due to which it may end up defying the primary aim of networking by clustering students from particular areas in isolation, resulting in social injustice and educational inequality. This study exposes a strong sense of sectoral isolation among the Heads – a situation being mirrored at macro-level with very few opportunities for inter-networking among colleges. There is an asymmetrical power flow among the college schools, both within the same level and across different levels. Despite the policy FACT mandating distributed leadership, hierarchical forms of accountability are still inherent within the system, bringing out a tension between autonomy and centralization.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Latsha, Xolisa Noluvo. "An investigation of teacher participation in decision -making, curriculum and management issues: a case study of four secondary schools in the Fort Beaufort District, Eastern Cape Province." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1851.

Full text

Abstract:

The birth of democracy in 1994 in South Africa moved away from the authoritarian leadership style of the Apartheid era to a democratic style where accountability , democracy, transformational and distributed leadership style was encouraged at school. Leadership was not deemed to be the duty of the principal alone but leadership is shared among all the stakeholders at school. The above assertion prompted the researcher to engage in this study whose purpose was to investigate the extent of teacher participation in decision making in curriculum and management issues at schools. The study sought to assess:(i)To identify the categories of teachers who participated in decision making at school level (ii) To find out the areas in which teachers are involved in decision making at school (iii) To identify the strategies used by principals/ school management in involving the teachers in decision making (iv) To find out the views of principals and teachers regarding their involvement regarding their participation in decision making in curriculum and management issues. To achieve these objectives the researcher opted for the qualitative approach which is embedded in the interpretivist paradigm. The qualitative approach typically studies people by interacting and observing the participants in their natural setting and focusing on their meanings and interpretations. This methodology was relevant because it produced the desired results and gathered information directly from the respondents through interviews, observation, and document analysis. This methodology assisted the researcher to find out the extent of teacher participation in decision making. The data revealed that all teachers are expected to be involved in decision making but that depends on the nature of the issue. The study revealed that all teachers were involved in decisions concerning disciplinary, curriculum, sport as major school activities but some teachers were not involved in financial matters. The data also found out that male teachers feel that there is imbalance of contribution in staff meetings since female teachers are more than male teachers. Furthermore , the study showed that school principals used various strategies to involve teachers in decision making such as consultation on individual basis, group or at committee level. The study also revealed that the principals and teachers felt that when they work together as the school community all organizational goals and objectives will be achieved and owned by all teachers. Teachers also viewed non involvement as what resulted in the negative impact of the activities including high teacher absenteeism and demotivation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Bolander, William G. "Change processes resulting from low ISTEP+ math achievement indicators in the 1997-98 performance-based accreditation cycle." Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1203649.

Full text

Abstract:

The nature of the decision-making processes and the resulting changes made in school programs and curricula in Indiana elementary schools was the focus of this research. The changes were required of these schools by the State of Indiana through the Performance-Based Accreditation division of the Indiana Department of Education. These schools were expected to make changes because they had performed below standard on the math portion of ISTEP+, the State standardized assessment test, during the 1997-98 school year. The objective of the study was to examine the perceptions of the participants as to the influence that mediating factors had on their schools' decision-making processes.The survey population consisted of principals and teachers from 18 Indiana elementary schools from accreditation group IV. In the 18 schools surveyed, 14 principals (78%) and 182 teachers (50%) responded. The participants were grouped as principals and teachers, and were organized for data analysis by location of their respective schools. Two of the schools were urban, seven suburban and nine were rural. The purpose of the study was to explore the decision-making processes used at these elementary schools. Little is known about these decision-making processes in schools that are faced with the requirement to make changes as the result of low test scores. Data gathered in the study included the types of changes and the factors influencing the change-related decisions. Through analysis of the data, the researcher attempted to gain insights that could be used to assist educators in future efforts relating to change and decision-making.Findings of the study indicated that schools primarily used new textbooks to address new approaches to the math curriculum and remediation programs or test skills programs to focus more specifically on improving test scores. The principals and teachers generally felt the decision-making processes in their schools were very collaborative; however, while teachers perceived those processes to be collaborative, their perception reflected a lesser degree of collaboration than the principals. Concern on the part of the teachers and principals for student learning and the school systems' accountability to the Preformance-Based Accreditation program were perceived as the factors having the greatest influence on the decisions to improve math performance. Clearly, these professionals felt the need to change; however, findings indicated that these changes were motivated in part by professionalism and, in part, by the pressures of accountability to the State.Recommendations for further study were included.
Department of Educational Leadership

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Pitre, Leighton J. "Organizational cynicism at the United States Naval Academy : an exploratory study /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FPitre.pdf.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (M.S. in Leadership and Human Resource Development)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2004.
Thesis advisor(s): Roderick Bacho, Susan Hocevar. Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-51). Also available online.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Frank, Adam Harrison. "Inclusive Deliberation (ID): A Case Study Of How Teachers Experience The Decision-Making Process For Change Initiatives Within A School Committee." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1573900707645968.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Murphy, Charles Michael. "The School Council as an Agent of Instructional Change: a Comparative Case Study." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278879/.

Full text

Abstract:

The involvement of teachers, parents, and administrators in shared decision making is a critical component in recent attempts to implement site-based decision making in Texas schools. This involvement is usually maintained through the school council, which is the sanctioned forum for discourse as defined by Texas laws. The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe and analyze the content and patterns of decision making discourse in three Texas elementary school councils. The research questions focused on (a) council member role descriptions, (b) training, (c) patterns of deliberation, and (d) varieties of issues discussed. A total of 44 council members participated in the research. Observation, interviews, structured group interviews, decision-making inventories, and documents were used to collect data from December 1992 until January 1994.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!