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1
Consiglio, Chiara, Roberto Cenciotti, Laura Borgogni, Guido Alessandri, and Shalom H. Schwartz. "The WVal." Journal of Career Assessment 25, no. 3 (March 21, 2016): 405–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069072716639691.
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This study presents a new scale to measure work values. The Work Values questionnaire (WVal) consists of 10 sets of 5 value items that respondents rank for importance. Each item expresses 1 of the 10 basic values of the Schwartz theory in the work context. Seven hundred fifty-nine employees from 94 organizations responded to the WVal. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) assessment of the 10 work values exhibited adequate factorial distinctiveness as well as high internal reliability. Multidimensional scaling analyses yielded a circular motivational structure of relations among the 10 work values similar to the higher order values in the basic values’ theory. We note and discuss meaningful differences in the importance of work values associated with gender, age, organizational tenure, and professional role. The study supports the applicability of the Schwartz basic value theory to the organizational setting, with some variations traceable to the work context. We discuss research possibilities and practical applications of the WVal.
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Ryabichenko, T. A. "Assimilation or Integration: the role of self-affirmation values." Social Psychology and Society 7, no. 3 (2016): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2016070307.
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This study examines the role of ethnic minorities’ values in preferences for different acculturation strategies. We used Berry’s bidimensional model of acculturation, and Schwartz’s refined theory of 19 basic values. We hypothesized that individual values associate with acculturation preferences of ethnic minorities’. The sample consisted of two groups of adolescents, Russians and Poles, aged from 15 to 21 years old (N = 298). Using k-means clustering we assigned participants in four acculturation clusters: in- tegration, assimilation, marginalization, and separation. Profiles, which correspond to the four Schwartz higher-order values across clusters and groups, were compared through ANOVA measures. The analysis has shown that participants in the assimilation cluster scored significantly higher on Self-Enhancement than participants in the integration cluster. The article was prepared within the framework of the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE) and supported within the framework of a subsidy by the Russian Academic Excellence Project '5-100'.
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Nosse, Larry J., and Lilach Sagiv. "Theory-Based Study of the Basic Values of 565 Physical Therapists." Physical Therapy 85, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 834–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/85.9.834.
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Abstract Background and Purpose There is a prevailing belief expressed in the physical therapy literature that values influence behavioral choices. There is, however, meager research on physical therapists' values. A values theory was used to study the organization of physical therapists' basic values and to generate hypotheses about age-related value priority differences. SubjectsParticipants were volunteers from the Wisconsin Physical Therapy Association (N=565). Methods Values importance ratings were gathered using a modified Schwartz Values Survey. Demographic data were obtained with an investigator-developed questionnaire. Analyses included descriptive and nonparametric statistics and nonmetric multidimensional scaling. Results The organizational structure of therapists' values was similar to the theoretical model. Physical therapists rated values associated with benevolence as most important and values associated with power as least important. Three of 7 age-related hypotheses were supported. Discussion and Conclusion The theory adequately explained the organization of physical therapists' values and provided rational explanations for age-based value priority differences. Compared with occupationally heterogeneous samples, the results suggest that physical therapists highly prize values that benefit others and give remarkably little importance to values associated with power.
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Cieciuch, Jan, Eldad Davidov, Michele Vecchione, and Shalom H. Schwartz. "A Hierarchical Structure of Basic Human Values in a Third-Order Confirmatory Factor Analysis." Swiss Journal of Psychology 73, no. 3 (January 2014): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000134.
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This study investigates the hierarchical structure of Schwartz et al.’s (2012) refined theory of basic human values. Data were collected using a revised version of the Portrait Values Questionnaire, which measures the 19 more narrowly defined values. Respondents from nine countries participated (N = 3,261): Finland, Germany, Israel, Italy, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Switzerland, and Turkey. Third-order confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the 19 refined values load on values from the earlier catalog of values. Moreover, these values, together with the two new values introduced in the refined theory, load, in turn, on the theoretically postulated four higher-order values that form the third-order level of analysis. Findings support the proposition that the more narrowly defined values in the refined theory of basic human values are subdimensions of the more broadly defined values in the original theory.
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Lee, Julie A., Joanne N. Sneddon, Timothy M. Daly, Shalom H. Schwartz, Geoffrey N. Soutar, and Jordan J. Louviere. "Testing and Extending Schwartz Refined Value Theory Using a Best–Worst Scaling Approach." Assessment 26, no. 2 (December 21, 2016): 166–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191116683799.
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The theory of human values discriminated 10 basic values arrayed in a quasicircular structure. Analyses with several instruments in numerous samples supported this structure. The refined theory of human values discriminates 19 values in the same circle. Its support depends on one instrument, the revised Portrait Values Questionnaire. We introduce a forced choice method, the Best–Worst Refined Values scale (BWVr), to assess the robustness of the refined theory to method of measurement and also assess the distinctiveness and validity of a new animal welfare value. Three studies ( N = 784, 439, and 383) support the theory and the new value. Study 3 also demonstrates the convergent and discriminant validity of the 19 values by comparing the BWVr, the revised Portrait Values Questionnaire, and value-expressive behaviors and confirms the test–retest reliability of BWVr responses. These studies provide further information about the order of values in the value circle.
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Wetzelhütter, Daniela, Chigozie Nnebedum, Jacques De Wet, and Johann Bacher. "Testing a Modified Version of Schwartz’s Portrait Values Questionnaire to Measure Organizational Values in a University Context." Journal of Human Values 26, no. 3 (August 26, 2020): 209–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971685820943398.
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Schwartz developed his Theory of Basic Human Values and corresponding instruments, the portrait values questionnaire (PVQ) and the Schwartz values survey (SVS), in order to measure personal values. He uses these instruments (in a slightly modified form) in conjunction with his Theory of Cultural Value Orientations to measure cultural or societal values. His theoretical work is also used in studying organizational values; however, none of these instruments seem suitable to compare personal and perceived organizational values. If the PVQ is widely used to measure personal values, and we need commensurate measures of the person and organization for comparative analysis, then can we not minimally adjust the PVQ to measure organizational values? In this article we discuss the testing of one such adjusted PVQ used for gauging universities’ organizational values. We developed the PVQ-uni to measure university values as perceived by students. We collected data from sociology departments at two universities, one in Austria ( n = 133) and one Nigeria ( n = 156). We then tested the reliability and the validity of the new instrument. Based on the data collected, we found that the PVQ-uni is a reliable and valid instrument; however, further refinements are needed for the instrument to be used successfully in Africa.
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Παυλόπουλος, Βασίλης. "Κρίση αξιών ή οι αξίες της κρίσης: Σταθερότητα και μεταβολή προσωπικών και πολιτικών αξιών στην Ελλάδα της ύφεσης." Psychology: the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society 21, no. 3 (October 15, 2020): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.23502.
