Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sciences naturelles – Histoire – 19e siècle'
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Kury, Lorelai Brilhante. "Civiliser la nature : histoire naturelle et voyages (France, fin du XVIIIe siècle - début du XIXe siècle)." Paris, EHESS, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995EHES0085.
Full textStarting with the enlightenment, the histoire naturelle was characterized by the emphasis on the utility of nature. Within this context, botany, zoology and agriculture were seen as crucial disciplines in the development of civilization as well immediately relevant to the happiness of mankind. The search for exotic natural products thus mobilized considerable individual and institutional efforts. The parisian museum d'histoire naturelle played a key role in the studies of nature carried on in france : there, exotic natural products became part of a universal system of knowledge, thanks to their orderly disposition and the acknowledgement of their utility. Often carrying with them detailed instructions, naturalists left their country with the hope of finding extraordinary plants living in privileged countries. Voyages did however constitute a highly heterogenous enterprise, differing in motivation, execution and outcome. The voyage, as perceived by contemporaries, represented the intellectual and physical conquest of the world involving science, utopia, personal gain, public utility and adventure. Back to france, the chimera of the acclimatisation of exotic plants indicated the hope of overcoming the geographical limitations imposed upon living beings, thus submitting nature to civilization
Nadeau, Charles. "La nordicité et son influence sur les sciences naturelles aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28922/28922.pdf.
Full textDaugeron, Bertrand. "Apparition-Disparition des Nouveaux mondes en histoire naturelle : Enregistrement-Epuisement des collections scientifiques (1763-1830)." Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EHES0071.
Full textThe comprehension of the relegation of the human artifacts from the collections of the Museum d'Histoire naturelle (1797) requires connecting objects and knowledge. This issue understands better how the conditions of political production of scientific objects, revealed during the maritime expeditions and the revolutionary seizures, affect classifications. Two series will be connected : on the one hand the cognitive dimension of the collections raised by methodological problems, from a naturalist point of view which classifies through objects and, on the other hand, from the loss of the American possessions until the catch of Algiers, a colonial interval, which explores the Pacific and colonize it. The exclusion of the man-made objects would structure the deep time of the history of nature, while relegating the primitive in the margins of History, condemned to vanish or to be colonized. Behind this relegation, the vision of the Other changes turning from the savage into the primitive
Desmeules, Mélanie. "Pratiques et réseaux des naturalistes au Québec, 1850-1920." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27506/27506.pdf.
Full textPetitier, Paule. ""Moi-histoire-nature" : géographie et biologie : le modèle naturel dans l'oeuvre de Michelet autour de 1830." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF20008.
Full textShortly after 1830, michelet starts work on his histoire de france. Geography is very important in the first volumes. In his geographical discourse one may discover the contradictions inherent in a thought aiming at reconciling two philosophical systems based on antithetical hypotheses -the enlightenment and naturphilosophie. The representation of the territory enables the historian to reach compromises between those two systems. Thus michelet acknowledges the superiority of the natural model but in a paradoxical way -in fact organiscism becames the specific feature of history whereas nature is deprived of it. As early as 1830, the development of michelet's historical method is analogical to natural sciences. The theories of the embryogenists and of the teratologists assisted michelet in understanding the genesis of the territory and of the nation. In a wider sense, the transfromist conception of living organisms determined the historian's methodology and mode of expression. The representation of the territory and the natural model are thus inscribed in an affective and polemical discourse. On the one hand, they form the basis of his representation of the self; on the other hand, they have a didactic function in the rehabilitation of the revolution, which appears as early as that period, beneath the surface of michelet's texts. The aesthetic discourse on the territory affirms the ideological commitment and optimism of the historian who in 1830 believed he could restitute a science of totality. Geography finally seems to be the expression of such a triumphant optimism aiming at uniting the various fields of experience and knowledge
Casson, Loïc. "De la fourmi à l’atome : les sciences naturelles vues et vécues par Charles Janet (1849-1932)." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH033/document.
Full textThe French naturalist Charles Janet (1849-1932) is remained on the margins of the great scientific figures. However, the Academy of Sciences acknowledged some of his entomological works and nowadays, his atomic classification emerges in discussions of chemists. Graduated from Ecole Centrale, civil engineer and manufacturer in province, he was among other things, geologist, paleontologist, entomologist, biologist and chemist even if these disciplines reflect only a part of his research. Unsung and split in his specialities, his works have been very little studied and never in an overall view. Hence, the biography proposed here will go beyond these disciplinary divides. Through the own perceptions of Janet, we will engage our project towards the microhistory that gives us the way to observe the work of a scholar. It will be revealing some functions, uses and sociability of the local or national societies that arise in real scientific authority and we will examine their links with the Academy of Sciences. The main will be the Zoological Society of France of which Janet became president. In addition, he allows us to observe a macro-historical trend, which is that of the specialization and the marginalization of entomology. This will lead us to question the classic duality 'professionals versus amateurs' among scientists.Thanks to his polyvalency, his long career both off and in the official science, Janet is a privileged witness of the natural sciences at the turn of the 19th century. Trace Janet’s life and work, is observing science through the anonymous people who might be raised for a while at the level of the glories of their era. If this research reflects the practices of an unsung scientist, it represents paradoxically (in our view) most of the naturalists of his time
Crémière, Cédric. "La science au musée : L'anatomie comparée au Jardin du Roi et au Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Paris : 1745-1898." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MNHN0022.
