Academic literature on the topic 'Schultz (J. H.) forlag a'

VárinéSzilágyiIbolya: Építészprofilok, akik a 70-es, 80-as években indultak(Ritoókné Ádám Magda) 407RacsmányMihály(szerk.): Afejlődés zavarai és vizsgálómódszerei(Nagybányai Nagy Olivér) 409Új irányzatok és a bejárt út a pszichológiatörténet-írásban (Mandler, G.: Interesting times. An encounter with the 20th century; Hergenhahn, B. N.: An introduction to the history of psychology; Schultz, D. P.,Schultz, S. E.: A history of modern psychology; Greenwood, J. D.: The disappearance of the social in American social psychology;Bem, S.,LoorendeJong, H.: Theoretical issues in psychology. An introduction; Sternberg, R. J. (ed.)Unity in psychology: Possibility or pipedream?;Dalton, D. C.,Evans, R. B. (eds): __

Pulmonary surfactant exists in the alveolus in several distinct subtypes that differ in their morphology, composition, and surface activity. Experiments by others have implicated a serine hydrolase in the production of the inactive small vesicular subtype of surfactant (N. J. Gross and R. M. Schultz. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1044: 222–230, 1990). Our laboratory recently identified this enzyme in the rat as the serine carboxylesterase ES-2 [F. Barr, H. Clark, and S. Hawgood. Am. J. Physiol. 274 ( Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 18): L404–L410, 1998]. In the present study, we determined the cellular sites of expression of ES-2 in rat lung using a digoxygenin-labeled ES-2 riboprobe. ES-2 mRNA was localized to type II cells and alveolar macrophages but not to Clara cells. Using a specific ES-2 antibody, we determined the protein distribution of ES-2 in the lung by immunohistochemistry, and it was found to be consistent with the sites of mRNA expression. Most of the ES-2 in rat bronchoalveolar lavage is in the surfactant-depleted supernatant, but ES-2 was also consistently localized to the small vesicular surfactant subfraction presumed to form as a consequence of conversion activity. These results are consistent with a role for endogenous lung ES-2 in surfactant metabolism.

A single unattached kinetochore can delay anaphase onset in mitotic tissue culture cells (Rieder, C.L., A. Schultz, R. Cole, G. Sluder. 1994. J. Cell Biol. 127:1301–1310). Kinetochores in vertebrate cells contain multiple binding sites, and tension is generated at kinetochores after attachment to the plus ends of spindle microtubules. Checkpoint component Mad2 localizes selectively to unattached kinetochores (Chen, R.-H., J.C. Waters, E.D. Salmon, and A.W. Murray. 1996. Science. 274:242–246; Li, Y., and R. Benezra. Science. 274: 246–248) and disappears from kinetochores by late metaphase, when chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle. Here we show that Mad2 is lost from PtK1 cell kinetochores as they accumulate microtubules and re-binds previously attached kinetochores after microtubules are depolymerized with nocodazole. We also show that when kinetochore microtubules in metaphase cells are stabilized with taxol, tension at kinetochores is lost. The phosphoepitope 3f3/2, which has been shown to become dephosphorylated in response to tension at the kinetochore (Nicklas, R.B., S.C. Ward, and G.J. Gorbsky. 1995. J. Cell Biol. 130:929–939), is phosphorylated on all 22 kinetochores after tension is reduced with taxol. In contrast, Mad2 only localized to an average of 2.6 out of the 22 kinetochores in taxol-treated PtK1 cells. Therefore, loss of tension at kinetochores occupied by microtubules is insufficient to induce Mad2 to accumulate on kinetochores, whereas unattached kinetochores consistently bind Mad2. We also found that microinjecting antibodies against Mad2 caused cells arrested with taxol to exit mitosis after ∼12 min, while uninjected cells remained in mitosis for at least 6 h, demonstrating that Mad2 is necessary for maintenance of the taxol-induced mitotic arrest. We conclude that kinetochore microtubule attachment stops the Mad2 interactions at kinetochores which are important for inhibiting anaphase onset.