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This study aimed to explore patterns of stability and change of personal values, political values and ideology in Greece during the economic crisis. Based on the modernization theory (Inglehart, 1971, 2008) and the dual process motivational model for the determinants of political ideology (Duckitt & Sibley, 2010), we hypothesized that the perception of crisis as threatening will lead to a decrease in the importance of anxiety-free values and a shift towards conservatism. We also studied the relations between values and ideology, along with a structural model of these relationships on the basis of the theory across two time points. The sample consisted of 385 subjects (52% women, mean age 41.7 years) in 2009 and 521 subjects (50% women, mean age 38.7 years) in 2014. Participants filled in self-report questionnaires on their basic personal values (Schwarz et al., 2001), core political values (Schwartz et al., 2010) and political self-placement (left/right). Findings provided only partial support to the research hypotheses: a decline was found in self-transcendence values (universalism, equality), but at the same time in conservative values (tradition, conformity, security) as well, although the effect sizes were generally small. Agreement with conservative values led to stronger right political orientation at the secondtime point (2014). The stability of a two-component model of values and ideology was confirmed, consisting of openness vs. resistance to change, on one hand, and acceptance vs. rejection of inequality, on theother.
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Vecchione, Michele, Tiziana Casconi, and Claudio Barbaranelli. "Assessing the Circular Structure of the Portrait Values Questionnaire." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 25, no. 4 (January 2009): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.25.4.231.
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The current research is an assessment of both the psychometric properties and circumplex structure of the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ; Schwartz, Melech, Lehmann, Burgess, & Harris, 2001 ). First, the hypothesized 10-factor structure was examined within the framework of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Next, we assessed the circular structure postulated by the human values theory through constrained CFA. Data were obtained from 9,847 participants. Findings corroborated the distinctiveness of the 10 basic value types and their quasicircular arrangement: Factors derived from the PVQ scale were arranged in a circle similar to the theorized structure of values, although some differences emerged between empirical and theoretical models.
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Παυλόπουλος, Βασίλης, and Michele Vecchione. "Ανιχνεύοντας το αξιακό υπόβαθρο της πολιτικής συμπεριφοράς." Psychology: the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society 21, no. 1 (October 15, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.23257.
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individual differences in politics are usually studied through the bipolar “left/right” or “liberal/conservative” axis. Traditionally, political preferences are examined in relation to socio-demographic factors. More recently, personal values have been shown to constitute a useful framework for understanding political attitudes. This study attempted to explore emotional, cognitive, and behavioral aspects of individual variation in political behavior on the basis of Schwartz’s value theory. The sample consisted of 304 adults (51% male), aged 21-65 years (M = 39,1), residing in various regions across Greece (55% in the Athens metropolitan area). Participants completed the Portrait Values Questionnaire (Schwartz et al., 2001); they also responded on items regarding their core political values (Schwartz et al., 2010), political self-placement, political participation, and socio-demographic profile. overall, results are consistent with research hypotheses. Personal values emerged as significant predictors of political values and political self-placement. Specifically, tradition, security and achievement were associated with the political right and universalism with the left, as well as with unconventional forms of political participation. The above findings are being discussed with regard to the existing models of values and political behavior, along with the multi-faceted crisis that the Greek society is undergoing.
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Романюк, Людмила. "Interrelationships of Personal Values: A Moderated Mediation Analysis Based on Gender and Age." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 4, no. 2 (December 28, 2017): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2017.4.2.rom.
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The present study describes ten personal values expressed by men and women from two countries, and it explores the relationships between two opposing values, Achievement and Benevolence, specifying Stimulation as a mediator between them. It is further explored whether such a mediation model could be further qualified by age and Gender as moderators. The 40-item Portraits Values Questionnaire (PVQ), measuring ten basic values, was administered to 1,000 young adults from two countries. Hierarchical regression methods were applied to examine mediation and moderation mechanisms.Minor gender and country differences emerged for some of the ten basic values. An indirect relationship among the three selected values was identified. Stimulation was found to operate as a mediator between achievement and benevolence. A conditional process model was established with Gender moderating the Achievement – Stimulation path (men had a steeper slope than women), whereas age moderated the Stimulation – Benevolence path (younger individuals had a steeper slope than older ones). Gender also moderated the Achievement – Benevolence path (men had a steeper slope than women). For men, the association between achievement and stimulation was stronger than for women. For the younger persons, the association between stimulation and benevolence was stronger than for older ones. For women, the level of benevolence was independent of their achievement level. The present analyses shed new light on indirect and differential associations among personal values, adding a novel perspective to research on cognitive mechanisms involved in the ten basic values’ becoming.
References
Bardi, A., & Schwartz, S.H. (2003). Values and behaviour: Strength and structure of relations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(10), 1207–1220.
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Kluckhohn, C. (1951). Values and value-orientations in the theory of action: An exploration in definition and classification. In: Toward a General Theory of Action, (pp. 388-433). T. Parsons & E. Shils (Eds.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
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Maio, G. R., Hahn, U., Frost, J., & Cheung, W. (2009). Applying the value of equality unequally: Effects of value instantiations that vary in typicality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(4), 598–614.
Maio, G.R., Pakizeh, A., Cheung, W.Y. & Rees, K.J. (2009). Changing, priming, and acting on values: effects via motivational relations in a circular model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(4), 699–715.
Maslow, A.H. (1965). Eupsychian management. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.
Parks-Leduc, L., Feldman, G., & Bardi, A. (2015). Personality traits and personal values: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19(1) 3–29.
Parsons, T. & Bales, R. F. (1953). Family, Socialization, and Interaction Process. Glencoe: Free Press.Prince-Gibson, E., & Schwartz, S. H. (1998). Value priorities and gender. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61, 49-67.
Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 1-65.
Schwartz, S. H. & Sagiv, L. (2000). Value Priorities and Subjective Well-Being: Direct Relations and Congruity Effects. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 177-198.
Schwartz, S. H., Melech, G., Lehmann, A., Burgess, S., Harris, M., & Owens, V. (2001). Extending the cross-cultural validity of the theory of basic human values with a different method of measurement. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 32, 519-542.
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Ponizovskiy, Vladimir, Murat Ardag, Lusine Grigoryan, Ryan Boyd, Henrik Dobewall, and Peter Holtz. "Development and Validation of the Personal Values Dictionary: A Theory–Driven Tool for Investigating References to Basic Human Values in Text." European Journal of Personality 34, no. 5 (September 2020): 885–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2294.
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Estimating psychological constructs from natural language has the potential to expand the reach and applicability of personality science. Research on the Big Five has produced methods to reliably assess personality traits from text, but the development of comparable tools for personal values is still in the early stages. Based on the Schwartz theory of basic human values, we developed a dictionary for the automatic assessment of references to personal values in text. To refine and validate the dictionary, we used Facebook updates, blog posts, essays, and book chapters authored by over 180 000 individuals. The results show high reliability for the dictionary and a pattern of correlations between the value types in line with the circumplex structure. We found small to moderate ( rs = .1–.4) but consistent correlations between dictionary scores and self–reported scores for 7 out of 10 values. Correlations between the dictionary scores and age, gender, and political orientation of the author and scores for other established dictionaries mostly followed theoretical predictions. The Personal Values Dictionary can be used to assess references to value orientations in textual data, such as tweets, blog posts, or status updates, and will stimulate further research in methods to assess human basic values from text.
