Journal articles on the topic 'Science=2013-12-08'

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of the present study was to determine whether elevated dietary Na intake could be associated with CVD mortality.DesignWe performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies representing the general population. The adjusted relative risks and their 95 % confidence intervals were pooled by the inverse variance method using random-effects models. Heterogeneity, publication bias, subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed.SettingsMEDLINE (since 1973), Embase (since 1975), the Cochrane Library (since 1976), ISI Web of Science, Google Scholar (until September 2013) and secondary referencing were searched for inclusion in the study.SubjectEleven prospective studies with 229 785 participants and average follow-up period of 13·37 years (range 5·5–19 years).ResultsHigher Na intake was significantly associated with higher CVD mortality (relative risk=1·12; 95 % CI 1·06, 1·19). In the sensitivity analysis, the exclusion of studies with important relative weights did not significantly affect the results (relative risk=1·08; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·15). The meta-regression analysis showed that for every increase of 10 mmol/d in Na intake, CVD mortality increased significantly by 1 % (P=0·016). Age, hypertensive status and length of follow-up were also associated with increased CVD mortality.ConclusionsHigher Na intake was associated with higher CVD mortality in the general population; this result suggests a reduction in Na intake to prevent CVD mortality from any cause.

AbstractObjectiveThere have been inconsistent results published regarding the relationship between dyslipidaemia and an increased risk of colorectal neoplasia (CRN), including colorectal adenoma (CRA) and colorectal cancer (CRC). We conducted a meta-analysis to explore the relationship between dyslipidaemia and CRN.DesignWe identified studies by performing a literature search using PubMed, EMBASE and the Science Citation Index through October 2013.SettingWe analysed thirty-three independent studies reporting the association between CRN and at least one of the selected lipid components, including total cholesterol (TC), TAG, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C).SubjectsCRN cases (n 21 809) were identified.ResultsOverall, people with high levels of serum TAG (risk ratio (RR)=1·08; 95 % CI 1·05, 1·12, P<0·00001) and LDL-C (RR=1·07; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·14, P=0·04) presented an increased prevalence of CRN. Subgroup analyses revealed that high levels of serum TC (RR=1·04; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·09, P=0·02), TAG (RR=1·06; 95 % CI 1·03, 1·10, P=0·0009) and LDL-C (RR=1·11; 95 % CI 1·04, 1·19, P=0·003) increased the risk of CRA but not of CRC. No association between serum HDL-C and risk for CRN (including CRA and CRC) was observed.ConclusionsBoth TAG and LDL-C were significantly associated with an increasing prevalence of CRN. High levels of serum TC, TAG and LDL-C were positively associated with CRA but not with CRC. No significant association was observed between levels of serum HDL-C and CRN.

Проведено сравнительное исследование токсического действия ионов свинца, кадмия и меди на организм почвенной нематоды Caenorhabditis elegans линии дикого типа N2. Двухчасовая экспозиция нематод к растворам Pb(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2 или Cd(NO3)2 в концентрации 10 и 20 мМ повышала чувствительность моторной программы плавания, индуцированного механическим стимулом, к агонисту никотиновых рецепторов ацетилхолина левамизолу в концентрации 2, 4 и 8 мкМ. Повышение чувствительности локомоции C. elegans к левамизолу проявлялось в снижении доли нематод, сохранивших способность поддерживать плавание в течение 10 с после стимула. В условиях экспериментов наиболее сильное токсическое действие на нематод оказывал нитрат меди, наименее токсичным был нитрат свинца. 30-минутная экспозиция C. elegans к Pb(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2 или Cd(NO3)2 в концентрации 10 и 20 мМ с последующим восстановлением нематод в течение 24 часов на среде выращивания с бактериями также повышала чувствительность моторной программы плавания к левамизолу. Выявленное повышение чувствительности локомоции C. elegans к левамизолу после кратковременной экспозиции к ионам Pb2+, Cd2+ и Cu2+ не может быть следствием накопления этих токсикантов во внутренней среде из-за наличия у нематод кутикулы, ограничивающей проникновение токсикантов во внутреннюю среду организма. Кратковременная экспозиция нематод к высоким дозам Pb(NO3)2 могла вызвать гибель части дофаминергических нейронов, что привело к снижению уровня эндогенного дофамина. Снижение уровня эндогенного дофамина, в свою очередь, могло привести к повышению содержания эндогенного ацетилхолина и, как следствие, повышению чувствительности никотиновых холинорецепторов к их агонисту левамизолу. Возможным объяснением выявленного в работе повышения чувствительности локомоции C. elegans к левамизолу после кратковременного действия Cd(NO3)2 и Cu(NO3)2 может быть изменение функций холинергических и ГАМКергических нейронов в системе нейронов, участвующей в реализации моторной программы плавания нематод. Список литературы Егорова А.В., Гайнутдинов Т.М., Калинникова Т.Б., Гайнутдинов М.Х. Нейротоксичность тяжелых металлов для почвенной нематоды Caenorhabditis elegans // Научное обозрение. 2019а. №3. С. 17–21. Егорова А.В., Калинникова Т.Б., Колсанова Р.Р., Гайнутдинов М.Х., Шагидуллин Р.Р. Сенситизация никотиновых рецепторов ацетилхолина почвенной нематоды Caenorhabditis elegans Maupas ионами Cu2+ и Cd2+ // Современная наука: актуальные проблемы теории и практики. 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Este trabalho apresenta valores da variação de concentração, caracterização elementar e avaliação da toxidade in vitro no material particulado 10 μm (MP10) coletado em dois sítios na área urbana de Catalão-GO. O período amostrado foi entre 05/08/17 a 28/03/18. Os valores de concentração de MP10 estavam em conformidade com a legislação do CONAMA. A espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X identificou a presença majoritária de ferro e menores quantidades de fósforo e enxofre, caracterizando o MP10como resultado da ressuspenção de solo, emissão veicular e emissões do setor industrial. No estudo de toxidade verificou-se que o MP10 não inibiu o desenvolvimento de culturas bacterianas. Referências 1. Queiroz, P. G. M.; Jacomino, V. M. F.; Menezes, M. A. B.; Composição elementar do material particulado presente no aerossol atmosférico do município de Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais. Química Nova, 2007, 30, 1233.2. Kim, K. H; Jahan, S. A.; Kabir, E. 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Hassan, H.; Kumar, P.; Kakosimos, K.; Flux estimation of fugitive particulate matter emissions from loose Calcisols at construction sites, Atmospheric Environment, 2016, 141, 96. 18. Caixeta, D.; Silva T.; Santana, F.; Almeida, W.; Quality monitoring indoor air of a school of public network located in the city of Cuiaba-MT. Engineering and Science, 2016, 1, 20.19. Smets, W.; Moretti, S.; Denys, S. Airborne bacteria in the atmosphere: Presence, purpose, and potential. Atmospheric Environment, 2016, 139, 214. 20. Maki, T.; Hara, K.; Kobayashi, F. et al. Vertical distribution of airborne bacterial communities in an Asian-dust downwind area, Noto Peninsula. Atmospheric Environment, 2015, 119, 282. 21. Maki, T.; Kakikawa, M.; Kobayashi, F; Yamada, M.; Atsushi, M.; Hasegawa, H.; Iwasaka, Y.; Assessment of composition and origin of airborne bacteria in the free troposphere over Japan. Atmospheric Environment, 2013, 74, 73. 22. 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Purpose – The purpose of the present survey is to identify and measure generic core competencies essential for Iranian library and information science (LIS) students. Design/methodology/approach – The study population included all undergraduate LIS students in Iran, and the sample included all undergraduate LIS students in the three universities of Tehran, Shahid Chamran and Ferdowsi of Mashhad. The study was performed during the second semester (February to May) of the 2010-2011 academic year. After a thorough review of the literature, a pattern for generic core competencies was formulated and, accordingly, a researcher-designed questionnaire was developed and distributed. The final data analysis was carried out using 207 completed questionnaires, and the data were analysed using the SPSS19 software. Findings – Except for English and management, the major participants’ scores mean for the 12 identified generic core competencies were higher than the total mean. Originality/value – Besides presenting a new theoretical pattern for measuring core generic competencies, especially for students in the LIS field, the study is expected to help higher education planners to channel their efforts into strengthening the examined competencies.

Le lancement des deux satellites Pléiades 1A et 1B fin 2011 et 2012 a permis à la France de se doter de nouvelles capacités d'acquisition d'images optiques à très haute résolution, dans le domaine particulier de la gestion des crises mais aussi plus largement dans différentes thématiques d'Observation de la Terre. Les capacités et spécificités techniques de la Constellation Pléiades ouvrent de réelles opportunités pour la cartographie des dégâts suite à une catastrophe. Depuis 2012, le CNES, Airbus Defence and Space Geo-Intelligence et le SERTIT, ont combiné leurs efforts à plusieurs reprises pour assister les acteurs internationaux de la gestion de crise, optimisant les programmations des satellites Pléiades et analysant les images acquises. Différentes actions de cartographie réactive ont ainsi été menées, exploitant le potentiel de la Constellation Pléiades: inondations à Krymsk en Russie (07-2012), tremblement de terre dans la province iranienne d'Azerbaïdjan oriental (08-2012), inondations au Niger (08-2012), cyclone Sandy en Haïti (11-2012), typhon Bopha aux Philippines (12-2012), cyclone Evan à Wallis et Futuna (12-2012), cyclone Haruna à Madagascar (02-2013), inondations au Sénégal (08-2013), le cyclone Bejisa sur l'île de la Réunion (01-2014). Les premiers retours d'expérience sont plus que positifs, démontrant que les le système Pléiades est particulièrement adapté à la gestion de crise dans sa phase d'urgence. La très haute résolution spatiale permet une cartographie précise essentielle dans les zones critiques telles que les paysages urbains ou les infrastructures sensibles, la possibilité d'acquisition journalière et la livraison rapide des données constituent des atouts majeurs pour les applications spatiales, notamment pour la gestion des risques.

This study aimed to verify the occurrence and socio-environmental impacts of the presence of African Snail in the Açai neighborhood, city of Macapá, State of Amapá, showing problems such as the occurrence of the species and the lack of knowledge of the community about its infestation and control. The interviews were conducted using semi-structured forms to collect information on site and photographic record, for a period of four months (08/2013 to 12/2013). Variables of social and environmental axes were evaluated as impact indicators. The results showed that a greater performance of the public would contribute directly to the quality of life of the population and the environment, promoting the decrease in the occurrence of this snail. An environmental education program aimed at disseminating information on the impacts of African snail should be encouraged. It is necessary to work in the development of legal instruments, as well as in the development of campaigns to clarify the population.

Purpose – Clothing quality, performance, safety and health have become important considerations for consumer welfare. Properties of these aspects are encompassed on standards which regulates clothing products reaching consumers. The purpose of this paper is to categorize these aspects in a common platform by suggesting minimum requirements expected on readymade garments from which clothing standards compliance assessment is performed. Design/methodology/approach – With the aid of standard compliance assessment model, scored Standard Compliance Rate (SCR) values of the discussed properties of clothing standardization are synthesized from a standard compliance matrix, and the compliance of any clothing standards are assessed and assigned a “Standard Compliance Index/Level (SCI/SCL)” ranging from non compliance to full compliance at six levels. Findings – In reference to the standard compliance assessment model, 12 children and infant clothing standards, three from Kenya and nine from China, and eight protective clothing standards from Kenya, China, Britain and USA, two from each country, were assessed and the compliance level of each standard evaluated and results presented. The results of the study reveal the importance of every aspect of clothing standardization properties to fulfil the requirements of standard compliance assessment whereby, though they meet their role in developing Standard Compliance Index (SCI), they may have different impact depending with the context applied and the scope of every standard. Research limitations/implications – The selection of standardization parameters and characteristics, and the criteria for scoring some of the Standard Compliance Rating was subjective and may require mutual agreements between relevant bodies. Furthermore, this method can only be applied on clothing standards and not other textile testing standards. Practical implications – The proposed method can be applied when evaluating and comparing specific clothing standards between bodies or countries. Clothing SCI would be of primary importance as a guide on required clothing quality specifications to designers, manufacturers, standard regulators and consumer welfare bodies. Originality/value – This research reports the development of an original framework to assess compliance level of any clothing standard using standardization parameters and characteristics considered when determining the quality of a garment. It establishes a theoretical framework of clothing standards compliance assessment, which has not been reported in the literature to date.

Multiple Phytophthora spp. are known to cause Phytophthora root rot (PRR) on Abies spp. Varying host susceptibilities and regional differences in Phytophthora community compositions complicate disease avoidance and management for Christmas tree growers and conifer nurseries. A survey of 32 Christmas tree farms in seven U.S. states representing four major Christmas tree production regions was conducted in 2012 to 2013 to characterize current distributions of root-rotting Phytophthora spp. and assess host responses to disease. Symptomatic tissues from lesion margins on roots and crowns were plated on selective medium to recover Phytophthora Cultures were identified by DNA sequencing of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer and mitochondrial cox I regions. Phytophthora cambivora was the prominent PRR species in western Washington and Oregon, while P. cinnamomi was prevalent in California and North Carolina. In the eastern United States, the undescribed P. taxon kelmania was isolated frequently and was capable of killing fir species considered tolerant of PRR. Completion of Koch’s postulates confirmed pathogenicity of 12 previously unpublished Phytophthora–fir associations that were observed during this survey. Information regarding regional pathogen species prevalence and relative host susceptibilities will facilitate disease prevention by improving site management strategies for Phytophthora suppression.

Pathotype diversity of Phytophthora sojae was assessed in 11 states in the United States during 2012 and 2013. Isolates of P. sojae were recovered from 202 fields, either from soil samples using a soybean seedling bioassay or by isolation from symptomatic plants. Each isolate was inoculated directly onto 12 soybean differentials; no Rps gene or Rps 1a, 1b, 1c, 1k, 3a, 3b, 3c, 4, 6, 7, or 8. There were 213 unique virulence pathotypes identified among the 873 isolates collected. None of the Rps genes were effective against all the isolates collected but Rps6 and Rps8 were effective against the majority of isolates collected in the northern regions of the sampled area. Virulence toward Rps1a, 1b, 1c, and 1k ranged from 36 to 100% of isolates collected in each state, while virulence to Rps6 and Rps8 was less than 36 and 10%, respectively. Depending on the state, the effectiveness of Rps3a ranged from totally effective to susceptible to more than 40% of the isolates. Pathotype complexity has increased in populations of P. sojae in the United States, emphasizing the increasing importance of stacked Rps genes in combination with high partial resistance as a means of limiting losses to P. sojae.

Abstract. Nightly averaged mesospheric temperature derived from the hydroxyl nightglow at Rothera station (67°34' S, 68°08' W) and nightly midnight measurements of ozone mixing ratio obtained from Troll station (72°01' S, 2°32' E) in Antarctica have been used to investigate the presence and vertical profile of the quasi-16-day planetary wave in the stratosphere and mesosphere during the Antarctic winter of 2009. The variations caused by planetary waves on the ozone mixing ratio and temperature are discussed, and spectral and cross-correlation analyses are performed to extract the wave amplitudes and to examine the vertical structure of the wave from 34 to 80 km. The results show that while planetary-wave signatures with periods 3–12 days are strong below the stratopause, the oscillations associated with the 16-day wave are the strongest and present in both the mesosphere and stratosphere. The period of the wave is found to increase below 42 km due to the Doppler shifting by the strong eastward zonal wind. The 16-day oscillation in the temperature is found to be correlated and phase coherent with the corresponding oscillation observed in O3 volume mixing ratio at all levels, and the wave is found to have vertical phase fronts consistent with a normal mode structure.

ABSTRAK Pengelolaan pembangunan desa islami adalah konsep pembangunan desa yang memiliki karakteristik tercapainya tujuan pembangunan sosial ekonomi yang berdimensi holistik, seimbang antara aspek material dan spiritual. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pembahasan kajian-kajian terdahulu secara sistematis tentang konsep dan praktik pengelolaan pembangunan desa dalam perspektif islam. Dalam rangka melakukan review publikasi artikel secara sistematis, riset ini menggunakan standar protokol RAMESES. Hasil penelitian ini terbagi menjadi dua tema utama, yaitu peran dan fungsi lembaga keuangan mikro syariah dalam pembangunan desa dan Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat dalam pengelolaan pembangunan desa. Tema pertama menghasilkan tiga subtema: praksis keuangan mikro syariah di Bangladesh, Malaysia, dan Indonesia. Tema kedua menghasilkan satu subtema yaitu peranan Pesantren dalam mendukung pengelolaan pembangunan desa. Hasilnya memberikan landasan untuk mengisi ruang-ruang yang belum dimasuki untuk membangun pengelolaan pembangunan desa yang komprehensif berdasarkan prinsip atau nilai Islam yang ideal. Kata kunci: Islami, Pengelolaan Pembangunan Desa, Systematic Literature Review. ABSTRACT Islamic village development management is a village development concept that has the characteristics of achieving socio-economic development goals with a holistic dimension, balanced between material and spiritual aspects. This study aims to systematically review the discussion of previous studies on the concepts and practices of village development management from an Islamic perspective. To conduct the article review systematically, this research was carried out using the RAMESES protocol standard. The results of this study are divided into two main themes, namely the role and function of Islamic microfinance institutions in village development and non-governmental organizations in managing village development. The first theme produces three sub-themes: the practice of Islamic microfinance in Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The second theme resulted in a sub-theme, namely Pesantren's role in supporting the management of village development. The results provide a foundation to fill in the gaps that have not been entered to build a comprehensive village development management based on ideal Islamic principles or values. Keywords: Islamic, Village Development Management, Systematic Literature Review. REFERENCES Abdullah, M. F., Amin, M. R., & Ab Rahman, A. (2017). Is there any difference between Islamic and conventional microfinance? Evidence from Bangladesh. International Journal of Business and Society, 18(S1), 97–112. Adejoke, A.-U. G. (2010). Sustainable microfinance institutions for poverty reduction: Malaysian experience. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 2(4), 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1666023 Akhter, W., Akhtar, N., & Jaffri, S. K. A. (2009). 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Abstract. The San Joaquin Valley (SJV) in California experiences persistent air-quality problems associated with elevated particulate matter (PM) concentrations due to anthropogenic emissions, topography, and meteorological conditions. Thus it is important to unravel the various sources and processes that affect the physicochemical properties of PM in order to better inform pollution abatement strategies and improve parameterizations in air-quality models. During January and February 2013, a ground supersite was installed at the Fresno–Garland California Air Resources Board (CARB) monitoring station, where comprehensive, real-time measurements of PM and trace gases were performed using instruments including an Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and an Ionicon proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS) as part of the NASA Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER-AQ) campaign. The average submicron aerosol (PM1) concentration was 31.0 µg m−3 and the total mass was dominated by organic aerosols (OA, 55 %), followed by ammonium nitrate (35 %). High PM pollution events were commonly associated with elevated OA concentrations, mostly from primary sources. Organic aerosols had average atomic oxygen-to-carbon (O / C), hydrogen-to-carbon (H / C), and nitrogen-to-carbon (N / C) ratios of 0.42, 1.70, and 0.017, respectively. Six distinct sources of organic aerosol were identified from positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of the AMS data: hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA; 9 % of total OA, O / C = 0.09) associated with local traffic, cooking OA (COA; 18 % of total OA, O / C = 0.19) associated with food cooking activities, two biomass burning OA (BBOA1: 13 % of total OA, O / C = 0.33; BBOA2: 20 % of total OA, O / C = 0.60) most likely associated with residential space heating from wood combustion, and semivolatile oxygenated OA (SV-OOA; 16 % of total OA, O / C = 0.63) and low-volatility oxygenated OA (LV-OOA; 24 % of total OA, O / C = 0.90) formed via chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Large differences in aerosol chemistry at Fresno were observed between the current campaign (winter 2013) and a previous campaign in winter 2010, most notably that PM1 concentrations were nearly 3 times higher in 2013 than in 2010. These variations were attributed to differences in the meteorological conditions, which influenced primary emissions and secondary aerosol formation. In particular, COA and BBOA concentrations were greater in 2013 than 2010, where colder temperatures in 2013 likely resulted in increased biomass burning activities. The influence from a nighttime formed residual layer that mixed down in the morning was found to be much more intense in 2013 than 2010, leading to sharp increases in ground-level concentrations of secondary aerosol species including nitrate, sulfate, and OOA, in the morning between 08:00 and 12:00 PST. This is an indication that nighttime chemical reactions may have played a more important role in 2013. As solar radiation was stronger in 2013 the higher nitrate and OOA concentrations in 2013 could also be partly due to greater photochemical production of secondary aerosol species. The greater solar radiation and larger range in temperature in 2013 also likely led to both SV-OOA and LV-OOA being observed in 2013 whereas only a single OOA factor was identified in 2010.

In the structure of infectious diseases in the Yaroslavl region, more than 90 % are influenza and acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI). Influenza occupies a special place among human infectious diseases. This is due to its ability to epidemic and pandemic spread in a relatively short time. In this regard, scientific research on the analysis and forecasting of probable scenarios for the development of epidemic processes is of particular importance. The work used the data of the forms of the federal state statistical observation No. 2 “Information on infectious and parasitic diseases”. Fourier analysis was used to process time series. The significance of the mathematical model was checked using the Fisher test. The table of critical values of the Fisher criterion was used to assess the statistical significance, the significance level was taken equal to 0.05. Data processing was carried out using MS Excel 2013 software. During the study of the dynamics of the epidemic process, the trend of reducing the incidence of influenza and ARVI in the Yaroslavl region over the past 36 years has been determined. The dynamics of the incidence of influenza and ARVI in the Yaroslavl region over the past 36 years has a tendency to decrease. As a result of calculations, we obtained cyclical components with periods equal to 3 and 5 years. This is due to the accumulation of people who are not immune to these infections. Mathematical calculations have confirmed the values of seasonal fluctuations in 6 and 12 months. The maximum number of sick people is recorded in the winter-spring period (February — March). In accordance with the calculations, a decrease in the incidence of influenza and ARVI in the Yaroslavl region is expected in the period from 2020 to 2022: in 2020 the number of sick people (per 100 thousand population) is predicted to be 20 962.64, in 2021 — 18 138.58.