Full text[The expansion of comparative anatomy during the 18th Century in France was due to the joint elaboration of a conceptual architecture (thinking the nature), a methodology (how to study and deal with the natural history), a medium (the book) and an institutional shelter. These conditions were combined when Buffon became Intendant of the Jardin du Roi in 1739 and employed Daubenton in 1745 to lead his project of the Histoire naturelle. Cuvier took up again some principles enounced by Daubenton and founded his activity on the collections, which became an essential part of his demonstrative system. In the second half of the 19th Century, comparative anatomy suffered from a fierce institutional competition with anthropology and paleontology and thus sought conceptually and geographically new spaces. Each discipline claimed its own autonomy through the revendication of separate galleries that only arose in 1898)
Lenay, Charles. "Enquête sur le hasard dans les grandes théories biologiques de la deuxième moitié du 19e siècle." Paris 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA010568.
Full textThe concept of chance fulfils an explanatory function in certain scientific theories, notably in biology. It was used with particular success in the theorie of evolution and heredity which were developed during the second half of the nineteenth century. The aim of this thesis is to understand the significance of this concept and to study the conditions necessary for its employment. We have therefore examined the theories of Ch. Darwin and G. Mendel, A. R. Wallace and F. Galton, A. Weismann and Hugo De Vries, and finally W. Bateson and K. Pearson in 1900. It has proved possible to trace the ancestry of this concept of chance from the theory of natural selection up to the discovery of the mendelian laws in 1900. This study has proved interesting from two points of view. Firstly from a historical viewpoint, the concept of chance turns out to be particularly relevant for discerning the general constraints - both ideological and experimental = which presided over the origin of these theories. On this basis we propose a general scheme for the construction of these theories, which we have termed "epistemic projection": the category "chance" internal to the theory results from the projection of a (subjective) epistemic chance that the author of the theory met with. Secondly from an epistemological point of view, this historical approach has enabled us to define a typology. .
Reynaud, Denis. "Problemes et enjeux litteraires en histoire naturelle au dix-huitieme siecle." Lyon 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO20021.
Full textNatural history can be studied without dismembering it nor reducing it to theoretical debates (generation, evolution. . . ). It was a genre in and of itself, rivaling the novel, whose blossoming occurred in the 18th century. This genre is defined not so much by specific topics as by certain practices which all have a literary nature. Four principal scientific procedures - describing, naming, observing, experimenting - give rise to a variety of exchanges between science and literature, both necessary and reciprocal since, on the one hand, natural history draws from literature the solution to its problems, and, on the other hand, by dealing with these problems, it influences literature and becomes itself literature. Who in the eighteenth century, for example, gave more thought to description and used it better than buffon, daubenton, reaumur or adanson ? natural history is, moreover, engaged in two non-scientific activities : vulgarizing and dealing in cliches. In both cases, the scientist finds himself confronted with the technical and ethical issues of writing and re-writing. These worries are often considered simply as snags in scientific thinking, which could have been avoided ; but natural history's strongest originality lies in the acute consciousness of the constraints pertaining to the public and to intertextuality. Neglected today, the literary stakes of natural history were recognized by the french novelists of the 19th century
Vignaud, Laurent-Henri. "Les "merveilles de la nature" : histoire naturelle et érudition à l'âge baroque, vers 1560-vers 1660." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005VERS015S.
Full textPeople of 16th and 17th centuries were obsessed by the “wonders of Nature”: they observed, studied, described, collected and exchanged them passionately. Wonders of Nature were not only an intellectual category or a learned notion partly bequeathed by Ancient and Medieval thought, but also a body of pictures (drawings or engravings) easily reproducible and distributable, a series of natural phenomena which can be attested by letters and a set of objects on display in cabinets of curiosities. This works follows three directive patterns: 1) articulation between science and philological scholarship; 2) function of prodigies during French 16th century civil wars, and 3) appraisal processes used in giving account of strange natural objects. The first part of the study is devoted to the legacy, in other word to the notion of “wonders of Nature” as an inherited intellectual category, and is focused on the years 1560-1610. In the second part, the specific case of the prodigies is considered, mostly between 1580 and 1620, and through French historiography of the civil wars. Third part confronts the “science” of the wonders of Nature with the new experimental practice which, between 1610 and 1660, makes the wonder a pattern of “scientific fact”
Levacher, Maëlle. "La réception de l'Histoire naturelle de Buffon : la part du lecteur, de l'horizon d'attente aux réécritures parodiques." Nantes, 2009. http://ezproxy.normandie-univ.fr/login?url=http://www.classiques-garnier.com/numerique-bases/garnier?filename=MlrMS01.
Full textSince the 18th century, Buffon's Histoire naturelle has been very successfull, which is better understood whenone analyses the dialectic relationships, the forms of reciprocity which have been established between the author and his readers. First we study the features of the works which show the cultural community shared by the readers and the author, and the latter's approach to meet this culture specific expectations. Then we show how Buffon holds a mirror to his audience, anchors his works in the social and cultural events which he shares with his contemporaries, and encourages them to participate in the creation of tthe work. We finally show how during three centuries, the audience has made this work their own to make he most of it, spread it and paprody it. The history of Histoire naturelle, in many respects, has enriched with the participation of its readers more than it is usually thought
Percheron, Bénédicte. "Les sciences naturelles à Rouen au XIXe siècle : muséographie, vulgarisation et réseaux scientifiques (1789-1923)." Rouen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ROUEL018.