Brown adipocytes cultured from newborn combined-lipase-deficient (cld/cld) mice and castanospermine (CST)-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes synthesize lipoprotein lipase (LPL) which is inactive and retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) [Masuno, Blanchette-Mackie, Chernick and Scow (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 1628–1638; Masuno, Blanchette-Mackie, Schultz, Spaeth, Scow and Okuda (1992) J. Lipid Res. 33, 1343–1349]. Brefeldin A (BFA), which is known to block protein transport from ER and translocate Golgi components to ER, was used here to study the effect of translocated Golgi enzymes on LPL retained in ER of cld/cld and CST-treated mouse brown adipocytes. Brown adipocytes cultured from newborn normal mice contained 3000–5000 m-units of LPL activity/mg of DNA and secreted 35 m-units of LPL activity/mg of DNA per h. BFA at 10 μg/ml doubled LPL activity in normal cells within 2 h as it stopped completely secretion of active LPL. LPL in mouse cells has two N-oligosaccharide chains per subunit. Analyses with SDS/PAGE and immunoblotting showed that about one-third of LPL subunits in untreated normal cells were totally endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (endo H)-resistant, one-third were partially endo H-resistant, and one-third were totally endo H-sensitive. BFA decreased to zero the proportion of subunits which were totally endo H-resistant, while it increased the proportion which were partially endo H-resistant. Thus, BFA blocked processing of one oligosaccharide chain per subunit to endo H-resistance. Sucrose-gradient centrifugation studies showed that BFA increased the proportion of LPL subunits in normal cells which were present as active dimers. LPL activity in cld/cld adipocytes was 120 m-units/mg of DNA and that in normal adipocytes treated with CST was 430 m-units/mg of DNA. Most LPL subunits in such cells were totally endo H-sensitive and some were partially endo H-resistant, but none were totally endo H-resistant. Some of the subunits, in both cld/cld and CST-treated cells, were present as inactive LPL dimers. BFA increased LPL activity in cld/cld cells to 2100 m-units/mg of DNA and that in CST-treated cells to 2600 m-units/mg of DNA within 2 h. BFA increased in both groups the proportion of LPL subunits which were partially endo H-resistant. BFA also increased the proportion which were present as active dimers. Immunofluorescence studies in normal and cld/cld adipocytes showed that BFA caused retention of LPL in large tubular and spherical structures and in ER, but not in Golgi. When BFA was withdrawn and protein synthesis was blocked with cycloheximide, LPL in normal cells was transferred to Golgi within 30 min and disappeared within 60 min, whereas LPL in cld/cld cells was retained in large vesicles and ER. The findings indicate that BFA enabled synthesis of active LPL in cld/cld and CST-treated cells via translocation of Golgi components to ER. Also, cld/cld cells synthesized LPL which could be processed to active lipase and the enzymes needed for activation of the lipase were present in Golgi of such cells. Production of inactive LPL in cld/cld adipocytes probably results from their inability to transport LPL from ER to Golgi.

