Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sciences naturelles – Classification – Brésil'
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Chiron, Guy R. "Un exemple d'endémisme dans la forêt atlantique brésilienne : Baptistonia Barbosa Rodrigues (Orchidaceae, Oncidiinae)-taxinomie, phylogénie et biologie de la conservation." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00377291.
Full textArcher, Claude. "Classification of group extensions." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211419.
Full textDecaestecker, Christine. "Apprentissage en classification conceptuelle incrémentale." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213000.
Full textDevillers, Alice. "Classification of some homogeneous and ultrahomogeneous structures." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211562.
Full textMachado, Carlos José Saldanha. "La dynamique de la recherche scientifique en Amazonie : les acteurs face aux enjeux et limites de la production de la connaissance sur la nature." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05H029.
Full textThe fact that we have been attributing increasing importance to scientific research on the tropical rain forest, specially on the amazon, means that we should study these activities that became strategie. The objective of this work is to contribute to our understanding of those scientific practices, their dynamics and organization at the amazon region. Our focus is on the construction of knowledge and the build up of a research infrastructure and for doing that we use two series of interviews (in Brazil and France), one case study and examination of the scientific literature. This inquiry allow us to advancie the thesis that those actions of one researche actors posses one unique dynamics because each step forward reveal the conformation of the object of study that is renewes accordind to place, time and scale of observation. The combination of specific factors generated form different situations that does not maintaint the relionship among them. A dynamic view of the context and environment where research is conducted take us to the conclusion them the word amazon acquires various meanings, and that the scientific knowledge produced on/from this region results in a multitude of cognitive practices where the concrete realizations do not let themselves harmonize easily
Lelievre, Thierry. "Phylogénie des polyommatinae et structure génétique de six espèces du genre Lysandra, Hemming (Lépidoptères lycaenidae)." Aix-Marseille 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX11008.
Full textPourkhorsandi, Hamed. "Meteorites of Iran and hot deserts: classification and weathering." Doctoral thesis, Aix-Marseille Université, CEREGE, AIX EN PROVENCE, 2018. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/317374/3/2018AIXM0064.
Full textLeemans, Dimitri. "Classification of RWPRI geometries for the Suzuki simple groups." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212051.
Full textChérot, Frédéric. "Eléments de classification générique et de phylogénie de Mirinae (Insecta, Heteroptera :Miridae)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211443.
Full textJacobson, Herbert R. "Generic revision, phylogenic classification, and phylogeny of the termitophilous tribe corotocini(Coleoptera; staphylinidae)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213647.
Full textNdiaye, Massamba. "Contribution à l'étude de sols latéritiques du Sénégal et du Brésil." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00977354.
Full textThomas, Isabelle. "Profils protéiques et immunochimie des méthanogènes : implications taxonomiques et caractérisation d'un antigène commun au genre Methanosarcina." Lille 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LIL10159.
Full textDecaestecker, Christine. "Développements méthodologiques pour la classification de données réelles. Application à l'aide au diagnostic et au pronostic de tumeurs gliales." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212173.
Full textAïmeur, Esma. "Metis : un systeme et une methode d'explication de taxinomies destinees a l'identification de structures conceptuelles." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066005.
Full textSurgand, Jean-Sébastien. "Développement de nouvelles méthodes bioinformatiques pour l'étude des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G." Strasbourg 1, 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/SURGAND_Jean-Sebastien_2006.pdf.
Full textG-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins responsible for the transduction of signals from outside into the cell. Distributed in the whole body, they are implied in various physiological functions, like vision, olfaction, cellular growth and adhesion, etc. They are targeted by a tremendous diversity of possible ligands: photons, ions, biogenic amines, hormones, glycoproteins, olfactive and gustative molecules, etc. A GPCR is composed of 7 transmembrane α-helices linked together by intra- and extracellular loops. These 7 α-helices delineate a cavity. Ligands bind either in this cavity, or on the extracellular loops, activating the receptor that will link to a G-protein inside the cell, initiating a cascade of secondary messengers. Up to now, the bovine rhodopsin is the only known crystallographic structure, bringing a valuable structural information. GPCRs present a big pharmacological interest. Their diversity and the numerous functions they control get them involved in numerous pathologies. More than 30% of new commercialized drugs target GPCRs. Furthermore, many GPCRs are still orphan, without known ligand, and hence constitute potential pharmacological targets. GPCRs form a superfamily of more than one thousand members. Three out of four are involved in the perception of olfactive molecules. The binding site of most GPCRs is located in the transmembrane cavity; but for some of them, it is located outside the membrane and the ligand binds an extracellular loop. But even for these cases, all receptors show a transmembrane cavity on which we will concentrate during this work. Several classifications of GPCRs have been proposed: phylogenetic classifications, or based on statistical automata, or on physicochemical fingerprints, or based on their amino-acid composition. But none of them takes into account precisely the pharmacolo- gical point of view of the ligand (the drug). That's why we propose a new classification of GPCRs which is pharmacologically- oriented. It is based on the study of some residues of the transmembrane cavity supposed to be critical and to interact with the ligand. We start from a dataset of 369 sequences of human nonolfactory GPCRs, as \clean" as possible. Then we align automatically the transmembrane parts, but with a manual check following. Then we extract 30 critical residues by studying the cavity of bovine rhodopsin, which transmembrane parts share a high identity score with the human rhodopsin (94%). We suppose that these 30 residues are critical for all