Full textThe Study of natural sciences in Rouen in the nineteenth century, in its widest meaning, allows to reveal social, cultural, economic, political practices or, in a more general way, scientific and philosophic ideologies. From the first botanical garden of the Académie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Rouen to the opening of the Parc zoologique de Clères, not forgetting the creation of the natural history museums of Rouen and Elbeuf, this thesis offers a panorama of the history of this discipline trough the prism of the museography, popularization and scientific networks. It questions and confronts the cohabitation between research and scientific popularization, both at the origin of the development of the discipline for this century. Theses relations are examined by the entermise of study of three phases which presided over the full development of natural history in Rouen. It returns at first time on the origins and the implanting of this science in Rouen, by lingering over the first private collections, then public specialized. The phenomenon of institutionalization of the natural sciences is studied through the history of the Natural history museum of Rouen and the creation of the public gardens of the city. Finally the last part becomes attached to dissemination tools of this discipline, by returning on the history of its teaching and local learned societies. It proposes being interested in the consequences of this dissemination by observing the use and the dissemination of the scientific theories during the Third Republic and the museographic creations of these years. Finally, the study concludes with the notion of exhibition of alive perceived as entertainment and popularization
Goldin, Marcovich Gabriela. "Voix créoles : les savants de la Nouvelle-Espagne entre Mexico et l'exil italien (1767-1814)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0114.
Full textIn the second half of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century, Mexican creole intellectuals took an interest in the natural, ancient, and civil history of New Spain. Those authors, some of whom were Jesuits, were separated across the Atlantic by the expulsion of the Company of Jesus (1767), and as a result they wrote from multiple geographic as well as institutional locations. While the expulsion of the jesuits separated them, they remained a network through their epistolary and intellectual exchanges. This study contextualizes their biographical trajectories, avoiding a history of the ideas merely based on their intellectual production such as has been thus far pursued, in particular in relation to the Dispute of the New World. On the other hand, it also avoids reducing the complexity of their intellectual production to its political, proto-national dimension. In what ways do these intellectuals inscribe themselves within the Enlightenment? By privileging the urban scale, this study maps their production of knowledge, engaged in a close dialogue not only with Europe but also with Caribbean America. Through a material and social history of writing practices, this dissertation approaches the political and urban experience of New Spain and Mexico at the end of the colonial period as a lived arena of intellectual reflection. Going beyond the recognition of common themes, such as Mexican patriotism and creole pride, this study attempts to hearken to a plurality of creole voices by paying attention to contrasts and tensions and by studying the relationship between the scholarly activities of those authors and their different political agendas and institutional circumstances
Rusque, Dorothée. "Le dialogue des objets : fabrique et circulation des savoirs naturalistes : le cas des collections de Jean Hermann (1738-1800)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAG017.
Full textFollowing the issues raised by the historic anthropology of the knowledge and the material turn, the thesis questions the cognitive dimension of the collections of natural history of Jean Hermann (1738-1800). From 1762, the naturalist created a rich cabinet composed of objects from the three kingdoms of nature. The cabinet was associated with two other forms of collections: a library and a botanical garden, which he managed as professor of botany of the university of medicine from 1783. All three forms of collections were used as his equipment for research and teaching. The investigation shall determine the role of objects in the production and the circulation of the naturalistic knowledge. Its objective is also to observe the social construction of a learned figure. The study points out the importance of the economy of exchange of objects in the constitution of collections and the role of the dialogue between objects - samples, books, images – in the visualization process. The visual device of the cabinet is at the core of the process of knowledge making. Collections contributed to the emergence of a public science; they were media of teaching and attracted numerous visitors
Crozet, Pascal. "Elements pour une histoire de la modernisation des sciences exactes en Egypte (1805-1902)." Paris 7, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA070083.
Full textForced to react to the transformations of the world market and to the expansionism of colonial powers, the egyptian rulers had been led, since the beginning of 19 th century, to put their country on the way to reforms, and notably to introduce some elements of european modern science and new processes to apprehend and to manage reality. Through a study of the relationship between science and the state, of the scientific and technical training institutions, of educational contents and scientific textbooks (essentially in mathematics, mechanics and astronomy), of the influence of european mediators and also through an historic as well as linguistic analysis of an important but badly known movement of arabization of the scientific language, this thesis tries to give an account of how the egyptian scientists of 19th century had taken charge of this modern science in order to open to it, in egypt, a space, whose nature could have been institutional, cultural, conceptual, of applicability. Thus, being the opposite of a colonial project, the general project conceived for modern science in 19th century egypt seems to have been the one of its naturalization by the egyptian society, while a still strong presence of traditional scientific activities seems to have had a great impact on it, exerting a determining influence on the process of transfer of european learning
Petit, Axel. "Histoire du concept d’ion au dix-neuvième siècle." Nantes, 2014. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=e02e18c1-3dc3-4e1b-ae0d-1313d74d284f.
Full textThis dissertation describes the circulation of the concept of ion throughout the 19th century. As a symbol of the claims for the unity of science, it was subject to a diversity of appropriations and transformations. The first part exposes the many approaches of the problem raised by the phenomenon of electrolysis between 1800 and 1830. Despite deep theoretical and philosophical differences, a common culture of electrochemistry emerged in Europe. The second part deals with the coining and reception of the concept of ion in this both stable and heteroclite context. From 1834 to the end of the 1870’s, ionic theories were invented, accepted, rejected or transformed by men who were influenced by different scientific traditions. German scientists particularly spread and transformed the concept of ion. The third part describes the spectacular rise of interest the concept of ion and electrolysis benefited between 1880 and the 1910’s. Ideas on matter and electricity and experimental methods collided. It was the cause of important transformations of the concept of ion. The aim of this dissertation is to maintain embedded the epistemic and social aspects that affected the history of the concept of ion
Doron, Claude-Olivier. "Races et dégénérescence : l'émergence des savoirs sur l'homme anormal." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00876157.