In advanced technologies of ART, the basic requirement is the production of in vitro-matured oocytes, and embryo production efficiency depends on healthy, matured oocytes. Oocyte growth and development depends on the ability of oocytes and their surrounding cumulus granulosa cells (Eppig et al. 1979 J. Exp. Zool. 208, 111–120). Cumulus cells provide carbohydrate precursors, amino acids, and nucleotides to the oocytes (Brower and Schultz 1982 Dev. Biol. 90, 144–153). Oocytes and cumulus cell gap junctions are required for the coordination of cytoplasmic and nuclear maturation (Carabatsos et al. 2002 Dev. Biol. 226, 167–179). In bovine COC, functional gap junctions are required for the progression of oocyte maturation. Gap junctions allow for metabolic coupling between adjacent granulosa cells. Disruption in the integrity of the gap junction inhibits oocyte maturation (Anderson and Albertini 1976 J. Cell Biol. 71, 680–686). The aim of this study was to analyze the trend of Cx43 mRNA transcript in in vitro-matured oocytes at different times of maturation in the Indian water buffalo to estimate the correlation with expression level. Oocytes collected from slaughterhouse ovaries were matured in TCM-199 medium supplemented with 2.5 mm pyruvate, gentamycin sulfate (10 mg mL–1), β-estradiol (1000 ng mL–1), FSH (500 ng mL–1), LH (500 ng mL–1), and 10% FBS at 38.5°C in 5% CO2 in air. Cumulus–oocyte complexes were used after 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h of maturation for the cDNA preparation with cells of a cDNA II Kit. Expression of the Cx43 gene was quantified at different time intervals for maturation with real-time PCR. Statistical analysis was performed with one-way ANOVA, followed by Duncan’s multiple pair-wise comparison. Our results showed that Cx43 mRNA abundance was affected by time of maturation. The expression of Cx43 was significantly higher at 6 h than at 18 and 24 h, whereas the 12-h value was intermediate. Our results are in agreement with decreased Cx43 protein contents in the outer cumulus layers of COC at maturation time points (Calder et al. 2003 Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 1, 14) and the expression of Cx43 in oocyte development regulation (Granot et al. 2002 Biol. Reprod. 66, 568–573). When Cx43 expression was compared among immature oocytes, denuded oocytes, cumulus cells, and COC at 6 h, there was no significant difference. However, 6-h-matured COC showed significantly higher expression than other groups. Further, our study supported the role of cumulus cells in COC in Cx43-mediated communication (Vozzi et al. 2001 Reproduction 122, 619–628). Differential expression of Cx43 mRNA among varying COC classes indicates that this gene may be a useful marker for oocyte quality to improve in vitro production or somatic cell nuclear transfer rates. Marker genes that predict developmental competence could be used in the optimization of maturation and culture conditions. Understanding the molecular mechanism involved in in vitro oocyte maturation would be an additional advantage in analyzing this complex biological phenomenon to improve embryo production.

During mitosis in Ptk1 cells anaphase is not initiated until, on average, 23 +/- 1 min after the last monooriented chromosome acquires a bipolar attachment to the spindle--an event that may require 3 h (Rieder, C. L., A. Schultz, R. W. Cole, and G. Sluder. 1994. J. Cell Biol. 127:1301-1310). To determine the nature of this cell-cycle checkpoint signal, and its site of production, we followed PtK1 cells by video microscopy prior to and after destroying specific chromosomal regions by laser irradiation. The checkpoint was relieved, and cells entered anaphase, 17 +/- 1 min after the centromere (and both of its associated sister kinetochores) was destroyed on the last monooriented chromosome. Thus, the checkpoint mechanism monitors an inhibitor of anaphase produced in the centromere of monooriented chromosomes. Next, in the presence of one monooriented chromosome, we destroyed one kinetochore on a bioriented chromosome to create a second monooriented chromosome lacking an unattached kinetochore. Under this condition anaphase began in the presence of the experimentally created monooriented chromosome 24 +/- 1.5 min after the nonirradiated monooriented chromosome bioriented. This result reveals that the checkpoint signal is not generated by the attached kinetochore of a monooriented chromosome or throughout the centromere volume. Finally, we selectively destroyed the unattached kinetochore on the last monooriented chromosome. Under this condition cells entered anaphase 20 +/- 2.5 min after the operation, without congressing the irradiated chromosome. Correlative light microscopy/elctron microscopy of these cells in anaphase confirmed the absence of a kinetochore on the unattached chromatid. Together, our data reveal that molecules in or near the unattached kinetochore of a monooriented PtK1 chromosome inhibit the metaphase-anaphase transition.