The aim of this study was to describe the international academic mobility experienced by the Fishing Engineering students in other countries. The data was collected through an electronic semi-structured questionnaire hosted on an electronic platform by Google. A total of nine students answered the questionnaire, in which they chose countries such as France, Spain, Ireland, Canada, the United States and Australia to study abroad in. The student’s satisfaction with the Science without Borders Program (SwB) was extremely positive, where all the interviewees stated that they had learned the language from the hosting country. In relation to the negative aspects, 67% of the interviewees pointed out that they struggled to understand the language in the beginning of the academic mobility, and 78% of the students said that they missed their families during the student mobility period. In conclusion, the academic mobility performed by students from the Fishing Engineering course was rated as excellent, and as a unique and an enriching opportunity, both in professional and personal aspects.ResumoO trabalho teve como objetivo discutir sobre a mobilidade acadêmica vivenciada por estudantes de Engenharia de Pesca em outros países. A coleta de dados foi feita através de um questionário eletrônico semiestruturado, hospedado em uma plataforma eletrônica de formulários da Google. Um total de nove discentes respondeu ao questionário, realizando a mobilidade na França, Espanha, Irlanda, Canadá, Estados Unidos e Austrália. A satisfação dos estudantes com o Programa Ciência sem Fronteiras (CsF) foi positiva, todos os entrevistados afirmaram terem aprendido o idioma do país que escolheram. 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ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memetakan penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya tentang audit syariah dan perannya dalam meningkatkan kepatuhan syariah di lembaga keuangan syariah (LKS). Penelitian ini juga menguraikan tantangan yang dihadapi oleh LKS dan solusi dalam mengimplementasikan audit syariah. Sebanyak 308 publikasi diperoleh dari database Google scholar, Emerald Insight, Research Gate, Crossref, Microsoft Academic and Pubmed yang diakses dengan perangkat lunak Publish or Perish (PoP) dalam kurun waktu 2008-2021. Studi ini menerapkan analisis bibliometrik menggunakan VOSviewer, yang mengubah metadata publikasi menjadi visualisasi sesuai dengan co-occurrence. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa audit syariah telah diterapkan di beberapa negara yang didominasi oleh Malaysia. Sebagian besar praktik audit syariah merupakan bagian dari fungsi audit internal. Audit syariah diidentifikasi sebagai mekanisme untuk memastikan kepatuhan syariah. Tantangan utama dalam pelaksanaan audit syariah antara lain: kurangnya kerangka dan standar audit syariah yang menyebabkan perselisihan di antara praktisi LKS, kurangnya auditor syariah yang berkualitas yang memiliki pengetahuan syariah yang memadai dan terlatih dengan baik, audit syariah dianggap menciptakan masalah inefisiensi. Peran komite tata kelola syariah dan dewan pengawas syariah direkomendasikan agar lebih optimal untuk memastikan efektivitas audit syariah. Penelitian ini memberikan pembahasan komprehensif tentang audit syariah, perannya dalam meningkatkan kepatuhan syariah, tantangan dan solusi yang ditawarkan belajar dari berbagai negara. Kata Kunci: Audit syariah, kepatuhan syariah, lembaga keuangan syariah, bibliometrik. ABSTRACT This study aimed to map out previous studies on sharia auditing and its role in improving sharia compliance in Islamic financial institutions (IFIs). It also outlined the challenges faced by IFIs and solutions in implementing shariah audit. A total of 308 publications were obtained from the Google scholar database, Emerald Insight, Research Gate, Crossref, Microsoft Academic and Pubmed which were accessed using the Publish or Perish (PoP) software in the 2008-2021 period. This study finds that sharia audits have been implemented in several countries, dominated by Malaysia. Most shariah audit practices are part from internal audit function of IFIs. Sharia audit is identified as a mechanism to assure shariah compliance. The main challenges in implementing sharia audit include: a lack of framework and standard of shariah audit that led to dispute among IFIs practitioners, a lack of qualified shariah auditors who have an adequate shariah knowledge and well trained , shariah audit identifed creating an efficiency issue. The role of the shariah governance committee and the shariah supervisory board may be optimized to ensure the effectiveness of shariah audit. 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Juglans sigllata Dode, known as the iron walnut, is widely planted in Liangshan prefecture of southwest China for its nuts and wood. Liangshan prefecture is a major traditional growing area of J. sigllata and has unique advantages for walnut industrial development because of its good soil, climate, and availability of water. Currently there are 2.7 million hectares of walnut, contributing important incomes for farmers. In April 2013, numerous J. sigllata were found infected with root rot in the Muli county of Liangshan prefecture. Symptoms included dried leaves, dead branchcs, and even death. Rotted roots were collected and surface-sterilized in 2% NaOCl and 70% ethanol. The junction (1 cm) between infected and healthy regions was removed, plated on rose bengal-glycerin-urea medium, and incubated at 20°C for 12 h. A fungus was found and purified successively by transferring hyphal tips from the margin of a thinly growing colony on 2% water agar (3). Morphological characteristics were identified both on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and carnation leaf-piece agar. Evaluation of pigmentation and colony growth rate were also measured using PDA. Ovoid microconidia (average dimensions 10.6 × 9.1 μm) were observed after 2 to 3 days, and most of them had no septa or only one septum. Macroconidia (average dimensions 47.4 × 5.3 μm), with one to three septate sickle shapes, were found after 3 to 6 days. Single or paired chlamydospores (average dimensions 10.3 × 9.2 μm), which were circular to ovate, smooth or not smooth, were observed after 7 days of incubation in clean water. According to the cultural characteristics, the fungus was primarily identified as Fusarium solani (1). To better determine the species, universal primers ITS1/ITS4 for the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) coupled with translation elongation factor (EF-1α) primers EF1/EF2 were used for PCR-based molecular identification. Against GenBank and the FUSARIUM-ID databases, our sequences shared 99 and 98% identities with ITS (FJ459973.1) and EF-1α (JX677562.1) of F. solani, respectively. Both sequences produced in this study have been deposited in GenBank under accession numbers KJ528277 for ITS and KJ528278 for EF-1α. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by drop inoculating 20 ml of microconidia suspension (106 spores/ml) on the roots of 1-year-old healthy potted J.sigllata, Mianyang walnut, and Xinjiang walnut. Controls were not treated with F. solani. Fifteen plants were in each group. All materials, including pots and soil, were disinfected. After 12 days, all J. sigllata inoculated with F. solani exhibited dried leaves, and after 17 days, Mianyang walnut and Xinjiang walnut infected with F. solani also developed the same symptoms. After 24 days, the inoculated J. sigllata died. However, control plants remained asymptomatic. The fungus re-isolated from infected roots showed the same characteristics as described above and was totally identical in appearance to the isolates used to inoculate the plants. No colonies of F. solani were isolated from untreated plants. At present, F. solani has been reported in stem cankers on English walnut in South Africa (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of root rot caused by F. solani in J. sigllata in China. References: (1) C. Booth. Fusarium Laboratory Guide to the Identification of the Major Species. CMI, Kew, England, 1977. (2) W. Chen and W. J. Swart. Plant Dis. 84:592, 2000. (3) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA, 2006.

The intensity and frequency variability of cyclones in the North Indian Ocean (NIO) have been amplified over the last few decades. The number of very severe cyclonic storms (VSCSs) over the North Indian Ocean has increased over recent decades. “Phailin”, an extreme severe cyclonic storm (ESCS), occurred during 8–13 October 2013 over the Bay of Bengal and made landfall near the Gopalpur coast of Odisha at 12 UTC on 12 October. It caused severe damage here, as well as in the coastal Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and adjoining regions due to strong wind gusts (~115 knot/h), heavy precipitation, and devastating storm surges. The fidelity of the WRF model in simulating the track and intensity of tropical cyclones depends on different cloud microphysical parameterization schemes. Thus, four sensitivity simulations were conducted for Phailin using double-moment and single-moment microphysical (MP) parameterization schemes. The experiments were conducted to quantify and characterize the performance of such MP schemes for Phailin. The simulations were performed by the advanced weather research and forecasting (WRF-ARW) model. The model has two interactive domains covering the entire Bay of Bengal and adjoining coastal Odisha on 25 km and 8.333 km resolutions. Milbrandt–Yau (MY) double-moment and WRF single-moment microphysical schemes, with 6, 5, and 3 classes of hydrometeors, i.e., WSM6, WSM5, and WSM3, were used for the simulation. Experiments for Phailin were conducted for 126 h, starting from 00 UTC 08 October to 06 UTC 13 October 2013. It was found that the track, intensity, and structure of Phailin are highly sensitive to the different microphysical parameterization schemes. Further, the precipitation and cloud distribution were studied during the ESCS stage of Phailin. The microphysics schemes (MY, WSM3, WSM5, WSM6), along with Grell–Devenyi ensemble convection scheme predicted landfall of Phailin over the Odisha coast with significant track errors. Supply of moisture remains a more crucial component than SST and wind shear for rapid intensification of the Phailin 12 h before landfall over the Bay of Bengal. Finally, the comparison of cyclone formation between two decades 2001–2010 and 2011–2020 over the Bay of Bengal inferred that the increased numbers of VSCS are attributed to the supply of abundant moisture at low levels in the recent decade 2011–2020.

ABSTRAK Wakaf tunai merupakan salah satu instrumen keuangan syariah berbasis sosial yang penting untuk dikembangkan karena mudah digunakan sesuai dengan kebutuhan masyarakat yang ada, seperti untuk modal usaha mikro bagi petani. Mayoritas petani adalah masyarakat kelas menengah ke bawah yang menggantungkan mata pencahariannya dari hasil panen. Pandemi Covid-19 yang melanda Indonesia dan dunia membuat banyak keluarga mengalami kekurangan finansial, termasuk keluarga petani. Wakaf dapat membantu pembiayaan produksi para petani melalui program Wakaf Modal Usaha Mikro. Namun, masih terdapat beberapa kendala program ini sehingga program tersebut tidak berjalan secara maksimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis prioritas masalah dan solusi untuk mengoptimalkan peran wakaf modal usaha mikro bagi petani di Lamongan. Jenis penelitian ini adalah metode campuran dengan menggunakan pendekatan Analytic Network Process (ANP). Data diperoleh dari wawancara mendalam dengan tujuh pakar wakaf dan pertanian. Prioritas masalah adalah pada di nazhir terkait minimnya anggaran untuk pelayanan administrasi, sedangkan prioritas solusinya adalah menambah anggaran untuk pelayanan administrasi. Hasil penelitian dapat digunakan oleh Badan Wakaf Indonesia (BWI) bersama dengan Dinas Tanaman Pangan, Hortikultura, dan Perkebunan untuk mengembangkan wakaf di bidang pertanian. Kata Kunci: Wakaf Uang, Wakaf Produktif, Pemberdayaan Petani, Modal Usaha Mikro. ABSTRACT Cash waqf is one of the essential social-based Islamic financial instruments to be developed since it is easily used according to the existing community's needs, such as for micro-business capital for farmers. Most working as farmers are middle- to lower-class people who depend on their livelihoods from harvests. The Covid-19 pandemic that has hit Indonesia and the world has left many families experiencing financial shortages, including farming families. The Micro Business Capital Waqf program has been implemented in Lamongan. However, this program still encountered several problems that made the program not optimally conducted and could not be implemented in the broader community. This study aims to analyze the priority problems and solutions to optimize the role of micro-business capital waqf for farmers in Lamongan. This type of research was a mixed method using the Analytic Network Process (ANP) approach. Data were obtained from in-depth interviews with seven waqf and agriculture experts. The priority problem in Nazhir was related to the lack of budget for administrative services, while the priority solution was increasing the funding for administrative services. The research results can be used by the Indonesian Waqf Board (BWI) and the Department of Food Crops, Horticulture, and Plantations to develop waqf in agriculture. Keywords: Cash Waqf, Productive Waqf, Farmer Empowerment, Micro Business Capital. REFERENCES Ali, K. M., Yuliani, M., Mulatsih, S., & Abdullah, Z. (2018). Aspek-aspek prioritas manajemen wakaf di Indonesia. Al Falah: Journal of Islamic Economics, 3(1), 1-26. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.29240/jie.v3i1.345 Amuda, Y. J. (2017). Commercialization of cash waqf in Nigeria: An analysis of its implementation. Doctoral Dissertation, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya Amuda, Y. J., Embi, A. C., & Babatunde, O. H. (2014). An agricultural approach to the commercialization of cash waqf between Malaysia and Nigeria. Journal of Advanced Management Science, 2(4), 344–348. DOI: 10.12720/joams.2.4.344-348 Ascarya, & Yumanita, D. (2018). Analisis rendahnya pengumpulan zakat di Indonesia dan alternatif solusinya. Working Paper Bank Indonesia, WP/9/2018 Faizin, Y. (2021). Micro business capital waqf for lamongan farmer Global Wakaf. (2020a). Global wakaf solusi sejatinya membangun kehidupan. Dipresentasikan dalam acara Indonesia Sharia Economic Festival (ISEF). Indonesia Sharia Economic Festival (ISEF). Retrieved from https://isef.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/5.-GLOBAL-WAKAF_ISEF_06102020.pdf Global Wakaf. (2020b). Panen raya bahagiakan petani binaan global wakaf. Retrieved from https://news.act.id/berita/panen-raya-bahagiakan-petani-binaan-global-wakaf Hamzani, A. (2015). Perkembangan hukum wakaf di Indonesia. Diya Media Group Hasan, S., & Rajafi, A. (2018). Pengelolaan tanah wakaf masjid di kota manado. Aqlam: Journal of Islam and Plurality, 3(2). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30984/ajip.v3i2.726 Huda, N., Rini, N., Mardoni, Y., Hudori, K., & Anggraini, D. (2017). Problems, solutions, and strategies priority for waqf in Indonesia. Journal of Economic Cooperation & Development, 38(1), 29-54. Hydra, M. (2020). An integrative model of waqf, sadaqah, and takaful for poverty alleviation through empowering women farmers in the rural Gambia. Journal of Islamic Finance, 5(3), 1–12. Indonesian Waqf Board. (2021). Gerakan nasional wakaf uang 2021. 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Perkuat literasi wakaf secara berkelanjutan pemerintah libatkan forum jurnalis wakaf indonesia. Retrieved from kominfo.go.id: https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/44786/perkuat-literasi-wakaf-secara-berkelanjutan-pemerintah-libatkan-forum-jurnalis-wakaf-indonesia/0/berita#:~:text=Badan%20Wakaf%20Indonesia%20(BWI)%20mencatat,2021%20senilai%20855%20miliar%20rupiah. Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia. (2013a). Panduan pengelolaan wakaf tunai. Retrieved from https://jatim.kemenag.go.id/file/file/panduanwakaf/ynqo1425024661.pdf Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia. (2013b). Pedoman pengelolaan dan perkembangan wakaf. Direktoral Jendral Bimbingan Masyarakat Islam. Direktorat Pemberdayaan Wakaf Muntaqo, F. (2015). Problematika dan prospek wakaf produktif di Indonesia. Al-Ahkam, 1(25), 83-108. DOI: 10.21580/ahkam.2015.1.25.195 Purba, H. J., Yusuf, E. S., & Erwidodo. (2020). Dampak pandemi Covid-19 terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan sektor pertanian. In Dampak Pandemi Covid-19: Perspektif Adaptasi dan Resiliensi Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian (pp. 23-46). Jakarta: IAARD PRESS Rahman, Y. (2021). Micro business capital waqf for Lamongan farmers Rizal, M. S. (2021). Manajemen wakaf tunai berbasis masjid di masa Covid-19 (studi pengelolaan dana wakaf sebagai modal usaha mikro jama’ah di Masjid Baiturrohman Madiun) [Institut Islam Negeri Ponorogo]. Tesis tidak dipublikasikan. Institut Islam Negeri Ponorogo. Rusydiana, A. & Devi, A. (2013). Analytic network process: Pengantar teori dan aplikasi. Smart Publishing. Saptono, I. (2019). Wakaf untuk kesejahteraan ummat dalam konteks revolusi industry 4.0. Dipresentasikan dalam Indonesia Waqf Summit 2019. Sapuan, N. M., Rajadurai, J., Zeni, N. A. M., & Hashim, S. L. M. (2018). Developing a holistic business model for an efficient waqf property in Malaysia. Global Business and Management Research, 10(3), 445. Sisyanto. (2017). Micro business capital waqf for Lamongan farmers Sulistiani, S. (2017). Perbaruan hukum wakaf di Indonesia. PT Refika Aditama Syahyuti., & Aldillah, R. (2020). Upaya menekan dampak pandemi Covid-19 pada sumber daya manusia pertanian. In Dampak Pandemi Covid-19: Perspektif Adaptasi dan Resiliensi Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian (pp. 549-570). Jakarta: IAARD PRESS. Syahyuti., & Elizabeth, R. (2020). Kebutuhan jaring pengaman sosial untuk petani pada masa pandemi Covid-19. In Dampak Pandemi Covid-19: Perspektif Adaptasi dan Resiliensi Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian (pp. 481-498). Jakarta: IAARD PRESS. Thanker, M. A. M. T., Amin, M. F., Thaker, H. M. T., Khaliq, A., & Pitchay, A. A. (2020). Cash waqf model for micro enterprise's human capital development. ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance, 13(1), 66-83. DOI: 10.1108/IJIF-08-2018-0091 Utomo, Y. (2021). Micro business capital waqf for Lamongan farmers Youneszadeh, H., Ardeshir, A., & Sebt, M. (2017). Exploring critical success factors in urban housing projects using fuzzy analytic network process. 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ABSTRAK Kemisikinan merupakan suatu permasalahan yang harus ditemukan cara mengentaskannya. Islam agama yang sempurna telah memberikan solusi melalui instrument zakat, infak, dan sedekah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai dampak zakat, infak, sedekah di LAZNAS LMI (Lembaga Manajemen Infaq) dengan Pendekatan CIBEST. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan uji beda antara kondisi material dan spiritual mustahik sebelum dibantu dengan setelah disalurkan dana ZIS. Hasil analisis dari 355 penerima manfaat menunjukkan bahwa pada kuadran I, penerima manfaat yang dikategorikan sejahtera bertambah 28% sesudah dibantu. Pada kuadran II, penerima manfaat yang dikategorikan miskin secara material menurun sebesar 27,7%. Selain itu pada kuadran IV penerima manfaat yang dikategorikan miskin secara absolut, juga ikut menurun sebesar 0,3%. Hasil Uji Beda juga menunjukan ada perbedaan indeks spiritual maupun indeks material penerima manfaat antar sebelum dan sesudah pemberian dana ZIS dibuktikan dengan Uji Beda Wilcoxon untuk indeks material value, dan Uji T berpasangan untuk indeks spiritual value.. Dengan adanya hasil penilaian kaji dampak ini diharapkan dampak dari bantuan yang diberikan bisa terukur dan juga menjadi bahan evaluasi serta perencanaan untuk program-program yang akan datang. Implikasi temuan penelitian ini dapat memberikan refrensi terkait manfaat zakat, infak, sedekah dalam membantu mengetaskan kemiskinan yang dilakukan oleh lembaga amil zakat nasional. Secara praktik, Lembaga Manajemen Infaq perlu memberikan perhatian khusus kepada mustahik yang berada di kategori miskin absolut, dengan memberikan intervensi ekonomi dan pembinaan secara spiritual. Kata Kunci: Kaji Dampak, ZIS, Kemiskinan, CIBEST, Lemabga Amil Zakat, Lembaga Manajemen Infaq. ABSTRACT Poverty is a problem that must find a way to eradicate. Islam, the perfect religion, has provided a solution through the instruments of zakat, infaq, and shadaqah. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of Zakat, Sedekah, and Infaq in Lembaga Manajemen Infaq with the CIBEST Approach. The method used is quantitative by distributing questionnaires and testing the difference between the material and spiritual conditions of the mustahik before being assisted with after the ZIS funds are distributed. The results of the analysis of 355 beneficiaries showed that in quadrant I, beneficiaries categorized as prosperous increased by 28% after being assisted. In quadrant II, beneficiaries categorized as materially poor decreased by 27.7%. In addition, in quadrant IV, beneficiaries who are categorized as absolute poor also decreased by 0.3%. The results of the Difference Test also show that there are differences in the spiritual index and material index of beneficiaries between before and after the provision of ZIS funds, as evidenced by the Wilcoxon Difference Test for the material value index, and the paired T-test for the spiritual value index. The assistance provided can be measured and can also be used as material for evaluation and planning for future programs. The implications of the findings of this study can provide a reference regarding the benefits of zakat, shadaqah, and infaq in helping to alleviate poverty carried out by the national amil zakat institution. In practice, Amil Zakat Organization needs to pay special attention to mustahik who are in the absolute poor category, by providing economic intervention and spiritual guidance. Keywords: Assessment of Impact, ZIS, Poverty, CIBEST, Amil Zakat Organization, Lembaga Manajemen Infaq. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Ahmed, B. O., Johari, F., & Wahab, K. A. (2017). 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Handayani, R. (2020). Model Cibest terhadap pengelolaan zakat produktif untuk mengukur kesejahteraan mustahik (Studi kasus Lazisnu Kota Metro). Skripsi tidak dipublikasikan. Lampung: IAIN Metro. Hayakawa, H., & Venieris, Y. P. (2019). Duality in human capital accumulation and inequality in income distribution. Eurasian Economic Review, 9(3), 285–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40822-018-0110-8 Indriastuti, H. (2019). Entrepreneurial innovativeness, relational capabilities, and value co-creation to enhance marketing performance. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 7(3), 181–188. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7328 Istikoma. (2017). Asesmen kesejahteraan model Cibest (Centre of Islamic Business and Economic Studies): Studi pada nelayan di Kecamatan Kandanghaur Kabupaten Indramayu. Skripsi tidak dipublikasikan. Bandung: Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. Kailani, N., & Slama, M. (2019). Accelerating Islamic charities in Indonesia: Zakat, sedekah and the immediacy of social media. South East Asia Research, 28(1), 70–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/0967828X.2019.1691939 Kasri, R. A. (2013). Giving behaviors in Indonesia: Motives and marketing implications for Islamic charities. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 4(3), 306–324. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-05-2011-0044 Kasri, R. A., & Ramli, U. H. (2019). Why do Indonesian muslims donate through mosques?: A theory of planned behaviour approach. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 12(5), 663–679. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-11-2018-0399 Kementrian Agama Republik Indonesia. (2019). Al-Quran dan terjemahannya. Jakarta: Kemenag RI. Kurbanov, R. A., Afad Oglu Gurbanov, R., Belyalova, A. M., Maksimova, E. v, Leonteva, I. A., & Sharonov, I. A. (2017). Practical advice for teaching of university students the mechanisms of self-government of safe behavior. Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 12(1), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.29333/iejme/596 Mulyani, E. F. (2018). Analisis dampak pendistribusian dana zakat terhadap tingkat kemiskinan mustahik dengan menggunakan model Cibest (Studi kasus: LAZ dompet dhuafa daerah istimewa Yogyakarta). Skripsi tidak dipublikasikan. Yogyakarta: UIN Sunan Kalijaga. Nisa, N. I. (2022). Penerapan model CIBEST dalam pengentasan kemiskinan di Indonesia. Retrieved from https://kumparan.com/naylazzatnsa/penerapan-model-cibest-dalam-pengentasan-kemiskinan-di-indonesia-1xkNF2L43tu/full Obaidullah, M. (2008). Introduction to Islamic microfinance. India: IBF Net (P) Limited. Owoyemi, M. Y. (2020). Zakat management: The crisis of confidence in zakat agencies and the legality of giving zakat directly to the poor. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11(2), 498–510. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-07-2017-0097 Pistrui, D., & Fahed-Sreih, J. (2010). Islam, entrepreneurship and business values in the Middle East. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 12(1), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEIM.2010.033170 Puskas BAZNAS. (2016). Kaji dampak penyaluran zakat baznas terhadap kesejahteraan mustahik tahun 2016. Jakarta: Puskas BAZNAS. Putri, O. R. (2020). Hubungan antara spiritualitas dengan kebermaknaan hidup pada remaja di panti asuhan budi mulya sukarame Bandar Lampung. Skripsi tidak dipublikasikan. Lampung: UIN Raden Intan. Rahmat, R. S., & Nurzaman, M. S. (2019). Assesment of zakat distribution: A case study on zakat community development in Bringinsari village, Sukorejo district, Kendal. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 12(5), 743–766. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-12-2018-0412 Reza Dasangga, D. G., & Cahyono, E. F. (2020). Analisis peran zakat terhadap pengentasan kemiskinan dengan model Cibest (Studi kasus rumah gemilang Indonesia kampus Surabaya. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan, 7(6), 1060-1073. https://doi.org/10.20473/vol7iss20206pp1060-1073 Rijal, K., Zainuri, A., & Azwari, P. C. (2020). Impact analysis of the zakat, infaq and shadaqah funds distribution to the poverty level of mustahik by using Cibest method Indonesia. Fikri: Jurnal Kajian Agama,Sosial dan Budaya, 5(1), 145-158. https://doi.org/10.25217/jf.v5i1.982 Rozalinda. (2014). Ekonomi Islam: Teori dan aplikasinya pada aktivitas ekonomi. Jakarta: Rajagrafindo. Saad, R. A. J., Farouk, A. U., & Abdul Kadir, D. (2020). Business zakat compliance behavioral intention in a developing country. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11(2), 511–530. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-03-2018-0036 Saad, R. A. J., & Haniffa, R. (2014). Determinants of (Islamic tax) compliance behavior. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 5(2), 182–193. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-10-2012-0068 Salam, A., & Nisa, R. (2021). Analisis pengaruh pendistribusian dana zakat terhadap mustahik ditinjau dengan menggunakan metode CIBEST. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Indonesia, 9(1), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.21927/jesi.2021.11(1).67-73 Sanrego, & Taufik. (2016). Fiqih tamkin (Fiqih pemberdayaan). Jakarta: QisthiPress. Sudarmanto, E., Revida, E., Zaman, N., Simarmata, M. M. T., Purba, S., Syafrizal, S., Bachtiar, E., Faried, A. I., Nasrullah, N., Marzuki, I., Hastuti, P., Jamaludin, J., Kurniawan, I., Mastutie, F., Susilawaty, A. (2020). Konsep Dasar Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat: Pembangunan dan Pemberdayaan. Medan: Yayasan Kita Menulis. Sugiyono. (2015). Metode penelitian pendidikan (Pendekatan kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D). Bandung: CV. Alfabeta. Suharto, E. (2005). Membangun masyarakat memberdayakan rakyat kajian strategis pembangunan kesejahteraan sosial dan pekerja sosial. Bandung: PT. Revika Aditama. Sumantri, R., Iswati, S., & Mufrodi, A. (2019). The effectiveness of distribution of zakat funds on ZDC South Sumatra. Opción, Año 35(20), 1572–1588. Widyaningsih, N., Hafidhuddin, D., & Beik, I. S. (2016). Studi dampak zakat di Sulawesi Selatan dengan model CIBEST. Jurnal Ekonomi Islam Republika, 28. Retrieved from https://fem.ipb.ac.id/d/iqtishodia/2016/Iqtishodia_20160128.pdf Yacoub, Y. (2012). Pengaruh tingkat pengangguran terhadap tingkat kemiskinan kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Jurnal Eksos, 8(3), 176-185.