GPCRs, i. E. The fold of all GPCRs is overall conserved. This hypothesis is supported by several publications. Eventually, we classify these sequences by an agglo merative hierarchical clustering algorithm (UPGMA). The distances between sequences are simply the identity scores between them. A bootstrap procedure brings a statistical support to the classification, that leads to 22 well-defined clusters. Our classification agrees the recently published GRAFS classification (a phylogenetic analysis of 342 human non-olfactory GPCRs): resulting clusters correspond to already identified families and subfamilies, with slight differences. This classi¯cation can be applied to ¯nd new targets to ligands that share some common substructures (called priviledged structures). We start from ligands with known receptors, we seek among the 30 critical residues of these receptors those that participate to the binding. Then we seek for other receptors that share the same residues. We can eventually propose these new receptors as putative targets for the ligands we started with. A second straightforward application of the classification is the deorphanization of receptors, i. E. The discovery of a fisrt ligand for an orphan receptor. We propose, as a starting point for an orphan receptor, the known ligands of the receptors of the same cluster. The relevence of a classification based on the transmembrane cavities for receptors which binding site is not the this cavity is questionable. However we find that even the families for which the ligand bind outside the membrane (secretin and glutamate families) are well identified and well separated. In a second time, we built another classification of GPCRs, based on 3D homology models rather than on sequences. To simplify, we try to take the point of view of a ligand inside a cavity. We put a conceptual sphere, that stands for the ligand, at the center of gravity of the cavity. This sphere is tessellated into 80 triangles, with same size, homogenously dispatched. Then we project from the β carbon of the residues some phy sicochemical and geometrical information into the triangles. Eventually we compare the spheres, each comparison gives a score used to build a distance matrix and a classification with the same method as for the previous one. This method is quite fuzzy (low resolution discretization, projection from the β carbons and not from all atoms) to hide the errors due to modelling. The models are prealigned on the cristal structure of bovine rhodopsin. But unfortu- nately these alignments were not precise enough to build a distance matrix. So we coded a structural alignment tool to refine the alignments. This tool is guided by the previsouly- described score to find an alignment between two cavities. The best score gives the output alignment. The resulting clustering is homogenous with the previous one, but the number of non-classified receptors (singletons) is higher. Interestingly, the receptor DUFFY, not classified by our previous clustering, is classified here in the Chemokine cluster, in agree- ment with the Swiss-Prot database classification. Our classification leads to a structural alignment tool adapted to work on models, but that can also work on crystal structures
Godart, Marie-Françoise. "Les groupes écologiques des forêts feuillues du sud de la Belgique: Mise en évidence par l'application de l'analyse factorielle des correspondances, la classification automatique et les profils écologiques." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213268.
Full textBosdeveix, Robin. "Entre classifications fonctionnelle et phylogénétique : le groupe des végétaux : une reconstruction didactique fondée sur l'histoire des sciences dans le cadre de la formation des enseignants de sciences de la vie et de la Terre." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC051.
Full textThis research explores the dialectics between science education and history of science through the study of biological classifications, focusing on plants, a biological group with multiple meanings and a major historical rectification. This study deals with the training of preservice biology and geology teachers and is structured into three complementary investigations. The first one, with a didactical angle at a national scale, leads to identify seven different conceptions of "Plant" in an open classificatory situation. This survey also allows to study how students think about functional vs. Phylogenetic classification and how they articulate the two perspectives. The second study in history of biology reviews the evolution of ideas in plants systematics since the XIXth century. It focuses on the problems scientists tried to solve by developing their classification systems and the epistemological obstacles they met. The third investigation consists in the development, implementation and analysis of a didactical reconstruction on the basis of historical materials, primarily scientific literature. This experiment provides a deeper understanding of how students think about classifications during a debate and a construction of concept maps. It also aims at characterizing appropriate conditions to use historical and scientific literature for an efficient conceptual learning. The main obstacles in building classifications are synthesized by comparing how they are updated in the educational and historical spheres
Soquet, Alain. "Etude comparée de représentations acoustiques et articulatoires du signal de parole pour le décodage acoustico-phonétique. Application à la classification de voyelles et à la détermination du lieu d'articulation des occlusives." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212585.
Full textAmor, Beji. "Étude de l'espèce Escherichia adecarboxylata par hybridation ADN/ADN." Lille 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LIL10037.
Full textSinger, Elisabeth. "Xanthomonas maltophilia : aspects taxonomiques et aptitudes colonisatrices de la rhizosphère." Lille 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIL10171.
Full textConsécutivement, les valeurs de point isoélectrique des estérases membranaires de cette espèce semblent s'inscrire de manière exclusive dans une zone de pH de 5 a 6. La deuxième partie du mémoire analyse l'effet rhizosphèrique favorable au développement de x. Maltophilia. Des dénombrements répètés par utilisation d'un milieu sélectif, consécutifs à certains traitements de bactérisation des semences de quelques plantes, ont montré que la surface racinaire serait son habitat privilégié. Plus précisément, sa présence a été révélée au niveau des parois des cellules corticales racinaires par immuno détection. Ses aptitudes à coloniser la rhizosphère proche semblent toutefois d'une importance variable selon les plantes considérées. En particulier, l'organisation structurale des semences de crucifères pourrait y faire obstacle de manière indirecte
Neuba, Danho R. "Revision systématique du genre Leptactina (Rubiaceae)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210938.