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Habibah, Fiza Asri Fauziah, and Fadilah Fadilah. "ANALYSIS OF MANUK DADALI FOLKSONG IN TERMS OF VALUES." Pujangga 6, no. 2 (December 7, 2020): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.47313/pujangga.v6i2.993.
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<p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai-nilai dasar di dalam lagu rakyat Manuk Dadali dan menganalisis<br />hubungan antara nilai-nilai dasar tersebut. Dalam menganalisis data, peneliti menggunakan teori Schwartz tentang<br />sepuluh nilai dasar motivasi. Dalam melakukan penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif.<br />Metode kualitatif merupakan prosedur penelitian yang menghasilkan data deskriptif berupa kata-kata tertulis dari<br />masyarakat maupun buku. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa terdapat tujuh nilai dasar dalam lirik lagu rakyat<br />Manuk Dadali yaitu kekuasaan, prestasi, tradisi, kepatuhan, universalisme, kebajikan, dan keamanan. Dari masingmasing</p><p>nilai, terdapat hubungan yang saling berkaitan satu dengan lainnya. Kekuasaan dengan prestasi, tradisi<br />dengan kepatuhan, universalisme dengan kebajikan, dan keamanan dengan kepatuhan.</p><p>Kata Kunci: nilai dasar, lagu rakyat manuk dadali</p><p> </p><p>The study aimed to investigate the basic values in Manuk Dadali folksong. This study was planned also to analyze the<br />interrelation of each values in Manuk Dadali folksong. In analyzing the data, the researchers used the theory of<br />Schwartz about ten motivational basic values. In conducting this research, the researchers used descriptive qualitative<br />method. The qualitative method was a research procedure which results in descriptive data whether it is from society<br />or books. The result of the data analysis showed that there are seven basic values in the lyrics of Manuk Dadali<br />folksong. They are power, achievement, tradition, conformity, universalism, benevolence, and security. Every values<br />is interrelated each other. Power and achievement, tradition and conformity, universalism and benevolence, and<br />security and conformity.</p><p>Keywords: basic values, manuk dadali folksong</p><p> </p>
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Matějů, Petr, Michael L. Smith, Simona Weidnerová, and Petra Anýžová. "The role of basic values and education on women’s work and family preferences in Europe." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 37, no. 9/10 (September 12, 2017): 494–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-10-2016-0117.
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Purpose Consistent with dual-process models of behaviour, Miles (2015) has shown that Schwartz’ basic values can provide a valuable framework for empirically analysing the role of values and cultural contexts in driving human behaviour. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to this line of research by distinguishing individual values from macro-level values, as well as from other micro- and macro-conditions, in order to test whether individual values shape women’s work-family orientations in ways predicted by Hakim’s preference theory. Design/methodology/approach The authors make use of the second round of the European Social Survey (ESS) collected in 2004, where a battery of questions on human values and work-family preferences were posed, and apply a multilevel approach to take into account national cultural and economic conditions across 25 European countries. Findings In line with the dual-process model and preference theory, the authors show that internalised values, particularly conservatism, shape work-family orientations much more than national social and cultural conditions; in addition, the effect of women’s education on work-value orientations is stronger in countries with more conservative national cultures, suggesting that education may help women overcome social barriers in the choice of their work-career preference. Originality/value While values may shape work-family orientations differently in non-European or less affluent cultures, these findings reveal the importance of bringing values back into the analysis of individual preferences and behaviours towards the labour market.
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Murashcenkova, N. V. "Interrelation of Values and Emigration Intentions of Student’s Youth of Smolensk." Social Psychology and Society 12, no. 1 (2021): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2021120106.
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Objectives. Define the relationship between values and emigration intentions of student youth. Background. In the current conditions of growing emigration sentiment and real emigration behavior of Russian youth, the problem of identifying psychological predictors of emigration intentions of students as a group characterized by expressed cognitive motivation, high educational level, social activity and mobility is particularly significant. Study design. The author draws on the provisions of A. Aisen’s theory of planned behavior and S. Schwartz’s theory of basic individual values. A face-to-face anonymous questionnaire was conducted on the basis of the four largest universities in the city of Smolensk. The choice of the region is due to its border situation and low indicators of economic development. Participants. 255 students aged 17 to 24 (47% young man and 53% young girls). Measurements. The main empirical method was poll. The questionnaire included “Portrait Value Questionnaire” (PVQ-RR) by S. Schwartz, closed questions to identify emigration intentions and open and closed questions to identify socio-demographics data of respondents. Data processing methods were used. These were frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, α-Chronbach, structural equation modeling (SEM). Results. The desire to emigrate from Russia is expressed in more than half of respondents. Statistically significant connections of emigration intentions of respondents and meta-values “Conservation” (negative interrelation), “Self-Transcendence” and “Self-Enhancement” (positive interrelations) have been found. Conclusions. The emigration sentiment of most student youth is passive and not linked to active activity. The relationships between meta-values and emigration intentions confirm the presence of two different types of emigration motivation in modern students. On the one hand, tolerance, understanding, care, justice and their implementation in the future in the country of planned stay are significant for them. Emigration, on the other hand, is an opportunity to gain wealth and power. Denying the value of the “Conservation” meta-value is more the value basis of emigration readiness than the manifestation of a particular emigration motive.
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Spencer-Oatey, Helen, and Dániel Z. Kádár. "bases of (im)politeness evaluations." East Asian Pragmatics 1, no. 1 (April 13, 2016): 73–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/eap.v1i1.29084.
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Evaluation is an important aspect of (im)politeness, and this article explores it from an interdisciplinary perspective. It starts by considering the East–West debate in politeness theory and argues that both emic and etic approaches to research can contribute usefully to the deliberations. It then maintains that, if we are to understand the impact of culture on people’s (im)politeness evaluations, we need to unpack the concept more thoroughly. It proposes that useful insights can be obtained from Haidt’s (e.g. Haidt & Kesebir, 2010) work on moral foundations and Schwartz’s (e.g. Schwartz et al., 2012) work on basic values. The article ends by revisiting the East–West debate, discussing the potential impact of other factors such as beliefs and ideologies, and noting the ongoing uncertainties over levels and links between the various concepts explored. It urges pragmaticists and psychologists to engage more fully with each other to help address these challenges.
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Caprara, Gian Vittorio, Shalom H. Schwartz, Michele Vecchione, and Claudio Barbaranelli. "The Personalization of Politics." European Psychologist 13, no. 3 (January 2008): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.13.3.157.
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We examine how the traits and values of both candidates and voters contribute to political choice, using the five-factor model of traits and the Schwartz (1992 ) theory of basic personal values. 1,164 subjects reported their voting intention, their own traits and values, and those they perceived in the leader of one Italian political coalition (center-right or center-left). As hypothesized, voters simplified their personality judgments of politicians. Instead of the 5 trait factors and 10 basic values they employed in self-descriptions, they described the politicians using 2 trait factors (integrity and leadership) and 2 value dimensions (concern for others vs. self and excitement vs. caution). Logistic regressions revealed that voters own values predicted voting intention as hypothesized based on the policies advocated by the coalitions. Values trumped both own traits and demographic characteristics. The perceived traits and values of candidates accounted for additional variance in voting intention. The traits on which voters perceived a politician as weaker (Prodis leadership and Berlusconis integrity) were more decisive in orienting political preferences. We discuss explanations and implications of these findings.