ABSTRAK Kemisikinan merupakan suatu permasalahan yang harus ditemukan cara mengentaskannya. Islam agama yang sempurna telah memberikan solusi melalui instrument zakat, infak, dan sedekah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai dampak zakat, infak, sedekah di LAZNAS LMI (Lembaga Manajemen Infaq) dengan Pendekatan CIBEST. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan uji beda antara kondisi material dan spiritual mustahik sebelum dibantu dengan setelah disalurkan dana ZIS. Hasil analisis dari 355 penerima manfaat menunjukkan bahwa pada kuadran I, penerima manfaat yang dikategorikan sejahtera bertambah 28% sesudah dibantu. Pada kuadran II, penerima manfaat yang dikategorikan miskin secara material menurun sebesar 27,7%. Selain itu pada kuadran IV penerima manfaat yang dikategorikan miskin secara absolut, juga ikut menurun sebesar 0,3%. Hasil Uji Beda juga menunjukan ada perbedaan indeks spiritual maupun indeks material penerima manfaat antar sebelum dan sesudah pemberian dana ZIS dibuktikan dengan Uji Beda Wilcoxon untuk indeks material value, dan Uji T berpasangan untuk indeks spiritual value.. Dengan adanya hasil penilaian kaji dampak ini diharapkan dampak dari bantuan yang diberikan bisa terukur dan juga menjadi bahan evaluasi serta perencanaan untuk program-program yang akan datang. Implikasi temuan penelitian ini dapat memberikan refrensi terkait manfaat zakat, infak, sedekah dalam membantu mengetaskan kemiskinan yang dilakukan oleh lembaga amil zakat nasional. Secara praktik, Lembaga Manajemen Infaq perlu memberikan perhatian khusus kepada mustahik yang berada di kategori miskin absolut, dengan memberikan intervensi ekonomi dan pembinaan secara spiritual. Kata Kunci: Kaji Dampak, ZIS, Kemiskinan, CIBEST, Lemabga Amil Zakat, Lembaga Manajemen Infaq. ABSTRACT Poverty is a problem that must find a way to eradicate. Islam, the perfect religion, has provided a solution through the instruments of zakat, infaq, and shadaqah. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of Zakat, Sedekah, and Infaq in Lembaga Manajemen Infaq with the CIBEST Approach. The method used is quantitative by distributing questionnaires and testing the difference between the material and spiritual conditions of the mustahik before being assisted with after the ZIS funds are distributed. The results of the analysis of 355 beneficiaries showed that in quadrant I, beneficiaries categorized as prosperous increased by 28% after being assisted. In quadrant II, beneficiaries categorized as materially poor decreased by 27.7%. In addition, in quadrant IV, beneficiaries who are categorized as absolute poor also decreased by 0.3%. The results of the Difference Test also show that there are differences in the spiritual index and material index of beneficiaries between before and after the provision of ZIS funds, as evidenced by the Wilcoxon Difference Test for the material value index, and the paired T-test for the spiritual value index. The assistance provided can be measured and can also be used as material for evaluation and planning for future programs. The implications of the findings of this study can provide a reference regarding the benefits of zakat, shadaqah, and infaq in helping to alleviate poverty carried out by the national amil zakat institution. In practice, Amil Zakat Organization needs to pay special attention to mustahik who are in the absolute poor category, by providing economic intervention and spiritual guidance. Keywords: Assessment of Impact, ZIS, Poverty, CIBEST, Amil Zakat Organization, Lembaga Manajemen Infaq. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Ahmed, B. O., Johari, F., & Wahab, K. A. (2017). Identifying the poor and the needy among the beneficiaries of zakat Need for a zakat-based poverty threshold in Nigeria. International Journal of Social Economics, 44(4), 446–458. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-09-2015-0234 Amalia, & Mahalli, K. (2012). Analisis peran zakat dalam mengurangi kemiskinan: Studi kasus dompet dhuafa republika. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan. Andam, A. C., & Osman, A. Z. (2019). Determinants of intention to give zakat on employment income: Experience from Marawi City, Philippines. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 10(4), 528–545. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-08-2016-0097 Ashar, M. A., & Nafik, M. (2019). Implementasi metode CIBEST (Center of Islamic business and economic studies) dalam mengukur peran zakat produktif terhadap pemberdayaan mustahiq di lembaga yayasan dana sosial al-falah (ydsf) Surabaya. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan, 6(5). 1057-1071. https://doi.org/10.20473/vol6iss20195pp1057-1071 Asian Development Bank. (2021). Daftar negara dengan penduduk hidup di bawah garis kemiskinan terbanyak di Asia Tenggara. Retrieved from https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2021/11/19/daftar-negara-dengan-penduduk-hidup-di-bawah-garis-kemiskinan-terbanyak-di-asia-tenggara Asmalia, S., Kasri, R. A., & Ahsan, A. (2018). Exploring the potential of zakah for supporting realization of sustainable development Goals (SDGs) in Indonesia. International Journal of Zakat, 3(4), 51–69. https://doi.org/10.37706/IJAZ.V3I4.106 Ayuniyyah, Q., Pramanik, A. H., Md Saad, N., & Ariffin, M. I. (2022). The impact of zakat in poverty alleviation and income inequality reduction from the perspective of gender in West Java, Indonesia. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management. Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-08-2020-0403 Ayyubi, S. el, & Saputri, H. E. (2018). Analysis of the impact of zakat, infak, and sadaqah distribution on poverty alleviation based on the CIBEST model (Case study: Jogokariyan baitul maal mosque, Yogyakarta). In International Journal of Zakat, 3(2), 85-97. https://doi.org/10.37706/ijaz.v3i2.80 Beik, I. S., & Arsyianti, L. D. (2015). Construction of CIBEST model as measurement of poverty and welfare indices from Islamic perspective. Al-Iqtishad: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Syariah, 7(1), 87–104. https://doi.org/10.15408/AIQ.V7I1.1361 Beik, I. S., & Arsyianti, L. D. (2016). Measuring zakat impact on poverty and welfare using Cibest model. Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance, 1(2), 141–160. https://doi.org/10.21098/JIMF.V1I2.524 Beik, I. S., & Arsyianti, L. D. (2017). Ekonomi pembangunan syariah. Surabaya: Rajagrafindo Persada. BPS. (2022). Persentase penduduk miskin September 2021 turun menjadi 9,71 persen. Retrieved from https://www.bps.go.id/pressrelease/2022/01/17/1929/persentase-penduduk-miskin-september-2021-turun-menjadi-9-71-persen.html Efendi, M. S., & Fathurrohman, M. S. (2021). Dampak zakat terhadap kesejahteraan material dan spiritual mustahik (Studi kasus baznas microfinance desa sawojajar). Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan, 8(6), 686-695. https://doi.org/10.20473/VOL8ISS20216PP686-695 Ghahari, S., Khademolreza, N., Ghasemnezhad, S., Babagholzadeh, H., & Ghayoomi, R. (2018). Comparison of anxiety and depression in victims of spousal abused and non-abused women in primary health care (PHC) in Babol-Iran. UCT Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 6(2), 14-18. https://doi.org/10.24200/jsshr.vol6iss02pp14-18 Halimatussakdiyah, & Nurlaily. (2021). Analisis pendayagunaan zakat produktif dalam mengurangi kemiskinan berdasarkan model Cibest (Studi kasus badan amil zakat nasional Prov Sumut). At-Tawassuth: Jurnal Ekonomi Islam, 1(Januari –Juni 2021), 12–25. Handayani, R. (2020). Model Cibest terhadap pengelolaan zakat produktif untuk mengukur kesejahteraan mustahik (Studi kasus Lazisnu Kota Metro). Skripsi tidak dipublikasikan. Lampung: IAIN Metro. Hayakawa, H., & Venieris, Y. P. (2019). Duality in human capital accumulation and inequality in income distribution. Eurasian Economic Review, 9(3), 285–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40822-018-0110-8 Indriastuti, H. (2019). Entrepreneurial innovativeness, relational capabilities, and value co-creation to enhance marketing performance. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 7(3), 181–188. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7328 Istikoma. (2017). Asesmen kesejahteraan model Cibest (Centre of Islamic Business and Economic Studies): Studi pada nelayan di Kecamatan Kandanghaur Kabupaten Indramayu. Skripsi tidak dipublikasikan. Bandung: Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. Kailani, N., & Slama, M. (2019). Accelerating Islamic charities in Indonesia: Zakat, sedekah and the immediacy of social media. South East Asia Research, 28(1), 70–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/0967828X.2019.1691939 Kasri, R. A. (2013). Giving behaviors in Indonesia: Motives and marketing implications for Islamic charities. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 4(3), 306–324. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-05-2011-0044 Kasri, R. A., & Ramli, U. H. (2019). Why do Indonesian muslims donate through mosques?: A theory of planned behaviour approach. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 12(5), 663–679. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-11-2018-0399 Kementrian Agama Republik Indonesia. (2019). Al-Quran dan terjemahannya. Jakarta: Kemenag RI. Kurbanov, R. A., Afad Oglu Gurbanov, R., Belyalova, A. M., Maksimova, E. v, Leonteva, I. A., & Sharonov, I. A. (2017). Practical advice for teaching of university students the mechanisms of self-government of safe behavior. Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 12(1), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.29333/iejme/596 Mulyani, E. F. (2018). Analisis dampak pendistribusian dana zakat terhadap tingkat kemiskinan mustahik dengan menggunakan model Cibest (Studi kasus: LAZ dompet dhuafa daerah istimewa Yogyakarta). Skripsi tidak dipublikasikan. Yogyakarta: UIN Sunan Kalijaga. Nisa, N. I. (2022). Penerapan model CIBEST dalam pengentasan kemiskinan di Indonesia. Retrieved from https://kumparan.com/naylazzatnsa/penerapan-model-cibest-dalam-pengentasan-kemiskinan-di-indonesia-1xkNF2L43tu/full Obaidullah, M. (2008). Introduction to Islamic microfinance. India: IBF Net (P) Limited. Owoyemi, M. Y. (2020). Zakat management: The crisis of confidence in zakat agencies and the legality of giving zakat directly to the poor. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11(2), 498–510. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-07-2017-0097 Pistrui, D., & Fahed-Sreih, J. (2010). Islam, entrepreneurship and business values in the Middle East. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 12(1), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEIM.2010.033170 Puskas BAZNAS. (2016). Kaji dampak penyaluran zakat baznas terhadap kesejahteraan mustahik tahun 2016. Jakarta: Puskas BAZNAS. Putri, O. R. (2020). Hubungan antara spiritualitas dengan kebermaknaan hidup pada remaja di panti asuhan budi mulya sukarame Bandar Lampung. Skripsi tidak dipublikasikan. Lampung: UIN Raden Intan. Rahmat, R. S., & Nurzaman, M. S. (2019). Assesment of zakat distribution: A case study on zakat community development in Bringinsari village, Sukorejo district, Kendal. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 12(5), 743–766. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-12-2018-0412 Reza Dasangga, D. G., & Cahyono, E. F. (2020). Analisis peran zakat terhadap pengentasan kemiskinan dengan model Cibest (Studi kasus rumah gemilang Indonesia kampus Surabaya. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan, 7(6), 1060-1073. https://doi.org/10.20473/vol7iss20206pp1060-1073 Rijal, K., Zainuri, A., & Azwari, P. C. (2020). Impact analysis of the zakat, infaq and shadaqah funds distribution to the poverty level of mustahik by using Cibest method Indonesia. Fikri: Jurnal Kajian Agama,Sosial dan Budaya, 5(1), 145-158. https://doi.org/10.25217/jf.v5i1.982 Rozalinda. (2014). Ekonomi Islam: Teori dan aplikasinya pada aktivitas ekonomi. Jakarta: Rajagrafindo. Saad, R. A. J., Farouk, A. U., & Abdul Kadir, D. (2020). Business zakat compliance behavioral intention in a developing country. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11(2), 511–530. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-03-2018-0036 Saad, R. A. J., & Haniffa, R. (2014). Determinants of (Islamic tax) compliance behavior. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 5(2), 182–193. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-10-2012-0068 Salam, A., & Nisa, R. (2021). Analisis pengaruh pendistribusian dana zakat terhadap mustahik ditinjau dengan menggunakan metode CIBEST. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Indonesia, 9(1), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.21927/jesi.2021.11(1).67-73 Sanrego, & Taufik. (2016). Fiqih tamkin (Fiqih pemberdayaan). Jakarta: QisthiPress. Sudarmanto, E., Revida, E., Zaman, N., Simarmata, M. M. T., Purba, S., Syafrizal, S., Bachtiar, E., Faried, A. I., Nasrullah, N., Marzuki, I., Hastuti, P., Jamaludin, J., Kurniawan, I., Mastutie, F., Susilawaty, A. (2020). Konsep Dasar Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat: Pembangunan dan Pemberdayaan. Medan: Yayasan Kita Menulis. Sugiyono. (2015). Metode penelitian pendidikan (Pendekatan kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D). Bandung: CV. Alfabeta. Suharto, E. (2005). Membangun masyarakat memberdayakan rakyat kajian strategis pembangunan kesejahteraan sosial dan pekerja sosial. Bandung: PT. Revika Aditama. Sumantri, R., Iswati, S., & Mufrodi, A. (2019). The effectiveness of distribution of zakat funds on ZDC South Sumatra. Opción, Año 35(20), 1572–1588. Widyaningsih, N., Hafidhuddin, D., & Beik, I. S. (2016). Studi dampak zakat di Sulawesi Selatan dengan model CIBEST. Jurnal Ekonomi Islam Republika, 28. Retrieved from https://fem.ipb.ac.id/d/iqtishodia/2016/Iqtishodia_20160128.pdf Yacoub, Y. (2012). Pengaruh tingkat pengangguran terhadap tingkat kemiskinan kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Jurnal Eksos, 8(3), 176-185.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in the intensive care unit (ICU) and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This study is aimed to estimate the prevalence of AKI in ICU and assess its relation with different indication of ICU admission and duration of hospital stay. It was a cross sectional study done in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of Chittagong Medical College Hospital (CMCH), in the period of six months from 08/07/2012 to 07/01/2013. Hundred consecutive admitted patients in the ICU were taken as study subject and Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria was applied to evaluate the acute kidney injury among the admitted patients. The total number of ICU patients taken in the study were 100. Among them, 62 (62%) patients were male and 38(38%) of the patients were female. Male to female ratio was 1.6:1. 52(52%) came from urban areas and 48(48%) came from rural areas. Regarding the age distribution of total 100 patients age range was 22 to 81 years. The mean + SD was 53.90 – 14.502 years. Among the 100 patients majority were illiterate to primary level educated which were 42(42%). Maximum were in the income group 10,000-20,000 TK/month which is 45(45%). Among all patients housewives were found in 28(28%) cases, followed by retired from service, service holder and businessman in 20(20%), 12(12%) and 16(16%) cases respectively. Regarding analysis of causes of ICU admission respiratory failure was 31% which was highest, then 13% cases were stroke, 12% were septic shock and accidental injury each, postoperative complications were 8%, poisoning was 7%, GBS was 5%, hepatic encephalopathy was 7% and others was 5%. Among the 100 ICU patients, 28(28%) were found to have AKI. Among them, most of the patients (21.4%) of respiratory failure had AKI, next to it was accidental injury (17.8%), postoperative patients(14.2%), septic shock (14.4%), hepatic encephalopathy(10.7%), poisoning (7.2%) and stroke (3.6%). Regarding the renal function tests the mean + SD of blood urea was 46.64 18.19 mg/dl and it was 2.38 + 1.7mg/dl for serum creatinine. Out of 100 patients 57(57%) were ventilated and 43(43%) were not ventilated. Among the 57 ventilated patients 23(40.4%) had AKI and among the 43 non ventilated patients 4(11.6%) had AKI. Distribution was statistically significant (p<0.05). Among the 100 patients who stayed less than 5 days in the hospital(n=29) had AKI 24.1% of patients, who stayed 5-10 days(n=41) had AKI among 29.4% patients and who stayed >10 days(n=20) had AKI 30% of patients. Distribution of the AKI according to different duration of hospital stay was statistically significant (p<0.05) The prevalence of AKI in the ICU CMCH, according to AKIN criteria is 28%. Early intervention is essential to overcome the development of overt renal failure. JCMCTA 2013 ; 24 (2): 36-39