Full textEfrat, Tomer. "L' objet naturalisé et la nature objectivée : curiosités urbaines et collections d'histoire naturelle en France (1830-1930)." Paris, EHESS, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002EHES0049.
Full textThe subject of this thesis is the study of natural history exhibitions and their development in France during the 19th century. In a time frame extending from the beginning of the 19th century to the commencement of the 20th century, we shall show the increasingly spectacular way in which natural objects were displayed. The dense visual milieu characteristic of the urban environment of the period introduced new norms and methods of display into museums and natural history collections. Furthermore, in the second half of the 19th century, the universal expositions, international events combining entertainment, science and mercantilism, provided an ideal space to exercise and emit new techniques for displaying scientific themes. The main author of these displays of natural history pieces is the scientific auxiliary, whose profession consists of transforming the specimens into objects for exhibition. In order to do this, he associates the sciences to the arts, thus playing an important role as a mediator between the scientific milieu and the public. Moreover, given the orientation of natural sciences towards experimental practice and more conceptual forms of representation, the scientific auxiliary is increasingly oriented towards the popular activities of society, such as the preparation of ornamental articles and the creation of wax cabinets and dioramas. As a result, on the eve of the 20th century, natural history museums actually became sites for show and amusement in the urban landscape
Robin, Nicolas. "De l'étude des réseaux et des pratiques naturalistes au dix-neuvième siècle : biographie d'un médecin et naturaliste vosgien Jean-Baptiste Mougeot (1776-1858)." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0080.
Full textIn the field of natural history, history of scientific practices is rich in unexplored sources of knowledge. We concentrate ourselves especially on the history of natural practices, in France (Vosges), at the end of the Enlightenment to the early nineteenth century. We attend to the emergence of a new community of scientists. We talk about men of science whose laboratory is nature. In this scientific context, Jean-Baptiste Mougeot (1776-1858) a naturalist and Doctor of Medicine will be our guide in order to suggest an intelligible and useful model for future studies on naturalists in Europe
Richard, Elodie Géraldine Pascale. "L'esprit des lois : droit et sciences sociales à l'Académie Royale des sciences morales et politiques d'Espagne (1857-1923)." Paris 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA010660.
Full textFaidutti, Bruno. "Images et connaissance de la licorne (fin du moyen-âge-XIXème siècle)." Paris 12, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA120048.
Full textThe legends about the unicorn as a friend of young virgins come from medieval bestiaries, but the animal's current image - a white horse with a long spiralled horn - only appeared in the renaissance. The unicorn, whose horn was the object of an important trade, was said to live in the orient and was often mistaken for the rhinoceros. The first texts questioning its existence date from the sixteenth century, but the debate about it was not closed until the nineteenth century. Doctors - who used its horn as an antidote to poison -, travellers - who were looking for it or wrote that they had seen it -, geographers, theologians, hermetists and symbolists, and of course specialists in natural history, have all expressed a variety of points of view on this issue
Reubi, Serge. "Gentlemen, prolétaires et primitifs : institutionnalisation, pratiques de collection et choix muséographiques dans l'ethnographie suisse, 1880-1950." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0094.
Full textResting on a rich archivistic documentation, this study analyzes the institutionnalization processes and the life of the swiss ethnographic institutions. It tackles also the scientific paxis, in the field and at home. It reveals the ambivalence of the disciplinarization-institutionnalization relation, presents the detail of the praxis, presents new perspectives for the history of the discipline and offers to renew its chronology
Coquidé-Cantor, Maryline. "Félix-Archimède Pouchet, savant et vulgarisateur." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA112482.
Full textLafrance, Mélanie. "De l'invisible atome à l'immensité du cosmos : les sciences chez les Ursulines de Québec (1830-1910)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28294.
Full textLes Ursulines de Québec ont offert des leçons de sciences à leurs élèves dès le début du XIXe siècle. À l'époque, les sciences sont populaires au sein de l'élite. L'ajout de cours de sciences au cursus dans les années 1830 – astronomie, botanique, minéralogie, chimie et physique – vise à attirer la clientèle et à rehausser le prestige du pensionnat. Quatre religieuses anglophones, dont trois étaient originaires des États-Unis, ont mis en place cet enseignement, avec l'appui de l'abbé Thomas Maguire, chapelain des Ursulines, et des professeurs de sciences du Séminaire de Québec. Au-delà du désir de transmettre aux élèves des connaissances scientifiques propres à agrémenter les conversations mondaines, les cours de sciences avaient pour finalités de révéler aux élèves l'œuvre du Créateur et de développer leur sens pratique, ce qui, aux yeux des éducatrices et éducateurs du XIXe siècle, convenait particulièrement aux filles. Sur certains aspects, néanmoins, les cours de sciences enseignés aux pensionnaires des classes terminales se distinguent du modèle général d'éducation des filles de l'époque. Dans les notes de cours, la science apparaît intimement liée au progrès et dépourvue d'applications ménagères. Les connaissances scientifiques transmises s'étendent de l'infiniment petit à l'immensité du cosmos en passant par les règnes animal, végétal et minéral. Leur acquisition implique une remise en question de conceptions usuelles. Un désir d'instruire, plus que modestement, les élèves et de développer leur rigueur intellectuelle se révèle. Dans l'historiographie, l'enseignement des sciences aux filles au Québec restait largement méconnu. Les résultats de la présente étude nous invitent à repenser le rapport que les femmes entretenaient avec les sciences au XIXe siècle. À l'époque où les filles n'avaient pas accès au cours classique, les cours de sciences pouvaient représenter une alternative moralement acceptable pour une maison d'éducation désireuse d'offrir à ses élèves un niveau plus relevé d'instruction.