Full textNuño, de la Rosa García Laura. "Le concept de forme organique dans la biologie contemporaine : un examen philosophique." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010558.
Full textGaildrat, Pascaline. "Les récepteurs de la mélatonine dans le cerveau et l'hypophyse de brochet : caractérisations pharmacologique, moléculaire et fonctionnelle." Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT2265.
Full textDedieu, Laurence. "Recherche sur la détection et l'identification des mycoplasmes du groupe mycoïdes par des outils génétiques." Paris 12, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA120039.
Full textBourbonneux, Valéry. "Identification des "Escherichia" par auxanogramme." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P139.
Full textMathieu, Bruno. "Les espèces de Culicoides du sous-genre Avaritia (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) dans le monde : révision systématique et taxonomique des espèces d'intérêt dans la transmission d'Orbivirus." Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2011/MATHIEU_Bruno_2011.pdf.
Full textGangloff, Benoît. "Systematics and phylogeography in gadfly petrels (Aves: Procellariiformes) and implications for conservation." Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Gangloff-Benoit/2010-Gangloff-Benoit-These.pdf.
Full textProcellariiformes are seabirds showing a set of characters rendering them particularly attractive to research. They are the most diverse seabird group, and probably also the most threatened, with 44. 7% species classified Vulnerable or worse under IUCN criteria. As many seabirds, they are fascinating models to study patterns and processes of population and species differentiation, being under contradictory evolutionary forces: on the one hand being extremely vagile allow them to disperse very far, which is supposed to enhance gene flow between populations, thus reducing their differentiation and diversification ; on the other hand, being extremely philopatric, they often return to breed in their natal colony, a pattern supposed to enhance population differentiation. Living in the ocean, they also constitute good models to investigate differentiation processes in the absence of physical barrier to gene flow. In addition, partly as a result of the opposite evolutionary forces just described, their taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships are complex, have proved very frustrating over the decades and have therefore been in a state of flux over the years. The development of molecular ecology in the last two decades have provided some new powerful tools to elucidate some of the phylogenetic uncertainties, to understand the observed phylogeographic patterns and have a better grasp at the underlying processes promoting diversification in these birds. These tools also allow a better understanding of population structure and relationships and can greatly help to the prioritisation and design of conservation actions directed at conserving these organisms. In this thesis, by means of molecular ecology tools, I investigated the phylogenetic relationships and phylogeography of several taxa belonging to family Procellariidae, the most speciose in order Procellariiformes. I studied these at two levels: first at the genus level by describing phylogenetic relationships in genus Pseudobulweria, probably the most endangered seabird genus in the world; and second at the taxon and population level I focused on the Macaronesian group of gadfly petrels and on the Gould’s petrel complex, in particular regarding the relationships between its Australian and New Caledonian subspecies. Using a multiloci approach for each of these investigations provided a mean to improve our understandings : in Pseudobulweria the species tree approach used allowed inferring the phylogenetic relationships between all the taxa in the genus for the first time and to solve a taxonomic issue regarding the status of Beck’s petrel ; in Northeast Atlantic gadfly petrels, I showed that the divergence of the three taxa living in that region is much more recent than previously thought and that the three populations deserve at least the status of Evolutionary Significant Units ; in Gould’s petrel I showed that the two population currently recognised as subspecies are not structured genetically and the lineages have not diverged. These investigations underline the necessity to incorporate new methods and multiple loci when investigating the phylogenetic and phylogeographic patterns in organisms to fully capture their complexity
Figuié, Muriel. "La construction sociale d'un savoir sur la dégradation des ressources naturelles: le cas des pâturages dans les exploitations agricoles familiales de la commune de Silvânia au Brésil." Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006819.
Full textAinsi la définition adoptée par le milieu de la recherche agronomique est marquée par les objectifs de colonisation agricole de la région, d'intensification et de modernisation de l'agriculture qu'il poursuit. Pour le milieu "socio-environnementaliste", elle est marquée par des objectifs de résistance au processus de colonisation de la région et de défense des intérêts des petits producteurs longtemps ignorés des politiques agricoles.
Concernant les producteurs, le sens qu'ils donnent à la dégradation des pâturages est lié à leur relation pratique à cette ressource. Dans un contexte de changement technique, on montre que les agriculteurs construisent de nouvelles représentations et que cette construction est nécessaire pour donner un sens aux innovations et au concept de dégradation introduits par les techniciens.
Résoudre les problèmes de dégradation nécessite d'admettre leur statut de construction sociale et le rôle que les agriculteurs doivent jouer dans la construction d'un concept commun de dégradation.
Coton, Monika Ava. "Etude de l'altération "framboisé" dans les cidres français : implication de Zymomonas mobilis, aspects physiologiques, taxonomiques et impacts sur l'industrie cidricole." Caen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CAEN2048.