ABSTRAK Halal fashion saat ini menjadi salah satu sektor yang diminati konsumen di Indonesia. Mayoritas penduduk Indonesia yang merupakan muslim menjadikan pangsa pasar industri fashion Muslim sangat besar. Permintaan produk fashion muslim semakin tinggi karena kesadaran perempuan Muslim dalam menutup aurat juga sudah tinggi. Apalagi, konsumen saat ini suka melihat fashion influencer di sosial media seperti Instagram. Serta penggunakan content marketing yang menarik juga mempengaruhi konsumen untuk membeli sebuah produk. Penjualan produk fashion muslim semakin mudah diakses konsumen dengan andanya media digital untuk melihat dan bertransaksi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat pengaruh pendukung selebriti dan pemasaran konten. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif. Dengan teknik data yaitu kuisioner yang disebarkan secara online kepada 100 responden perempuan muslim yang pernah mengakses platform online brand fashion muslim Vanilla Hijab. Teknik analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu regresi linier berganda. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan celebrity endorser memiliki pengaruh positif signifikan terhadap niat beli, dan konten pemasaran juga memiliki pengaruh positif signifikan terhadap niat beli toko online fashion Vanilla Hijab. Kata-Kunci: Celebrity Endorser, Content Marketing, Purchase Intention, Fashion Muslim. ABSTRACT Halal fashion is currently one of the sectors that consumers in Indonesia are interested in. The majority of Indonesia's population who are Muslim makes the market share of the Muslim fashion industry very large. The demand for Muslim fashion products is getting higher because the awareness of Muslim women in covering their genitals is high. Moreover, consumers today like to see fashion influencers on social media like Instagram. And the use of attractive content marketing also influences consumers to buy a product. The sale of Muslim fashion products is increasingly accessible to consumers by relying on digital media to view and transact. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of celebrity supporters and content marketing. This research uses quantitative methods. With the data technique, namely a questionnaire distributed online to 100 Muslim female respondents who have accessed the online platform for the Muslim fashion brand Vanilla Hijab. The analysis technique used in this study is multiple linear regression. The results of this study indicate celebrity endorsers have a significant positive effect on purchase intention, and marketing content also has a significant positive effect on purchase intention of Vanilla Hijab fashion online shop. Keywords: Celebrity Endorser, Content Marketing, Purchase Intention, Fashion Muslim. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Abbas, A., Afshan, G., & Khan, S. B. (2018). 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Belajar dari CEO Vanilla Hijab, cara mulai bisnis fashion dengan modal kecil. Retrieved from https://kumparan.com/kumparanwoman/belajar-dari-ceo-vanilla-hijab-cara-mulai-bisnis-fashion-dengan-modal-kecil-1uTjF96VapG/full Lee, J., & Lee, J. N. (2015). How purchase intention consummates purchase behaviour: The stochastic nature of product valuation in electronic commerce. Behaviour and Information Technology, 34(1), 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2013.853837 Lu, L. C., Chang, W. P., & Chang, H. H. (2014). Consumer attitudes toward blogger’s sponsored recommendations and purchase intention: The effect of sponsorship type, product type, and brand awareness. Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 258–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.007 Phua, J., Lin, J. S. (Elaine), & Lim, D. J. (2018). Understanding consumer engagement with celebrity-endorsed E-Cigarette advertising on instagram. 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Rhizoctonia solani consists of 13 anastomosis groups (AGs) designated AG1 to 13. AG3-PT is considered the predominant AG in potatoes (4) and is associated with quantitative and qualitative yield losses. Qualitative losses are typically associated with the tuber blemish disease, black scurf. However, atypical tuber blemishes such as elephant hide consisting of corky lesions on the tuber surface (2) have also been attributed to Rhizoctonia. Such atypical blemishes are not considered specific to Rhizoctonia, making direct-cause effect estimates difficult (1). Koch's postulates for the elephant hide symptom and R. solani AG3-PT have not been completed. Recently, growth cracking and scab lesions were observed on potato tubers in South Africa and attributed to a new Streptomyces species (3). These lesions and cracks were similar to elephant hide symptoms attributed to R. solani AG3-PT. Therefore, the cause of the elephant hide symptom in South Africa was investigated further. Symptoms of elephant hide and cracking have been observed on tubers from the Eastern Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North-Eastern Cape, Northern Cape, North West, Sandveld, and Western Free State growing regions. In 2012, three samples of potato tubers (cv. BP1) with elephant hide and cracking were selected for analysis. These samples were collected from Clanwilliam in the Sandveld potato growing region. Tubers were surface sterilized with 1% NaOCl; sections of affected tissue were excised and plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). Rhizoctonia-like colonies were identified and after further sub-culturing on PDA, three representative isolates (Rh3, Rh4, and Rh6) of R. solani from each sample were obtained. For each isolate, genomic DNA was extracted and the rDNA ITS region sequenced using ITS1-F and ITS4 (2). The resulting sequences (KF234142, KF234143, and KF234144) were at least 98% identical to other AG3-PT sequences on GenBank (JX27814 and KC157664). To confirm Koch's postulates, pathogenicity tests were conducted with the three isolates. PDA plugs of each isolate were added to 10 g of barley grains which were incubated for 14 days until fully colonized. The barley grains were then used to inoculate disease-free mini-tubers (cv. BP1) in 5l pots containing a sand-clay-pine bark mixture (1:1:1 ratio). Potato plants inoculated with sterile barley grains served as controls. Plants were held for 120 days in a greenhouse at 22°C with light for 12 h a day. Incidence of the elephant hide symptom for isolates Rh3, Rh4, and Rh6 was 58%, 33%, and 37.5%, respectively. Growth cracking and black scurf were also observed with each isolate. R. solani AG3-PT was successfully re-isolated from symptomatic tubers, confirming Koch's postulates. This is the first report of R. solani AG3-PT causing elephant hide in potato tubers in South Africa. Elephant hide caused by R. solani AG3-PT has been reported in tubers from France (2) and the United Kingdom (3), but Koch's postulates were not proven. In this study, Koch's postulates were proven for R. solani AG3-PT causing scab or elephant hide symptom and cracking in potato tubers. R. solani AG3-PT should thus be considered in addition to Streptomyces as a cause of this symptom and control strategies should also consider R. solani AG3-PT. References: (1) G. J. Banville et al. Pages 321-330 in: Rhizoctonia Species: Taxonomy, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Pathology and Disease Control, B. Sneh et al., eds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1996. (2) M. Fiers et al. Eur. J. Plant. Pathol. 128:353, 2010. (3) R. Gouws and A. McLeod. Plant Dis. 96:1223, 2012. (4) J. W. Woodhall et al. Eur. J. Plant. Pathol. 136:273, 2013.

During September 2012, Phomopsis stem canker was observed on sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) in a production field during seed filling with an average incidence of 15% in Morden, Manitoba (approximately 49°11′N and 98°09′W). The infected plants had elongated, brown-black lesions surrounding the leaf petiole, with numerous pycnidia, pith damage, and mid-stem lodging. Twenty sunflower plants were randomly sampled from the field. Isolations were made from the margins of the necrotic stems lesions by plating small pieces (5 mm) on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 0.02% streptomycin sulfate. Plates were incubated at 25°C for 14 days under a 12-h photoperiod, and hyphal tips of white to grey colonies were transferred to PDA. Five isolates producing black pycnidia (occasionally with ostiolate beaks) and alpha conidia were tentatively identified as a Diaporthe sp. Alpha conidia were ellipsoidal, hyaline, and 6.5 to 8.5 × 2.5 to 3.5 μm. DNA was extracted from the mycelium of five isolates, and the ITS region was amplified and sequenced using primers ITS5 and ITS4 (4). BLASTn analysis of the 600-bp fragment (GenBank Accession Nos. KM391960 to KM391964) showed that the best match was Phomopsis sp. AJY-2011a strain T12505G (Diaporthe gulyae R.G. Shivas, S.M. Thompson & A.J. Young [3], Accession No. JF431299) from H. annuus with identities = 540/540 (100%) and gaps = 0/540 (0%). The five D. gulyae isolates were tested for pathogenicity on a sunflower confection inbred cv. HA 288 using the stem-wound method (2). Four-week-old sunflower plants (10 plants per isolate) were inoculated by wounding the stems on the second internode with a micropipette tip and placing a Diaporthe-infested mycelial plug on the wound. All plugs were attached to the wound with Parafilm. The pots were placed on the greenhouse benches at 25°C under a 16-h light/dark cycle. At 3 days after inoculation, dark brown lesions were observed on the stems extending upward from the inoculation site. Stem and leaves wilted, causing plant death 14 days after inoculation. Disease severity was calculated as a percentage of stem lesion (lesion length/stem length × 100%) at 14 days after inoculation. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in disease severity were observed among D. gulyae isolates, which ranged from 34.9 to 100.0% (n = 5). Ten control plants similarly treated with sterile PDA plugs did not display symptoms. To complete Koch's postulates, D. gulyae was re-isolated from the inoculated stems, and the pathogen's identity was confirmed via sequencing of the ITS regions using primers ITS5 and ITS4 (4). The pathogen was not isolated from the control plants. D. gulyae was first reported as a pathogen on H. annuus in Australia and United States in 2011 (1,3). The pathogen was determined to be as or more aggressive than the other causal agents of Phomopsis stem canker (2,3), and its identification in both countries was circumstantially associated with increased incidence and yield loss in commercial production fields (1,3). In Canada, Phomopsis stem canker has been observed in sunflower fields over the last 10 years at low incidences, especially in years with above-normal temperatures during the sunflower growing season; however, the causal agent was not confirmed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of D. gulyae causing Phomopsis stem canker on sunflowers in Canada. Since there is currently no known resistance to D. gulyae in sunflower, this newly discovered pathogen may become a threat to sunflower production in Canada. References: (1) F. Mathew et al. Phytopathology 101:S115, 2011. (2) F. Mathew et al. Phytopathology 103:S2.91, 2013. (3) S. M. Thompson et al. Persoonia 27:80, 2011. (4) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.

We have characterised the Perseid meteoroid stream from data acquired in a series of observing campaigns between 2010 and 2016. The data presented in this work were obtained by the Smart Panoramic Optical Sensor Head (SPOSH), an all-sky camera system designed to image faint transient noctilucent phenomena on dark planetary hemispheres. For the data reduction, a sophisticated software package was developed that utilises the high geometric and photometric quality of images obtained by the camera system. We identify 934 meteors as Perseids, observed over a long period between late July (~124°) and mid-to-late August (~147°). The maximum meteor activity contributing to the annual shower was found at λ⊙ = 140°.08 ± 0°.07. The radiant of the shower was estimated at RA = 47°.2 and Dec = 57°.5 with a median error of 0°.6 and 0°.2, respectively. The mean population index of the shower between solar longitudes of 120°.68 and 145°.19 was r = 2.36 ± 0.05, showing strong temporal variation. A predicted outburst in shower activity for the night of August 11–12, 2016 was confirmed, with a peak observed 12.75 hr before the annual maximum at 23:30 ± 15′ UT. We measure a peak flux of 6.1 × 10−4 km−2 hr−1 for meteoroids of mass 1.6 × 10−2 g or more, appearing in the time period between 23:00 and 00:00 UT. We estimate the measured flux of the outburst meteoroids to be approximately twice as high as the annual meteoroid flux of the same mass. The population index of r = 2.19 ± 0.08, computed from the outburst Perseids in 2016, is higher than the value of r = 1.92 ± 0.06 derived from meteors observed in 2015 belonging to the annual Perseid shower which was active near the time of the outburst. A dust trail with an unusually high population index of r = 3.58 ± 0.24 was encountered in 2013 between solar longitudes 136°.261 and 137°.442. The relatively high r-value implies an encounter with a dust trail rich in low-mass particles.

Subject area The subject areas are organizational management, organizational behaviour and human resource management. Study level/applicability The study is applicable for courses in human resource management and organizational behaviour as part of masters-level programmes in business administration and management, executive development programmes on organization design and development for middle/senior management. Case overview In 2003, Elizabeth and Sunil Mehta had founded a voluntary organization, “Muktangan”, focussed on child-centric education through innovative pedagogy for the community of the urban poor. Elizabeth, an educationist, and Sunil, a highly successful business person, joined hands to contribute to the well-being of urban poor to make a difference to their lives. Elizabeth and Sunil presented a proposal to impart education for “the children of the community, by the teachers drawn from the community” to the residents of the slums in central Mumbai. With a humble beginning of running a small pre-school, Muktangan now manages seven schools with 3,400 children and 500 teachers, and a teachers’ training centre with a capacity to train 100 teachers a year. Muktangan won acclaim for its unique pedagogy and a very effective child-to-teacher ratio. Over the years, Elizabeth and Sunil led Muktangan with a strong passion and a “hands-on” approach. Of late, Elizabeth and Sunil faced questions from their donors about the sustainability of Muktangan with respect to leadership and management succession. Elizabeth and Sunil had a vision for Muktangan for self-directed growth with an empowered team. Muktangan embarked on the journey to create a leadership for self-directed growth. Sunil, Elizabeth and team Muktangan conceptualized and implemented a change management intervention with help from an external consultant to build the desired organization. Expected learning outcomes Outcomes are understanding issues involved in the leadership, organization design and management of change, particularly of those organizations engaged in social change and development in developing societies. Supplementary materials The Muktangan Story: Part A – An Organizational Study; The Muktangan Story Part B – Winds of Change; Teaching Note; References: Bradach J. (1996), Organizational Alignment: The 7-S Model, Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02,163. Cooperrider D. and Whitney D. (2005), “A Positive Revolution in Change: Appreciative Inquiry”, In The Change Handbook. The Definitive Resource on Today’s Best Methods for Engaging.Whole Systems, by Peggy Holman, Tom Devane, and Steven Cady. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Cooperrider D., Whitney D., and Stavros J.M. (2008), Appreciative Inquiry Handbook for Leaders of Change (Second Edition), Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Greiner, L.E. (1998), “Evolution and Revolution as Organizations Grow”, Harvard Business Review, May-June, 3-11. www.muktanganedu.org/ accessed 12 April, 2018. Kessler, E. H., (2013) (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Management Theory, Sage Publications Kotter, J. P. (1996), Leading Change, Harvard Business School Press, Boston. Lewin K. (1951), Field Theory in social science, Harper & Row, New York. Waterman, R. H., Peters, T. J., and Phillips, J. R. (1980), Structure is not organization. Business Horizons, 23(3), 14-26. Subject code: CSS 6: Human Resource Management.

Duboisia sp. is a small tree belonging to the family Solanaceae originating from the rainforest areas of the eastern coast of Australia. Dried leaves are used for the extraction of pharmaceutical alkaloids, making this a commercially viable crop. The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita has been reported parasitizing Duboisia myoporoides (5); however, no information of other root-knot nematode species associated with this plant was found. Duboisia sp. is cultivated at Solana Farm, near Arapongas (23°25′08″ S, 51°25′26″ W), Paraná State, Brazil. During the renovation of a production field in this municipality, galled roots were observed on plants and samples were submitted to the Nematology Laboratory at Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, IAPAR, on December 2013. Plants did not exhibit any above-ground symptoms. The specimens were identified through perineal patterns and esterase phenotypes of 20 adult females extracted from dissected roots (2,3) and morphometrics of 10 second-stage juveniles extracted from roots using the blender-sieving method (1). Morphological characteristics were consistent with those described for M. javanica (4). Females had rounded perineal patterns with low, trapezoid shape dorsal arch, striae smooth interrupted by a pair of incisures on both sides, corresponding to lateral fields, clearly demarcated from striae by more or less parallel lines, tail whorl often distinct (4). The juvenile mean body length was 459.9 ± 28.7 μm and tail length averaged 51.6 ± 5.1 μm, with 10 to 16 μm long hyaline region and finely rounded tail tip (4). Results from the esterase electrophoresis were typical of M. javanica (2) with the J3 (Rm = 1.0, 1.3, and 1.4) phenotype being obtained. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. javanica on Duboisia sp. in Brazil. This finding has great importance for Brazilian production since this nematode may damage plants, reduce yields, and control of this nematode on Duboisia sp. is difficult (5). Additional work is necessary in order to elucidate the losses caused by M. javanica on Duboisia sp. References: (1) J. I. Bonetti and S. Ferraz. Fitopatol. Bras. 6:533, 1981. (2) P. R. Esbenshade and A. C. Triantaphyllou. J. Nematol. 22:10, 1990. (3) K. M. Hartman and J. N. Sasser. Page 115 in: An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne. Volume II Methodology. K. R. Barker et al., eds. North Carolina State University Graphics, Raleigh, 1985. (4) D. J. Hunt and Z. A. Handoo. Page 55 in: Root-Knot Nematodes. R. N. Perry et al., eds. CABI International, Wallingford, UK, 2010. (5) A. M. Mello et al. Nematol. Bras. 22(2):12, 1998.

Abstract. The SusKat-ABC (Sustainable Atmosphere for the Kathmandu Valley–Atmospheric Brown Clouds) international air pollution measurement campaign was carried out from December 2012 to June 2013 in the Kathmandu Valley and surrounding regions in Nepal. The Kathmandu Valley is a bowl-shaped basin with a severe air pollution problem. This paper reports measurements of two major greenhouse gases (GHGs), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), along with the pollutant CO, that began during the campaign and were extended for 1 year at the SusKat-ABC supersite in Bode, a semi-urban location in the Kathmandu Valley. Simultaneous measurements were also made during 2015 in Bode and a nearby rural site (Chanban) ∼ 25 km (aerial distance) to the southwest of Bode on the other side of a tall ridge. The ambient mixing ratios of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor, and carbon monoxide (CO) were measured with a cavity ring-down spectrometer (G2401; Picarro, USA) along with meteorological parameters for 1 year (March 2013–March 2014). These measurements are the first of their kind in the central Himalayan foothills. At Bode, the annual average mixing ratios of CO2 and CH4 were 419.3 (±6.0) ppm and 2.192 (±0.066) ppm, respectively. These values are higher than the levels observed at background sites such as Mauna Loa, USA (CO2: 396.8 ± 2.0 ppm, CH4: 1.831 ± 0.110 ppm) and Waliguan, China (CO2: 397.7 ± 3.6 ppm, CH4: 1.879 ± 0.009 ppm) during the same period and at other urban and semi-urban sites in the region, such as Ahmedabad and Shadnagar (India). They varied slightly across the seasons at Bode, with seasonal average CH4 mixing ratios of 2.157 (±0.230) ppm in the pre-monsoon season, 2.199 (±0.241) ppm in the monsoon, 2.210 (±0.200) ppm in the post-monsoon, and 2.214 (±0.209) ppm in the winter season. The average CO2 mixing ratios were 426.2 (±25.5) ppm in the pre-monsoon, 413.5 (±24.2) ppm in the monsoon, 417.3 (±23.1) ppm in the post-monsoon, and 421.9 (±20.3) ppm in the winter season. The maximum seasonal mean mixing ratio of CH4 in winter was only 0.057 ppm or 2.6 % higher than the seasonal minimum during the pre-monsoon period, while CO2 was 12.8 ppm or 3.1 % higher during the pre-monsoon period (seasonal maximum) than during the monsoon (seasonal minimum). On the other hand, the CO mixing ratio at Bode was 191 % higher during the winter than during the monsoon season. The enhancement in CO2 mixing ratios during the pre-monsoon season is associated with additional CO2 emissions from forest fires and agro-residue burning in northern South Asia in addition to local emissions in the Kathmandu Valley. Published CO∕CO2 ratios of different emission sources in Nepal and India were compared with the observed CO∕CO2 ratios in this study. This comparison suggested that the major sources in the Kathmandu Valley were residential cooking and vehicle exhaust in all seasons except winter. In winter, brick kiln emissions were a major source. Simultaneous measurements in Bode and Chanban (15 July–3 October 2015) revealed that the mixing ratios of CO2, CH4, and CO were 3.8, 12, and 64 % higher in Bode than Chanban. The Kathmandu Valley thus has significant emissions from local sources, which can also be attributed to its bowl-shaped geography that is conducive to pollution build-up. At Bode, all three gas species (CO2, CH4, and CO) showed strong diurnal patterns in their mixing ratios with a pronounced morning peak (ca. 08:00), a dip in the afternoon, and a gradual increase again through the night until the next morning. CH4 and CO at Chanban, however, did not show any noticeable diurnal variations. These measurements provide the first insights into the diurnal and seasonal variation in key greenhouse gases and air pollutants and their local and regional sources, which is important information for atmospheric research in the region.