Puppi, Marcelo. "La dimension culturelle du rationalisme structurel : architecture, histoire et utopie chez Léonce Reynaud, Fernand de Dartein et Auguste Choisy." Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010517.
Full textDaled, Pierre-Frédéric. "L'Université libre de Bruxelles et la religion: spiritualisme et matérialisme au XIXème siècle." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212275.
Full textVumi, Diambu Georges. "Histoire des missions protestantes: la Baptist Missionary Society en Afrique; la période héroïque ou pionnière." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211853.
Full textRemaud, Patrice. "Une histoire de la genèse de l’automatique en France 1850-1950." Paris, CNAM, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CNAM0466.
Full textAutomatic control appeared in France after second World War. However, the history of the regulation techniques shows that it has existed since the beginning of the 19th century a school of the regulation in France. This school was remarkable but it left behind few remembers. Second World War represents a rupture in all the domains of French scientific research. The cooperation at the end of the 1940’s between the members of the French school of regulation and the young engineers of the armament and telecommunications led to the development of French automatic control during the 1950’s. The first part of this thesis proposes a brief presentation of the general history of automatic control. The second part deals with the study of the french school of regulation. It has been progressively created during the 19th century around the problems posed by the use of the Watt governor. The third part is devoted to some scientific events that contributed to the emergence of the automatic control in France after second World War
Epron, Aurélie. "Histoire du gouren (XIXe-XXIe siècles) : l'invention de la lutte bretonne." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00282462.
Full textDiatsentos, Petros. "La question de la langue dans les milieux des savants grecs au XIXe siècle : projets linguistiques et reformes." Paris, EHESS, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00600005.
Full textThis thesis examines how the vision for 'the reform of modern Greek, which is also called the purist project was conceived in the second half of the nineteenth century. The aim is to highlight those factors that led the purist language (katharevousa) to its failure in the new century. This research focuses primarily on the consolidation (especially during the years 1850-1880), of an ideology that supports and legitimates the position of an archaic variety of modern Greek (katharevousa) as a national language. Moreover, our target is to study, in this specific ideological context, the formation of linguistic projects and strategies which aim to accomplish the process of building a national language. These projects involve a series of representations concerning the idea thal scholars have of the target language, its setting and its diffusion, the time perspective of the reform and the role of social actors, or even the place that is reserved for vernacular language in This process. We have observed that the perception of history of the Greek language and its role in society, described in the second part of this thesis, has implications for how to define the target language, the direction of the reform and the prioritization of its objectives. The interest of this research also focuses on the expectations and attitudes of the well read elite class vis à vis the stale, in areas where political power is involved, as well as where it remains in the background. Finally, we have outlined the framework from which the Demoticist movement emerges, at the end of the nineteenth century
Kirschleger, Pierre-Yves. "Approches de l'apologétique chrétienne dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle en France." Montpellier 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON30034.
Full textDuring the 19th century apologetics tried to defend the faith and the Christian beliefs against new attacks : the expansion of materialism and positivism, the progress of sciences, the development of the critical and independent exegesis (which famous example is Life of Jesus of Ernest Renan (1863). . . Although Renan and fellow rationalists maintained that they represented true philosophy, Christian apologists waren't incompetent and their discourses not obsolete: they presented reasoned arguments and refutations of the rationalist speculations. The confrontation with the culture of the time is sometimes difficult but fertile: the apologists are developing a moral demonstration of the Christian truth. The autor analyses the french apologetic discourses, theories and methods in the second half of 19th century, the works of Pastor Edmond de Pressensé (1824-1891) and of the catholic magistrate Auguste Nicolas (1807-1888)
Ferrière, Hervé. "Bory de Saint-Vincent (1778-1846) : naturaliste, voyageur et militaire, entre Révolution et Monarchie de Juillet : essai biographique." Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010618.
Full textTremblay, Alex. "La mixité culturelle au sein des élites québécoises au XIXe siècle : l'exemple de la famille Marchand, 1791-1900." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30572/30572.pdf.
Full textFatet, Jérôme. "Les recherches d'Edmond Becquerel sur la nature de la lumière entre 1839 et 1843 : histoire d'une interaction réussie entre science et photographie." Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10237.
Full textFaure, Marie-Rose. "Elaboration du concept de vie lors du voyage aux terres australes (1801-1804)." Paris, EHESS, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999EHESA013.
Full textFischer, Jean-Louis. "Histoire du déterminisme épigénétique du sexe chez les animaux et l'homme de 1800 à 1935." Paris 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA010654.
Full textIn 1800, in manuscripts written during the campaign of Egypt, E. G. Saint-Hilaire considers that all embryos in the animal world contain both sexes in themselves. The embryo becomes male or female after influences of the environment (food, space in which it is growing). Yet, E. G. Saint-Hilaire can not resolve this problem in spite of his experimental and anatomical investigations. The problem of embryonic sexual ambivalence and the reasons of determination of sex is raised into the transcendental anatomy. In 1935, following the works of biochemists and chemists who purified and realized the first synthesis of sexual hormones, e. Worlff studies the effect of these homrones on the chicken embryo and gets intersexual embryos. He points out by the experimental method, the sexual ambivalence of embryo and showes the morphogenic role held by the sexual hormones during the primary and secondary differentiation of sex. He answeres, but in a different scientific context, to the problem set by the author of the "philosophie anatomique". Between these two dates, there is a study of ideas, works, hypotheses and theories in the institutional and social contexts
Charbonnat, Pascal. "Matérialismes, créationnismes et histoire naturelle : variations et critiques de l'idée de création au XVIIIe siècle en France." Paris 10, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA100106.
