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1
Keller, David. Ethics & values: Basic readings in theory and practice. Edited by Keller David and Utah Valley State College. Philosophy Dept. Boston, MA: Pearson Custom Pub., 2002.
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Bickenbach, Jerome Edmund. Good reasons for better arguments: An introduction to the basic skills and values of critical thinking. Peterborough, Ont: Broadview Press, 1997.
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Panova, Anna. Tourism statistics. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1046178.
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Contains a detailed overview of the basic concepts of the General theory of statistics, groups of statistics, absolute, relative and average values, statistical study of the relationship of socio-economic phenomena, time series and methods for the detection of trend in time series, indices and their use in tourism. The theoretical material is illustrated with examples from tourism and hospitality. Detail the history of the development, the subject and objectives, the indicator system of tourism statistics.
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.
For undergraduate students, graduate destinations 43.03.02, 43.04.02 "Tourism" and 43.03.03, 43.04.03 "Hospitality". It will be useful to employees of organizations of tourism, as well as receiving the second higher economic education.
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Rescher, Nicholas. Vagaries of Value: Basic Issues in Value Theory. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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Walsh, Marissa Kent. Ethics & Values: Basic Readings in Theory and Practice. Pearson Custom Publishing, 2002.
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7
Rau, Jochen. Constructing the State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199595068.003.0003.
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The limited data available about a macroscopic system may come in various forms: sharp constraints, expectation values, or control parameters. While these data impose constraints on the state, they do not specify it uniquely; a further principle—the maximum entropy principle—must be invoked to construct it. This chapter discusses basic notions of information theory and why entropy may be regarded as a measure of ignorance. It shows how the state—called a Gibbs state—is constructed using the maximum entropy principle, and elucidates its generic properties, which are conveniently summarized in a thermodynamic square. The chapter further discusses the second law and how it is linked to the reproducibility of macroscopic processes. It introduces the concepts of equilibrium and temperature, as well as pressure and chemical potential. Finally, this chapter considers statistical fluctuations of the energy and of other observables in case these are given as expectation values.
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Kresin, Vladimir, Sergei Ovchinnikov, and Stuart Wolf. Superconducting State. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198845331.001.0001.
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For the past almost fifty years, scientists have been trying to explain the phenomenon of superconductivity. The mechanism is the key ingredient of microscopic theory, which was developed by Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer in 1957. The theory also introduced the basic concepts of pairing, coherence length, energy gap, and so on. Since then, microscopic theory has undergone an intensive development. This book provides a very detailed theoretical treatment of the key mechanisms of superconductivity, including the current state of the art (phonons, magnons, plasmons). In addition, the book contains descriptions of the properties of the key superconducting compounds that are of the most interest for science and applications. For many years, there has been a search for new materials with higher values of the main parameters, such as the critical temperature and critical current. At present, the possibility of observing superconductivity at room temperature has become perfectly realistic. That is why the book is especially concerned with high-Tc systems such as high-Tc oxides, hydrides with record values for critical temperature under high pressure, nanoclusters, and so on. A number of interesting novel superconducting systems have been discovered recently, including topological materials, interface systems, and intercalated graphene. The book contains rigorous derivations based on statistical mechanics and many-body theory. The book also provides qualitative explanations of the main concepts and results. This makes the book accessible and interesting for a broad audience.
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Golan, Amos. A Complete Info-Metrics Framework. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199349524.003.0009.
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In this chapter I develop the complete info-metrics framework for inferring problems and theories under all types of uncertainty and missing information. That framework allows for uncertainty in the observed values and about the functional form, as captured by the constraints. Using the derivations of Chapter 8, it also extends the info-metrics framework to include priors. The basic properties of the complete framework are developed as well. Generally speaking, that framework can be viewed as a “meta-theory”—a theory of how to construct theories and consistent models given the available information. This accrues all the benefits of the maximum entropy formalism but additionally accommodates a larger class of problems. The derivations are complemented with a complete visual representation of the info-metrics framework. Theoretical and empirical applications are provided.
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Van Dijk, Teun A. Ideology and Discourse. Edited by Michael Freeden and Marc Stears. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.007.
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This chapter focuses specifically on the neglected discursive and cognitive dimensions of the theory of ideology, as part of Critical Discourse Studies (CDS). Ideologies are defined as basic shared systems of social cognitions of groups. They control group attitudes (e.g. about immigration, abortion, divorce, etc.) and mental models of group members about specific events and experiences. Polarized (Us versus Them) ideological representations and their categories (identity, actions, goals, norms/values, reference groups, and resources) control all levels of ideological discourse (topics, lexicon, meanings, interaction, etc.). The overall strategy of ideological discourse is the enhancement of Our Good Things, and Their Bad Things, and the Mitigation of Our Bad Things and Their Good Things, at all levels of discourse structure—the so-called Ideological Square. A debate in British Parliament on Asylum Seekers is used as an illustration of the theory.