The text analyzes the production of knowledge in Brazil, considering the determinants of the process of economic globalization. It explains the current trends and tensions present in the international scenario and in the policies and actions in the field of Higher Education, with emphasis on the production of knowledge, considering the changes that have occurred in recent years. It seeks to reflect on the perspectives of training, research and science in Brazil in a scenario of economic crisis and neoliberal reforms that reduce public spending and the role of the State in Brazil, but which favor the action of large economic groups in terms of the expansion of Higher Education. The text is structured in three parts, which seek to highlight: a) the understanding of the process of structuring postgraduate and knowledge production in Brazil, considering historical elements and current indicators; b) the examination of the production of knowledge in the light of the determinants of the process of capital restructuring; c) the current government policy, which has been redefining research, postgraduate and knowledge production and which is based on a (dis) regulation that favors expansion in the private sector, especially in the postgraduate field. Thus, the study highlights the economic determinants that affect the production of knowledge in a globalized economy; recent changes in the legal basis, which benefit the expansion of the private sector; the development crisis experienced in public universities and the processes of subordination of work and academic management, as well as the loss of autonomy in the production of knowledge.ResumoO texto analisa a produção do conhecimento no Brasil, considerando os determinantes do processo de globalização econômica. Explicita as tendências e tensões atuais presentes no cenário internacional e nas políticas e ações no campo da Educação Superior, com ênfase na produção do conhecimento, considerando as mudanças ocorridas nos últimos anos. Procura refletir sobre as perspectivas da formação, da pesquisa e da ciência no Brasil em um cenário de crise econômica, de reformas neoliberais, que reduzem os gastos públicos e o papel do Estado no Brasil, mas que favorecem a ação dos grandes grupos econômicos e financeiros em termos da expansão da Educação Superior. O texto está estruturado em três partes, que buscam evidenciar: a) a compreensão do processo de estruturação da pós-graduação e da produção do conhecimento no Brasil, considerando elementos históricos e indicadores atuais; b) o exame da produção do conhecimento à luz dos determinantes do processo de reestruturação do capital; c) a atual política governamental, que vem redefinindo a pesquisa, a pós-graduação e a produção do conhecimento e que tem por base uma (des)regulamentação que favorece a expansão no setor privado, sobretudo no âmbito da pós-graduação. O estudo destaca, pois, os determinantes econômicos que afetam a produção do conhecimento numa economia globalizada; as alterações recentes na base legal, que beneficiam a expansão do setor privado; a crise de fomento vivenciada nas universidades públicas e os processos de subordinação do trabalho e da gestão acadêmica, bem como a perda da autonomia na produção do conhecimento.Palavras-chave: Educação superior. Pós-graduação. Produção do conhecimento.Keywords: Higher education. Postgraduate studies. Knowledge production.ReferencesAMARAL, Nelson Cardoso. Com a PEC 241/55 (EC 95) haverá prioridade para cumprir as metas do PNE (2014-2024)? Revista Brasileira de Educação, v. 22, p. 1, 2017a.AMARAL, Nelson Cardoso. PEC 241/55: A "morte" do PNE (2014-2024) e o poder de diminuição dos recursos educacionais. In: CHAVES, Vera L. J.; AMARAL, Nelson Cardoso (orgs.). Políticas de financiamento da educação superior num contexto de crise. 1ed. 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e4099065This research aimed to verify the association between I-Educ, an indicator that makes up one of the dimensions of IEGM, with indicators that accompany students' learning and full-time enrollment. The period of analysis adopted was 2015 and 2017 in the municipalities of the Brazilian states, totaling 7,852 observations. Methodologically, it was proposed a theoretical model in which I-Educ acts as a dependent variable, and the Prova Brasil, TRM, ETI and IRD as independent variables, we used statistical tests to verify empirically the studied relation, probit regression and marginal effect was even used. The results show a positive and significant relationship between I-Educ and the independent variables Prova Brasil, TRM and ETI, not reaching significance with IRD. This study has advanced in the literature towards the validation of a model of monitoring of municipal educational public policy focusing on the impact generated by government actions, assisting in the monitoring of educational public policy. The practical contribution of this research is to provide the courts os Accounts, public managers and civil Society with a statistical basis for the capacity of I-Educ to evaluate the effectiveness of educational management acts, demonstrating that the requirements appied, resulting from the monitoring of infraestructure and practices administrative, make it possible to monitor the learning of students in the municipal public school system.ResumoO estudo se propôs verificar a associação entre I-Educ, indicador que compõe uma das dimensões do IEGM, com indicadores que acompanham o aprendizado dos alunos e as matrículas em tempo integral. Adotou-se como período de análise os anos de 2015 e 2017 nos municípios dos Estados brasileiros, totalizando 7.852 observações. Metodologicamente, foi proposto um modelo no qual o I-Educ atua como variável dependente, e a Prova Brasil, TRM, ETI e IRD como variáveis independentes, foram utilizados testes estatísticos para estimar a relação estudada, inclusive foi utilizada a análise de regressão probit e efeito marginal. Os resultados mostram uma relação positiva e significativa entre o I-Educ e as variáveis independentes Prova Brasil, TRM e ETI, não alcançando significância com o IRD. Este estudo avançou na literatura em direção à validação de um modelo de acompanhamento da política pública educacional municipal com foco no impacto gerado das ações de governo, auxiliando no monitoramento da política pública educacional. A contribuição prática desta pesquisa está em conferir aos Tribunais de Contas, gestores públicos e sociedade civil, embasamento estatístico da capacidade do I-Educ em avaliar a efetividade dos atos de gestão educacional, demonstrando que os quesitos aplicados, decorrente do monitoramento de infraestrutura e práticas administrativas, possibilitam o acompanhamento do aprendizado do aluno da rede pública municipal.ResumenEl estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar la asociación entre I-Educ, un indicador que constituye una de las dimensiones de IEGM, con indicadores que acompañan el aprendizaje de los estudiantes y la inscripción a tiempo completo. El período de análisis adoptado fue 2015 y 2017 en los municipios de los estados brasileños, totalizando 7.852 observaciones. Metodológicamente, se propuso un modelo teórico en el que I-Educ actúa como una variable dependiente, y la Prova Brasil, TRM, ETI e IRD como variables independientes Utilizamos pruebas estadísticas para verificar empíricamente la relación estudiada, incluso se utilizó la regresión probit y el efecto marginal. Los resultados muestran una positiva y significativa correlación entre la I-Educ con variables independientes Prova Brasil y TMR las ETI, de no alcanzar significación al IRD. Este estudio ha avanzado en la literatura hacia la validación de un modelo de monitoreo de la política pública educativa municipal que se centra en el impacto generado por las acciones del gobierno, ayudando en el monitoreo de la política pública educativa. La contribución práctica de esta investigación es proporcionar a los tribunales de cuentas, gerentes públicos y la sociedad civil una base estadística para la capacidad de I-Educ de evaluar la efectividad de los actos de gestión educativa, demostrando que los requisitos se aplicaron, como resultado del monitoreo de La infraestructura administrativa y las prácticas administrativas, permiten monitorear el aprendizaje de los estudiantes en el sistema escolar público municipal.Palavras-chave: Índice de efetividade de gestão municipal, Índice de efetividade de educação, Escola em tempo integral, Políticas públicas.Keywords: Municipal management effectiveness index, Education effectiveness index, Full time school, Public policy.Palabras clave: Índice de efectividad de la gestión municipal, Índice de efectividad educativa, Escuela a tiempo completo, Políticas públicas.ReferencesALBERNAZ, Ângela; FERREIRA, Francisco HG; FRANCO, Creso. Qualidade e eqüidade na educação fundamental brasileiro. 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The pandemic of COVID-19 has afflicted every individual and has initiated a cascade of directly or indirectly involved events in precipitating mental health issues. The human species is a wanderer and hunter-gatherer by nature, and physical social distancing and nationwide lockdown have confined an individual to physical isolation. The present review article was conceived to address psychosocial and other issues and their aetiology related to the current pandemic of COVID-19. The elderly age group has most suffered the wrath of SARS-CoV-2, and social isolation as a preventive measure may further induce mental health issues. Animal model studies have demonstrated an inappropriate interacting endogenous neurotransmitter milieu of dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and opioids, induced by social isolation that could probably lead to observable phenomena of deviant psychosocial behavior. Conflicting and manipulated information related to COVID-19 on social media has also been recognized as a global threat. Psychological stress during the current pandemic in frontline health care workers, migrant workers, children, and adolescents is also a serious concern. Mental health issues in the current situation could also be induced by being quarantined, uncertainty in business, jobs, economy, hampered academic activities, increased screen time on social media, and domestic violence incidences. The gravity of mental health issues associated with the pandemic of COVID-19 should be identified at the earliest. Mental health organization dedicated to current and future pandemics should be established along with Government policies addressing psychological issues to prevent and treat mental health issues need to be developed. References World Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. 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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important and widely grown crop, covering about 29.9 million ha of total cultivation area in China. In the last decade, spikelet rot disease on rice became much more frequent in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China. Fusarium proliferatum (Matsush.) Nirenberg ex Gerlach & Nirenberg was reported to be a causal agent of spikelet rot on rice in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province (Huang et al. 2012). In September 2019, a survey was conducted to understand the etiology of the disease in the main rice growing regions of Jinshan District of Shanghai. Symptomatic panicles exhibiting reddish or brown discoloration on the glumes were collected from different rice fields, where disease incidence was estimated to be between 20 to 80%. Diseased glumes were cut into small sections (5 × 5 mm) from the boundary of necrotic and healthy tissues, surface-sterilized with 75% ethanol for 30 s and 3% sodium hypochlorite for 90 s, rinsed twice with sterile distilled water, then placed onto 1/5 strength potato dextrose agar (PDA). After 3 to 5 days of incubation at 28°C in the dark, fungal growth with Fusarium-like colonies were transferred to PDA and purified by the single-spore isolation method. A total of 12 isolates were obtained and colonies showed loosely floccose, white mycelium and pale-yellow pigmentation on PDA. Microconidia were ovoid mostly with 0 to 1 septum, and measured 4.2 to 16.6 × 2.5 to 4.1 μm (n = 50). After 5-7 days of inoculation on carnation leaf agar (CLA), macroconidia produced usually had 3 to 5 septa, slightly curved at the apex, ranging from 15.7 to 39.1 × 3.3 to 5.0 μm (n = 50). Chlamydospores were produced in hyphae, most often solitary in short chains or in clumps, ellipsoidal or subglobose with thick and roughened walls. Molecular identification was performed on the representative isolates (JS3, JS9, and JS21). The rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor (TEF-1α) and β-tubulin (β-TUB) genes were amplified and sequenced using the paired primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), EF1/EF2 (O’Donnell et al. 1998) and T1/T22 (O’Donnell and Cigelnik 1997), respectively. The obtained sequences were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers MT889972 to MT889974 (ITS), MT895844 to MT895846 (TEF-1α), and MT895841 to MT895843 (β-TUB), respectively. BLASTn search of the sequences revealed 99 to 100% identity with ITS (MF356578), TEF-1α (HM770725) and β-TUB (GQ915444) of Fusarium incarnatum isolates. FUSARIUM-ID (Geiser et al. 2004) analysis showed 99 to 100% similarity with sequences of the F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC) (FD_01651 and FD_01628). In addition, a phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated nucleotide sequences placed the isolates in the F. incarnatum clade at 100% bootstrap support. Thus, both morphological observations and molecular criteria supported identification of the isolates as F. incarnatum (Desm.) Sacc (synonym: Fusarium semitectum) (Leslie and Summerell 2006, Nirenberg 1990). Pathogenicity tests were performed on susceptible rice cultivar ‘Xiushui134’. At pollen cell maturity stage, a 2-ml conidial suspension (5 × 105 macroconidia/ml) of each isolate was injected into 10 rice panicles. Control plants were inoculated with sterile distilled water. Then, the pots were kept in a growth chamber at 28°C, 80% relative humidity, and 12 h/12 h light (10,000 lux)/dark. The experiment was repeated two times for each isolate. Two weeks post-inoculation, all inoculated panicles showed similar symptoms with the original samples, whereas no symptoms were observed on the control. The pathogen was re-isolated from inoculated panicles and identified by the method described above to fulfill Koch's postulates. Previous studies reported that F. incarnatum reproduced perithecia to overwinter on rice stubble as the inoculum of Fusarium head blight of wheat in southern China (Yang et al. 2018). To our knowledge, this is the first report of spikelet rot on rice caused by F. incarnatum in China. Further investigation is needed to gain a better understanding its potential geographic distribution of this new pathogen on rice crop. References: (1) Huang, S. W., et al. 2011. Crop Prot. 30: 10. (2) White, T. J., et al. 1990. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. (3) O’Donnell, K., et al. 1998. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95: 2044. (4) O'Donnell, K., Cigelnik, E. 1997. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 7: 103. (5) Geiser, D. M., et al. 2004. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 110: 473. (6) Leslie, J. F., and Summerell, B. A. 2006. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell, Ames, IA. (7) Nirenberg, H. I. 1990. Stud. Mycol. 32: 91. (8) Yang, M. X., et al. 2018. Toxins. 10: 115. The author(s) declare no conflict of interest. Funding: Funding was provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 31800133), Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. LQ18C140005), Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province (grant no. 2019C02018), Shanghai Science and Technology for Agriculture Promotion Project (2019-02-08-00-08-F01127), and the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of China Academy of Agricultural Science (CAAS-ASTIP-2013- CNRRI).

Microfluidics is an emerging and promising interdisciplinary technology which offers powerful platforms for precise production of novel functional materials (e.g., emulsion droplets, microcapsules, and nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles) as well as high-throughput analyses (e.g., bioassays and diagnostics). Microfluidics has recently appeared as a new method of manufacturing nanostructures, which allows for reproducible mixing in miliseconds on the nanoliter scale. This review first describes the fundamentals of microfluidics and then introduces the recent advances in making nanostructures for pharmaceutical applications including nano liposomes, polymer nanoparticles and nano polymerosomes. Keywords Microfluidics, drug nanocarrier, nano liposomes, polymer nanoparticles, polymerosomes. 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In the movement of integration and development in Vietnam, universities are moving from centralized management to subsidized decentralization and strengthening the autonomy of universities to meet the goals of the innovation and integration phase. This paper would evaluate the international identity in Vietnam and at Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU) in the context of higher education autonomy. A number of policy factors affect international cooperation at the VNU; The role of scholarly exchanges for students, lecturers in the context of international integration; the impact of international affiliate programs to the internationalization of higher education at VNU. Keywords VNU, Vietnam, autonomy, internationalization, higher education References [1] N.V. Varghese, Michaela Martin, Governance reform in higher education: a study of institutional autonomy in Asian countries. Pg. 22. International institute for educational planning, 2014. [2] M. Kreysing, Autonomy, accountability, and organizational complexity in higher education: the Goettingen model of university reform, Journal of Educational Administration. 40(6) 2002) 552 Emerald Publishing Limited.[3] D. Anderson, R. Johnson, University Autonomy in Twenty Countries. Pg 20. Australia. Department of Employment, Education, Training and Youth Affairs, 1998.[4] P. Koudelková, W. Strielkowski, D. Hejlova, Corruption and System Change in the Czech Republic: Firm-level Evidence, Law and Economics Review. 6(1) (2015) 2546.[5] J.V. Thomas, Ben Wikinson, Vietnamese Higher education: Crisis and Response, Memoradum Higher Education Task Force Nov 2008, USA, Harvard Kenedy School, ASH Institue, 2008. [6] Pham Thi Thanh Hai, Autonomy and Accountability of Higher Education In the process of innovation and international integration in Vietnam. Vietnam. Science Journal, VNU Human and Social Sciences University. 3(1b) (2017) 87-97.[7] I. Moses, Institutional Autonomy Revisited: Autonomy Justified and Accounted, Higher Education Policy. 20 (2007) 261-274. [8] J. Knight, Internationalization brings important benefits as well as risks, International Higher education. 46 (2007) 8-10. [9] Vietnam National Assembly, Laws on Education, Educational Publishing House, 2005.[10] Vietnam National Assembly, Laws on Higher Education, Educational Publishing House, 2012.[11] Bui Tu, Đại học Ngoại thương: Thực hiện thí điểm tự chủ là cơ hội lớn, Financial Times. (2007http://thoibaotaichinhvietnam.vn/pages/nhip-song-tai-chinh/2017-08-11/dai-hoc-ngoai-thuong-thuc-hien-thi-diem-tu-chu-la-co-hoi-lon-46550.aspx)/, [12] Prime Minister, University Charter, Decree 58/2010/QĐ-TTg, 2010.[13] Prime Minister, University Charter, Decree 70/2010/QĐ-TTg, 2014.[14] Vietnam Government, Resolution 77/NQ-CP. Piloting innovative mechanisms of action for public higher education institutions during 2014-2017 period, 2014. [15] Vietnam Government, Socio-Economic Development Plan 2006-2010, Resolution No. 25/2006/NQ-CP, 2016.[16] Vietnam Government, Fundamentally and Comprehensively Innovation of Vietnam Higher Education, Resolution 14/2005/NQ-CP, 2005.[17] The Prime Minister, Approval of ‘scheme on using national budget to pay for training staffs conducting research on science and engineering working in foreign countries. Decision 322/2000/QĐ-TTg, 2000.[18] The Prime Minister, Approval of “scheme on training lecturers with PhD degree at universities and colleges in the period 2010-2020”, Decision 911/QĐ-TTg, 2010.[19] The Prime Minister, Approval of “scheme on using national budget to pay for training staffs in foreign countries in the period 2013-2020”, Decision 599/QĐ-TTg, 2013.

Abstract: This study aimed to establish a reasonable population pharmacokinetic model for rifampicin taken orally by patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, estimate pharmacokinetic parameters as well as influencing covariates. Blood samples of patients were collected at day 10 – 14 after commencing treatment. Time – concentration data were handled using non-linear mixed-effect model with Monolix 2018. An one-compartment, linear elimination, absorption with transit compartments model was found to be the most suitable for rifampicin. Volume of distribution (33,5 L) and clearance (9,62 L) were found to be influenced by fat-free mass (calculated using Janmahasatian’s method). Absorption-related parameters (Ktr, mean transit time and Ka) were found to have high inter-individual variability. Keywords Rifampicin, population pharmacokinetics, pulmonary tuberculosis. References [1] Christian Lienhardt et al, Target regimen profiles for treatment of tuberculosis: a WHO document (2017).[2] J.G. Pasipanodya et al, Serum drug concentrations predictive of pulmonary tuberculosis outcomes, The Journal of infectious diseases 208(9) (2013) 1464-1473. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit352[3] Jonathan Reynolds, Scott K Heysell (2014), Understanding pharmacokinetics to improve tuberculosis treatment outcome, Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology 10(6) (2014) 813-823. https://doi.org/10.1517/17425255.2014.895813[4] E.F. Egelund, A.B. Barth, C.A. Peloquin (2011), Population pharmacokinetics and its role in anti-tuberculosis drug development and optimization of treatment, Current pharmaceutical design 17(27) (2017) 2889-2899. https://doi.org/10.2174/138161211797470246.[5] J.F. Murray, D.E. Schraufnagel, P.C. Hopewell, Treatment of tuberculosis. A historical perspective, Annals of the American Thoracic Society 12(12) (2015) 1749-1759. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201509-632PS[6] K.E. Stott, et al, Pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in adult TB patients and healthy volunteers: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 73(9) (2018) 2305-2313. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dky152.[7] Le Thi Luyen, Ta Manh Hung et al, Simultaneous Determination of Pyrazinamide, Rifampicin, Ethambutol, Isoniazid and Acetyl Isoniazid in Human Plasma by LC-MS/MS Method, Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 8(09) (2018) 061-073. https://doi.org/ 10.7324/JAPS.2018.8910.[8] M.T. Chirehwa et al, Model-based evaluation of higher doses of rifampin using a semimechanistic model incorporating autoinduction and saturation of hepatic extraction, Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 60(1) (2016) 487-494. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01830-15.[9] Paolo Denti et al, A population pharmacokinetic model for rifampicin auto-induction, The 3rd international workshop on clinical pharmacology of TB drugs (2010).[10] Y. Jing et al, Population pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in Chinese patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 56(5) (2016) 622-627. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.643.[11] S.R.C. Milán et al, Population pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in Mexican patients with tuberculosis, Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics 38(1) (2013) 56-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.12016.[12] Anushka Naidoo et al, Effects of genetic variability on rifampicin and isoniazid pharmacokinetics in South African patients with recurrent tuberculosis, Pharmacogenomics(00) (2013). https://doi.org/10.2217/pgs-2018-0166.[13] Neesha Rockwood et al, HIV-1 coinfection does not reduce exposure to rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide in South African tuberculosis outpatients, Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 60(10) (2016) 6050-6059. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00480-16.[14] Alessandro Schipani et al, A simultaneous population pharmacokinetic analysis of rifampicin in Malawian adults and children, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 81(4) (2016) 679-687. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.12848.[15] Kok-Yong Seng et al, Population pharmacokinetics of rifampicin and 25-deacetyl-rifampicin in healthy Asian adults, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 70(12) (2015) 3298-3306. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkv268.[16] J.J. Wilkins et al, Population pharmacokinetics of rifampin in pulmonary tuberculosis patients, including a semimechanistic model to describe variable absorption, Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 52(6) (2008)2138-2148. https://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FAAC.00461-07.[17] Sylvain Goutelle et al, Population modeling and Monte Carlo simulation study of the pharmacokinetics and antituberculosis pharmacodynamics of rifampin in lungs, Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 53(7) (2009) 2974-2981. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01520-08.[18] R.M. Savic et al, Implementation of a transit compartment model for describing drug absorption in pharmacokinetic studies, Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 34(5) (2007) 711-726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10928-007-9066-0.[19] B.J. Anderson, N.H.G. Holford, Mechanism-based concepts of size and maturity in pharmacokinetics, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol 48 (2008) 303-332. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094708.[20] Kok-Yong Seng et al, Population pharmacokinetic analysis of isoniazid, acetyl-isoniazid and isonicotinic acid in healthy volunteers, Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, pp. AAC. (2015) 01244-15. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01244-15.[21] Sarayut Janmahasatian et al, Quantification of lean bodyweight, Clinical pharmacokinetics 44(10), (2005) 1051-1065. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200544100-00004.[22] Kidola Jeremiah et al, Nutritional supplementation increases rifampin exposure among tuberculosis patients coinfected with HIV, Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 58(6) (2014) 3468-3474. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02307-13

We review our recent work on optical biosensors based on microring resonators (MRR) integrated with 4x4 multimode interference (MMI) couplers for multichannel and highly sensitive chemical and biological sensors. The proposed sensor structure has advantages of compactness, high sensitivity compared with the reported sensing structures. By using the transfer matrix method (TMM) and numerical simulations, the designs of the sensor based on silicon waveguides are optimized and demonstrated in detail. We applied our structure to detect glucose and ethanol concentrations simultaneously. A high sensitivity of 9000 nm/RIU, detection limit of 2x10-4 for glucose sensing and sensitivity of 6000nm/RIU, detection limit of 1.3x10-5 for ethanol sensing are achieved. Keywords Biological sensors, chemical sensors, optical microring resonators, high sensitivity, multimode interference, transfer matrix method, beam propagation method (BPM), multichannel sensor References [1] Vittorio M.N. Passaro, Francesco Dell’Olio, Biagio Casamassima et al., "Guided-Wave Optical Biosensors," Sensors, vol. 7, pp. 508-536, 2007.[2] Caterina Ciminelli, Clarissa Martina Campanella, Francesco Dell’Olio et al., "Label-free optical resonant sensors for biochemical applications," Progress in Quantum Electronics, vol. 37, pp. 51-107, 2013.[3] Wen Wang (Editor), Advances in Chemical Sensors: InTech, 2012.[4] Lei Shi, Yonghao Xu, Wei Tan et al., "Simulation of Optical Microfiber Loop Resonators for Ambient Refractive Index Sensing," Sensors, vol. 7, pp. 689-696, 2007.[5] Huaxiang Yi, D. S. Citrin, and Zhiping Zhou, "Highly sensitive silicon microring sensor with sharp asymmetrical resonance," Optics Express, vol. 18, pp. 2967-2972, 2010.[6] Zhixuan Xia, Yao Chen, and Zhiping Zhou, "Dual Waveguide Coupled Microring Resonator Sensor Based on Intensity Detection," IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 44, pp. 100-107, 2008.[7] V. M. Passaro, F. Dell’Olio, and F. Leonardis, "Ammonia Optical Sensing by Microring Resonators," Sensors, vol. 7, pp. 2741-2749, 2007.[8] C. Lerma Arce, K. De Vos, T. Claes et al., "Silicon-on-insulator microring resonator sensor integrated on an optical fiber facet," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 23, pp. 890 - 892, 2011.[9] Trung-Thanh Le, "Realization of a Multichannel Chemical and Biological Sensor Using 6x6 Multimode Interference Structures," International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Singapore, vol. 2, pp. 240-244, 2011.[10] Trung-Thanh Le, "Microring resonator Based on 3x3 General Multimode Interference Structures Using Silicon Waveguides for Highly Sensitive Sensing and Optical Communication Applications," International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, vol. 11, pp. 31-39, 2013.[11] K. De Vos, J. Girones, T. Claes et al., "Multiplexed Antibody Detection With an Array of Silicon-on-Insulator Microring Resonators," IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 1, pp. 225 - 235, 2009.[12] Daoxin Dai, "Highly sensitive digital optical sensor based on cascaded high-Q ring-resonators," Optics Express, vol. 17, pp. 23817-23822, 2009.[13] Adrián Fernández Gavela, Daniel Grajales García, C. Jhonattan Ramirez et al., "Last Advances in Silicon-Based Optical Biosensors," Sensors, vol. 16, 2016.[14] Xiuyou Han, Yuchen Shao, Xiaonan Han et al., "Athermal optical waveguide microring biosensor with intensity interrogation," Optics Communications, vol. 356, pp. 41-48, 2015.[15] Yao Chen, Zhengyu Li, Huaxiang Yi et al., "Microring resonator for glucose sensing applications," Frontiers of Optoelectronics in China, vol. 2, pp. 304-307, 2009/09/01 2009.[16] Gun-Duk Kim, Geun-Sik Son, Hak-Soon Lee et al., "Integrated photonic glucose biosensor using a vertically coupled microring resonator in polymers," Optics Communications, vol. 281, pp. 4644-4647, 2008.[17] Carlos Errando-Herranz, Farizah Saharil, Albert Mola Romero et al., "Integration of microfluidics with grating coupled silicon photonic sensors by one-step combined photopatterning and molding of OSTE," Optics Express, vol. 21, pp. 21293-21298, 2013.[18] Trung-Thanh Le, "Two-channel highly sensitive sensors based on 4 × 4 multimode interference couplers," Photonic Sensors, vol. 7, pp. 357-364, 2017/12/01 2017.[19] Duy-Tien Le and Trung-Thanh Le, "Coupled Resonator Induced Transparency (CRIT) Based on Interference Effect in 4x4 MMI Coupler," International Journal of Computer Systems (IJCS), vol. 4, pp. 95-98, May 2017.[20] Trung-Thanh Le, "All-optical Karhunen–Loeve Transform Using Multimode Interference Structures on Silicon Nanowires," Journal of Optical Communications, vol. 32, pp. 217-220, 2011.[21] L.B. Soldano and E.C.M. Pennings, "Optical multi-mode interference devices based on self-imaging :principles and applications," IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 13, pp. 615-627, Apr 1995.[22] Trung-Thanh Le, Multimode Interference Structures for Photonic Signal Processing: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2010.[23] J.M. Heaton and R.M. Jenkins, " General matrix theory of self-imaging in multimode interference(MMI) couplers," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 11, pp. 212-214, Feb 1999 1999.[24] Trung-Thanh Le and Laurence Cahill, "Generation of two Fano resonances using 4x4 multimode interference structures on silicon waveguides," Optics Communications, vol. 301-302, pp. 100-105, 2013.[25] W. Green, R. Lee, and G. DeRose et al., "Hybrid InGaAsP-InP Mach-Zehnder Racetrack Resonator for Thermooptic Switching and Coupling Control," Optics Express, vol. 13, pp. 1651-1659, 2005.[26] Trung-Thanh Le and Laurence Cahill, "The Design of 4×4 Multimode Interference Coupler Based Microring Resonators on an SOI Platform," Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, Poland, pp. 98-102, 2009.[27] Duy-Tien Le, Manh-Cuong Nguyen, and Trung-Thanh Le, "Fast and slow light enhancement using cascaded microring resonators with the Sagnac reflector," Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics, vol. 131, pp. 292–301, Feb. 2017.[28] Xiaoping Liang, Qizhi Zhang, and Huabei Jiang, "Quantitative reconstruction of refractive index distribution and imaging of glucose concentration by using diffusing light," Applied Optics, vol. 45, pp. 8360-8365, 2006/11/10 2006.[29] C. Ciminelli, F. Dell’Olio, D. Conteduca et al., "High performance SOI microring resonator for biochemical sensing," Optics & Laser Technology, vol. 59, pp. 60-67, 2014.[30] Trung-Thanh Le, "Two-channel highly sensitive sensors based on 4 × 4 multimode interference couplers," Photonic Sensors, pp. 1-8, DOI: 10.1007/s13320-017-0441-1, 2017.[31] O. A. Marsh, Y. Xiong, and W. N. Ye, "Slot Waveguide Ring-Assisted Mach–Zehnder Interferometer for Sensing Applications," IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol. 23, pp. 440-443, 2017.[32] Juejun Hu, Xiaochen Sun, Anu Agarwal et al., "Design guidelines for optical resonator biochemical sensors," Journal of the Optical Society of America B, vol. 26, pp. 1032-1041, 2009/05/01 2009.[33] Y. Chen, Y. L. Ding, and Z. Y. Li, "Ethanol Sensor Based on Microring Resonator," Advanced Materials Research, vol. 655-657, pp. 669-672, 2013.[34] Sasikanth Manipatruni, Rajeev K. Dokania, Bradley Schmidt et al., "Wide temperature range operation of micrometer-scale silicon electro-optic modulators," Optics Letters, vol. 33, pp. 2185-2187, 2008.[35] Ming Han and Anbo Wang, "Temperature compensation of optical microresonators using a surface layer with negative thermo-optic coefficient," Optics Letters, vol. 32, pp. 1800-1802, 2007.[36] Kristinn B. Gylfason, Albert Mola Romero, and Hans Sohlström, "Reducing the temperature sensitivity of SOI waveguide-based biosensors," 2012, pp. 84310F-84310F-15.[37] Chun-Ta Wang, Cheng-Yu Wang, Jui-Hao Yu et al., "Highly sensitive optical temperature sensor based on a SiN micro-ring resonator with liquid crystal cladding," Optics Express, vol. 24, pp. 1002-1007, 2016.[38] Feng Qiu, Feng Yu, Andrew M. Spring et al., "Athermal silicon nitride ring resonator by photobleaching of Disperse Red 1-doped poly(methyl methacrylate) polymer," Optics Letters, vol. 37, pp. 4086-4088, 2012.[39] Biswajeet Guha, Bernardo B. C. Kyotoku, and Michal Lipson, "CMOS-compatible athermal silicon microring resonators," Optics Express, vol. 18, pp. 3487-3493, 2010.[40] Sahba Talebi Fard, Valentina Donzella, Shon A. Schmidt et al., "Performance of ultra-thin SOI-based resonators for sensing applications," Optics Express, vol. 22, pp. 14166-14179, 2014.[41] T. T. Bui and T. T. Le, "Glucose sensor based on 4x4 multimode interference coupler with microring resonators," in 2017 International Conference on Information and Communications (ICIC), 2017, pp. 224-228.[42] Chung-Yen Chao and L. Jay Guo, "Design and Optimization of Microring Resonators in Biochemical Sensing Applications," IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 24, pp. 1395-1402, 2006.[43] A. 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Abstract The cultivation of blackberry trees has been increasing in Brazil, making it necessary to establish management and crop treatments in order to enhance its production. The aim of this study is to evaluate the production and quality of blackberry fruits cv. ‘Tupy’ regarding pruning seasons and trellis systems in the Southwest region of Mato Grosso do Sul. The experiment was developed with evaluations in two production cycles (2013 and 2014). Three trellis systems were studied: C1 – Double-wire trellis, C2 – single-wire trellis, and C3 – ‘T’ trellis; and the following three winter pruning times in both production cycles: P1: 07/12; P2: 07/27; and P3: 08/11. Production performances were similar within each year. In 2013, the harvest period ranged from 10/22/2013 to 01/07/2014, while in 2014 the period ranged from 09/24/2014 to 12/12/2014. In 2014, the highest fruit production per plant occurred when P3 was performed. Cultivation using the Double-wire trellis system (C1) produced 11,669.43 and 3,465.98 kg, while the single-wire trellis system (C2) produced 11,965.53 and 3,373.87 kg in 2013 and 2014, respectively. The highest pH of fruits was observed when pruning was conducted in P1 using the ‘T’ trellis system. Double-wire trellis contributes in higher results of production blackberry in the Southwest region of Mato Grosso do Sul.