Full textTessier, Françoise. "Apport de l'immunochimie à la taxonomie des bacteroides du groupe fragilis." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR2PND3.
Full textGauvin-Bialecki, Anne. "Étude de cinq éponges de l'océan Indien : contribution chimiotaxonomique, recherche de molécules bioactives." La Réunion, 1998. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/98_02_Gauvin.pdf.
Full textMaillard, Stéphane. "Les apports de différentes séquences d'ADN polymorphes à l'étude de l'épidémiologie moléculaire et de la taxonomie du parasite Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato." Besançon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BESA0018.
Full textCystic echinococcosis (CE) is an important zoonosis in the world : it is currently a serious public health and economic problem in many breeding areas. Its aetiological agent, the cestode Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, is present in all continents and involves many animal species in its biological cycle. The parasite exhibits a high heterogeneity, genetic for a part, and that is why different strains were defined. However, during the last decade, studies about these strains have showed the necessity to revise the taxonomy of the group E. Granulosus sensu lato. The efficiency of anti-echinococcosis campaigns depends directly of our knowledge of the variants of this group, their status, their hosts, their modes of circulation and transmission to humans. In the present work, the main objective was to define an approach both to identify variants we could track at different geographical scale and to discuss the taxonomy of the parasite. We began to evaluate the different genetic markers currently available, by the study of two endemic foci. This evaluation gave us the opportunity to argue the taxonomy of the strains observed but the mitochondrial and nuclear markers conventionally used a lack of polymorphism. Consequently, our interest was directed to the potentially more available microsatellites. Among those we tested, the multilocus microsatellite EmsB identifies many variants, different modes of circulation and genetic exchanges. Thus, it can be usefull to characterize the spatial and temporal development of the E. Granulosus sensu lato variants and their taxonomy. The establishment of a detailed map of distribution and a pertinent nomenclature of these variants could improve the targeting of anti-echinococcosis campaigns
Lima, Mendez Gipsi. "Towards in silico detection and classification of prokaryotic Mobile Genetic Elements." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210578.
Full textIn the first contribution of this work, the relative contribution of those different protein families to the similarities between the phages is assessed using pair-wise similarity matrices. The modular character of phage genomes is readily visualized using heatmaps, which differ depending on the function of the proteins used to measure the similarity.
Next, I propose a framework that allows for a reticulate classification of phages based on gene content (with statistical assessment of the significance of number of shared genes). Starting from gene/protein families, we built a weighted graph, where nodes represent phages and edges represent phage-phage similarities in terms of shared families. The topology of the network shows that most dsDNA phages form an interconnected group, confirming that dsDNA phages share a common gene pool, as proposed earlier. Differences are observed between temperate and virulent phages in the values of several centrality measures, which may correlate with different constraints to rampant recombination dictated by the phage lifestyle, and thus with a distinct evolutionary role in the phage population.
To this graph I applied a two-step clustering method to generate a fuzzy classification of phages. Using this methodology, each phage is associated with a membership vector, which quantitatively characterizes the membership of the phage to the clusters. Alternatively, genes were clustered based on their ‘phylogenetic profiles’ to define ‘evolutionary cohesive modules’. Phages can then be described as composite of a set of modules from the collection of modules of the whole phage population. The relationships between phages define a network based on module sharing. Unlike the first network built from statistical significant number of shared genes, this second network allows for a direct exploration of the nature of the functions shared between the connected phages. This functionality of the module-based network runs at the expense of missing links due to genes that are not part of modules, but which are encoded in the first network.
These approaches can easily focus on pre-defined modules for tracing one or several traits across the population. They provide an automatic and dynamic way to study relationships within the phage population. Moreover, they can be extended to the representation of populations of other mobile genetic elements or even to the entire mobilome.
Finally, to enrich the phage sequence space, which in turn allows for a better assessment of phage diversity and evolution, I devise a prophage prediction tool. With this methodology, approximately 800 prophages are predicted in 266 among 800 replicons screened. The comparison of a subset of these predictions with a manually annotated set shows a sensitivity of 79% and a positive predictive value of 91%, this later value suggesting that the procedure makes few false predictions. The preliminary analysis of the predicted prophages indicates that many may constitute novel phage types.
This work allows tracing guidelines for the classification and analysis of other mobile genetic elements. One can foresee that a pool of putative mobile genetic elements sequences can be extracted from the prokaryotic genomes and be further broken down in groups of related elements and evolutionary conserved modules. This would allow widening the picture of the evolutionary and functional relationships between these elements.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Letocart, Marine. "Hétérogénéité du genre Leptospira. Intérêt des méthodes moléculaires pour la taxonomie et l'épidémiologie." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR28541.
Full textCouly, Claire. "La biodiversité agricole et forestière des Ribeirinhos de la Forêt Nationale du Tapajós (Pará, Brésil) : usages, gestion et savoirs." Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00597906.
Full textFontaine, Benoît. "La connaissance taxonomique des espèces rares : outil ou handicap pour la conservation de la biodiversité ?" Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MNHN0028.