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Firat, Rengin B., Hye Won Kwon, and Steven Hitlin. "A Novel Measure of Moral Boundaries: Testing Perceived In-group/Out-group Value Differences in a Midwestern Sample." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 4 (January 2018): 237802311881874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023118818741.
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The literature on group differences and social identities has long assumed that value judgments about groups constitute a basic form of social categorization. However, little research has empirically investigated how values unite or divide social groups. The authors seek to address this gap by developing a novel measure of group values: third-order beliefs about in- and out-group members, building on Schwartz value theory. The authors demonstrate that their new measure is a promising empirical tool for quantifying previously abstract social boundaries. Results from a midwestern sample show an important dichotomy such that in-groups were attributed the more positive and altruistic transcendence and openness values, while out-groups were associated conservation and enhancement, the value domains revolving around a self-focus and social restraint. Furthermore, religious attendance and political ideology also emerged as strong predictors of value boundaries, whereas socioeconomic indicators were less influential. Significance and implications are discussed.
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Rudnev, Maksim, Vladimir Magun, and Shalom Schwartz. "Relations Among Higher Order Values Around the World." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 49, no. 8 (June 22, 2018): 1165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022118782644.
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The circular structure of basic human values is the core element of the Schwartz value theory. The structure demonstrated high robustness across cultures. However, the specific correlations between values and the differences in these correlations across countries have received little attention. The current research investigated the within-country correlations between the four higher order values. We estimated the correlations with meta-analytical mixed-effects models based on 10 surveys, on different value instruments, and on data from 104 countries. Analyses revealed theoretically expected negative relations between openness to change and conservation values and between self-transcendence and self-enhancement values. More interestingly, openness to change and self-transcendence values related negatively with each other, as did conservation and self-enhancement. Openness to change and self-enhancement values related predominantly positively, as did conservation and self-transcendence values. Correlations between the adjacent values were weaker in more economically developed countries, revealing higher value complexity of these societies. These findings were consistent across multiple surveys and after controlling for levels of education and income inequality. We concluded that, across most countries, values tend to be organized predominantly in line with the Social versus Person Focus opposition, whereas the Growth versus Self-Protection opposition is pronounced only in more economically developed countries.
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Gullickson, Amy M., and Kelly M. Hannum. "Making values explicit in evaluation practice." Evaluation Journal of Australasia 19, no. 4 (December 2019): 162–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035719x19893892.
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Values play a fundamental role in the evaluation process; however, evaluators and evaluation training have tended to focus on research methodology. Much less emphasis has been placed on explicit attention to values and valuing, and the steps necessary to justify those aspects of evaluation conclusions. In this article, we argue that to improve evaluation practice, we need to make values an explicit part of the evaluation process. Research done in other disciplines can offer assistance towards this end. We first provide a general discussion of basic practical applications of value theories. Then, we offer an example for how a particular individual values theory, Schwartz’s Theory of Basic Human Values, can inform our work and encourage further exploration of approaches for incorporating value theories into evaluation practice.
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Giménez, August Corrons, and Lluís Garay Tamajón. "Analysis of the third-order structuring of Shalom Schwartz’s theory of basic human values." Heliyon 5, no. 6 (June 2019): e01797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01797.
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Ariza-Montes, Antonio, Pilar Tirado-Valencia, and Vicente Fernández-Rodríguez. "Valores humanos y voluntariado: Un estudio en personas mayores." Intangible Capital 13, no. 2 (February 9, 2017): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/ic.717.
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Purpose: This research goes in depth in the human values profile that influences elderly to volunteer. In exploring possible relationships between values and volunteering, we adopt the analysis perspective of the Theory of Basic Human Values framework developed by Schwartz (1992).Design/methodology/approach: Based on an initial exploratory analysis, the study presents a logistic regression model that shows the extent to which an individual’s personal values explain his/her volunteer behaviour on elderly people.Findings: The results confirm that a retiree’s engagement or lack of engagement in volunteer activities may be satisfactorily explained by the set of human values. The results show that retired volunteers experience a stronger sense of self-transcendence and predisposition towards change, and higher aversion to self-enhancement and conservation.Practical implications: To increase the commitment and motivation of retired elder volunteers and to thus firmly confront challenges that threaten the non-profit sector, human resource professionals of non-profit organizations must ensure consistency between individual values and the nature of activities that volunteers perform, increasing such way those people’s commitment.Originality/value: Despite the abundant studies that have related volunteering by elders to physical and socio-emotional wellbeing and to seniors’ motivations while performing volunteer work, fewer studies have focused on personal values that prompt such individuals to participate in altruistic efforts.
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Ha, Sha. "Ethical Intercultural Communication between the Western World and China." International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies 8, no. 1 (January 29, 2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.8n.1p.38.
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Culture is the cumulative deposit of knowledge, traditions, beliefs acquired by a human community in the course of generations: ethics is one of the most important of such beliefs. As for the intercultural communication, the discipline which studies a cultural dialogue about various issues across different communities, since the eighties of the last century it has been the object of various theories, based on experimental data collections: among them the ‘Values Orientation Theory’ by F.R. Kluckhohn and F. Strodtbeck, the ‘Cultural Dimensions Theory’ by G. Hofstede and the ‘Theory of Basic Values’ by S.H. Schwartz. One of the goals of this paper is to give a closer look at those theories. In the same period of time an ‘ethical turn’ manifested itself in western literary studies, after a long period of post-modernist disengagement, by initiative of J. Gardner, M. C. Nussbaum and J. Habermas, among others: the same happened in China in the eve of the new millennium, owing to the studies on comparative literature by Nie Zhenzhao. Literary works constitute an important vehicle of ethical intercultural communication. A second goal of the present paper is that of suggesting a ‘constructivist approach’ in the cultural dialogue between the western world and China, combining the results of those theoretical models with a comparative analysis of literary works chosen ad hoc, as recently done by Xu Zhilin in her comparative study of female images in ‘A leaf in the storm’, by Lin Yutang, and ‘Gone with the wind’, by Margareth Mitchell, from the perspective of Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension Theory.
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Kafa, Antonios, and Petros Pashiardis. "Exploring school principals’ personal identities in Cyprus from a values perspective." International Journal of Educational Management 33, no. 5 (July 8, 2019): 886–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijem-03-2018-0102.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore a broader understanding of the role of Cypriot school principals’ personal identities, through a values system perspective, when exercising their leadership. Design/methodology/approach A multicase study methodology was followed with five school principals, representing five different leadership styles. In each case, an in-depth investigation of the school principal’s personal identity was undertaken. School principals’ personal values were explored during interviews, staff meetings and daily activities observations, as well as through the use of the think-aloud protocol method. This study utilized the Schwartz Theory of Basic Human Values, as well as the Pashiardis–Brauckmann Holistic Leadership Framework, as the guiding theoretical framework. Findings School principals’ personal identities in Cyprus seem to influence, to some extent, their daily leadership practice. However, particular factors associated with the context in which they live (social identity) and work (professional identity), seemed to be affecting the personal values embedded throughout their personal identities. Research limitations/implications Five school principals are not enough to make generalizations on the relationships between leadership styles and values. However, through this paper, the authors sought to provide examples on how school principals’ personal identities influence their leadership practice. Practical implications The findings highlight the important role and attention to school principals’ personal identities, beyond the core management and leadership courses. The findings also shed light on the importance of looking more closely at contextual elements “outside” and “inside” the school and to what extent these could influence school principals’ personal identities. Originality/value This paper offers insights into school principals’ personal identities, through a values system perspective, and how these personal identities influence their leadership practice.