Diabetes Mellitus has been becoming a disease of the century, and disease incidence is still rising worldwide. It causes many serious complications, especially in the eye, heart, kidneys, brain, and vascular system, such as diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, liver fa­ilure, etc. Moreover, the process of controlling this disease is complicated. Meanwhile, the antidiabetic drugs on the market are facing some problems with a wide range of adverse reactions. Therefore, finding new drugs to treat diabetes has always been a topic that many researchers are interested in, especially drugs derived from nature like microorganisms and medicinal plants. This review is to provide knowledge concerning the effects of α-glucosidase inhibitors, which are oral antidiabetic drugs commonly used for diabetes mellitus type 2. Besides, we show readers the variety of active ingredients originating from nature, particularly the secondary metabolites of Aspergillus spp., which have many applications in the chemical and medicinal industry. Keywords: Diabetes, α-glucosidase inhibitors, Aspergillus. References [1] W. H. Organization, Classification of Diabetes Mellitus, https://www.who.int/westernpacific/health-topics/diabetes (accessed on: May 11th, 2021).[2] J. Thrasher, Pharmacologic Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Available Therapies, Am J Cardiol, Vol. 120, No. 1, 2017, pp. S4-S16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.05.009.[3] W. Hakamata, M. Kurihara, H. Okuda, T. Nishio, T. 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Since time immemorial, food has been the primary reason that family, friends, and new acquaintances are gathered. In recent years, food remains the star of the gathering and is further highlighted with the emergence of social media and heightened by the popularity of food selfies. This development requires a deeper understanding of food, especially heritage dishes of Southeast Asia, beyond eating. In past decades, several cookbooks, historical narratives, blogs, and vlogs on food were beautifully done both in the Philippines and beyond. However, there is no study yet that primarily theorizes the emergence and evolution of food in Southeast Asia. This paper, therefore, attempts to contribute to the continuing discussion of food in the region by using the Trinitas of ethnicity, environment, and experiences as framework. References Agoncillo, Teodoro. History of the Filipino People. Quezon City: R.P. Garcia Publishing House, 1990. Boileau, Janet. A Culinary History of the Protuguese Eurasians: The Origins of Luso-Asian Cuisine in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Australia: University of Adelaide, 2010. Brissenden, Rosemary. Joys and Subtleties: South East Asian Cooking. New York: Pantheon Books, 1971. Charnysh, Volha. “Does Climate Influence Culture?” A Historical Perspective. May 31, 2021. https://broadstreet.blog/2021/05/31/does-climate-influence-culture-a-historical-perspective/ Cokro Handoyo, Chrisfella, et. al. “Klappertaart: An Indonesian-Dutch influenced traditional food.” Journal of Ethnic Foods 5 (2018). David, Wahyudi and Daniel Kofahl. Eds. Food Culture of Southeast Asia: Perspectives of Social Science and Food Science. Germany: Kassel University Press, 2017. Devine, Carole, et. al. “Food Choices in Three Ethnic Groups: Interactions of Ideals, Identities and Roles.” Journal of Nutrition Education 31 (1999). 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Leong-Salobir, Cecilia. Food Culture in Colonial Asia: A Taste of Empire. New York: Routledge, 2011. Lockard, Craig. “Chinese Migration and Settlement in Southeast Asia Before 1850: Making Fields from the Sea.” History Compass 11, no.9 (2013). Ludovice, Nicolo Paolo. “The Ice Plant Cometh: The Insular Cold Storage and Ice Plant, Frozen Meat, and the Imperial Biodeterioration of American Manila, 1900-1935.” Global Food History 7, no.2 (2021). Madrid, Randy. “Ang Pariancillo ng Molo, Iloilo sa Pagtatagpo ng Hiligaynon at Hok-kien Bilang mga Wikang Pangkalakalan Noong Dantaon 18.” Saliksik e-Journal 2, no.1 (2013). Mandy, Apple. “Everything You Need to Know About Filipino Food: The Next Great American Cuisine.” December 5, 2020. https://www.themanual.com/food-and-drink/filipino-food-guide/#:~:text=From%20that%20time%20through%201946,technology%20like%20microwave%20and%20fridge. Marchetti, Silvia. “Curry puffs: How a Portuguese Snack Arrived in Southeast Asia in the 1500s and Became a Hit Across the Region.” South China Morning Post, January 12, 2021. https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/food-drink/article/3117240/curry-puffs-how-portuguese-snack-arrived-southeast-asia-1500s. McLeod, Saul. “Nature vs. Nurture in Psychology.” https://www.simplypsychology.org/naturevsnurture.html. 2018. Newman, Jacqueline. “Cultural Aspects of Asian Dietary Habits”. In C. Ang, K. Liu, and Y. Huang (Eds.). Asian Foods: Science & technology. Pennsylvania: Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., (1999).Ocampo, Ambeth. “Japanese origins of the Philippine ‘halo-halo.” Philippine Daily Inquirer, August 30, 2012. https://opinion.inquirer.net/35790/japanese-origins-of-the-philippine-halo-halo. Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project, 2022. http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/regions/asia-pacific/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010 Santarita, Joefe. Becoming Filipino. Quezon City: Vibal Publishing House, forthcoming 2023. Sengupta, Jayshree. “India’s Cultural and Civilizational Influence on Southeast Asia.” Observer Research Foundation, August 30, 2017. https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/indias-cultural-and-civilizational-influence-on-southeast-asia/ Sibal, Vatika. “Food: Identity of Culture and Religion.” September 2018. https://www.wathi.org/food-identity-of-culture-and-religion-researchgate/. Steele, Jonathan. “Nation Building in East Timor.” World Policy Journal 19, no.2 (2002). Tasevski, Olivia. “The Dutch are Uncomfortable with Being History’s Villains, not Victims.” Foreign Policy, August 10, 2020. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/08/10/dutch-colonial-history-indonesia-villains-victims/. Trivedi, Sonu. “Early Indian Influence in Southeast Asia: Revitalizing Partnership between India and Indonesia.” India Quarterly 66, no.1 (March 2010). 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Introduction Automated or semi-automated software agents, better known as bots, have become an integral part of social media platforms. Reportedly, bots now generate twenty-four per cent of all posts on Twitter (Orlean “Man”), yet we know very little about who these bots are, what they do, or how to attend to these bots. This article examines one particular prominent exemplar: @Horse_ebooks, a much beloved Twitter bot that turned out not to be a “proper” bot after all. By examining how people responded to the revelations that the @Horse_ebooks account was in fact a human and not an automated software program, the intention here is not only to nuance some of the more common discourses around Twitter bots as spam, but more directly and significantly, to use the concept of persona as a useful analytical framework for understanding the relationships people forge with bots. Twitter bots tend to be portrayed as annoying parasites that generate “fake traffic” and “steal identities” (Hill; Love; Perlroth; Slotkin). According to such news media presentations, bots are part of an “ethically-questionable industry,” where they operate to provide an (false) impression of popularity (Hill). In a similar vein, much of the existing academic research on bots, especially from a computer science standpoint, tends to focus on the destructive nature of bots in an attempt to design better spam detection systems (Laboreiro et.al; Weiss and Tscheligi; Zangerle and Specht). While some notable exceptions exist (Gehl; Hwang et al; Mowbray), there is still an obvious lack of research on Twitter bots within Media Studies. By examining a case of “bot fakeness”—albeit in a somewhat different manner—this article contributes an understanding of Twitter bots as medium-specific personas. The case of @Horse_ebooks does show how people treat it as having a distinct personality. More importantly, this case study shows how the relationship people forge with an alleged bot differs from how they would relate to a human. To understand the ambiguity of the concept of persona as it applies to bots, this article relies on para-social interaction theory as developed by Horton and Wohl. In their seminal article first published in 1956, Horton and Wohl understood para-social interaction as a “simulacrum of conversational give and take” that takes place particularly between mass media users and performers (215). The relationship was termed para-social because, despite of the nonreciprocal exposure situation, the viewer would feel as if the relationship was real and intimate. Like theater, an illusory relationship would be created between what they called the persona—an “indigenous figure” presented and created by the mass media—and the viewer (Horton and Wohl 216). Like the “new types of performers” created by the mass media—”the quizmasters, announcers or ‘interviewers’” —bots too, seem to represent a “special category of ‘personalities’ whose existence is a function of the media themselves” (Horton and Wohl 216). In what follows, I revisit the concept of para-social interaction using the case of @Horse_ebooks, to show that there is potential to expand an understanding of persona to include non-human actors as well. Everything Happens So Much: The Case of @Horse_ebooks The case of the now debunked Twitter account @Horse_ebooks is interesting for a number of reasons, not least because it highlights the presence of what we might call botness, the belief that bots possess distinct personalities or personas that are specific to algorithms. In the context of Twitter, bots are pieces of software or scripts that are designed to automatically or semi-automatically publish tweets or make and accept friend requests (Mowbray). Typically, bots are programmed and designed to be as humanlike as possible, a goal that has been pursued ever since Alan Turing proposed what has now become known as the Turing test (Gehl; Weiss and Tschengeli). The Turing test provides the classic challenge for artificial intelligence, namely, whether a machine can impersonate a human so convincingly that it becomes indistinguishable from an actual human. This challenge is particularly pertinent to spambots as they need to dodge the radar of increasingly complex spam filters and detection algorithms. To avoid detection, bots masquerade as “real” accounts, trying to seem as human as possible (Orlean “Man”). Not all bots, however, pretend to be humans. Bots are created for all kinds of purposes. As Mowbray points out, “many bots are designed to be informative or otherwise useful” (184). For example, bots are designed to tweet news headlines, stock market quotes, traffic information, weather forecasts, or even the hourly bell chimes from Big Ben. Others are made for more artistic purposes or simply for fun by hackers and other Internet pundits. These bots tell jokes, automatically respond to certain keywords typed by other users, or write poems (i.e. @pentametron, @ProfJocular). Amidst the growing bot population on Twitter, @Horse_ebooks is perhaps one of the best known and most prominent. The account was originally created by Russian web developer Alexey Kouznetsov and launched on 5 August 2010. In the beginning, @Horse_ebooks periodically tweeted links to an online store selling e-books, some of which were themed around horses. What most people did not know, until it was revealed to the public on 24 September 2013 (Orlean “Horse”), was that the @Horse_ebooks account had been taken over by artist and Buzzfeed employee Jacob Bakkila in September 2011. Only a year after its inception, @Horse_ebooks went from being a bot to being a human impersonating a bot impersonating a human. After making a deal with Kouznetsov, Bakkila disabled the spambot and started generating tweets on behalf of @Horse_ebooks, using found material and text strings from various obscure Internet sites. The first tweet in Bakkila’s disguise was published on 14 September 2011, saying: “You will undoubtedly look on this moment with shock and”. For the next two years, streams of similar, “strangely poetic” (Chen) tweets were published, slowly giving rise to a devoted and growing fan base. Over the years, @Horse_ebooks became somewhat of a cultural phenomenon—an Internet celebrity of sorts. By 2012, @Horse_ebooks had risen to Internet fame; becoming one of the most mentioned “spambots” in news reports and blogs (Chen). Responses to the @Horse_ebooks “Revelation” On 24 September 2013, journalist Susan Orlean published a piece in The New Yorker revealing that @Horse_ebooks was in fact “human after all” (Orlean “@Horse_ebooks”). The revelation rapidly spurred a plethora of different reactions by its followers and fans, ranging from indifference, admiration and disappointment. Some of the sadness and disappointment felt can be seen clearly in the many of media reports, blog posts and tweets that emerged after the New Yorker story was published. Meyer of The Atlantic expressed his disbelief as follows: @Horse_ebooks, reporters told us, was powered by an algorithm. [...] We loved the horse because it was the network talking to itself about us, while trying to speak to us. Our inventions, speaking—somehow sublimely—of ourselves. Our joy was even a little voyeuristic. An algorithm does not need an audience. To me, though, that disappointment is only a mark of the horse’s success. We loved @Horse_ebooks because it was seerlike, childlike. But no: There were people behind it all along. We thought we were obliging a program, a thing which needs no obliging, whereas in fact we were falling for a plan. (Original italics) People felt betrayed, indeed fooled by @Horse_ebooks. As Watson sees it, “The internet got up in arms about the revelation, mostly because it disrupted our desire to believe that there was beauty in algorithms and randomness.” Several prominent Internet pundits, developers and otherwise computationally skilled people, quickly shared their disappointment and even anger on Twitter. As Jacob Harris, a self-proclaimed @Horse_ebooks fan and news hacker at the New York Times expressed it: Harris’ comparisons to the winning chess-playing computer Deep Blue speaks to the kind of disappointment felt. It speaks to the deep fascination that people feel towards the mysteries of the machine. It speaks to the fundamental belief in the potentials of machine intelligence and to the kind of techno-optimism felt amongst many hackers and “webbies.” As technologist and academic Dan Sinker said, “If I can’t rely on a Twitter bot to actually be a bot, what can I rely on?” (Sinker “If”). Perhaps most poignantly, Sinker noted his obvious disbelief in a blog post tellingly titled “Eulogy for a horse”: It’s been said that, given enough time, a million monkeys at typewriters would eventually, randomly, type the works of Shakespeare. It’s just a way of saying that mathematically, given infinite possibilities, eventually everything will happen. But I’ve always wanted it literally to be true. I’ve wanted those little monkeys to produce something beautiful, something meaningful, and yet something wholly unexpected.@Horse_ebooks was my monkey Shakespeare. I think it was a lot of people’s…[I]t really feels hard, like a punch through everything I thought I knew. (Sinker “Eulogy”) It is one thing is to be fooled by a human and quite another to be fooled by a “Buzzfeed employee.” More than anything perhaps, the question of authenticity and trustworthiness seems to be at stake. In this sense, “It wasn’t the identities of the feed’s writers that shocked everyone (though one of the two writers works for BuzzFeed, which really pissed people off). Rather, it was the fact that they were human in the first place” (Farago). As Sinker put it at the end of the “Eulogy”: I want to believe this wasn’t just yet another internet buzz-marketing prank.I want to believe that @Horse was as beautiful and wonderful today as it was yesterday.I want to believe that beauty can be assembled from the randomness of life all around us.I want to believe that a million monkeys can make something amazingGod.I really, really do want to believe.But I don’t think I do.And that feels even worse. Bots as Personae: Revisiting Horton and Wohl’s Concept of Para-Social Relations How then are we to understand and interpret @Horse_ebooks and peoples’ responses to the revelations? Existing research on human-robot relations suggest that machines are routinely treated as having personalities (Turkle “Life”). There is even evidence to suggest that people often imagine relationships with (sufficiently responsive) robots as being better than relationships with humans. As Turkle explains, this is because relationships with machines, unlike humans, do not demand any ethical commitments (Turkle “Alone”). In other words, bots are oftentimes read and perceived as personas, with which people forge affective relationships. The term “persona” can be understood as a performance of personhood. In a Goffmanian sense, this performance describes how human beings enact roles and present themselves in public (Goffman). As Moore puts it, “the persona is a projection, a puppet show, usually constructed by an author and enlivened by the performance, interpretation, or adaptation”. From Marcel Mauss’ classic analysis of gifts as objects thoroughly personified (Scott), through to the study of drag queens (Stru¨bel-Scheiner), the concept of persona signifies a masquerade, a performance. As a useful concept to theorise the performance and doing of personhood, persona has been used to study everything from celebrity culture (Marshall), fiction, and social networking sites (Zhao et al.). The concept also figures prominently in Human Computer Interaction and Usability Studies where the creation of personas constitutes an important design methodology (Dong et al.). Furthermore, as Marshall points out, persona figures prominently in Jungian psychoanalysis where it exemplifies the idea of “what a man should appear to be” (166). While all of these perspectives allow for interesting analysis of personas, here I want to draw on an understanding of persona as a medium specific condition. Specifically, I want to revisit Horton and Wohl’s classic text about para-social interaction. Despite the fact that it was written almost 60 years ago and in the context of the then emerging mass media – radio, television and movies – their observations are still relevant and useful to theorise the kinds of relations people forge with bots today. According to Horton and Wohl, the “persona offers, above all, a continuing relationship. His appearance is a regular and dependable event, to be counted on, planned for, and integrated into the routines of daily life” (216). The para-social relations between audiences and TV personas are developed over time and become more meaningful to the audience as it acquires a history. Not only are devoted TV audiences characterized by a strong belief in the character of the persona, they are also expected to “assume a sense of personal obligation to the performer” (Horton and Wohl 220). As Horton and Wohl note, “the “fan” - comes to believe that he “knows” the persona more intimately and profoundly than others do; that he “understands” his character and appreciates his values and motives (216). In a similar vein, fans of @Horse_ebooks expressed their emotional attachments in blog posts and tweets. For Sinker, @Horse_ebooks seemed to represent the kind of dependable and regular event that Horton and Wohl described: “Even today, I love @Horse_ebooks. A lot. Every day it was a gift. There were some days—thankfully not all that many—where it was the only thing I looked forward to. I know that that was true for others as well” (Sinker “Eulogy”). Judging from searching Twitter retroactively for @Horse_ebooks, the bot meant something, if not much, to other people as well. Still, almost a year after the revelations, people regularly tweet that they miss @Horse_ebooks. For example, Harris tweets messages saying things like: “I’m still bitter about @Horse_ebooks” (12 November 2013) or “Many of us are still angry and hurt about @Horse_ebooks” (27 December 2013). Twitter user @third_dystopia says he feels something is missing from his life, realizing “horse eBooks hasn’t tweeted since September.” Another of the many messages posted in retrospect similarly says: “I want @Horse_ebooks back. Ever since he went silent, Twitter hasn’t been the same for me” (Lockwood). Indeed, Marshall suggests that affect is at “the heart of a wider persona culture” (162). In a Deleuzian understanding of the term, affect refers to the “capacity to affect and be affected” (Steward 2). Borrowing from Marshall, what the @Horse_ebooks case shows is “that there are connections in our culture that are not necessarily coordinated with purposive and rational alignments. They are organised around clusters of sentiment that help situate people on various spectra of activity and engagement” (162). The concept of persona helps to understand how the performance of @Horse_ebooks depends on the audience to “contribute to the illusion by believing in it” (Horton and Wohl 220). “@Horse_ebooks was my monkey” as Sinker says, suggests a fundamental loss. In this case the para-social relation could no longer be sustained, as the illusion of being engaged in a relation with a machine was taken away. The concept of para-social relations helps not only to illuminate the similarities between how people reacted to @Horse_ebooks and the way in which Horton and Wohl described peoples’ reactions to TV personas. It also allows us to see some crucial differences between the ways in which people relate to bots compared to how they relate to a human. For example, rather than an expression of grief at the loss of a social relationship, it could be argued that the responses triggered by the @Horse_ebooks revelations was of a more general loss of belief in the promises of artificial intelligence. To a certain extent, the appeal of @Horse_ebooks was precisely the fact that it was widely believed not to be a person. Whereas TV personas demand an ethical and social commitment on the part of the audience to keep the masquerade of the performer alive, a bot “needs no obliging” (Meyer). Unlike TV personas that depend on an illusory sense of intimacy, bots do “not need an audience” (Meyer). Whether or not people treat bots in the same way as they treat TV personas, Horton and Wohl’s concept of para-social relations ultimately points towards an understanding of the bot persona as “a function of the media themselves” (Horton and Wohl 216). If quizmasters were seen as the “typical and indigenous figures” of mass media in 1956 (Horton and Wohl 216), the bot, I would suggest, constitutes such an “indigenous figure” today. The bot, if not exactly a “new type of performer” (Horton and Wohl 216), is certainly a pervasive “performer”—indeed a persona—on Twitter today. While @Horse_ebooks was somewhat paradoxically revealed as a “performance art” piece (Orlean “Man”), the concept of persona allows us to see the “real” performance of @Horse_ebooks as constituted in the doing of botness. As the responses to @Horse_ebooks show, the concept of persona is not merely tied to beliefs about “what man should appear to be” (Jung 158), but also to ideas about what a bot should appear to be. Moreover, what the curious case of @Horse_ebooks shows, is how bots are not necessarily interpreted and judged by the standards of the original Turing test, that is, how humanlike they are, but according to how well they perform as bots. Indeed, we might ultimately understand the present case as a successful reverse Turing test, highlighting how humans can impersonate a bot so convincingly that it becomes indistinguishable from an actual bot. References Chen, Adrian. “How I Found the Human Being Behind @Horse_ebooks, The Internet's Favorite Spambot.” Gawker 23 Feb. 2012. 20 Apr. 2014 ‹http://gawker.com/5887697/how-i-found-the-human-being-behind-horseebooks-the-internets-favorite-spambot›. Dong, Jianming, Kuldeep Kelkar, and Kelly Braun. “Getting the Most Out of Personas for Product Usability Enhancements.” Usability and Internationalization. HCI and Culture Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4559 (2007): 291-96. Farago, Jason. “Give Me a Break. @Horse_ebooks Isn’t Art.” New Republic 24 Sep. 2013. 2 Apr. 2014 ‹http://www.newrepublic.com/article/114843/horse-ebooks-twitter-hoax-isnt-art›. Gehl, Robert. Reverse Engineering Social Media: Software, Culture, and Political Economy in New Media Capitalism. Temple University Press, 2014. Goffman, Erwin. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Anchor Books, 1959. Harris, Jacob (harrisj). “For a programmer like me who loves whimsical code, it’s a bit like being into computer chess and finding out Deep Blue has a guy inside.” 24 Sep. 2013, 5:03. Tweet. Harris, Jacob (harrisj). “I’m still bitter about ?@Horse_ebooks.” 12 Nov. 2013, 00:15. Tweet. Harris, Jacob (harrisj). “Many of us are still angry and hurt about ?@horse_ebooks.” 27 Dec. 2013, 6:24. Tweet. Hill, Kashmir. “The Invasion of the Twitter Bots.” Forbes 9 Aug. 2012. 13 Mar. 2014 ‹http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2012/08/09/the-invasion-of-the-twitter-bots›. Horton, Donald, and Richard Wohl. “Mass Communication and Para-Social Interaction: Observations on Intimacy at a Distance.” Psychiatry 19 (1956): 215-29. Isaacson, Andy. “Are You Following a Bot? How to Manipulate Social Movements by Hacking Twitter.” The Atlantic 2 Apr. 2011. 13 Mar. 2014 ‹http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/05/are-you-following-a-bot/308448/›. Jung, Carl. Two Essays on Analytical Psychology, 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 1992. Laboreiro, Gustavo, Luís Sarmento, and Eugénio Oliveira. “Identifying Automatic Posting Systems in Microblogs.” Progress in Artificial Intelligence. Ed. Luis Antunes and H. Sofia Pinto. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 2011. Lee, Kyumin, B. David Eoff, and James Caverlee. “Seven Months with the Devils: A Long-Term Study of Content Polluters on Twitter.” Proceedings of the Fifth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, 2011. Lockwood, Alex (heislockwood). “I want @Horse_ebooks back. Ever since he went silent, Twitter hasn’t been the same for me.” 7 Jan. 2014, 15:49. Tweet. Love, Dylan. “More than One Third of Web Traffic Is Fake.” Slate 24 Mar. 2014. 20 Apr. 2014 ‹http://www.slate.com/blogs/business_insider/2014/03/24/fake_online_traffic_36_percent_of_all_web_traffic_is_fraudulent.html›. Marshall, P. David. “Persona Studies: Mapping the Proliferation of the Public Self”. Journalism 15.2 (2014): 153–70. Meyer, Robinson. “@Horse_ebooks Is the Most Successful Piece of Cyber Fiction, Ever.” The Atlantic 24 Sep. 2013. 2 Apr. 2014 ‹http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/10/an-amazing-new-twitter-account-that-sort-of-mimics-your-tweets/280400›. Moore, Chris. “Personae or Personas: the Social in Social Media.” Persona Studies 13 Oct. 2011. 20 Apr. 2014 ‹http://www.personastudies.com/2011/10/personae-or-personas-social-in-social.html›. Mowbray, Miranda. “Automated Twitter Accounts.” Twitter and Society. Eds. Katrin Weller, Axel Bruns, Jean Burgess, Merja Mahrt and Cornelius Puschmann. New York: Peter Lang, 2014. 183-94. Orlean, Susan. “Man and Machine: Playing Games on the Internet.” The New Yorker 10 Feb. 2014. 13 Mar. 2014 ‹http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2014/02/10/140210fa_fact_orlean›. Orlean, Susan. “@Horse_ebooks Is Human after All.” The New Yorker 24 Sep. 2013. 15 Feb. 2013 ‹http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/elements/2013/09/horse-ebooks-and-pronunciation-book-revealed.html›. Pearce, Ian, Max Nanis, and Tim Hwang. “PacSocial: Field Test Report.” 15 Nov. 2011. 2 Apr. 2014 ‹http://pacsocial.com/files/pacsocial_field_test_report_2011-11-15.pdf›. Perlroth, Nicole. “Fake Twitter Followers Become Multimillion-Dollar Business.” The New York Times 5 Apr. 2013. 13 Mar. 2014 ‹http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/05/fake-twitter-followers-becomes-multimillion-dollar-business/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=1›. Scott, Linda. “The Troupe: Celebrities as Dramatis Personae in Advertisements.” NA: Advances in Consumer Research. Vol. 18. Eds. Rebecca H. Holman and Michael R. Solomon. Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, 1991. 355-63. Sinker, Dan. “Eulogy for a Horse.“ dansinker.com 24 Sep. 2013. 22 Apr. 2014 ‹http://web.archive.org/web/20140213003406/http://dansinker.com/post/62183207705/eulogy-for-a-horse›. Sinker, Dan (dansinker). “If I can’t rely on a Twitter bot to actually be a bot. What can I rely on?” 24 Sep. 2013, 4:36. Tweet. Slotkin, Jason. “Twitter ‘Bots’ Steal Tweeters’ Identities.” Marketplace 27 May 2013. 20 Apr. 2014 ‹http://www.marketplace.org/topics/tech/twitter-bots-steal-tweeters-identities›. Stetten, Melissa (MelissaStetten). “Finding out @Horse_ebooks is a Buzzfeed employee’s “performance art” is like Banksy revealing that he’s Jared Leto.” 25 Sep. 2013, 4:39. Tweet. Stewart, Kathleen. Ordinary Affects. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007. Strübel-Scheiner, Jessica. “Gender Performativity and Self-Perception: Drag as Masquerade.” International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 1.13 (2011): 12-19. Turkle, Sherry. Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. New York: Basic Books, 2011. Tea Cake (third_dystopia). “I felt like something was missing from my life, and then I realized horse eBooks hasn't tweeted since September.” 9 Jan. 2014, 18:40. Tweet. Turkle, Sherry. Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet. New York: Touchstone, 1995. Watson, Sara. “Else 9:30: The “Monkeys with Typewriter” Algorithm.” John Battelle’s searchblog 30 Sep. 2013. 23 Mar. 2014 ‹http://battellemedia.com/archives/2013/09/else-9-30-believing-in-monkeys-with-typewriters-algorithms.php›. Weiss, Astrid, and Manfred Tscheligi.”Rethinking the Human–Agent Relationship: Which Social Cues Do Interactive Agents Really Need to Have?” Believable Bots: Can Computers Play Like People? Ed. Philip Hingston. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 2012. 1-28. 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ObjectiveWe aim to better understand online social interactions and environments of individuals interested in weight management from a social media platform called Reddit.IntroductionOverweight and obesity are recognized as one of the greatest modern public health problems1, yet worldwide prevalence of obesity has nearly doubled over the past 30 years2. As part of a strategy to control the obesity pandemic, the WHO recommends an obesity surveillance at the population level3. Empirical studies have shown the importance of social networks in obesity4 and new strategies focusing on social interactions and environments have been proposed5 to prevent the further increase in obesity prevalence. With the increasing use of the internet, online social networks, interactions, and environments (i.e., online social relational factors) deserve more attention.Nearly three- quarters of Americans go online daily6, for functions like connecting with individuals via social network sites7. Like face to face interactions, studies have suggested that social interactions and networks on the internet can influence behavior changes8. Previous studies examining social networking sites typically examine a few selected social networking sites (example studies9,10), although individuals could be members of multiple social networking sites. To better leverage online social relational factors for the purpose of characterizing and monitoring population obesity trends, we investigate weight management community members’ other communities and their level of participation, a first step toward utilizing online multifactorial social interactions and environments.MethodsIn this study, we studied Reddit (http://www.reddit.com), a popular social interaction site, because Reddit hosts many subreddits (i.e., sub-communities), including weight management communities called r/loseit. First, we use a dataset11 — made available on Reddit — that had been used in many informatics studies12–14. For this study, we used a portion of the dataset from Jan 2015 to May 2015. In the first five months of 2015, 5,006,186 members were active in 96,462 subreddits, while submitting 17,851,561 posts and 266,268,920 associated comments. Second, we identified members with more than 3 posts on r/loseit in that period and removed ‘bot’ accounts by manually examining the top 20 frequent posters and their account IDs. Third, we extracted these members’ entire discussions made on Reddit, regardless of the subreddits. Fourth, we identified these members’ overall activities on Reddit and visualized in a network15.ResultsAfter removing bot accounts, we identified 7,734 members who had more than 3 posts in r/loseit from Jan 2015 to May 2015. On average, these members participated in 78.5 subreddits (standard error: 0.1; median: 49.0), while participating in 13,649 unique subreddits as a whole. Members’ participated subreddits are summarized in Figure 1. The size of the nodes represents the number of participating members and the thickness of edges represents the number of members who participated in both subreddits.ConclusionsWe present preliminary findings towards better understanding the online multifactorial social interactions and environments on a social networking site called Reddit. We provide evidence that members encounter many social interactions that occur outside of the community of our interest, the weight management community. However, what members discuss outside of the weight management community as well as the interactions’ influence on weight managements and changes remain unanswered. For example, many members also participate in a subreddit called r/fitness, a community that could share many similar interests with r/loseit. However, the purpose for participating in both communities is unknown. On the basis of our initial analysis, we suggest leveraging online multifaceted social relational factors for the purpose of characterizing and monitoring population obesity trends.References1. Jeffery, R. W. & Utter, J. The changing environment and population obesity in the United States. Obes. Res. 11 Suppl, 12S–22S (2003).2. World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory (GHO) data: Obesity. (2009). Available at: http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/obesity_text/en/; Archived at: http://www.webcitation.org/6rQICh7Oq.3. Bjorntorp, P. et al. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ. Tech. Rep. Ser. 894, i–xii, 1-253 (2000).4. Christakis, N. A. & Fowler, J. H. The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years. N. Engl. J. Med. 357, 370–9 (2007).5. Leroux, J. S., Moore, S. & Dubé, L. Beyond the ‘I’ in the obesity epidemic: a review of social relational and network interventions on obesity. J. Obes. 2013, 348249 (2013).6. Perrin, A. One fifth of Americans report going online ‘almost constantly’. Pew Research Center (2015). Available at: http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/12/08/one-fifth-of-americans-report-going-online-almost-constantly/; Archived at: http://www.webcitation.org/6s9ZTXRDl.7. Greenwood, S., Perrin, A. & Duggan, M. Social Media Update 2016. Pew Research Center Internet, Science & Tech 1–9 (2016). Available at: http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/11/11/social-media-update-2016/ ; Archived at: http://www.webcitation.org/6q0FDWNRI.8. Laranjo, L. et al. The influence of social networking sites on health behavior change: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc. 22, 243–56 (2015).9. Park, A. et al. ‘How Did We Get Here?’: Topic Drift in Online Health Discussions. J. Med. Internet Res. 18, e284 (2016).10. Park, A., Conway, M. & Chen, A. T. Examining Thematic Similarity, Difference, and Membership in Three Online Mental Health Communities from Reddit: A Text Mining and Visualization Approach. Comput. Human Behav. 78, 98–112 (2018).11. Reddit_Member. I have every publicly available Reddit comment for research. ~ 1.7 billion comments @ 250 GB compressed. Any interest in this? (2015). Available at: https://www.reddit.com/r/datasets/comments/3bxlg7/i_have_every_publicly_available_reddit_comment/; Archived at: http://www.webcitation.org/6kgAuNxDE.12. Park, A. & Conway, M. Tracking Health Related Discussions on Reddit for Public Health Applications. Annu. Symp. proceedings. AMIA Symp. 2017, 1362–1371 (2017).13. Park, A. & Conway, M. Harnessing Reddit to Understand the Written-Communication Challenges Experienced by Individuals With Mental Health Disorders: Analysis of Texts From Mental Health Communities. J. Med. Internet Res. 20, e121 (2018).14. Park, A. & Conway, M. Towards Tracking Opium Related Discussions in Social Media. Online J. Public Health Inform. 9, e73 (2017).15. Bastian, M., Heymann, S. & Jacomy, M. Gephi: An Open Source Software for Exploring and Manipulating Networks. (2009).

