Academic literature on the topic 'Science=2013-12-08'

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of the present study was to determine whether elevated dietary Na intake could be associated with CVD mortality.DesignWe performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies representing the general population. The adjusted relative risks and their 95 % confidence intervals were pooled by the inverse variance method using random-effects models. Heterogeneity, publication bias, subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed.SettingsMEDLINE (since 1973), Embase (since 1975), the Cochrane Library (since 1976), ISI Web of Science, Google Scholar (until September 2013) and secondary referencing were searched for inclusion in the study.SubjectEleven prospective studies with 229 785 participants and average follow-up period of 13·37 years (range 5·5–19 years).ResultsHigher Na intake was significantly associated with higher CVD mortality (relative risk=1·12; 95 % CI 1·06, 1·19). In the sensitivity analysis, the exclusion of studies with important relative weights did not significantly affect the results (relative risk=1·08; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·15). The meta-regression analysis showed that for every increase of 10 mmol/d in Na intake, CVD mortality increased significantly by 1 % (P=0·016). Age, hypertensive status and length of follow-up were also associated with increased CVD mortality.ConclusionsHigher Na intake was associated with higher CVD mortality in the general population; this result suggests a reduction in Na intake to prevent CVD mortality from any cause.

AbstractObjectiveThere have been inconsistent results published regarding the relationship between dyslipidaemia and an increased risk of colorectal neoplasia (CRN), including colorectal adenoma (CRA) and colorectal cancer (CRC). We conducted a meta-analysis to explore the relationship between dyslipidaemia and CRN.DesignWe identified studies by performing a literature search using PubMed, EMBASE and the Science Citation Index through October 2013.SettingWe analysed thirty-three independent studies reporting the association between CRN and at least one of the selected lipid components, including total cholesterol (TC), TAG, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C).SubjectsCRN cases (n 21 809) were identified.ResultsOverall, people with high levels of serum TAG (risk ratio (RR)=1·08; 95 % CI 1·05, 1·12, P<0·00001) and LDL-C (RR=1·07; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·14, P=0·04) presented an increased prevalence of CRN. Subgroup analyses revealed that high levels of serum TC (RR=1·04; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·09, P=0·02), TAG (RR=1·06; 95 % CI 1·03, 1·10, P=0·0009) and LDL-C (RR=1·11; 95 % CI 1·04, 1·19, P=0·003) increased the risk of CRA but not of CRC. No association between serum HDL-C and risk for CRN (including CRA and CRC) was observed.ConclusionsBoth TAG and LDL-C were significantly associated with an increasing prevalence of CRN. High levels of serum TC, TAG and LDL-C were positively associated with CRA but not with CRC. No significant association was observed between levels of serum HDL-C and CRN.