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Cohen, Aaron. "A value based perspective on commitment in the workplace: An examination of Schwartz's basic human values theory among bank employees in Israel." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 33, no. 4 (July 2009): 332–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.04.001.
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Batkhina, A. A., and N. M. Lebedeva. "Рredictors of behavioral strategy choice among Russians in intercultural conflict." Social Psychology and Society 10, no. 1 (2019): 70–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2019100105.
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The article describes the main results of the study investigating the predictors of the behavioral strategy choice among Russians in an imaginary conflict with a representative of the North Caucasus ethnic groups. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research includes the dual concern model, the refined theory of personal values by S. Schwartz and the concept of intergroup anxiety by W. Stefan and C. Stefan. As the predictors of the behavioral strategy choice in a conflict, following personal values were considered: Openness to change, Conservation, Self-Transcendence and Self-Enhancement. The role of intergroup anxiety was tested as a moderator affecting the link between values and behavior in the conflict. Cultural identity and self-esteem were considered as control variables. The study involved 214 ethnic Russians living in Russia (73 men, 141 women, age M = 31.96, SD = 10.21). Respondents were involved in the study helping by “snowball” method. The following methods were used: Organizational Conflict Inventory by M. Rahim in the modification of J. Oetzel, PVQ-R by S. Schwartz, the intercultural communication apprehension scale by J. Neulep and D. McKrosky, and the certain scales from the MIRIPS questionnaire. The results of the path analysis showed that the choice of the competing is positively related to the values of Self-Enhancement and is negative with the values of Self-Transcendence. The choice of collaborating strategy has a positive relation with the values of Self-Transcendence and Openness to change. The choice of an avoiding strategy is positively related to the values of Conservation and intergroup anxiety. The choice of the accommodating did not reveal a significant influence of values but this strategy is in positive connection with cultural identity and in a negative connection with self-esteem. Intergroup anxiety is a moderator of the relationship between the value of Openness to change and the collaborating strategy. The obtained results can be used in the development of recommendations in the field of intercultural communication and in the settlement of intercultural conflicts.
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Gryshchuk, Serhii V., and Sergiy A. Plaksa. "Reduction of a Schwartz-type boundary value problem for biharmonic monogenic functions to Fredholm integral equations." Open Mathematics 15, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 374–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/math-2017-0025.
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Abstract We consider a commutative algebra 𝔹 over the field of complex numbers with a basis {e1, e2} satisfying the conditions $ (e_{1}^{2}+e_{2}^{2})^{2}=0, e_{1}^{2}+e_{2}^{2}\neq 0. $ Let D be a bounded simply-connected domain in ℝ2. We consider (1-4)-problem for monogenic 𝔹-valued functions Φ(xe1 + ye2) = U1(x, y)e1 + U2(x, y)i e1 + U3(x, y)e2 + U4(x, y)i e2 having the classic derivative in the domain Dζ = {xe1 + ye2 : (x, y) ∈ D}: to find a monogenic in Dζ function Φ, which is continuously extended to the boundary ∂Dζ, when values of two component-functions U1, U4 are given on the boundary ∂D. Using a hypercomplex analog of the Cauchy type integral, we reduce the (1-4)-problem to a system of integral equations on the real axes. We establish sufficient conditions under which this system has the Fredholm property and the unique solution. We prove that a displacements-type boundary value problem of 2-D isotropic elasticity theory is reduced to (1-4)-problem with appropriate boundary conditions.
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Le, Thi Thu Phuong, Thi Ha Phuong Phan, Thi Ngoc Quynh Hoang, and Thi Phuong Linh Nguyen. "The effect of personal values on employee’s innovative behavior in Vietnamese enterprisesThe Effect of Personal Values on Employee’s Innovative Behavior in Vietnamese Enterprises." European Journal of Business and Management Research 6, no. 3 (May 21, 2021): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2021.6.3.804.
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Innovative behavior is becoming increasingly important, especially when the world has witnessed the rapid growth of start-up companies. The purpose of this research is to measure the impact of 10 kinds of personal values on innovative behavior of employees, based on Schwart’s theory of basic values to build the research framework. A total of 455 Vietnamese respondents from different companies participated in this study. The type of this research is a quantitative research and we used SPSS 22.0 to analyze the data used in this study. The result showed that universalism and benevolence positively affected employee’s innovative behavior. Whereas the other values were found to have no significance of innovative behavior in our research.
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Glanville, CR, PH Hemsworth, and GJ Coleman. "Conceptualising dog owner motivations: The Pet Care Competency model and role of 'duty of care'." Animal Welfare 29, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.29.3.271.
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The current literature on the behaviour, health, and management of companion dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) indicates that their welfare is often compromised. While there are many factors that have the potential to influence the welfare of companion dogs, carer behaviour is highly influential. Therefore, in order to improve the welfare of companion dogs, it is vital to understand the general and specific human factors that underpin carer behaviour. One such factor that has received little attention in the scientific literature is duty of care. This paper will firstly review several extant, empirically validated models of human behaviour including the Cognitive Hierarchy model, the Schwartz Theory of Basic Human Values, the Theory of Planned Behaviour, and Hemsworth and Colemans Animal-Carer model. Secondly, by combining aspects of moral obligation and care, a strong theoretical argument will be presented for the role of duty of care as a fundamental motivational driver of animal-carer behaviour. Finally, by integrating duty of care with the aforementioned existing models, a hypothesised model of Pet Care Competency is presented, providing a more detailed representation of animal carer motivations than previously documented. Drawing together this wide range of behavioural research and psychological theory, the Pet Care Competency model provides a strong conceptual framework for future empirical investigation. Once the relevant values, beliefs, and attitudes that underpin duty of care and contribute most strongly to an individuals Pet Care Competency are identified, this model can be utilised to inform behaviour change programmes that aim to improve carer behaviour and, consequently, dog welfare. By employing this model to identify and target the key elements of carer motivation, a more enduring outcome may be achieved than traditional knowledge-based interventions. This work has the potential to significantly improve the outcomes of animal welfare education and intervention programmes, warranting further exploration.
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Dennison, James, Daniel Seddig, and Eldad Davidov. "The Role of Human Values in Explaining Support for European Union Membership." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 52, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 372–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220221211005082.