TThis paper presents a hybrid method that combines the genetic algorithm (GA) and the ant colony system algorithm (ACS), namely GACS, to solve the traffic routing problem. In the proposed framework, we use the genetic algorithm to optimize the ACS parameters in order to attain the best trips and travelling time through several novel functions to help ants to update the global and local pheromones. The GACS framework is implemented using the VANETsim package and the real city maps from the open street map project. The experimental results show that our framework achieves a considerably higher performance than A-Star and the classical ACS algorithms in terms of the length of the global best path and the time for trips. Moreover, the GACS framework is also efficient in solving the congestion problem by online monitoring the conditions of traffic light systems. KeywordsTraffic routing; Ant colony system; Genetic algorithm; VANET simulator. References [1] M. Dorigo, Ant colony optimization, Scholarpedia 2(3) (2007) 1461. https://doi.org/10/4249/scholarpedia.1461.[2] M.V. Dorigo, Maniezzo, A. Colorni, Ant system: Optimization by a colony of cooperating agents, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics) 26(1) (1996) 29-41.[3] M. Dorigo, L.M. Gambardella, Ant colony system: A cooperative learning approach to the traveling salesman problem, IEEE Transactions on evolutionary computation 1(1) (1997) 53-66.[4] M. Dorigo, T. St¨utzle, Ant Colony Optimization. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2004.[5] D. Favaretto, E. Moretti, P. Pellegrini, On the explorative behavior of MAX-MIN Ant. System, In: St¨utzle T, Birattari M, Hoos HH (eds) Engineering Stochastic Local Search Algorithms, Designing, Implementing and Analyzing Effective Heuristics. SLS 2009, LNCS, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany 5752 (2009) 115-119.[6] F. Lobo, C.F. Lima, Z. Michalewicz (eds), Parameter Setting in Evolutionary Algorithms, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2007.[7] T. Stützle, Manuel López-Ibáñez, Paola Pellegrini, Michael Maur, Marco Montes de Oca, Mauro Birattari, Marco Dorigo, Parameter adaptation in ant colony optimization in Autonomous search, Springer, 2011, pp. 191-215.[8] Z. Cai, H. Huang, Ant colony optimization algorithm based on adaptive weight and volatility parameters in Intelligent Information Technology Application, 2008. IITA'08, Second International Symposium IEEE, 2008.[9] J. Liu, Shenghua Xu, Fuhao Zhang, Liang Wang, A hybrid genetic-ant colony optimization algorithm for the optimal path selection, Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, 2016, pp. 1-8.[10] D.Gaertner K.L. Clark, On Optimal Parameters for Ant Colony Optimization Algorithms, In IC-AI, 2005.[11] X.Wei, Parameters Analysis for Basic Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm in TSP, Reason 7(4) (2014) 159-170.[12] J.H. Holland, Adaptation in natural and artificial systems: An introductory analysis with applications to biology, control and artificial intelligence, U Michigan Press, 1975.[13] K.D.E. Sastry, Goldberg, G. Kendall, Genetic algorithms, In Search methodologies, Springer, 2014, pp. 93-117.[14] S.M. Odeh, Management of an intelligent traffic light system by using genetic algorithm, Journal of Image and Graphics 1(2) (2013) 90-93.[15] A.M. Turky, M.S. Ahmad, M.Z.M. Yusoff, B.T. Hammad, Using Genetic Algorithm for Traffic Light Control System with a Pedestrian Crossing, In: Wen P., Li Y., Polkowski L., Yao Y., Tsumoto S., Wang G. (eds) Rough Sets and Knowledge Technology, RSKT 2009, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 5589 (2009) 512-519.[16] Y.R.B. Al-Mayouf, Mahamod Ismail1, Nor Fadzilah Abdullah, Salih M. Al-Qaraawi, Omar Adil Mahdi, Survey On Vanet Technologies And Simulation Models, 2006.[17] S.A. Ben Mussa, M. Manaf, K.Z. Ghafoor, Z. Doukha, "Simulation tools for vehicular ad hoc networks: A comparison study and future perspectives", 2015 International Conference on Wireless Networks and Mobile Communications (WINCOM), Marrakech, 2015, pp. 1-8.[18] V. Cristea, Victor Gradinescu, Cristian Gorgorin, Raluca Diaconescu, Liviu Iftode, Simulation of vanet applications, Automotive Informatics and Communicative Systems, 2009.[19] L. Liang, J. Ye, D. Wei, Application of improved ant colony system algorithm in optimization of irregular parts nesting, In 2008 Fourth International Conference on Natural Computation, IEEE, 2008.[20] X. Yan, Research on the Hybrid ant Colony Algorithm based on Genetic Algorithm. International Journal of Signal Processing, Image Processing and Pattern Recognition 9(3) (2016) 155-166.

Summer Cypress (Bassia scoparia) is a large annual herb belonging to the family Amaranthaceae native to Eurasia. It has been introduced in many other countries of the world. In Pakistan, summer cypress is also known as kochia and grown as an ornamental plant for its red fall foliage for landscapes. During October, 2017 a survey was conducted in Punjab Province, Pakistan, where 100 wilted plant samples were collected from 30 different plantations of Faisalabad district. Up to 50% loss of plantation was noted in all visited locations. Lower parts of the plants were affected first presenting with necrosis of leaf tips surrounded by a chlorotic zone (Fig. 1. A). Then necrosis of apical margins of the plant parts occurred, followed by stem discoloration and wilting of entire herbaceous branches, leading to the partial wilting of the plants. Ultimately, whole plant wilted and died, (Fig. 1. B) appearing as though they had been scorched. Diseased tissues from lower stem (crown portion) were sampled, surface sterilized in 70 % ethanol for 30 s, and cultured on to Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. Petri dishes were incubated at 25 ˚C with alternating 12-hour periods of light and dark. Frequently observed, fast growing whitish grey fungal cultures with black pin head points were obtained after 7 days (Fig. 1. C). Young conidia were one-celled, yellow to orange in color and turned brown to black (Fig. 1. D & E), ranged in size from 11 μm to 16 μm x 9.5 μm to 12 μm (Fig. 1. F), and were ellipsoidal at maturity (Fig. 2. A). Hyphae were branched, septate and dark brown in color while conidiophores were flexuous, branched and ranged between 3.5 μm to 4.5 μm in diameter and 14.5 μm to 26.5 μm in length. Based on morphology (Ellis, 1971), the pathogen was identified as Nigrospora oryzae and submitted to the Westerdijk Collection of Fungi, Netherland (CBS 146145/RNOEG30). Total DNA of isolate EG30 was extracted and portions of the Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and beta-tubulin (βt) gene were amplified using the universal primers ITS1F and ITS4 (White et al., 1990) and βt2a and βt2b (Glass and Donaldson, 1995). The generated ITS (GenBank Accession No. MG745331.1 491 bp) and βt (GenBank Accession No. MN629896 408 bp) sequences were searched against GenBank using BLASTn and were 99% homologous to ITS (KX986074 525 bp ; MN341493 550 bp) and 100% homologous to βt (MK262852 409 bp) gene region from Nigrospora oryzae (Wang et al., 2017; Zhang, 2019). For pathogenicity tests, ten healthy two-month-old summer cypress plants were inoculated by soil drenching of a spore suspension (106-107 spores/mL) of the fungal isolate EG30 while five plants were treated with sterilized water and used as control treatments. Plants were incubated at 60 to 75% relative humidity (RH) and 25 ˚C in a greenhouse. Leaf necrosis and partial to whole plant witling (Fig. 2. B & C) were observed in the inoculated plants after 21 days. No symptoms appeared in control plants. A fungus was re-isolated from the lower stem (crown portion) parts of the inoculated plants that was identical in morphology to isolate EG30. No fungus resembling EG30 was isolated from the control plants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of summer cypress wilt caused by Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. and Broome) Petch, a known pathogen of several important crops in China, Australia, India, Canada, and Pakistan (Sharma et al., 2013).