Full textThe abundance of rare and small species is a characteristic of biodiversity, and these species are the least known. Moreover, ca. 1. 75 million species are known, but the global magnitude of biodiversity is probably over 10 million species, maybe many more. Last but not least, we are experiencing a major extinction crisis. Documenting biodiversity is thus a priority, if only to preserve it. Taxonomists are responsible for this documentation, as these are the ones who discover and describe species, but they suffer from a lack of manpower and infrastructure. Considering these facts (lack of knowledge on biodiversity, extinction crisis, taxonomic impediment), we examine the role taxonomists could play in conservation. The core of taxonomical work is double: discriminating species, and naming them. Discriminating species, before naming, gives data on species richness, rarity and size patterns, and could help the choice of conservation areas. When species are named, assessing endemism and threat status is possible, which also allows to orientate conservation actions. We illustrate these contributions to conservation with papers presenting results of terrestrial mollusc inventories in Gabon and French Polynesia. We then analyze the Fauna Europaea database, compiled by taxonomists, which shows that the indicators usually used to measure the state of biodiversity are missing most species and give a partial image of the situation. This thesis ends with an assessment of the interest and possibility of having a French scientific nomenclature for the molluscs of France, to facilitate conservation of poorly-known threatened species. Only taxonomists can deliver data on specific richness and patterns of endemism for the most numerous and least known species. Their contribution allows to take into account all biodiversity, and not only large vertebrates and flowering plants. In this framework, their role is crucial in conservation biology, together with population biologists, geneticists and ecologists
Berge, Odile. "Étude et inoculation des Bacillus fixateurs d'azote de la rhizosphère du maïs." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10430.
Full textBailly, Nicolas. "Bases de données et systèmes à base de connaissances en systématique : application aux Gadiformes (Actinopterygii : Teleostei)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MNHN0042.
Full textThe present work shows that : a) the Taxonomists must clearly differentiate the tools they use for their daily work from those they can use to diffuse their results to the other scientists or to a large readership. B) the actual tools are weakly operational for the Systematics work because the structures of data do not allow the “manipulation” of the “objects of the world” and the definite concepts, with the same intellectual stringency. C) conversely, if Systematic use a whole corpus of concepts and methods developed along the years, we cannot define them precisely in a formal manner, and this hampers the realisation of adapted data processing tools. It is necessary to set up : a) precise definitions of Systematics for several levels of the discourse : Systematics as : 1) results to be obtained for the society, 2) a science inside Biology, 3) occasional purposes to be achieve according to the state of knowledge of the moment and of conceptual and methodological developments. It is suggested that this last type of definition could be confined inside Systematics. B) formal definitions of “objects of the world” and of the associated concepts (organism, individual, specimen, semaphoront, holomprph, population, species, taxon), an nomenclatural and taxonomic concepts. C) the corresponding structures of data and useable for the actual relational SGBD with the taxon Gadiformes as an example. D) a “modelling” of the work of the Taxonomists. To conclude, the main purpose of fundamental Biology in the 21th century is to express mathematically its own concepts either with preexisting tools, or with new adapted tools. This effort is absolutely necessary to develop the ad hoc computerized tools but, also for a general aim of formalization of the communication between scientists, the natural language that must be used to explain the notions of the concepts and their formal definitions
Bodilis, Josselin. "Evolution et adaptation chez Pseudomonas fluorescens : Etude de la protéine majoritaire de surface, Oprf." Rouen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ROUES029.
Full textIn order to study the adaptive and taxonomic potential of the oprF gene, which encodes the major outer membrane protein of Pseudomonas, we have carried out a comparative phylogenetic study of the 16S rDNA gene and the OprF protein of Pseudomonas isolated from various environments. An important difference between the topologies of the two phylogenies was found: while phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rDNA gene grouped all P. Fluorescens isolates into one cluster, phylogenic analysis of the OprF protein divided them into two quite distinct clusters, indicating a polymorphism of the OprF protein. By using a ratio PCR, we demonstrated that the proportion of one type of oprF increased very significantly in the rhisosphere in comparison with the adjacent bulk soil. A further investigation of the evolution of the oprF gene suggests that horizontal transfers are not responsible for the observed OprF dichotomy
Carleer, Alexandre. "Region-based classification potential for land-cover classification with very high spatial resolution satellite data." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210852.
Full textSince 1999, Very High spatial Resolution satellite data (Ikonos-2, QuickBird and OrbView-3) represent the surface of the Earth with more detail. However, information extraction by multispectral pixel-based classification proves to have become more complex owing to the internal variability increase in the land-cover units and to the weakness of spectral resolution.
Therefore, one possibility is to consider the internal spectral variability of land-cover classes as a valuable source of spatial information that can be used as an additional clue in characterizing and identifying land cover. Moreover, the spatial resolution gap that existed between satellite images and aerial photographs has strongly decreased, and the features used in visual interpretation transposed to digital analysis (texture, morphology and context) can be used as additional information on top of spectral features for the land cover classification.
The difficulty of this approach is often to transpose the visual features to digital analysis.
To overcome this problem region-based classification could be used. Segmentation, before classification, produces regions that are more homogeneous in themselves than with nearby regions and represent discrete objects or areas in the image. Each region becomes then a unit analysis, which makes it possible to avoid much of the structural clutter and allows to measure and use a number of features on top of spectral features. These features can be the surface, the perimeter, the compactness, the degree and kind of texture. Segmentation is one of the only methods which ensures to measure the morphological features (surface, perimeter.) and the textural features on non-arbitrary neighbourhood. In the pixel-based methods, texture is calculated with mobile windows that smooth the boundaries between discrete land cover regions and create between-class texture. This between-class texture could cause an edge-effect in the classification.