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In recent years, there has been greater scholarly enquiry into explaining variation in support for European Union membership. We theorise that one cause of such variation is likely to be non-political psychological predispositions, such as one’s personal values. We test this proposition by applying Schwartz’s theory of basic human values to predict voting intentions in hypothetical referendums on EU membership. We theorise that these values determine both voting intentions and more proximate explanatory variables of support for EU membership: attitudes to immigration and identifying as European. Using data on 13 countries from the European Social Survey ( N=24,703 citizens) and multigroup structural equation modeling, we demonstrate that this psychological framework effectively predicts voting intentions, notably in terms of the consistent cross-country evidence for indirect effects of values on support for membership via European identity and attitudes to immigration. We then discuss the implications of our findings, including differences in effects between countries.
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Booth, Douglas E. "Postmaterial Experience Economics." Journal of Human Values 24, no. 2 (March 5, 2018): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971685818754552.
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A materialist view of economics presumes that from material possession flows the best of life’s satisfactions. A postmaterialist view claims instead that the best of human satisfactions come not just from material possessions but from the experience of life’s social, cultural and natural wonders as well. This article sets out a theory of postmaterial experience economics and uses survey research findings from the World Values Survey to establish (a) whether or not postmaterial orientations to economic experience exist in global society and (b) whether Schwartz’s basic human values (material riches, hedonism, risk and adventures, success, creativity, doing good for society and the environment, following traditions, behaving properly and feeling secure) and Inglehart’s postmaterial values predict orientations to postmaterial experience. Expanded global participation in postmaterial experience matters economically because it can lead to increased unemployment from reduced demand for material goods if not offset by appropriate public policy.
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Barni, Daniela, Alessio Vieno, and Michele Roccato. "Living in A Non–Communist versus in A Post–Communist European Country Moderates the Relation between Conservative Values and Political Orientation: A Multilevel Study." European Journal of Personality 30, no. 1 (January 2016): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2043.
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We performed a multilevel, multinational analysis using the 2012 European Social Survey dataset (N = 41 080, nested in 20 countries) to study how living in a non–communist versus in a post–communist country moderates the link between individual conservative values (drawn on Schwartz's theory of basic human values) and political orientation (assessed as self–placement on the left–right axis and attitude towards economic redistribution). The results supported the moderating role of living in a non–communist versus in a post–communist country in the case both of political self–placement and of attitude towards economic redistribution, even controlling for the countries’ degree of individualism, power distance and democracy. Specifically, conservative values were positively related to a rightist political self–placement among participants living in countries without a communist past, and to a favourable attitude towards economic redistribution in countries with a communist past. The limitations, implications and future directions of this study are discussed. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Nesterova, Tatiana Vyacheslavovna, Svetlana Georgievna Persiyanova, and Bagaudin Ibragimovich Karadzhev. "Basic values of Russian and foreign students (comparative aspect)." Revista Tempos e Espaços em Educação 14, no. 33 (February 21, 2021): e15263. http://dx.doi.org/10.20952/revtee.v14i33.15263.
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The article deals with the comparison of the basic values of modern students (Russian and foreign). The authors examine and compare basic values held by modern students (Russian and foreign). The study is based on the typology of basic values of Russians (research project "Tomskaya initsiativa", 2001) and the list of values from the S. Schwartz Value Survey. The respondents are asked to choose 10 key values out of 40 basic values and assess them using the S. Schwartz scale. The surveys performed by the authors at the Pushkin State Russian Language Institute and Moscow Automobile and Road Construction State Technical University are used as the materials for the study.
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Bowers, Philip L. "The upper Perron method for labelled complexes with applications to circle packings." Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 114, no. 2 (September 1993): 321–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305004100071619.
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The construction of geometric surfaces via labelled complexes was introduced by Thurston[16, chapter 13], and subsequent applications and developments have appeared in [1, 3, 4, 5, 14, 15]. The basic idea of using labelled complexes to produce geometric structures is that the vertices of a simplicial triangulation of a surface can be labelled with positive real numbers that collectively determine a metric of constant curvature ±1 or 0, with possible singularities at vertices, by using the label values to identify 2-simplices of the triangulation with geometric triangles. Beardon and Stephenson[1] developed a particularly simple method for producing non-singular surfaces via labelled complexes that is modelled after the classical Perron method for producing harmonic functions, and they applied their method in [2] to construct a fairly comprehensive theory of circle packings in general Riemann surfaces. This Perron method was developed more fully by Stephenson and the author in [3, 4] and applied to the study of circle packing points in moduli space. At about the same time and independently of Beardon, Stephenson, and Bowers, Carter and Rodin [5] and Doyle [8] developed the method for flat surfaces and Minda and Rodin [14] developed the method for finite type surfaces. Minda and Rodin [14] applied their development to give partial solutions to the labelled complex version of the classical Schwarz-Picard problem that concerns the construction of singular hyperbolic metrics on surfaces with prescribed singularities. In this paper, we modify the aforementioned approaches and examine the upper Perron method for producing non-singular geometric surfaces. This upper method has several advantages over the Perron method as developed previously and provides a complete solution to the labelled complex version of the Schwarz-Picard problem.
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Cubukcu, Feryal. "A Crosscultural Study on the Correlation Between Achievement Levels and Motivational Types of Values of Language Learners." Language Teaching Research Quarterly 4 (December 2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32038/ltrq.2017.04.01.
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Most social scientists view values as deeply rooted, abstract motivations that guide, justify or explain attitudes, norms, opinions and actions. Values are basic orientations presumed to underlie and influence individual variation on many of the constructs that researchers from different disciplines wish to study. Since 1950s the main features of the conception of basic values implicit in the related literature are: 1. Values are beliefs, cognitive structures that are closely linked to affect. 2. Values refer to desirable goals. For example, social equality, fairness and helpfulness are all values. 3. Values transcend specific actions and situations. Obedience and honesty, for example, are values that may be relevant at work or in school, in sports, business and politics, with family, friends or strangers. 4. Values serve as standards or criteria. 5. Values are ordered by importance relative to one another. Cultures and individuals can be characterized by their systems of value priorities. Among all the scales, The Schwartz Value Survey (SVS) (1992) is currently the most widely used by social and cross-cultural psychologists for studying the individual differences in values. Schwartz derived ten, motivationally distinct, broad and basic values from three universal requirements of the human condition: needs of individuals as biological organisms, requisites of coordinated social interaction, and survival and welfare needs of groups. The ten basic values are intended to include all the core values recognized in cultures around the world (power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity, security). To primarily showcase whether there is a correlation between the success levels of the language learners and their motivational type of values, and secondly to explore whether this is culture specific or not, 56 language learners participated in the study and The Schwartz Values Questionnaire was administered. The study is expected to yield insight into the pursuit of the correlation between the proficiency levels of the language learners and their motivational types of values.
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Lyons, Sean T., Linda Duxbury, and Christopher Higgins. "An Empirical Assessment of Generational Differences in Basic Human Values." Psychological Reports 101, no. 2 (October 2007): 339–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.101.2.339-352.
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This study assessed generational differences in human values as measured by the Schwartz Value Survey. It was proposed that the two most recent generations, Millennials and Generation Xers, would value Sell-enhancement and Openness to Change more than the two older generations, Baby Boomers and Matures, while the two older generations would value Self-transcendence and Conservation more. The hypotheses were tested with a combined sample of Canadian knowledge workers and undergraduate business students ( N = 1,194). Two hypotheses were largely supported, although an unexpectedly large difference was observed between Millennials and Generation Xers with respect to Openness to Change and Self-enhancement. The findings suggest that generation is a useful variable in examining differences in social values.