Full textIf we observe the variations of the idea of creation in France in XVIIIth century, we can see how the naturalists' discourses, by new notions of God, becomed more independent from theological obligations. The naturalists searched to extend the limits of explanation by physical causes and the question of act of creation arised : where are the limits of primary cause action in the forming of earth and beings ? In the beginning of XVIIIth century, at the saure time as the naturalists breaked with the thomistical scholasticism, new ideas about Creator, more based on his wisdom than his willpower, borned in Malebranche and Leibniz. The théories which deal with origin of natural bodies, the earth's forming or the beings' génération, used these notions of God to justify the bigger autonomy of physical discourse. The strong critics of the idea of creation, in Fréret, Meslier, La Mettrie and anonymous authors, also encouraged naturalists to wonder about a minimal participation of God. In the middle of the century, a part of them, in particular Montesquieu, Maupertuis and Buffon, made théories about bodies forming in which God hardly worked, while another part, like Needham or Bonnet, attempted a last conciliation with theology. This rift within naturalists was reinforced by the varied irreligions, and specially by Diderot and d'Holbach's materialism. Ultimately, the successors of Buffon, like Lamarck, Bertrand or La Métherie, produced théories which either remove the resort to a Creator or reduce him to a mere legislator
Blondel, Marika. "Dire les choses : Auguste Laurent et la méthode chimique." Lyon 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO31015.
Full textAuguste laurent (1807-1853) proves the knowledge of the chemical combination, i. E. Atoms and their arrangements to be illusory. On the other hand he assumes that this question is essential to the progress in the iunderstanding and prevision of phenomena. He therefore indicates a medium-sized plan for the postlavoisian chemistry : i. E. To speak things instead of knowing them, but speaking in order to know. Mineralogy wich laurent knows very well offered to extreme solutions : either to transcribe the external characters - properties - or to express the substance. He chooses the middle-way. Better still, he follows both ways : he expresses his idea concerning arrangements but so that experiment is forced to answer the theoretical questioning; he transcribes the properties but in such a way that the recorded experiment has to speak out its reason. The chemical method nust be considered as a discourse upon things, as well as it gives the conditions for such a discourse to be held; the language of such a discourse would be provided by the theory
Hurel, Arnaud. "L'institutionnalisation de l'archéologie préhistorique en France métropolitaine (1852-1941) et l'Institut de paléontologie humaine Fondation Prince Albert Ier de Monaco." Paris 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA040193.
Full textContrary to the other human sciences, the institutionalization of the prehistoric archaeology in France, that is its conversion of a social reality in a regulated structure, evolves by stages which, in their nature and their chain, go beyond those whom we hold traditionally for the other scientific disciplines. While, from the end of the first half of the XIXth, the community of the prehistorians begins to be scientifically recognized, it does not find academic position and refuses any rule of the excavations. Nevertheless, since the Revolution, the notion of national interest was led bit by bit as regards the archaeological heritage. In 1910, the French prehistorians oppose even firmly to the first bill conceived in order to protect deposits and they claim an exclusive and own right on their activities. The same year, the creation of the Institute of human paleontology by Prince Albert of Monaco represents the first attempt of professionalization of prehistorian's activity. The Second World War is going to pass beyong these oppositions and to impose the law of September 27th, 1941 as well as an official research structure by the C. N. R. S. And the University
Mayer, Jouanjean Isabelle. "L'île de La Réunion sous l'œil du cyclone au XXème siècle. Histoire, Société, et catastrophe Naturelle." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00780487.
Full textPlisnier, René. "Contribution à l'étude de la vie culturelle d'une ville de province au XIXe siècle: le cas de Mons (1795-1914); enseignement, musées, bibliothèques, théâtres; musique, beaux-arts et sociétés." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212113.
Full textSagesser, Caroline. "Le temporel des cultes dans la Belgique du XIXème siècle: législation, règlementation, jurisprudence et pratiques." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209361.
Full textAujourd'hui encore, l'organisation du financement public des cultes repose sur les bases établies au XIXème siècle.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
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Browne, Micheál. "L’air du logement : recherches d'un minimum spatial France-Belgique-Grande-Bretagne, 1780-1880." Paris, CNAM, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CNAM0460.
Full textLegitimised by physiological criteria established since the 18th century, the research of a space minimum per occupant in the 19th century partakes of the attempts to adjust domestic space to the organic body. Situated on the fringe of several disciplines – town planning, architecture, building, medicine, biology, chemistry and physics – it questions the relation between theory and practice. Characteristic of the history of technology, this interdisciplinary questioning constitutes the essential of the present problematic. However, as shown by the comparative study, the definition of a space minimum does not escape the socio-economic constraints of housing. Even if the argumentation medicalizes itself, the domestic space medicalization is partial. The definition of a space minimum per occupant in the 19th century consists less in a domestic air medicalization than in an indoor air domestication
Vielfaure, Pascal. "L'évolution du droit pénal sous la Monarchie de Juillet entre exigences politiques et interrogations de société." Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON10052.