In this context, our research focuses on the potential of land cover region-based classification of VHR satellite data through the study of the object extraction capacity of segmentation processes, and through the study of the relevance of region features for classifying the land-cover classes in different kinds of Belgian landscapes; always keeping in mind the parallel with the visual interpretation which remains the reference.
Firstly, the results of the assessment of four segmentation algorithms belonging to the two main segmentation categories (contour- and region-based segmentation methods) show that the contour detection methods are sensitive to local variability, which is precisely the problem that we want to overcome. Then, a pre-processing like a filter may be used, at the risk of losing a part of the information. The “region-growing” segmentation that uses the local variability in the segmentation process appears to be the best compromise for the segmentation of different kinds of landscape.
Secondly, the features calculated thanks to segmentation seem to be relevant to identify some land-cover classes in urban/sub-urban and rural areas. These relevant features are of the same type as the features selected visually, which shows that the region-based classification gets close to the visual interpretation.
The research shows the real usefulness of region-based classification in order to classify the land cover with VHR satellite data. Even in some cases where the features calculated thanks to the segmentation prove to be useless, the region-based classification has other advantages. Working with regions instead of pixels allows to avoid the salt-and-pepper effect and makes the GIS integration easier.
The research also highlights some problems that are independent from the region-based classification and are recursive in VHR satellite data, like shadows and the spatial resolution weakness for identifying some land-cover classes.
Résumé
Depuis 1999, les données satellitaires à très haute résolution spatiale (IKONOS-2, QuickBird and OrbView-3) représentent la surface de la terre avec plus de détail. Cependant, l’extraction d’information par une classification multispectrale par pixel devient plus complexe en raison de l’augmentation de la variabilité spectrale dans les unités d’occupation du sol et du manque de résolution spectrale de ces données. Cependant, une possibilité est de considérer cette variabilité spectrale comme une information spatiale utile pouvant être utilisée comme une information complémentaire dans la caractérisation de l’occupation du sol. De plus, de part la diminution de la différence de résolution spatiale qui existait entre les photographies aériennes et les images satellitaires, les caractéristiques (attributs) utilisées en interprétation visuelle transposées à l’analyse digitale (texture, morphologie and contexte) peuvent être utilisées comme information complémentaire en plus de l’information spectrale pour la classification de l’occupation du sol.
La difficulté de cette approche est la transposition des caractéristiques visuelles à l’analyse digitale. Pour résoudre ce problème la classification par région pourrait être utilisée. La segmentation, avant la classification, produit des régions qui sont plus homogène en elles-mêmes qu’avec les régions voisines et qui représentent des objets ou des aires dans l’image. Chaque région devient alors une unité d’analyse qui permet l’élimination de l’effet « poivre et sel » et permet de mesurer et d’utiliser de nombreuses caractéristiques en plus des caractéristiques spectrales. Ces caractéristiques peuvent être la surface, le périmètre, la compacité, la texture. La segmentation est une des seules méthodes qui permet le calcul des caractéristiques morphologiques (surface, périmètre, …) et des caractéristiques texturales sur un voisinage non-arbitraire. Avec les méthodes de classification par pixel, la texture est calculée avec des fenêtres mobiles qui lissent les limites entre les régions d’occupation du sol et créent une texture interclasse. Cette texture interclasse peut alors causer un effet de bord dans le résultat de la classification.
Dans ce contexte, la recherche s’est focalisée sur l’étude du potentiel de la classification par région de l’occupation du sol avec des images satellitaires à très haute résolution spatiale. Ce potentiel a été étudié par l’intermédiaire de l’étude des capacités d’extraction d’objet de la segmentation et par l’intermédiaire de l’étude de la pertinence des caractéristiques des régions pour la classification de l’occupation du sol dans différents paysages belges tant urbains que ruraux.
Doctorat en sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
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Koussemon, Marina (1972 ). "Isolement, caractérisation et étude physiologique de "Propionibacterium microaerophilum" sp. Nov. , isolée de margines d'olives." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX11005.
Full textChabalier, Julie. "Acquisition incrémentale et représentation des systèmes intégrés bactériens par une approche orienté-objet." Aix-Marseille 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX11007.
Full textLe, Cornec Rochelois Cécile. "Le poisson au Moyen Âge : savoirs et croyances." Paris 4, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA040117.