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Maslova, Olga V., Dmitry A. Shlyakhta, and Mikhail S. Yanitskiy. "Schwartz Value Clusters in Modern University Students." Behavioral Sciences 10, no. 3 (March 8, 2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs10030066.
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People differ in their value hierarchies, i.e., in the importance they attach to basic personal values. A large number of studies were performed to establish similarities and differences between national, ethnic, or professional groups in terms of Schwartz’s values structure. In addition to this sample-level approach, we found it useful to disclose a number of subgroups within those larger social groups, which are more homogeneous in themselves and reflect the individual-level types of personal values systems. The study was performed on university students (n = 1237) who were asked to fill in the SVS и PVQ Schwartz’s questionnaires. The sample was then treated with the K-means cluster analysis, which resulted in the division of the initial sample into three subgroups or clusters according to their values hierarchy being measured separately at the (1) Normative Ideals scale and (2) the scale of Behavioral Priorities. These clusters were equally common among male and female students, but they were unequally found in young people coming from different ethnic groups and regions, demonstrating the role of socio-cultural environment in building up personal values. The results may extend our capabilities for the prediction of the social, economic, and political behavior of the younger generation.
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Bubeck, Maike, and Wolfgang Bilsky. "Value structure at an early age." Swiss Journal of Psychology 63, no. 1 (March 2004): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.63.1.31.
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Research with adult subjects has provided evidence for the validity of Schwartz’ (1992) theory on the structure of values. However, information about children and adolescents is scarce. Using the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-29) to test the applicability of Schwartz’ values theory to this population, a sample of 1555 German subjects aged 10 to 17 was investigated. Value structure was analyzed for the whole sample and for different age groups. Results broadly confirm the validity of Schwartz’ theory. They do not show the hypothesized correspondence between age and structural complexity, as operationalized by the number of distinct value types. Rather, the value structure of 10 to 12 year olds is nearly as differentiated as that of 15 to 17 year olds.
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Hinz, Andreas, Elmar Brähler, Peter Schmidt, and Cornelia Albani. "Investigating the Circumplex Structure of the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ)." Journal of Individual Differences 26, no. 4 (July 2005): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001.26.4.185.
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Abstract. The Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) comprises 10 basic values that guide behavior. The Schwartz model postulates that these 10 values build a circumplex structure. We examined the PVQ with respect to its dimensional structure using a representative sample (N = 1896) of the German population. The results of three widely used analyses were compared: multidimensional scaling, factorial analysis (with varimax rotation) of raw scores, and factorial analysis with ipsative values. Furthermore, rank correlations between the theoretically assumed circular distances and the empirical data were calculated. The analyses confirmed that the 10 dimensions of the PVQ can be depicted in a two-dimensional plane. However, the statistical techniques chosen yielded different arrangements of the 10 values in the plane. All statistical methods failed to confirm the circumplex structure postulated by Schwartz. Nevertheless, dimensions of higher order that condense the 10 dimensions can be derived for applications of the PVQ.
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Schwartz, Shalom H. "Theory-Driven Versus Lexical Approaches to Value Structures." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 48, no. 3 (March 15, 2017): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022117690452.
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In a recent article, De Raad and colleagues extended their lexical studies of the value vocabularies of single countries. They sought to attain both optimal coverage of the culturally unique values in three different countries and to find the structuring of the value domain that these countries share. The authors largely frame their lexical approach by contrast with the theory-driven approach of Schwartz. They point to presumed problems with the theory-driven approach that the lexical approach might overcome. I discuss and largely dismiss these problems. Moreover, I point to links between the authors’ findings and the Schwartz theory of possible universals in the content and structure of values. I also assess the authors’ success in reaching some of their own goals and suggest future steps that it would be worthwhile for them to undertake.
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Tevrüz, Suna, Tülay Turgut, and Murat Çinko. "Integrating Turkish Work and Achievement Goals With Schwartz’s Human Values." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 11, no. 2 (May 29, 2015): 259–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v11i2.825.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the integration of indigenous values developed in Turkey to Schwartz’s universal values. Students (N = 593) from six universities in Istanbul responded the value scale, which consists of 10 etic PVQ items (each item representing one of 10 main Schwartz values) and 23 emic WAG items (representing work-achievement goals). PROXSCAL, a multidimensional scaling method, was used to test whether etic and emic sets of values integrate and form the universal circular structure proposed in Schwartz value theory. The motivational continuum of values as a circular structure was similar to pan-cultural results, but adding another value type to the openness to change pole. While some of the items in this region represent autonomy of thought, remaining items diverge. The principle of conflicting values on opposite poles was not supported in relation to openness to change-conservation dimension. These two poles had similar priorities, contrasting with pan-cultural results, and demonstrating a culture-specific aspect of responding to motivational goals. Insights gained by emic studies will be functional in enriching understanding values, and contributing to the comprehensiveness and universality of Schwartz value theory.
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Raad, Boele De, Marieke E. Timmerman, Fabia Morales-Vives, Walter Renner, Dick P. H. Barelds, and Jan Pieter Van Oudenhoven. "The Psycho-Lexical Approach in Exploring the Field of Values." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 48, no. 3 (March 15, 2017): 444–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022117692677.
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We reply to each of the issues raised by Schwartz in a commentary on our article on a comparison of value taxonomies. We discuss two approaches, mentioned in that commentary, the lexical approach and the theory-driven approach, especially with respect to their capacities in covering the domain of values and with respect to the representation of important values in a useful structure. We refute the critique by Schwartz that the lexical approach is superfluous, because his theory “toward universals in values” would already cover all values, and that their mutual relationships are relevant to individuals around the globe. We explain the necessity and strength of the lexical approach in taxonomizing the value domain, both within and across languages. Furthermore, we argue that principal components analysis (PCA) and simultaneous component analysis (SCA) are most adequate in arriving at a satisfactory structuring of the great many values in terms of both underlying constructs and their facets. We point to a misrepresentation in Schwartz’s circular model, and we review some misunderstandings on the side of Schwartz with respect to our results in comparison with those proceeding from his circular model.
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Magun, V., and M. Rudnev. "Basic Human Values of Russians and Other Europeans (The Results of 2008 Surveys)." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 12 (December 20, 2010): 107–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2010-12-107-130.
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The authors rely mainly on the data from the fourth round of the European Social Survey held in 2008 in their comparison between the Russian basic values and the values of the 31 other European countries as measured by Schwartz Portrait Values Questionnaire. The authors start from comparing country averages. Then they compare Russia with the other countries taking into account internal country value diversity. And finally they refine cross-country value comparisons taking the advantage of the multiple regression analysis. As revealed from the study there are important value barriers to the Russian economy and society progress and well targeted cultural policy is needed to promote necessary value changes.
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Simon, Jordi. "The Portrait Values Questionnaire: A Bibliographic and Bibliometric Review of the Instrument." Aloma: Revista de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport 35, no. 1 (October 13, 2017): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.51698/aloma.2017.35.1.39-50.