Проведено сравнительное исследование токсического действия ионов свинца, кадмия и меди на организм почвенной нематоды Caenorhabditis elegans линии дикого типа N2. Двухчасовая экспозиция нематод к растворам Pb(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2 или Cd(NO3)2 в концентрации 10 и 20 мМ повышала чувствительность моторной программы плавания, индуцированного механическим стимулом, к агонисту никотиновых рецепторов ацетилхолина левамизолу в концентрации 2, 4 и 8 мкМ. Повышение чувствительности локомоции C. elegans к левамизолу проявлялось в снижении доли нематод, сохранивших способность поддерживать плавание в течение 10 с после стимула. В условиях экспериментов наиболее сильное токсическое действие на нематод оказывал нитрат меди, наименее токсичным был нитрат свинца. 30-минутная экспозиция C. elegans к Pb(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2 или Cd(NO3)2 в концентрации 10 и 20 мМ с последующим восстановлением нематод в течение 24 часов на среде выращивания с бактериями также повышала чувствительность моторной программы плавания к левамизолу. Выявленное повышение чувствительности локомоции C. elegans к левамизолу после кратковременной экспозиции к ионам Pb2+, Cd2+ и Cu2+ не может быть следствием накопления этих токсикантов во внутренней среде из-за наличия у нематод кутикулы, ограничивающей проникновение токсикантов во внутреннюю среду организма. Кратковременная экспозиция нематод к высоким дозам Pb(NO3)2 могла вызвать гибель части дофаминергических нейронов, что привело к снижению уровня эндогенного дофамина. Снижение уровня эндогенного дофамина, в свою очередь, могло привести к повышению содержания эндогенного ацетилхолина и, как следствие, повышению чувствительности никотиновых холинорецепторов к их агонисту левамизолу. Возможным объяснением выявленного в работе повышения чувствительности локомоции C. elegans к левамизолу после кратковременного действия Cd(NO3)2 и Cu(NO3)2 может быть изменение функций холинергических и ГАМКергических нейронов в системе нейронов, участвующей в реализации моторной программы плавания нематод. Список литературы Егорова А.В., Гайнутдинов Т.М., Калинникова Т.Б., Гайнутдинов М.Х. Нейротоксичность тяжелых металлов для почвенной нематоды Caenorhabditis elegans // Научное обозрение. 2019а. №3. С. 17–21. Егорова А.В., Калинникова Т.Б., Колсанова Р.Р., Гайнутдинов М.Х., Шагидуллин Р.Р. Сенситизация никотиновых рецепторов ацетилхолина почвенной нематоды Caenorhabditis elegans Maupas ионами Cu2+ и Cd2+ // Современная наука: актуальные проблемы теории и практики. 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Este trabalho apresenta valores da variação de concentração, caracterização elementar e avaliação da toxidade in vitro no material particulado 10 μm (MP10) coletado em dois sítios na área urbana de Catalão-GO. O período amostrado foi entre 05/08/17 a 28/03/18. Os valores de concentração de MP10 estavam em conformidade com a legislação do CONAMA. A espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X identificou a presença majoritária de ferro e menores quantidades de fósforo e enxofre, caracterizando o MP10como resultado da ressuspenção de solo, emissão veicular e emissões do setor industrial. No estudo de toxidade verificou-se que o MP10 não inibiu o desenvolvimento de culturas bacterianas. Referências 1. Queiroz, P. G. M.; Jacomino, V. M. F.; Menezes, M. A. B.; Composição elementar do material particulado presente no aerossol atmosférico do município de Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais. Química Nova, 2007, 30, 1233.2. Kim, K. H; Jahan, S. A.; Kabir, E. 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Hassan, H.; Kumar, P.; Kakosimos, K.; Flux estimation of fugitive particulate matter emissions from loose Calcisols at construction sites, Atmospheric Environment, 2016, 141, 96. 18. Caixeta, D.; Silva T.; Santana, F.; Almeida, W.; Quality monitoring indoor air of a school of public network located in the city of Cuiaba-MT. Engineering and Science, 2016, 1, 20.19. Smets, W.; Moretti, S.; Denys, S. Airborne bacteria in the atmosphere: Presence, purpose, and potential. Atmospheric Environment, 2016, 139, 214. 20. Maki, T.; Hara, K.; Kobayashi, F. et al. Vertical distribution of airborne bacterial communities in an Asian-dust downwind area, Noto Peninsula. Atmospheric Environment, 2015, 119, 282. 21. Maki, T.; Kakikawa, M.; Kobayashi, F; Yamada, M.; Atsushi, M.; Hasegawa, H.; Iwasaka, Y.; Assessment of composition and origin of airborne bacteria in the free troposphere over Japan. Atmospheric Environment, 2013, 74, 73. 22. 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Purpose – The purpose of the present survey is to identify and measure generic core competencies essential for Iranian library and information science (LIS) students. Design/methodology/approach – The study population included all undergraduate LIS students in Iran, and the sample included all undergraduate LIS students in the three universities of Tehran, Shahid Chamran and Ferdowsi of Mashhad. The study was performed during the second semester (February to May) of the 2010-2011 academic year. After a thorough review of the literature, a pattern for generic core competencies was formulated and, accordingly, a researcher-designed questionnaire was developed and distributed. The final data analysis was carried out using 207 completed questionnaires, and the data were analysed using the SPSS19 software. Findings – Except for English and management, the major participants’ scores mean for the 12 identified generic core competencies were higher than the total mean. Originality/value – Besides presenting a new theoretical pattern for measuring core generic competencies, especially for students in the LIS field, the study is expected to help higher education planners to channel their efforts into strengthening the examined competencies.

Le lancement des deux satellites Pléiades 1A et 1B fin 2011 et 2012 a permis à la France de se doter de nouvelles capacités d'acquisition d'images optiques à très haute résolution, dans le domaine particulier de la gestion des crises mais aussi plus largement dans différentes thématiques d'Observation de la Terre. Les capacités et spécificités techniques de la Constellation Pléiades ouvrent de réelles opportunités pour la cartographie des dégâts suite à une catastrophe. Depuis 2012, le CNES, Airbus Defence and Space Geo-Intelligence et le SERTIT, ont combiné leurs efforts à plusieurs reprises pour assister les acteurs internationaux de la gestion de crise, optimisant les programmations des satellites Pléiades et analysant les images acquises. Différentes actions de cartographie réactive ont ainsi été menées, exploitant le potentiel de la Constellation Pléiades: inondations à Krymsk en Russie (07-2012), tremblement de terre dans la province iranienne d'Azerbaïdjan oriental (08-2012), inondations au Niger (08-2012), cyclone Sandy en Haïti (11-2012), typhon Bopha aux Philippines (12-2012), cyclone Evan à Wallis et Futuna (12-2012), cyclone Haruna à Madagascar (02-2013), inondations au Sénégal (08-2013), le cyclone Bejisa sur l'île de la Réunion (01-2014). Les premiers retours d'expérience sont plus que positifs, démontrant que les le système Pléiades est particulièrement adapté à la gestion de crise dans sa phase d'urgence. La très haute résolution spatiale permet une cartographie précise essentielle dans les zones critiques telles que les paysages urbains ou les infrastructures sensibles, la possibilité d'acquisition journalière et la livraison rapide des données constituent des atouts majeurs pour les applications spatiales, notamment pour la gestion des risques.