Full textAn early Christian symbol of Christ, the fish is first and foremost, in the medieval West, the food imposed by the Church during the numerous days of abstinence. But this Christian promotion fails to account for role in literature. The hermits in the novels content themselves with bread and water, while fish is served at the royal tables during lavish feasts. Moreover some recurrent species seem to take on special connotations. Why doesn't the Graal of Chrétien de Troyes contain either pike, or lamprey, or salmon ? What do the famous eels of the Roman de Renart evoke to the medieval public ? Where does the miraculous sturgeon, which keeps in its belly the hand of the heroine of the Roman de la Manekine come from ? The medieval discourse on the fish is anchored in a material and cultural context which became foreign to us. In order to reconstruct the background likely to explain literary allusions, we first question the terminology and the taxonomy used in encyclopaedic and medical text, thus highlighting the complex mosaic of meanings the realia take on in works of fiction. Prestigious species of novels and epics suggest, in a moralizing or comic perspective, guilty pleasures. In parodic writings, especially the Roman de Renart, allusions to the fish reveal the commercial and food practices of the time. In the marvel finally, the fish is both a symbolic food and marvellous animal
Mignolet, Alix. "Classification of polyphenolic compounds according to their differential effects on two breast cancer cell lines by FTIR spectroscopy." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/246922.
Full textLe développement de méthodes fiables et peu cher pour sélectionner de potentiels nouveaux médicaments présentant un mécanisme d’action original et inconnu avant toute étape clinique devient crucial. De précédentes études ont pu démontrer que les spectres infrarouges de cellules cancéreuses exposées à des agents anticancéreux connus et utilisé dans le monde clinique fournissent une empreinte globale de toutes les modifications métaboliques induites. La spectroscopie infrarouge est un outil innovant qui semble prometteur pour offrir un aperçu global des processus biologiques et physiologiques qui sont menés par un médicament dans des cellules cancéreuses. De nos jours, de nombreux produits naturels ont été reconnus pour leurs propriétés médicinales. Les polyphénols constituent l’un des plus vastes groupes de métabolites végétaux et de nombreuses études ont démontré leurs propriétés anticancéreuses à de multiples étapes de la carcinogénèse. En prenant en compte la très grande diversité de structures polyphénoliques existantes dans la nature et leurs nombreuses cibles anti-tumorales, l’étape de sélection est devenue essentielle comme il est virtuellement impossible de les classifier grâce à des techniques de classification traditionnelles telles que les études –omiques. Dès lors, le défi de cette thèse est d’évaluer les variations spectrales induites par un polyphénol dans des cellules cancéreuses à une plus grande échelle. Le couplage de la spectroscopie IRTF avec une extension de criblage de haut débit pourrait devenir une méthode utile pour générer des classifications de molécules sur base de leur « modes d’action ». Dans un premier temps, la concentration qui inhibe 50% de la croissance des cellules cancéreuses fut déterminée pour chaque polyphénol et chaque lignée de cellules cancéreuses. Le traitement des cellules à cette concentration permet une normalisation interne des expériences réalisées ultérieurement en spectroscopie infrarouge. Une fois le protocole établi, la lignée MDA-MB-231 fut exposée durant 24 heures à 15 polyphénols différents. Au moyen d’analyses statistiques multivariées supervisées et non supervisées, une distinction parmi les polyphénols a pu être établie et des effets complexes des polyphénols sur les cellules cancéreuses ont pu être révélés, suggérant des mécanismes d’action spécifiques à chaque polyphénol mis en évidence par spectroscopie infrarouge. Finalement, une étude subcellulaire sur cellules vivantes fut réalisée par imagerie Raman sur une seconde lignée de cellules cancéreuses mammaires appelées MCF-7. Cela permis de compléter en partie l’information macroscopique offerte par la spectroscopie infrarouge par une information microscopique sur l’effet de certains polyphénols. Cette thèse a ouvert la voie pour de nouvelles techniques de classification d’agents anticancéreux basées sur la spectroscopie infrarouge, technique sensible à l’ensemble des modifications chimiques subies par des cellules.
Option Chimie du Doctorat en Sciences
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Gonzalez, Patrice. "Organisation moléculaire et réarrangements des gènes mitochondriaux codant pour les ARNs ribosomiques du champignon cultivé (Agrocybe aegerita) : applications à la taxonomie et la phylogénie des champignons Basidiomycota." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR28642.
Full textMantrach, Amin. "Novel measures on directed graphs and applications to large-scale within-network classification." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210033.
Full textLa première partie de cette thèse introduit une nouvelle mesure de similarité entre deux noeuds d’un réseau dirigé et pondéré :la covariance “sum-over-paths”. Celle-ci a une interprétation claire et précise :en dénombrant tous les chemins possibles deux noeuds sont considérés comme fortement corrélés s’ils apparaissent souvent sur un même chemin – de préférence court. Cette mesure dépend d’une distribution de probabilités, définie sur l’ensemble infini dénombrable des chemins dans le graphe, obtenue en minimisant l'espérance du coût total entre toutes les paires de noeuds du graphe sachant que l'entropie relative totale injectée dans le réseau est fixée à priori. Le paramètre d’entropie permet de biaiser la distribution de probabilité sur un large spectre :allant de marches aléatoires naturelles où tous les chemins sont équiprobables à des marches biaisées en faveur des plus courts chemins. Cette mesure est alors appliquée à des problèmes de classification semi-supervisée sur des réseaux de taille moyennes et comparée à l’état de l’art.