ROMK channels play a key role in overall K balance by controlling K secretion across the apical membrane of mammalian cortical collecting tubule. In contrast to the family of strong inward rectifiers (IRKs), ROMK channels are markedly sensitive to intracellular pH. Using Xenopus oocytes, we have confirmed this pH sensitivity at both the single-channel and whole cell level. Reduction of oocyte pH from 6.8 to 6.4 (using a permeant acetate buffer) reduced channel open probability from 0.76 ± 0.02 to near zero ( n = 8), without altering single-channel conductance. This was due to the appearance of a long-lived closed state at low internal pH. We have confirmed that a lysine residue (K61 on ROMK2; K80 on ROMK1), NH2 terminal to the first putative transmembrane segment (M1), is primarily responsible for conferring a steep pH sensitivity to ROMK (B. Fakler, J. Schultz, J. Yang, U. Schulte, U. Bråandle, H. P. Zenner, L. Y. Jan, and J. P. Ruppersberg. EMBO J. 15: 4093–4099, 1996). However, the apparent p K a of ROMK also depends on another residue in a highly conserved, mildly hydrophobic area: T51 on ROMK2 (T70 on ROMK1). Replacing this neutral threonine (T51) with a negatively charged glutamate shifted the apparent p K a for inward conductance from 6.5 ± 0.01 ( n = 8, wild type) to 7.0 ± 0.02 ( n = 5, T51E). On the other hand, replacing T51 with a positively charged lysine shifted the apparent p K a in the opposite direction, from 6.5 ± 0.01 ( n = 8, wild type) to 6.0 ± 0.02 ( n = 9, T51K). The opposite effects of the glutamate and lysine substitutions at position 51 (ROMK2) are consistent with a model in which T51 is physically close to K61 and alters either the local pH or the apparent p K a via an electrostatic mechanism. In addition to its effects on pH sensitivity, the mutation T51E also decreased single-channel conductance from 34.0 ± 1.0 pS ( n = 8, wild type) to 17.4 ± 1 pS ( n = 9, T51E), reversed the voltage gating of the channel, and significantly increased open-channel noise. These effects on single-channel currents suggest that the T51 residue, located in a mildly hydrophobic area of ROMK2, also interacts with the hydrophobic region of the permeation pathway.

Resumo: O presente artigo, em forma ensaística, não pretende expor nenhuma teoria kierkegaardiana da educação. Antes se esforça por remover alguns mitos a respeito da própria educação de Kierkegaard, e para tanto busca basicamente enfatizar o lado saudável de uma figura materna – em geral ignorada ou menosprezada pelos comentadores. Além disso, denuncia preconceitos de interpretações dinamarquesas, alemãs, francesas e brasileiras.Palavras-chave: Søren Kierkegaard. Ane Sørensdatter Kierkegaard. Georg Brandes. Casamento e procriação. Relações mãe/filho. Psicólogos e problemas psicológicos. Abstract: The present article, in essayistic form, does not intend to expose any kierkegaardian theory of education. It rather makes an effort to remove some myths about Kierkegaard’s own education, in order to which it tries basically to emphasize the sound, wealthy side of a maternal-figure – generally ignored or disdained by several commentators. Beyond, it denounces some prejudices of Danish, German, French and Brazilian interpretations.Keywords: Søren Kierkegaard. Ane Sørensdatter Kierkegaard. Georg Brandes. Marriage and procreation. Mother/son