Full textThe revolution of july had immediate repercussions on criminal law. Based on the constitutional text, the law of 8 oct. 1830 extended the jury system to trial involving political offences. Globally, legislation concerning the press was liberalised, giving real substance to the freedom guaranteed in the constitution. The pressure of its political opponents (especially through the press), the persistence of dots and assassination attempts on the person of louis philippe, however, obliged the government to take a firmer attitude. The number of political trials grew, yet did not result in effective repression. The july monarchy consequently resorted to more repressive legislation, such as the law of 9 sept. 1835, voted after the fieschi attempt, including the prohibition of the republican, legitimist and bonapartist press. To avoid the jury trial, the government assigned political trials to a political body, the + cour des pairs ;. This body, whose judiciary competence, in the absence of specific text, could be questioned, could only hear the most serious cases. So globally, the liberal principles consecrated at the beginning of the reign, were not compromised. Criminal legislation, moreover, was thoroughly reformed. Over hundred articles of the criminal code were modified by the law of 28 april 1832. As doctrine demanded, this reform consecrated the distinction between political and ordinary punishments. In addition, it lessened the rigors of the criminal code of 1810 by abolishing corporal punishment and capital punishment in 9 cases. Above all, it attributed to jury the right to pronounce extenuating circumstances, thus favouring the individuahsation of the sanction. It is indeniable that conservative reflexes continued. Jurors maintained their attachment to property, and magistrate as well as statesman careful to keep intact the efficacity of criminal law approached reform of criminal procedure with great circumspection. Nonetheless, the balance was resolutely in favour of the reform ; the monarchy of july constituted an essential moment in the long process of liberalisation and humanisation of criminal law
Carnino, Guillaume. "L'invention de « la science » dans le second XIXe siècle : épistémologie, technologie, environnement, politique." Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0071.
Full text"Modern science", being both pure and applied, emerges in France at the very beginning of the second industrialization, and replaces the prior "natural philosophy". Its prestige expands through various activities: World fairs, freethinkers, popular science, arts & literature, school, patent rights. . . This practical and theoretical reorganization of knowledge , is firmly connected to the structure of industrial production: scientists study in details craftsmen's "know-how" to create reproducible procedures for manufacturing. Reputed neutral and objective, science ideologically binds the progressive base of the French Third Republic: thereafter, any opposition to environmental, technological or social changes catalysed by this new regime is treated as a dangerous attitude hiding reactionary thoughts secretly rooted in a backward political agenda. Secular resistance to sacred science is subsequently considered inaccurate and excluded from the political sphere, in the same way as the religious beliefs Galileo battled with are mocked as false. Therefore, science must not be any more considered as an epistemological question, but rather as a intrinsically contradictory institution (since it is issued from a social compromise): attempts to theorize it as unified and non-historical concept always trigger the same conflicts that prevailed to its birth
Duran, Samson. "Des géométries étatsuniennes à partir de l'étude de l'American Mathematical Society : 1888-1920." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS207.
Full textIn 1888, three students created a mathematical society in New York City. Six years later, this society became national and took the name of the American Mathematical Society (AMS). In 1920, it counted thousands of members, published many articles and reviews, and organized mathematical meetings on a regular basis all over the country. Based on the study of publications from the AMS journals until 1920, this dissertation aims at retracing a social history of Geometry, by answering two main questions: how were geometrical activities related to the AMS organized and distributed and how was geometrical knowledge transferred from or to the USA? After determining what the category of Geometry meant for the editors of various catalogues of mathematical publications, I will analyze the lessons given and received by some members of the AMS, the reviews published in its Bulletin and the mathematical meetings held by the society. The descriptions of the geometrical activities organized by the AMS, as well as the context in which they took place, will thus help us draw a cartography of Geometry. We will see that it can be defined in several ways from both an academic and a sociological perspective. I will also identify the dominant people in Geometry within the Society. More precisely, we will see who were the power holders, whether this power was scientific or institutional, according to the different forms it could take within the AMS. Among the people thus identified, I will particularly focus on three of them (V. Snyder, L. P. Eisenhart and E. J. Wilczynski). This will allow us to treat the two key questions at an individual scale rather than at the previous institutional one. V. Snyder and L. P. Eisenhart’s cases will provide us with the opportunity of studying what non-American mathematical results were taken into account and used in their works while E. J. Wilczynski’s will allow us to understand how his research was spread abroad
Plantade, François. "Jules Houël et la circulation des mathématiques dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle : les réseaux français et européens d'un universitaire de province." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT4064/document.
Full textJules Houël (1823-1886) was a French mathematician and astronomer, issued from an old Protestant family. At the end of his studies at École normale in 1846, he began an eventful career of highschool teacher. In 1855, he obtained a doctorate degree in which he applied the Le Verrier’s method of disruptive functions to Jupiter, and from 1859, he taught differential and integral calculus at the Faculté des sciences in Bordeaux. As early as 1861, he gave up his astronomical research, so that his later publications were essentialy teaching treatises or translations. He had the particularlity to be multilingual and to have a great power of working. We show how he managed to create « important » scientific networks in Europe, which allowed him to circulate certain Theories through publications or/and correspondences, which themselves provided those networks. First two networks correspond to a structure, that of Société des sciences physiques et naturelles de Bordeaux from 1866, and that of Bulletin des sciences mathématiques et astronomiques in the years 1870-1883. Other networks are linked to a mathematical theme or/and a geographical area. We present two European networks where Houël played a leading role : that of his Italian correspondents in connection with foundations of geometry in 1867-1870, and that of his Scandinavian correspondents in relation to the theory of elliptic functions in the years 1870-1885. We also show how those networks are interconnected and the Houël’ s special interests in each of his networks
Grevsmühl, Sebastian Vincent. "A la recherche de l'environnement global : de l'Antarctique à l'Espace et retour : instrumentations, images, discours et métaphores." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0030.