La seconde partie de la thèse introduit trois nouveaux algorithmes de classification de noeuds en sein d’un large réseau dont les noeuds sont partiellement étiquetés. Ces algorithmes ont un temps de calcul linéaire en le nombre de noeuds, de classes et d’itérations, et peuvent dés lors être appliqués sur de larges réseaux. Ceux-ci ont obtenus des résultats compétitifs en comparaison à l’état de l’art sur le large réseaux de citations de brevets américains et sur huit autres jeux de données. De plus, durant la thèse, nous avons collecté un nouveau jeu de données, déjà mentionné :le réseau de citations de brevets américains. Ce jeu de données est maintenant disponible pour la communauté pour la réalisation de tests comparatifs.
La partie finale de cette thèse concerne la combinaison d’un graphe de citations avec les informations présentes sur ses noeuds. De manière empirique, nous avons montré que des données basées sur des citations fournissent de meilleurs résultats de classification que des données basées sur des contenus textuels. Toujours de manière empirique, nous avons également montré que combiner les différentes sources d’informations (contenu et citations) doit être considéré lors d’une tâche de classification de textes. Par exemple, lorsqu’il s’agit de catégoriser des articles de revues, s’aider d’un graphe de citations extrait au préalable peut améliorer considérablement les performances. Par contre, dans un autre contexte, quand il s’agit de directement classer les noeuds du réseau de citations, s’aider des informations présentes sur les noeuds n’améliora pas nécessairement les performances.
La théorie, les algorithmes et les applications présentés dans cette thèse fournissent des perspectives intéressantes dans différents domaines.
In recent years, networks have become a major data source in various fields ranging from social sciences to mathematical and physical sciences. Moreover, the size of available networks has grow substantially as well. This has brought with it a number of new challenges, like the need for precise and intuitive measures to characterize and analyze large scale networks in a reasonable time.
The first part of this thesis introduces a novel measure between two nodes of a weighted directed graph: The sum-over-paths covariance. It has a clear and intuitive interpretation: two nodes are considered as highly correlated if they often co-occur on the same -- preferably short -- paths. This measure depends on a probability distribution over the (usually infinite) countable set of paths through the graph which is obtained by minimizing the total expected cost between all pairs of nodes while fixing the total relative entropy spread in the graph. The entropy parameter allows to bias the probability distribution over a wide spectrum: going from natural random walks (where all paths are equiprobable) to walks biased towards shortest-paths. This measure is then applied to semi-supervised classification problems on medium-size networks and compared to state-of-the-art techniques.
The second part introduces three novel algorithms for within-network classification in large-scale networks, i.e. classification of nodes in partially labeled graphs. The algorithms have a linear computing time in the number of edges, classes and steps and hence can be applied to large scale networks. They obtained competitive results in comparison to state-of-the-art technics on the large scale U.S.~patents citation network and on eight other data sets. Furthermore, during the thesis, we collected a novel benchmark data set: the U.S.~patents citation network. This data set is now available to the community for benchmarks purposes.
The final part of the thesis concerns the combination of a citation graph with information on its nodes. We show that citation-based data provide better results for classification than content-based data. We also show empirically that combining both sources of information (content-based and citation-based) should be considered when facing a text categorization problem. For instance, while classifying journal papers, considering to extract an external citation graph may considerably boost the performance. However, in another context, when we have to directly classify the network citation nodes, then the help of features on nodes will not improve the results.
The theory, algorithms and applications presented in this thesis provide interesting perspectives in various fields.
Doctorat en Sciences
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Tourkya, Belal. "Mise au point de la spectroscopie de fluorescence pour la taxonomie des Pseudomonads." Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CLF21942.
Full textCheikh, Al Bassatneh Marwan. "Diversité taxonomique, phylogénétique et fonctionnelle en région méditerranéenne : congruence ou divergence ?" Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0499.
Full textThe objectives of the thesis are to analyze biodiversity in the European Mediterranean region at the taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional levels and understand why these different estimates of biodiversity are convergent or not in a spatialized context and how various environmental factors may explain this convergence or its absence.In this context, the thesis first focused on generating new phylogenetic trees of Mediterranean trees integrating the endemic species of this region, to increase significantly the resolution of current phylogenies. Then, using these phylogenies, indices of phylogenetic diversity were estimated at different scales (country, island, biogeographic zone) and compared with other indices of biodiversity (functional and taxonomic) and to correlatively study the impact of environmental variables on these different biodiversity indices
Blanchard, Virginie. "Contribution à la caractérisation moléculaire de Geotrichum candidum." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO1T003.
Full textDaugeron, Bertrand. "Apparition-Disparition des Nouveaux mondes en histoire naturelle : Enregistrement-Epuisement des collections scientifiques (1763-1830)." Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EHES0071.
Full textThe comprehension of the relegation of the human artifacts from the collections of the Museum d'Histoire naturelle (1797) requires connecting objects and knowledge. This issue understands better how the conditions of political production of scientific objects, revealed during the maritime expeditions and the revolutionary seizures, affect classifications. Two series will be connected : on the one hand the cognitive dimension of the collections raised by methodological problems, from a naturalist point of view which classifies through objects and, on the other hand, from the loss of the American possessions until the catch of Algiers, a colonial interval, which explores the Pacific and colonize it. The exclusion of the man-made objects would structure the deep time of the history of nature, while relegating the primitive in the margins of History, condemned to vanish or to be colonized. Behind this relegation, the vision of the Other changes turning from the savage into the primitive