This study aimed to verify the occurrence and socio-environmental impacts of the presence of African Snail in the Açai neighborhood, city of Macapá, State of Amapá, showing problems such as the occurrence of the species and the lack of knowledge of the community about its infestation and control. The interviews were conducted using semi-structured forms to collect information on site and photographic record, for a period of four months (08/2013 to 12/2013). Variables of social and environmental axes were evaluated as impact indicators. The results showed that a greater performance of the public would contribute directly to the quality of life of the population and the environment, promoting the decrease in the occurrence of this snail. An environmental education program aimed at disseminating information on the impacts of African snail should be encouraged. It is necessary to work in the development of legal instruments, as well as in the development of campaigns to clarify the population.

Purpose – Clothing quality, performance, safety and health have become important considerations for consumer welfare. Properties of these aspects are encompassed on standards which regulates clothing products reaching consumers. The purpose of this paper is to categorize these aspects in a common platform by suggesting minimum requirements expected on readymade garments from which clothing standards compliance assessment is performed. Design/methodology/approach – With the aid of standard compliance assessment model, scored Standard Compliance Rate (SCR) values of the discussed properties of clothing standardization are synthesized from a standard compliance matrix, and the compliance of any clothing standards are assessed and assigned a “Standard Compliance Index/Level (SCI/SCL)” ranging from non compliance to full compliance at six levels. Findings – In reference to the standard compliance assessment model, 12 children and infant clothing standards, three from Kenya and nine from China, and eight protective clothing standards from Kenya, China, Britain and USA, two from each country, were assessed and the compliance level of each standard evaluated and results presented. The results of the study reveal the importance of every aspect of clothing standardization properties to fulfil the requirements of standard compliance assessment whereby, though they meet their role in developing Standard Compliance Index (SCI), they may have different impact depending with the context applied and the scope of every standard. Research limitations/implications – The selection of standardization parameters and characteristics, and the criteria for scoring some of the Standard Compliance Rating was subjective and may require mutual agreements between relevant bodies. Furthermore, this method can only be applied on clothing standards and not other textile testing standards. Practical implications – The proposed method can be applied when evaluating and comparing specific clothing standards between bodies or countries. Clothing SCI would be of primary importance as a guide on required clothing quality specifications to designers, manufacturers, standard regulators and consumer welfare bodies. Originality/value – This research reports the development of an original framework to assess compliance level of any clothing standard using standardization parameters and characteristics considered when determining the quality of a garment. It establishes a theoretical framework of clothing standards compliance assessment, which has not been reported in the literature to date.

Multiple Phytophthora spp. are known to cause Phytophthora root rot (PRR) on Abies spp. Varying host susceptibilities and regional differences in Phytophthora community compositions complicate disease avoidance and management for Christmas tree growers and conifer nurseries. A survey of 32 Christmas tree farms in seven U.S. states representing four major Christmas tree production regions was conducted in 2012 to 2013 to characterize current distributions of root-rotting Phytophthora spp. and assess host responses to disease. Symptomatic tissues from lesion margins on roots and crowns were plated on selective medium to recover Phytophthora Cultures were identified by DNA sequencing of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer and mitochondrial cox I regions. Phytophthora cambivora was the prominent PRR species in western Washington and Oregon, while P. cinnamomi was prevalent in California and North Carolina. In the eastern United States, the undescribed P. taxon kelmania was isolated frequently and was capable of killing fir species considered tolerant of PRR. Completion of Koch’s postulates confirmed pathogenicity of 12 previously unpublished Phytophthora–fir associations that were observed during this survey. Information regarding regional pathogen species prevalence and relative host susceptibilities will facilitate disease prevention by improving site management strategies for Phytophthora suppression.

Pathotype diversity of Phytophthora sojae was assessed in 11 states in the United States during 2012 and 2013. Isolates of P. sojae were recovered from 202 fields, either from soil samples using a soybean seedling bioassay or by isolation from symptomatic plants. Each isolate was inoculated directly onto 12 soybean differentials; no Rps gene or Rps 1a, 1b, 1c, 1k, 3a, 3b, 3c, 4, 6, 7, or 8. There were 213 unique virulence pathotypes identified among the 873 isolates collected. None of the Rps genes were effective against all the isolates collected but Rps6 and Rps8 were effective against the majority of isolates collected in the northern regions of the sampled area. Virulence toward Rps1a, 1b, 1c, and 1k ranged from 36 to 100% of isolates collected in each state, while virulence to Rps6 and Rps8 was less than 36 and 10%, respectively. Depending on the state, the effectiveness of Rps3a ranged from totally effective to susceptible to more than 40% of the isolates. Pathotype complexity has increased in populations of P. sojae in the United States, emphasizing the increasing importance of stacked Rps genes in combination with high partial resistance as a means of limiting losses to P. sojae.