Full textOur work proposes a history of the global environment. Nowadays, in times of climate change, no one doubts the global nature of environmental questions. Since the 1970s, the notion of “global environment” moved to the forefront of scientific and political discourse and it is frequently adopted by international organisations. It expresses a new type of thinking, captured most adequately by the famous slogan “think globally, act locally. ” However, the semantic shift from the environment to the globe was prepared long beforehand. We entitled our work “In search of the global environment” precisely to attract the attention to the fact that the birth of the environmental movement, and the call from scientists for synoptic and systematic investigations of the “global environment,” did not emerge within a cultural, political and social vacuum. They were born out of a movement of “globalisation” which took its shape during the 19th century and reached an important peak during the 1970s. In particular, we argue that the “conquests” of Antarctica and of Outer Space played a leading role. Three methodological approaches guide our investigation. We stress the power of visualisations in the creation of global imaginaries and new sensibilities, the ability of metaphors in transposing ideologies and political convictions from one context to another, and finally the critical role of instrumentation in the mediation of global scientific knowledge. Our work proposes thereby to retrace – in all its cultural and historical depth – the history of the emergence of a new sensibility for the “global environment” and the “whole earth” as a scientific object from the 19th century until today
Favry, Amélie. "Affirmation du sentiment national belge au travers de la représentation du paysage, 1780-1850." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211052.
Full textLes premières images mentales du territoire national développées dans le chef des Belges consistent en lieux génériques (les expressions en italiques sont empruntées à Bernard Debarbieux). Définis par le discours, ces lieux génériques sont des environnements physiques dont la physionomie résulte des donnés naturels et de leur transformation par l’homme. La physionomie de ces lieux est donc dominée par l’agriculture, l’industrie et l’habitat humain. Ces configurations génériques ne recouvrent en réalité qu’une partie du territoire national. Leur élection en tant que résumé idéal du territoire belge, reflète les aspirations de la communauté.
La qualité esthétique paysagère des lieux génériques du territoire belge n’apparaît pas cependant avec évidence aux contemporains. Un écart sépare le discours et la représentation picturale. Si le premier reconnaît souvent une qualité esthétique aux lieux génériques, qui deviennent alors des paysages, la représentation iconographique se montre plus réticente à leur égard.
Les Belges de l’époque développent une seconde facette symbolique de leur territoire. Ils soulignent l’omniprésence des souvenirs historiques nationaux dans leur environnement. La Belgique leur apparaît telle un ensemble de lieux de condensation. Le discours contemporain et les œuvres des peintres, lithographes ou graveurs, témoignant d’une cohésion remarquable, illustrent abondamment les lieux de condensation belges.
Les Belges cherchent à diffuser ces images mentales parmi leurs compatriotes. Ce projet collectif répond à une volonté de faire connaître et adopter ces paysages symboliques par l’ensemble des membres de la nation. Cette connaissance passe pour le socle sur lequel peuvent se développer les sentiments d’attachement à la patrie et d’identification à la nation. Le discours et l’image sont mobilisés à cette fin.
Ces préoccupations interviennent dans le travail des peintres de paysages. Toutefois, le choix d’un site par un paysagiste belge représentant l’environnement national, est d’abord guidé par des critères internes à la pratique picturale. Ses critères de choix rencontrent en effet ceux qu’émet le discours de l’époque définissant les normes de qualité esthétique d’un tableau. L’artiste tend en outre à satisfaire les attentes du public, lequel cherche à combler son envie d’évasion hors de la cité, mais aussi à se rassurer quant à l’harmonie et à la viabilité de la société contemporaine. Les peintres (et donc leur public) manifestent pourtant une faveur particulière envers les sites belges. Ce goût dénote une identification et un attachement au pays habité par la nation historique, telle que la décrit le discours contemporain. Même s’il vient après la satisfaction des critères esthétiques, le critère de l’identification à un site belge intervient de façon notable dans l’attrait exercé par un paysage peint.
Il apparaît ainsi que les lieux génériques (agricoles et industriels) passent difficilement le premier crible, esthétique, tandis que les lieux de condensation satisfont tant les attentes esthétiques que les attentes symboliques – qualité qui assure leur succès en tant que motifs picturaux.
Les paysagistes élaborent en outre une image paysagère générique de la Belgique qui est une adaptation, conforme aux critères d’appréciation en vigueur dans le champ de la représentation picturale, du paysage générique agricole et industriel défini par le discours contemporain. Leurs œuvres dépeignent en effet la Belgique comme un territoire réalisant les canons pittoresques, comme un environnement verdoyant, boisé, vallonné, peuplé, traversé de rivières, semé d’habitations, de moulins ou autres fabriques anciennes. Dans les années 1840, les paysagistes développent également une nouvelle facette dans ce paysage générique pictural, en représentant les étendues arides, stériles et très peu peuplées, présentes sur le territoire. Cette apparition inaugure une période nouvelle, durant laquelle l’image picturale de la Belgique se dédouble, embrassant, d’une part, les sites prisés durant les premières décennies du siècle et, de l’autre, les plaines de bruyères désertes peu à peu investies d’une valeur identitaire et élevées au rang de configuration générique nationale.
Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation histoire de l'art et archéologie
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Pouillard, Véronique. "La publicité en Belgique (1850-1975): institutions, acteurs, entreprises, influences." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211380.
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