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This paper contains a bibliographic and a bibliometric review of the Portrait Values Questionnaire, the instrument proposed by Schwartz to assess human values. Schwartz’s theory of human values is one of the most popular of its kind in the social sciences. As the framework of the PVQ, we shall briefly present the theory, followed by the different instruments developed by Schwartz to assess human values. Finally, we have performed a detailed review to analyse how the PVQ has been used in the scholarly literature. A total of 58 articles were reviewed to obtain a picture of how the scientific community uses this instrument and to explore the variables most commonly related to human values. Several conclusions are briefly discussed.
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Burgess, Steven M., Shalom Schwartz, and Roger D. Blackwell. "Do Values Share Universal Content and Structure? A South African Test." South African Journal of Psychology 24, no. 1 (March 1994): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639402400101.
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Schwartz recently proposed a new theory concerning the universal content and structure of values, a new value survey for measuring them and reported empirical support from 35 countries for many elements of the theory. In this article the validity of the theory is examined in two studies of diverse groups not previously tested using multiple value measurement instruments. In Study 1, 1364 subjects from the four major racial groupings completed the Rokeach Value Survey, a widely used values scale applicable to the theory, as part of a doctoral research project not previously analysed in this way. Study 2 subjects completed the new Schwartz Value Survey as part of a study of consumption patterns, media use, and leisure preferences of skilled labour, administrative and managerial staff commissioned by the Midrand Town Council. The results of both studies are consistent with the new theory and suggest important implications regarding value meaning in South Africa. The authors close by suggesting directions for future southern African values research.
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Kuświk, Justyna. "Poverty and Wealth from the Perspective of Selected Psychological Concepts of Value." Studia Historiae Oeconomicae 32, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sho-2014-0007.
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Abstract The purpose of the paper is to discuss the issues associated with the psychological aspect of possessions. The basic question of our consideration refers to the place which poverty and wealth occupy among human values. In particular, the analysis of this article includes recognition of Milton Rokeach and Shalom H. Schwartz.
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Bilsky, Wolfgang, and Shalom H. Schwartz. "Values and personality." European Journal of Personality 8, no. 3 (September 1994): 163–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410080303.
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Personality and differential psychology have paid little attention to values research. Consequently, the constructs used in these subdisciplines have developed independently, and evidence regarding the relations of personality to values is minimal. This study seeks to advance our understanding of these relations and to arrive at a theoretical integration of constructs. Starting from recent developments in values theory (Schwartz, 1992; Schwartz and Bilsky, 1987, 1990) and drawing on Maslow's (1955) distinction between ‘deficiency’ and ‘growth’ needs, we elaborate theoretical links between personality and values with special emphasis on structural relations. A set of hypotheses regarding these relations is generated and tested next, using data from a study with 331 German students. These students completed both the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) and the Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI), measuring ten primary and two secondary personality variables, namely extraversion and emotionality. Joint Similarity Structure Analyses (SSAs) of values and personality variables were conducted. The findings reveal both meaningful and systematic associations of value priorities with personality variables, confirming the hypothesized structural relationships. The compatibility of our hypotheses with the complex findings of George (1954) using totally different indexes of both values (Allport–Vernon Study of Values) and personality (drawn from Eysenck and Guilford) further supports the theoretical connections proposed in this study.
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Keller, Johannes, and Rebekka Kesberg. "Regulatory focus and human values." Psihologija 50, no. 2 (2017): 157–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi160809004k.
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The present article connects two approaches to the study of human motivation and behavior: The Schwartz model of human values and Higgins? regulatory focus theory. Considering a prominent model of human motivation - the Rubicon Model of Action Phases - reveals that although both approaches refer to goals and standards as crucial constructs, human values are specifically relevant concerning the so-called deliberation and evaluation phases whereas selfregulatory orientations are specifically relevant concerning the volitional phases (i.e., planning and action). It may be due to the selective focus on specific aspects of human motivation that up to date hardly any (empirical) work has tried to connect human values and selfregulatory orientations. The reported studies assessed the relation between the endorsement of values proposed in the Schwartz model of human values and individual differences in the two self-regulatory orientations (promotion and prevention) proposed in regulatory focus theory. Findings reveal that prevention-focused self-regulation is positively related to conservation values (security, conformity) and negatively related to values reflecting openness to change (stimulation, self-direction). Moreover, promotion-focused self-regulation was positively related to self-enhancement values (power, achievement) and negatively related to values reflecting self-transcendence (universalism, benevolence). In addition, the observed relations were found using different instruments to measure human values and self-regulatory orientations. In combination, the observed findings support the proposed two-dimensional structure of the value system as well as fundamental assumptions of regulatory focus theory.
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Marusic, Milica, and Andreas Oikonomou. "Value hierarchy of future subject teachers in Serbia in the context of Schwartz theory." Zbornik Instituta za pedagoska istrazivanja 45, no. 2 (2013): 241–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zipi1302241m.
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High concordance of value priorities and actual behaviour implies the importance of studying values, especially on teachers as important agents of socialization. The theoretical framework comprises Schwartz theory of individual values, a taxonomy of values which embraces ten value types with different motivational goals. We applied a questionnaire in the form of five-point Likert-scale with a com?prehensive list of values on the sample of 163 students, future teachers. The value hierarchy was defined as the set of the most important and less important values. For data analysis we used: descriptive statistics, paired-samples t-test; frequencies of ranks; and principal component analysis. We compared the value hierarchy of our student sample with the results obtained for the samples of students, teachers and representative samples in the cross-national study conducted by Schwartz and his associates. Generally speaking, our research results are in concordance with the results of the cross-cultural study, suggesting that the most important values can be found among the value types benevolence, universalism and self-direction, while less important values belong to the types stimulation, power and tradition. The main difference from the international study results is found in the treatment of the value type tradition, placed at the bottom of the hierarchy by our sample of students.
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Schwartz, Shalom H., Jan Cieciuch, Michele Vecchione, Eldad Davidov, Ronald Fischer, Constanze Beierlein, Alice Ramos, et al. "Refining the theory of basic individual values." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 103, no. 4 (October 2012): 663–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029393.
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Cajner Mraović, Irena, Jelena Pavičić Vukičević, and Valentina Pavlović Vinogradac. "Schwartz’s Value Model as a Factor of Compliance with Epidemiological Measures in the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Southeast Europe." Društvene i humanističke studije (Online) 6, no. 3(16) (July 27, 2021): 183–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.51558/2490-3647.2021.6.3.183.
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The paper aims to investigate the theoretical assumption that the value system (according to the Schwartz model) is associated with compliance with recommendations to combat the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the theoretical assumption, persons whose value system emphasizes social focus and whose values are self-transcendence and conservation will comply with measures to a greater extent. On the other hand, people whose value system is focused on personal focus and whose values self-direction and openness to change will be less compliant with measures for combating the spread of the virus. The research was conducted in three Southeastern European countries – Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia using a survey of 1024 students. The Schwartz scale on basic human values was used as a research instrument. The research was conducted at the very beginning of the pandemic (March and April 2020). The results of the hierarchical regression showed that the values of openness to change (personal focus) and conservation (social focus) are significant predictors of compliance with measures and trust in institutions and sex.