relations. Psychologists and psychological problems. REFERÊNCIASBRANDES, Georg. Nietzsche: Un ensayo sobre el radicalismo aristocrático. Traducción de José Liebermann. México: Sexto piso, 2004.GARFF, Joakim. SAK. Søren Aabye Kierkegaard: En Biografi. København: Gads Forlag, 2000.HIMMELSTRUP, Jens (Udg.). Søren Kierkegaard: International Bibliografi. København: Nyt Nordisk Forlag – Arnold Busk, 1962.HIRSCH, Emanuel. Kierkegaard-Studien, Band 1. (Gesammelte Werke 11.) Waltrop: Spenner, 2006. (Neu herausgegeben und eingeleitet von H. M. Müller. – Reprodução dos originais de 1930-33).JASPERS, Karl. Psicopatología General. Traducción de la 5a. ed. alemana por Roberto Saubinet y Diego Santillan. Buenos Aires: Bini, 1950._______. Psychologie der Weltanschauungen: Fünfte, unveränderte Auflage. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1960. (1919)KIERKEGAARD, Søren A. O Conceito de Ironia constantemente referido a Sócrates. Tradução de Álvaro Valls. Petrópolis: Vozes, 1991._______. Migalhas Filosóficas: ou um bocadinho de filosofia de João Clímacus. Tradução de Álvaro Valls. Petrópolis: Vozes, 1995. (Ou: Tradução de José Miranda Justo. Lisboa: Relógio D’Água, 2012.)_______. In Vino Veritas. Tradução de José Miranda Justo. Lisboa: Antígona, 2005.KIERKEGAARD, Søren A. Ou – Ou: Um Fragmento de Vida (Primeira Parte). Tradução de Elisabete M. de Sousa. Lisboa: Relógio D’Água, 2013._______. Ou – Ou: Um Fragmento de Vida (Segunda Parte) Tradução de Elisabete M. de Sousa. Lisboa: Relógio D’Água, 2017._______. As Obras do Amor: Algumas considerações cristãs em forma de discursos. Tradução de Álvaro Valls. Petrópolis: Vozes; Bragança Paulista: Ed. Univ. São Francisco, 2005._______. Diapsalmata. Tradução, Notas e Posfácio de Nuno Ferro e M. J. de Carvalho et al.. Lisboa: Assírio & Alvim, 2011._______. Do Desespero Silencioso ao Elogio do Amor Desinteressado: Aforismos, novelas e discursos de Søren Kierkegaard. Tradução de Álvaro Valls. Porto Alegre: Escritos, 2004.KIRMMSE, Bruce. Kierkegaard In Golden Age Denmark: Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1990.KIRMMSE, Bruce (Org.). Encounters With Kierkegaard: A Life as Seen by His Contemporaries. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996.KJÆR, Grette. Den Gådefulde Familie: Historien bag det Kierkegaardske Familiegravsted. København: Reitzels Boghandel, 1981.MALIK, Habib C. Receiving Søren Kierkegaard: The Early Impact and Transmission of His Thought. Washington D.C.: The Catolic University of America Press, 1997.MESNARD, Pierre. Le Vrai Visage de Kierkegaard. Paris: Beauchesne, 1948.ODEN, Thomas (Org.) The Humour of Kierkegaard: An Anthology. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2004.POOLE, Roger & STANGERUP, Henrik (Org.). The Laughter Is on My Side: An Imaginative Introduction to Kierkegaard. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,1989.STEWART, Jon. A History of Hegelianism in Golden Age Denmark. Tome I. The Heiberg Period: 1824-1836. Copenhagen: SKRC/Reitzel, 2007.THEUNISSEN, Michael. Der Begriff Ernst bei Sören Kierkegaard. Freiburg/München: Alber, 1978. (Com a dedicatória: “Meiner Mutter”!)VERGOTE, Henri–Bernard. Sens et repetition: Essai sur l’ironie kierkegaardienne. Tomes I et II. Paris: Cerf/Orante, 1982.WAHL, Jean. Études Kierkegaardiennes. 4e. édition. Paris: Vrin, 1974.