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Hardin, Russell. Normative Methodology. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0002.
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This article shows that one should start social science inquiry with individuals, their motivations, and the kinds of transactions they undertake with one another. It specifically discusses four basic schools of social theory: conflict, shared-values, exchange, and coordination theories. Conflict theories almost inherently lead into normative discussions of the justification of coercion in varied political contexts. Religious visions of social order are usually shared-value theories and interest is the chief means used by religions to guide people. Individualism is at the core of an exchange theory. Because the first three theories are generally in conflict in any moderately large society, coercion is a sine qua non for social order. Coordination interactions are especially important for politics and political theory and probably for sociology, although exchange relations might be most of economics, or at least of classical economics. Shared-value theory may possibly turn into the most commonly asserted alternative to rational choice in this time as contractarian reasoning recedes from center stage in the face of challenges to the story of contracting that lies behind it and the difficulty of believing people actually think they have consciously agreed to their political order.
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Christman, John, ed. Positive Freedom. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108768276.
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Freedom is widely regarded as a basic social and political value that is deeply connected to the ideals of democracy, equality, liberation, and social recognition. Many insist that freedom must include conditions that go beyond simple “negative” liberty understood as the absence of constraints; only if freedom includes other conditions such as the capability to act, mental and physical control of oneself, and social recognition by others will it deserve its place in the pantheon of basic social values. Positive Freedom is the first volume to examine the idea of positive liberty in detail and from multiple perspectives. With contributions from leading scholars in ethics and political theory, this collection includes both historical studies of the idea of positive freedom and discussions of its connection to important contemporary issues in social and political philosophy.
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Mas, André, and Besnik Pumo. Linear Processes for Functional Data. Edited by Frédéric Ferraty and Yves Romain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199568444.013.3.
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This article provides an overview of the basic theory and applications of linear processes for functional data, with particular emphasis on results published from 2000 to 2008. It first considers centered processes with values in a Hilbert space of functions before proposing some statistical models that mimic or adapt the scalar or finite-dimensional approaches for time series. It then discusses general linear processes, focusing on the invertibility and convergence of the estimated moments and a general method for proving asymptotic results for linear processes. It also describes autoregressive processes as well as two issues related to the general estimation problem, namely: identifiability and the inverse problem. Finally, it examines convergence results for the autocorrelation operator and the predictor, extensions for the autoregressive Hilbertian (ARH) model, and some numerical aspects of prediction when the data are curves observed at discrete points.
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Ryan, Richard M., and Patricia H. Hawley. Naturally Good? Edited by Kirk Warren Brown and Mark R. Leary. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328079.013.14.
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People find inherent satisfactions in helping and contributing to others for nonselfish reasons. Self-determination theory (SDT) suggests that being benevolent is often intrinsically motivated, or alternatively done out of deeply internalized social values that are autonomously enacted. In turn such behaviors satisfy basic psychological needs and thereby enhance subjective well-being. A further question concerns more ultimate explanations. Drawing on both SDT and evolutionary psychology, this chapter argues that the association of these proximal need satisfactions with moral and prosocial actions has persisted because these propensities and satisfactions have yielded manifold selective advantages. In addition, need-thwarting conditions evoke more aggressive, competitive, and self-protective strategies. The fact that people typically experience benevolence as deeply need satisfying, and doing harm to others as need frustrating, is thus an aspect of how proximally experienced satisfactions in individual development are linked with the evolutionary roots of our human nature.
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Wall, Steve. Planning, Freedom, and the Rule of Law. Edited by David Schmidtz and Carmen E. Pavel. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199989423.013.14.
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Rule of law is widely considered to be an important element of a well-ordered society. It is an ideal of political morality that is realized to a greater or lesser extent in different legal systems. However, the rule of law is not a basic or fundamental ideal. Its normative significance is explained by its contribution to other, more fundamental, values. This chapter discusses the content of the rule of law (the institutional mechanisms and informal norms that comprise it) and the contribution that it makes to individual or personal freedom. The chapter presents an account of political freedom that relates freedom to the ability of persons to plan their lives. This planning account of freedom is just one component of a full theory of political freedom, but it is the component that best accounts for why the rule of law contributes to personal freedom.
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Kosch, Michelle. Fichte's Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809661.001.0001.