<p align="center"><strong>Substantiation of a QUALITY Target PROFILE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMBINED eye drops for glaucoma</strong><strong> treatment</strong><strong></strong></p><p align="center"><strong>A</strong><strong>.</strong><strong>M</strong><strong>.</strong><strong>Yakubchuk</strong><strong>, </strong><strong>E</strong><strong>.</strong><strong>G</strong><strong>. </strong><strong>Fetisova</strong><strong>, </strong><strong>A</strong><strong>.</strong><strong>V</strong><strong>.</strong><strong>Dorovskyy</strong><strong>, </strong><strong>L</strong><strong>.</strong><strong>M</strong><strong>. </strong><strong>Andryukova</strong></p><p align="center">NationalPharmaceuticalUniversity, Kharkiv.</p><p>The article contains the definition of an element of pharmaceutical development, namely, the quality target profile of combined eye drops for glaucoma treatment. The feasibility of the drug developing has been scientifically substantiated by the research results of current trends in the glaucoma treatment, one of which is a combination of drugs with different mechanisms of action.</p><p>The quality target drug profile has been defined in relation to quality, safety and efficacy. It forms the basis for development planning and a better understanding of the drug and the process.</p><p>Substantiation of quality target profile for combined eye drops with antyglaucomous actions has been conducted for all aspects that recommended by guidelines 42-3.0:2011 «Medicinal products. Pharmaceutical development (ICH Q8)» taking into account the characteristics of the dosage form, and set consistently: the alleged use in the clinical setting, route of administration, dosage form, delivery system; strength dose; system container / closure means; quality criteria of medicinal product designated for placing on the product market.</p><p>It has been substantiated intended use in a clinical setting, route of administration and dosage form with the assistance of available scientific data, information and knowledge:</p><p>- Active substance Timolol maleate - adrenergic agent, is most often used at the present date as part of hypotensive drugs; Taurine refers to the substances that stabilize adrenergic receptors and can change the pharmacological activity of adrenergic drugs;</p><p>- Combined use of Timolol maleate and Taurine enhances the hypotensive effect by reducing production and increasing the outflow of aqueous humor, because of pharmacological synergy action of both drugs, which provides increased outflow of aqueous humor through the drainage system of the eye;</p><p>- Eye drops continue to be the most common dosage form in ophthalmology, providing local application by instillation into the eye.</p><p>Regarding potency doses: active substances selected for the development of combined eye drops are well known and used as part of eye drops (mono-drugs), their therapeutic concentrations are given in the references, and for the study selected concentration of 0.34% for timolol maleate and 4% - for taurine.</p><p>Planning choice of container / closure means has been made taking into account, firstly, the market experience of primary packaging for finished mono drugs of timolol and taurine, secondly, available facilities of eye drops industrial production in various primary packaging types inUkraine. Given the number of appointed drug instillation for daily glaucoma treatment (1 drop), drops weight interval for domestic production drip (25-45 mg), and the shelf life of eye drops after opening the vial (1 month) the studies have been planned in the following types of primary packaging: glass containers with nominal capacity of 5 ml closed by rubber closures and pressurized by aluminum caps; low density polyethylene containers with a capacity of 1 ml and 5 ml made by Blow-Fill-Seal packaging system; assembly low density polyethylene containers with a capacity of 5 ml.</p><p>Regarding the aspect of substantiation of the drug quality criteria: the regulated indicators and the biomedical requirements were the basis. The list of biomedical monitoring indicators consists of pH, osmolarity, viscosity, refractive index. It has been applied general list of basic requirements for eye drops drug form in aqueous solution at multidose containers that developed by us based on the analysis and evaluation of the different regulations and information sources.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Key words:</strong> combined eye drops, glaucoma, quality target profile, quality indexes.</p><h1>Literature</h1><p>1. Likarsʹki zasoby. Farmatsevtychna rozrobka (ICH Q8): ST-N MOZU 42-3.0:2011. – Chastyna II: Dodatok do kerivnykh vkazivok z farmatsevtychnoyi rozrobky (ICH Topic Q 8 Dodatok do farmatsevtychnoyi rozrobky) - K. : MOZ Ukrayiny, 2011. – 33 s. – (Nastanova).</p><p>2. Derzhavnyy reyestr likarsʹkykh zasobiv Ukrayiny. - [Elektronyy resurs]. - Rezhym dostupu: - <a href="http://www.drlz.kiev.ua/">http://www.drlz.kiev.ua/</a></p><p>3. Kompendyum on-line. - [Elektronyy resurs]. - Rezhym dostupu: - http://compendium.com.ua/<br /> 4. Rehystr lekarstvennykh sredstv Rossyy®. 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Raspberry leaf mottle virus (RLMV) in Europe has been associated with raspberry mosaic disease (Martin et al. 2013) and crumbly fruit disease (Quito-Avila et al. 2014) in red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) beside Rubus yellow net virus (RYNV) and Black raspberry necrosis virus (BRNV). RLMV has also been reported infecting blackberry (Jones and McGavin 1998; Thekke-Veetil et al. 2016). A survey of virus diseases was conducted from 2016 to 2018 in 34 raspberry commercial plantations in Central and southeastern Poland. Some of the plants showed chlorotic spots, vein yellows, mosaic patterns and deformation of leaves and fruits. Leaf samples from 146 plants were tested using RT-PCR for RLMV, RYNV, BRNV, Raspberry vein chlorosis virus (RVCV), Raspberry leaf blotch virus (RLBV), and Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV). The pairs of primers CPhF and CPhR (Tzanetakis et al. 2007) as well as 1436F and 1437R (McGavin and MacFarlane 2010) were used to amplify a 452-bp fragment of the coat protein homologue (CPh) gene and a 681-bp of the 1 a helicase gene, respectively. RT-PCR products were obtained for five samples from cultivars: Malling Promise (MPrOK1 and MPrOk2; plantation A), Canby (CanKop; plantation B), Polka (PolKop; plantation B) and Malling Seedling (MSeWa; plantation C) grown in southeastern Poland. MPrOK1 and MSeWa were co-infected with RYNV while the other three samples were mixed infected with RBDV. Each of these plants showed chlorotic spots and mosaic symptoms of different intensity, leaf deformation and reduced growth. The RLMV-specific amplicons obtained for all five positive samples were directly sequenced at Genomed company, Warsaw, Poland. The obtained sequences were aligned using ClustalW of the Lasergene 7.1 software (DNASTAR Inc., USA) and were compared with sequences available in GenBank using the BLASTn algorithm. The identity of nucleotide (nt) sequences of Cph gene of RLMV isolates found in Poland was revealed. They shared 97.7% and 99% nt sequence similarity with ‘HCRL Glen Clova’ from USA (DQ357218) and ‘SCRI stock’ isolate from United Kingdom (FN391551) strains respectively The nucleotide sequence of isolates from Poland indicates a closer relationship with the strain found in UK. However, the amino acid (aa) sequence of both reference strains was identical and shared 99.2% identity with the corresponding fragment of the isolates from Poland. The representative sequence of PolKop isolate was deposited in GenBank under accession No. MT241265. The similarity of nucleotide sequence of the 1 a helicase gene ranged from 98.5% (between MseWa and four other isolates) to 100% (between MPrOk1 and MPrOk2). The amino acids sequences of MPrOk1, MPrOk2 and MSeWa isolates were identical whereas they shared 99.5% similarity with CanKop and PolKop isolates. The nt and aa sequences within this region of all five isolates were in 98% homologous with the sequences of ‘HCRL Glen Clova’ strain. Nucleotide sequences of the 1 a helicase gene of the CanKop, PolKop, MseWa, MPrOk1, MPrOk2 isolates were deposited in GenBank (acc. Nos. MT847633–MT8347637). Considering the low incidence of RLMV (five out of 146 positively tested), it can be assumed that there is no emergency of the RLMV large-scale occurrence in Poland. However, as RLMV is transmitted by Amphorophora idaei aphids found in our country, infected plants near raspberry plantations may play an important role in virus spread. This is the first report of RLMV infecting red raspberry in Poland. Acknowledgments This work was performed in the frame of multiannual programme 2015-2020 "Actions to improve the competitiveness and innovation in the horticultural sector with regard to quality and food safety and environmental protection” (task 2.1), financed by the Polish Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. I would like to thank Mrs. Dorota Starzec for technical assistance. References Jones, A. T, and McGavin, W. J. 1998. Ann. Appl. Biol. 132:239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1998.tb05200.x. Martin, R. R. et al. 2013. Plant Dis. 98:176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-12-0362-FE. McGavin, W. J. and MacFarlane, S. A. 2010. Ann. Appl. Biol. 156:439. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2010.00401.x. Quito-Avila, D. F., et al. 2014. Plant Dis. 98:176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-13-0562-RE. Thekke-Veetil, T., et al. 2016. Plant Dis. 101:265. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-16-1014-PDN Tzanetakis, I. E., et al. 2007. Virus Res. 127:26. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2007.03.010.

Spaghetti squash (Cucurbita pepo L. subsp. pepo) is a yellow-skinned squash that forms translucent spaghetti-like strands when cooked. California leads the nation in total squash production, the majority of which is grown in the San Joaquin Valley. In October of 2019, severe fruit rot of C. pepo L. subsp. Pepo (C. pepo) was observed in fruit harvested from seven cultivated fields in San Joaquin County, California. Infected fields incurred up to 30% postharvest losses. At harvest, fruit appeared healthy. After ten days in a shaded storage shed, scattered buff to tan ringed lesions extending into the flesh of infected fruits were observed. Lesions had visible sporodochia at the center that were variable in size and continued to expand in storage. Tissue (∼1 mm3) from the lesion margins of symptomatic fruit (n=8) was surface sterilized in 75 % ethanol for 1 min then 0.6% sodium hypochlorite for a minute, and aseptically transferred to half strength acidified potato dextrose agar (0.5 APDA) and incubated at 22–25 °C. Fungal colonies which grew from the pieces were light yellow, with mycelium that was flat and mucoid. Sporodochial conidia were falcate and robust with 3 to 5 septa and measured from 44.2 to 51.6 × 4.6 to 5.9 μm (average 46.3 × 5.2 μm). Aerial conidia were profuse, borne on short monophialides, ovoid to reniform, and measured 5.1 to 12.6 μm × 3.2 to 5.6 μm (average 4.2 × 6.1 μm). DNA extracted from two isolates, was amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4, and EF1-728F/EF1-986R using PCR, to obtain sequences from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) (White 1990), and elongation factor 1α (EF1α) (Carbone et al. 1999) genetic regions. Sequences from both isolates were identical. Sequences from isolate MVAP50001827, GenBank nos. MZ081401 (ITS) and MZ102267 (EF-1α) matched 100% to sequences of representative isolates of Fusarium petroliphilum (Q.T. Chen & X.H. Fu; Short et al., 2013, MB 802539) from Cucurbita species, MF535516 (ITS) and MF580776 (EF-1α) respectively (González, V. et al. 2018). To fulfill Koch’s postulates, conidia were harvested from a culture of isolate MVAP50001827 and grown for 7 days on 0.5 APDA at room temperature (22–25 °C). A 3-cc syringe with a 25-gauge needle was used to wound and inject 200 μl of 1 × 106 conidia ml–1 into three equally spaced points 1 mm deep into the rind of C. pepo fruit (n=4). C. pepo fruit (n=4) serving as negative controls were treated similarly with 200 μl of sterile deionized water. Fruit was incubated in a growth chamber at 27 °C under 12-h diurnal cycle lighting conditions. Ten days post inoculation, lesions densely covered with white sporodochia had expanded to 7 cm diameter and 5 cm deep on average (average fruit size 31×11 cm). Twenty days post inoculation, severe fruit rot was observed. F. petroliphilum did not grow from the controls, and was successfully reisolated from the symptomatic inoculated fruits, completing Koch’s postulates. Seeds inside the inoculated fruits were completely colonized and covered in conidia. Twenty-five seeds from the source seed lot was tested for F. petroliphilum by surface sterilizing and plating onto 0.5 APDA. No F. petroliphilum grew from tested seed. Postharvest fungal diseases can affect profitability of winter squash, which is often held in storage, and sold when market prices are optimal. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Fusarium petroliphilum infecting spaghetti squash (Cucurbita pepo L. subsp. pepo) in California.

Oat, a gluten-free source of vitamins, minerals, fiber, and antioxidants required for human health (Rasane et al., 2015), is increasingly being cultivated in South Korea (Ju et al. 2011). In May 2020, ~30 % Avena sativa (cv. Samhan) leaves of a commercial oat field in Jeongeup, Korea (35.3859°N, 126.5607°E), displayed a leaf spot disease at the tillering growth stage. Small, brown spots appeared initially on the lower leaves, but progressed to dark-brown oval or irregular, necrotic spots with a light-yellowish border. To isolate the pathogen, tissue excised from growing edges of about 50 lesions was surface sterilized (immersion in 70 % ethanol then 1 % sodium hypochlorite), rinsed and transferred to potato dextrose agar. Five isolates were purified using the single-spore culture method on water agar plates (Choi et al. 1999). Conidia from the PDA cultures (n = 50) were elongated, ellipsoidal, and obclavate, with one to five septa (primarily transverse), 18 to 35 μm × 7 to 12 μm. The morphological characteristics of the fungus from each culture were consistent with those observed for Alternaria alternata (Chen et al. 2020; Simmons 2007). To confirm the identity of the fungal pathogen, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified with universal primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced (White et al. 1990). BLAST analysis of the resulting nucleotide sequence of one representative isolate, Oaa-2 (GenBank MT786424), showed 100 % identity with A. alternata-type strains, such as CBS916.96. Further, nine nuclear protein-coding genes from the Oaa-2 isolate were amplified using previously described primers (Lawrence et al. 2013; Wouderengerg et al. 2015). These sequences were deposited under the following GenBank accession numbers: MT795660 (rpb2), MT795656 (His), MT795657 (CML), MT795658 (ACT), MT787343 (CHSD), MT795655 (GAPDH), MT795661 (endoPG), and MT795662 (TEF1). The nine sequences of the Oaa-2 isolate showed 99%–100 % identity to those of A. alternata-type strain CBS916.96 in NCBI. Fig. S2 shows the phylogenetic trees for the ITS and GAPDH sequences indicating high homology. Pathogenicity of this isolate was confirmed by spraying leaves of surface-sterilized, glasshouse-grown, “Samhan” oats with suspensions (5 × 106 spores/ml) of Oaa-2 conidia. Experimental seedlings were grown for 2 weeks in a chamber at 20 ± 3 °C in 60 % relative humidity with a 10-h light/14-h dark cycle (200 µmol/m2/s). Conidial suspensions were prepared for inoculation by flooding with sterile water, followed by filtering the suspension through three layers of sterile cheesecloth to remove debris. Three pots each containing twenty oat seedlings were sprayed with the Oaa-2 isolate conidial suspension (5 × 106 conidia/ml) and incubated for 10 days at 20 ± 3 °C in 100 % humidity with a 10-h photoperiod. Three healthy seedlings were sprayed with sterile water as a control. After 10 days, dark brown spots developed in the inoculated plants; however, no spots were observed in the controls. Fungi with the same conidial characteristics as Oaa-2 were isolated from the infected plants, and the ITS sequence and the nine nuclear protein-encoding genes of these plant isolates was identical to those of Oaa-2. Pathogenicity tests also were conducted with isolate Oaa-2 with two oat cultivars, Sunyang and Joyang, with the same result. To our knowledge, A. alternata has not been previously reported to cause disease on oats in South Korea, although it does cause economic losses in China (Chen et al. 2020).

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is an economically important crop in China, and a crucial part of urban agriculture in Beijing. In November 2020, wilt symptoms were observed in strawberry seedlings in several greenhouses in the Pinggu District of Beijing city (40.14° N; 117.12° E). The average disease incidence was 20%. Water-soaked lesions appeared along the veins of diseased strawberry leaves and bacterial ooze was also present on severely affected leaves. Bisected crowns had a reddish-brown discoloration in the xylem which later turned black. Three diseased strawberry seedlings were collected for pathogen identification. Isolations were conducted from stem, crown, leaf, and roots of diseased strawberry plants. Samples were surface sterilized by immersion in 70% ethanol for 30 s and rinsed three times with sterile distilled water, before being placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and incubated at 28℃. Several bacterial colonies grew on the medium after 24 h. Colonies were then purified on Lysogeny broth (LB) agar plates using the streak plate method. Twenty-nine isolates were obtained from 36 diseased tissue samples, which were from stem(10), crown(12), leaf(2) and roots(5) separately. All isolates appeared white, round, opaque and smooth on LB plates. To identify the isolates, genomic DNA was extracted from nine purified bacterial colonies (CM1 to CM9). The fragments of atpD, gyrB, infB and rpoB gene were amplified and sequenced with primers atpD 01-F/ atpD 02-R, gyrB 01-F/ gyrB 02-R, and infB 01-F/ infB 02-R (Brady et al. 2008) and RpoB-F/ RpoB-R (Mollet et al. 1997), respectively. All atpD, gyrB, infB and rpoB sequences belonging to the isolates were identical. The sequences of atpD, gyrB, infB and rpoB gene of isolates CM1 and CM3 were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers ON055247, ON055248, ON055249, ON055250, ON055251, ON055252, OL771192 and OL771193. BLAST searches were conducted with the sequences of atpD, gyrB, infB and rpoB. The atpD, gyrB, infB and rpoB sequences of the obtained isolate showed 99.53%, 99.06%, 99.19% and 99.80% identity with the corresponding sequences of Enterobacter mori strains, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the maximum likelihood (ML) method with the CIPRES Science Gateway platform (http://www.phylo.org/) based on the combined atpD, gyrB, infB and rpoB sequences (Brady et al. 2013; Palmer et al. 2018). In the phylogenetic tree, the isolates were clustered together with E. mori strain LMG 25706. To confirm the pathogenicity, 200 μL of bacterial suspensions (108 CFU/mL) of the two isolates were injected into the crown of six healthy Fragaria × ananassa cv. Bennihope strawberry seedlings respectively with 1 mL sterilized syringe, and the control seedlings were injected with sterile water. The seedlings were kept in a moist chamber (28°C, 16-h light and 8-h dark period) for 2 days. Then all the seedlings were transferred to the greenhouse with conditions similar to those where the diseased plants were collected. Forty days after inoculation, old leaves started to wilt and leaf midvein necrosis, along with xylem discoloration, was observed in inoculated plants. No symptoms were observed in the control group. Pathogenicity tests were conducted three times with similar results. The bacteria were re-isolated from the symptomatic diseased strawberry plants and confirmed as E. mori by morphological and sequence analyses as above, fulfilling Koch's postulates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of strawberry bacterial wilt caused by E. mori. Due to the significant crop loss from this disease, more research is needed in epidemiology and disease management.

Magnolia grandiflora is a widely cultivated ornamental tree in China. In June 2020, a leaf blight disease was observed on M. grandiflora in Guizhou University (26° 44' 57'' N, 106° 65' 94'' E) in Guiyang, China. The initial symptoms on leaves were expanding round necrotic lesions with a grey center and dark brown edge, and twigs were withered when the disease was serious. Of the 100 plants surveyed 65% had symptoms. To isolate the potential causal pathogen, diseased leaves were collected from an M. grandiflora tree at Guizhou University. Isolations from made form the junction between healthy and symptomatic tissue and disinfested by immersing in 75% ethanol for 30 seconds, 3% NaOCl for 2 minutes, and then washed 3 times in sterile distilled water. Symptomatic tissue was then plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25ºC with 12-hour light for 3–5 days. Three isolates (GUCC 21235.1, GUCC 21235.2 and GUCC 21235.3) were obtained. Colonies on PDA after 7 d were dark brown, pycnidia embedded in the mydelium were dark brown to black, single and separated. Conidiophores were transparent measuring 7–12.5 × 2.5–4.5 µm (mean = 9.5 × 3.6 µm, n = 30) in length. Conidia were transparent becoming brown when mature with a diaphragm, with round ends measuring, 21–27 × 10–15 µm (mean = 23.6 × 12.6 µm, n = 30). To confirm the pathogen by molecular characterization, four genes or DNA fragments, ITS, LSU, tef1 and β-tubulin, were amplified using the following primer pairs: ITS4-F/ ITS5-R (White et al., 1990), LR0R/ LR5 (Rehner & Samuels, 1994), EF1-688F/ EF1-986R (Carbone & Kohn, 1999) and Bt2a/ Bt2b (O'Donnell & Cigelnik, 1997). The sequences of four PCR fragments of GUCC 21235.1 were deposited in GenBank, and the accession numbers were MZ519778 (ITS), MZ520367 (LSU), MZ508428 (tef1) and MZ542354 (β-tubulin). Bayesian inference was performed based on a concatenated dataset of ITS, LSU, tef1 and β-tubulin gene using MrBayes 3.2.10, and the isolates GUCC 21235.1 formed a single clade with the reference isolates of Diplodia mutila (Diplodia mutila strain CBS 112553). BLASTn analysis indicated that the sequences of ITS, LSU, tef1 and β-tubulin revealed 100% (546/546 nucleotides), 99.82% (568/569 nucleotides), 100% (302/302 nucleotides), and 100% (437/437 nucleotides) similarity with that of D. mutila in GenBank (AY259093, AY928049, AY573219 and DQ458850), respectively. For confirmation of the pathogenicity of this fungus, a conidial suspension (1×105 conidia mL-1) was prepared from GUCC 21235.1, and healthy leaves of M. grandiflora trees were surface-disinfested by 75% ethanol, rinsed with sterilized distilled water and dried by absorbent paper. Small pieces of filter paper (5 mm ×5 mm), dipped with 20 µL conidial suspension (1×105 conidia mL-1) or sterilized distilled water (as control), were placed on the bottom-left of the leaves for inoculation. Then the leaves were sprayed with sterile distilled water, wrapped with a plastic film and tin foil successively to maintain high humidity in the dark dark. After 36 h, the plastic film and tin foil on the leaves was removed, and the leaves were sprayed with distilled water three times each day at natural condition (average temperature was about 25 °C, 14 h light/10 h dark). After 10 days of inoculation, the same leaf blight began to appear on the leaves inoculated with conidial suspension. No lesion was appeared on the control leaves. The fungus was re-isolated from the symptomatic tissue. Based on the morphological information and molecular characterization, the isolate GUCC 21235.1 is D. mutila. Previous reports indicated that D. mutila infects a broad host range and gives rise to a canker disease of olive, apple and jujube (Úrbez-Torres et al., 2013; Úrbez-Torres et al., 2016; Feng et al., 2019). This is the first report of leaf blight on M. grandiflora caused by D. mutila in China.