We report the mechanical control of plasmonic coupling between gold nanoparticles (GNPs) coated onto a large area wrinkled surface of an elastomeric template. Self-assembly and bottom-up procedures, were used to fabricate the sample and to increase the size of GNPs by exploiting the reduction of HAuCl4 with hydroxylamine. The elastic properties of template, the increase of nanostructure size joined with the particular grating configuration of the surface have been exploited to trigger and handle the coupling processes between the nanoparticles. Full Text: PDF ReferencesG. Mie, "Beiträge zur Optik trüber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallösungen", Ann. Phys. 25, 377 (1908) CrossRef U. Kreibig and M. Vollmer, Optical properties of metal cluster, Berlin 1995 CrossRef S. A. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer, New York, 2007 CrossRef L. A. Lane, X. Qian, and S. Nie, "SERS Nanoparticles in Medicine: From Label-Free Detection to Spectroscopic Tagging", Chem. Rev. 115, 10489-10529 (2015) CrossRef N. Pazos-Perez, W. Ni, A. Schweikart, R. A. Alvarez-Puebla, A. Fery and L. M. Liz-Marzan, "Highly uniform SERS substrates formed by wrinkle-confined drying of gold colloids", Chem. Sci. 1, 174-178P (2010) CrossRef M. Aioub and M. A. El-Sayed, "A Real-Time Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Study of Plasmonic Photothermal Cell Death Using Targeted Gold Nanoparticles", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138, 1258-1264 (2016) CrossRef G. Baffou, and R. Quidant, "Thermo-plasmonics: using metallic nanostructures as nano-sources of heat", Laser Photonics Rev. 7, No. 2, 171-187 (2013) CrossRef G. Palermo, U. Cataldi, L. De Sio, T. Beurgi, N. Tabiryan, and C. Umeton, "Optical control of plasmonic heating effects using reversible photo-alignment of nematic liquid crystals", Applied Physics 109, 191906 (2016) CrossRef J. R. Dunklin, G. T. Forcherio, K. R. Berry, Jr., and D. K. Roper, "Gold Nanoparticle Polydimethylsiloxane Thin Films Enhance Thermoplasmonic Dissipation by Internal Reflection", J. Phys. Chem. 118, 7523-7531 (2014) CrossRef Y. Jin, "Engineering Plasmonic Gold Nanostructures and Metamaterials for Biosensing and Nanomedicine", Adv. Mater. 24, 5153-5165 (2012) CrossRef J. H. Lee, Q. Wu, and W. Park, "Metal nanocluster metamaterial fabricated by the colloidal self-assembly", Optics Letters 34, Issue 4, 443-445 (2009) CrossRef R. Pratibha, K. Park, I. I. Smalyukh, and W. Park, "Tunable optical metamaterial based on liquid crystal-gold nanosphere composite", Optics Express 17, Issue 22, 19459-19469 (2009) CrossRef J. Dintinger, S. Mühlig, C. Rockstuhl, and T. Scharf, "A bottom-up approach to fabricate optical metamaterials by self-assembled metallic nanoparticles", Optical Materials Express 2, Issue 3, 269-278 (2012) CrossRef T. Maurer, J. Marae-Djouda, U. Cataldi, A. G., Guillaume Montay, Y. Madi, B. Panicaud, D. Macias, P.-M. Adam, G. Léveque, T. Buergi, and R. Caputo, "The beginnings of plasmomechanics: towards plasmonic strain sensors", Front. Mater. Sci. 9(2) (2015) CrossRef J. N. Anker W. P. Hall, O. Lyandres, N. C. Shah, J. Zhao and R. P. Van Duyne, "Biosensing with plasmonic nanosensors", Nature Materials 7, 442 - 453 (2008) CrossRef M. E. Stewart, C. R. Anderton, L. B. Thompson, J. Maria, S. K. Gray, J. A. Rogers,and R. G. Nuzzo, "Nanostructured Plasmonic Sensors", Chem. Rev. 108, 494-521 (2008) CrossRef P. K. Jain , M. A. El-Sayed, "Plasmonic coupling in noble metal nanostructures", Chemical Physics Letters 487, 153-164 (2010) CrossRef P. K. Jain, W. Huang and M. A. El-Sayed, "On the Universal Scaling Behavior of the Distance Decay of Plasmon Coupling in Metal Nanoparticle Pairs: A Plasmon Ruler Equation", Nano Letters 7, 2080-2088 (2007) CrossRef U. Cataldi, R. Caputo, Y. Kurylyak, G. Klein, M. Chekini, C. Umeton and T. Buergi, "Growing gold nanoparticles on a flexible substrate to enable simple mechanical control of their plasmonic coupling", Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2(37), 7927-7933 (2014). CrossRef S. K. Ghosh and T. Pal, "Interparticle Coupling Effect on the Surface Plasmon Resonance of Gold Nanoparticles: From Theory to Applications", Chem. Rev. 107, 4797 (2007) CrossRef M. K. Kinnan and G. Chumanov, "Plasmon Coupling in Two-Dimensional