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This book offers a systematic, historically informed reconstruction of Fichte’s ethical theory of the Jena period, highlighting that theory’s very substantial potential for contribution to various contemporary debates. One of Fichte’s most important ideas—that nature can place limits on our ability to govern ourselves, and that anyone who values autonomy is thereby committed to the value of basic research and of the development of autonomy-enhancing technologies—has received little attention in the interpretative literature on Fichte, and has little currency in contemporary ethics. This book is an effort to address both deficits. Beginning from a reconstruction of Fichte’s theory of rational agency, it examines his arguments for the thesis that rational agency so understood must have two constitutive ends: substantive and formal independence. It argues for a novel interpretation of Fichte’s conception of substantive independence, and shows how Fichte’s account of moral duties is derived from the end of substantive independence on that conception. It also argues for a novel interpretation of Fichte’s conception of formal independence, and explains why the usual understanding of this end as providing direct guidance for action must be mistaken. It encompasses a systematic reconstruction of Fichte’s first-order claims in normative ethics and the philosophy of right.
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Cheyne, Peter. Coleridge's Contemplative Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851806.001.0001.
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‘PHILOSOPHY, or the doctrine and discipline of ideas’ as S. T. Coleridge understood it, is the theme of this book. It considers the most vital and mature vein of Coleridge’s prose writings to be ‘the contemplation of ideas objectively, as existing powers’. A theory of ideas emerges in critical engagement with thinkers including Plato, Plotinus, Böhme, Kant, and Schelling. A commitment to the transcendence of reason, central to what Coleridge calls ‘the spiritual platonic old England’, distinguishes him from his German contemporaries. This book pursues a theory of contemplation that draws from Coleridge’s theories of imagination and the ‘Ideas of Reason’ in his published texts and extensively from his thoughts as they developed throughout published works, fragments, letters, and notebooks. He posited a hierarchy of cognition from basic sense intuition to the apprehension of scientific, ethical, and theological ideas. The structure of the book follows this thesis, beginning with sense data, moving upwards into aesthetic experience, imagination, and reason, with final chapters on formal logic and poetry that constellate the contemplation of ideas. Coleridge’s Contemplative Philosophy is not just a work of history of philosophy; it addresses a figure whose thinking is of continuing interest, arguing that contemplation of ideas and values has consequences for everyday morality and aesthetics, as well as metaphysics. The book also illuminates Coleridge’s prose by analysis of his poetry, notably the ‘Limbo’ sequence. The volume will be of interest to philosophers, intellectual historians, scholars of religion, and of literature.
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Humphreys, Paul, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Science. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.001.0001.
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This Handbook provides the reader with access to core areas in the philosophy of science and to new directions in the discipline. Part I contains broad overviews of the main lines of research and the state of established knowledge in six principal areas of the discipline, including computational, physical, biological, psychological, and social sciences, as well as general philosophy of science. Part II covers what are considered to be the traditional topics in the philosophy of science such as causation, probability, models, ethics and values, and explanation. Part III identifies new areas of investigation that show promise of becoming important areas of research, including the philosophy of astronomy and astrophysics, data, complexity theory, neuroscience, simulations, post-Kuhnian philosophy, post-empiricist epistemology, and emergence. Most chapters are accessible to scientifically educated non-philosophers as well as to professional philosophers. The authors bring different perspectives from the North American, European, and Australasian research communities, and all are leading researchers in their fields. All the contributors were encouraged to provide a new perspective on the topic at hand in addition to providing basic information about the subject.
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Churchill, Larry R. Ethics for Everyone. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190080891.001.0001.
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This book argues that an ethical life is more about mastering basic skills than applying theories. It describes the basic skills as follows: interrogating our moral prehistories; taming moral vanity and recognizing others; giving up the comforts of moral certainty; learning from our feelings; thinking slowly; expanding the reach of our empathy; claiming our own moral authority; linking goodness with happiness; and story-making at intersecting life trajectories. Nineteen exercises for better understanding and using these skills are provided. Five common pitfalls of ethical thinking are defined and explored. These are the trap of either/or thinking; expecting too much from moral theory; the desire for a unifying definition of ethics; restricting what experiences have more weight; and treating mysteries as moral problems. Concepts fundamental to ethics are emphasized in terms of their practical use. Among these are some that are typically neglected in ethics texts, such as forgiveness, love, spirituality, hope, and death. The use of the skills and concepts is illustrated for matters that extend beyond-the-lifespan, notably for the ethical problems of global warming. In the final chapter, 12 cases are provided, along with a section describing how to critically interrogate cases for bias. Throughout the book there is an emphasis on the way changes over the lifespan require rethinking ethical values.