Arrays of Silver Nanoparticles: II. Effect of the Particle Size and Interparticle Distance", J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 7496 (2010) CrossRef X. L. Zhu, S. S. Xiao, L. Shi, X. H. Liu, J. Zi, O. Hansen and N. A. Mortensen, "A stretch-tunable plasmonic structure with a polarization-dependent response", Opt. Express, 20, 5237 (2012) CrossRef K. H. Su, Q. H. Wei, X. Zhang, J. J. Mock, D. R. Smith and S. Schultz, "Interparticle Coupling Effects on Plasmon Resonances of Nanogold Particles", Nano Lett. 3, 1087 (2003) CrossRef Y. L. Chiang, C. W. Chen, C. H. Wang, C. Y. Hsieh, Y. T. Chen, H. Y. Shih and Y. F. Chen, "Mechanically tunable surface plasmon resonance based on gold nanoparticles and elastic membrane polydimethylsiloxane composite", Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 041904 (2010) CrossRef N. Bowden, W. T. S. Huck, K. E. Paul, and G. M. Whitesides, "The controlled formation of ordered, sinusoidal structures by plasma oxidation of an elastomeric polymer", Appl. Phys. Lett. 75(17) (1999) CrossRef R, A. Lawton, C. R. Price, A. F. Runge, Walter J. Doherty III, S. Scott Saavedra , "Air plasma treatment of submicron thick PDMS polymer films: effect of oxidation time and storage conditions", Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 253, 213-215 (2005). CrossRef A Schweikart, N. Pazos-Perez, R. A. Alvarez-Puebla and A. Fery, "Controlling inter-nanoparticle coupling by wrinkle-assisted assembly", Soft Matter 7, 4093 (2011) CrossRef K. R. Brown, L. A. Lyon, A. P. Fox, B. D. Reiss and M. J. Natan, "Hydroxylamine Seeding of Colloidal Au Nanoparticles. 3. Controlled Formation of Conductive Au Films", Chem. Mater. 12, 314 (2000) CrossRef

As proven in the preceding pilot study the historical Viennese ground floor originally presented an intruiging and essential semi-public sphere with no clear-cut boundary between inside and out. Rather, doors and windows were left open most of the time so that there were many points that gave access to the ground-floor premises. Original photos from the period attest to this: the ground-floor facades were permeable; semi-public or even private uses of the ground floor extended to the street, and conversely, the premises were easily accessible to the “public flow.” In addition many of the ground-floor premises in the chosen research area were connected with basement floors or cellars underneath, which meant a further extension of the urban parterre. The (commercial) use of the street-facing premises in most cases also included the interior courtyard. Today, interior courtyards mostly accommodate garbage cans or dumpsters; more intensive, diversified uses of this part of the StadtParterre nowadays are rare. Thus the historical StadtParterre was a ramified, varied, much-used and hence engaging space. Permeable ground-floor facades provided a flexible interface between public and semi-public spaces; intensely interacting with one another. First and foremost, though, the point here is to acknowledge the significance of the urban parterre for the functoning of a city—a fact that has somewhat fallen into oblivion in the noughties of the 21st century ever since the emergence of 3D city modeling. The reason for this may be that conventional 3D city models canot really represent intricate, small-scale, multilayered, and ramified ground-floor structures und thus prevent us from perceiving them in a broader functional perspective.The paper discusses reasons and socio-urban effects of a dis-linked, malfunctioning urban parterre.References Anderson, S. ed. (1978): On Streets. Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press. Appleyard, D. (1981): Livable streets. Berkeley: University of California Press. Davis, H. (2012): Living Over the Store: Architecture and Urban Life. London and New York: Routledge. Gehl, J. (1996): Life between Buildings: Using Public Space. Translated by Jo Koch. Copenhagen: Arkitektens Forlag (orig. Livet mellem husene. 1978). Krusche, J. and Vogt, G. (2011): Strassenräume Berlin, Shanghai, Tokyo, Zürich: Eine foto-ethnografische Untersuchung. Baden, CH: Lars Müller Publishers. Scheuvens, R. and Schütz, T. (2012): Perspektive Erdgeschoss, Werkstattbericht 121. Vienna: Magistratsabteilung 18, Stadtentwicklung und Stadtplanung.