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Journal articles on the topic 'Scientific ability – Sex differences'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Colom, Roberto, Luis F. García, Manuel Juan-Espinosa, and Francisco J. Abad. "Null Sex Differences in General Intelligence: Evidence from the WAIS-III." Spanish Journal of Psychology 5, no. 1 (2002): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600005801.

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There is an increasing number of studies claiming that the sex differences in general intelligence are “real.” The empirical evidence is based on the summation of the standardized sex differences in several cognitive batteries. However, the scientific construct of general ability rests on the correlations among test scores, rather than on their summation. The latter (ability in general) is an arbitrary variable, not a scientific construct. General ability is not a function of any particular cognitive test, but a source of variance evidenced by the correlation between several diverse tests, eac

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2

Halpern, Diane F., Camilla P. Benbow, David C. Geary, Ruben C. Gur, Janet Shibley Hyde, and Morton Ann Gernsbacher. "The Science of Sex Differences in Science and Mathematics." Psychological Science in the Public Interest 8, no. 1 (2007): 1–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-1006.2007.00032.x.

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Amid ongoing public speculation about the reasons for sex differences in careers in science and mathematics, we present a consensus statement that is based on the best available scientific evidence. Sex differences in science and math achievement and ability are smaller for the mid-range of the abilities distribution than they are for those with the highest levels of achievement and ability. Males are more variable on most measures of quantitative and visuospatial ability, which necessarily results in more males at both high- and low-ability extremes; the reasons why males are often more varia

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3

Cunanan, Aaron J., W. Guy Hornsby, Mark A. South, et al. "Survey of Barbell Trajectory and Kinematics of the Snatch Lift from the 2015 World and 2017 Pan-American Weightlifting Championships." Sports 8, no. 9 (2020): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports8090118.

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Analysis of elite performances is important to elucidate the characteristics of effective weightlifting technique contributing to the highest level of achievement. The general technique of the weightlifting movements is well established. However, it is also apparent that weightlifting technique can differ based on athlete characteristics. Thus, existing technical models may not accurately reflect current technique of top performers or be applied generically to athletes of different skill, size, sex, or ability. Therefore, the purpose of this descriptive study was to update the scientific knowl

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Parsaoran Damanik, Dede, and Nurdin Bukit. "ANALYZE CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS AND SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDE IN PHYSICS LEARNING USED INQUIRY TRAINING AND DIRECT INSTRUCTION LEARNING MODEL." Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika 2, no. 1 (2013): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22611/jpf.v2i1.4333.

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This study was aimed to determine the differences: (1) the difference of critical thinking skills of students' that using Inquiry Training and Direct Instruction. (2) The difference of critical thinking skills among students who at high scientific attitude and students who at low scientific attitude. (3) To see if there is interaction between inquiry learning model of the scientific attitude students' to increase the ability to critical thinking. This is a quasi experimental research. Which students of private junior high school Two Raya Kahean District Simalungun. Population choose random sam

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Drobac, Jennifer Ann, and Leslie A. Hulvershorn. "The Neurobiology of Decision Making in High-Risk Youth and the Law of Consent to Sex." New Criminal Law Review 17, no. 3 (2014): 502–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2014.17.3.502.

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Under certain circumstances, the law treats juvenile consent the same as it treats adult decisions, even though a growing body of scientific research demonstrates that children make decisions using less developed cognitive processes. This Article highlights the gaps and deficiencies of legal treatment of juvenile decisions in the context of sex with an adult, as well as integrates new scientific information regarding the decision making of minors in risky situations. Part I examines recent pediatric brain imaging findings during a risky decision-making task. Specifically, a new study demonstra

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Badjanova, Jeļena, Dzintra Iliško, and Vitālijs Raščevskis. "Gender Differences of Latvian Males and Females at the Stage of Adulthood." GATR Journal of Management and Marketing Review 2, no. 3 (2017): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/jmmr.2017.2.3(5).

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Objective - In this research, gender differences of Latvian males and females in the stage of adulthood are determined and distinguished on the grounds of a theoretical analysis of socio-psychological, scientific and methodological literature and legislative documents as well as empirical findings. Methodology/Technique - A survey by Bem (1974) has been adapted in this study for measuring how an adult individual sees him-/herself from the gender perspective. This was done with an aim of determining the place of gender in the cultural context rather than in the personality of a separate individ

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7

Ceci, Stephen J., Donna K. Ginther, Shulamit Kahn, and Wendy M. Williams. "Women in Academic Science." Psychological Science in the Public Interest 15, no. 3 (2014): 75–141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1529100614541236.

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Much has been written in the past two decades about women in academic science careers, but this literature is contradictory. Many analyses have revealed a level playing field, with men and women faring equally, whereas other analyses have suggested numerous areas in which the playing field is not level. The only widely-agreed-upon conclusion is that women are underrepresented in college majors, graduate school programs, and the professoriate in those fields that are the most mathematically intensive, such as geoscience, engineering, economics, mathematics/computer science, and the physical sci

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Hold, Natalie, Lee G. Murray, Julia R. Pantin, Jodie A. Haig, Hilmar Hinz, and Michel J. Kaiser. "Video capture of crustacean fisheries data as an alternative to on-board observers." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, no. 6 (2015): 1811–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv030.

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Abstract For EU member states to meet the requirements of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the reformed Common Fisheries Policy, it will be necessary to improve data collection related to many fisheries that are at present subject to relatively little monitoring or scientific research. This study evaluated the use of on-board camera systems to collect data from Cancer pagurus and Homarus gammarus fisheries. We evaluated the reliability of the hardware and its ability to collect images of sufficient accuracy and precision compared with using on-board observers. Fishers and on-board o

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9

Blockley, David. "Economics and Engineering." History of Political Economy 52, S1 (2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-8717886.

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This article contends that knowing and doing have become artificially separated in Western intellectual culture. The emphasis on scientific knowing has led to an overconfidence in our ability to predict the future and a neglect of the need to control complex and often unforeseen, unintended consequences of our practical actions. My purpose here to explore the relationship between economics and engineering not in analogy but in actuality. The strategy is, first, to set the context for this discussion; second, to look at the nature of science and mathematics in relation to engineering; and third

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10

Попович, Терезія. "THE RIGHT TO GENDER IDENTITY: THE BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR UNDERSTANDING AND LEGAL ENFORCEMENT." Constitutional and legal academic studies, no. 3 (May 12, 2021): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2663-5399.2020.3.06.

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The purpose of the study lies in highlighting and analyzing the basic principles of understanding and legal support of gender identity as a special legal phenomenon. Methodologically, this work is based on the system of methods, scientific approaches, techniques and principles with the help of which the realization of the research aim is carried out. There have been applied universal, general scientific and special legal methods. The article reveals that one of the main characteristics of gender identity in the scientific literature is considered to be a person’s acquisition of gen

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11

Jaya Putra, Hendri Eka, and Hendar Ahmad Wibisono. "PENGARUH MODEL INSTRUKSIONAL KOOPERATIF TIPE CORE TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN REPRESENTASI MATEMATIS SISWA." Akademika 10, no. 01 (2021): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.34005/akademika.v10i01.1229.

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The low learning outcomes of mathematics at junior high school level students are due to the low ability of students to use and assess the relationship between mathematics topics and organize the information obtained. One of the learning models with the discussion method that encourages students to use and assess the relationship between mathematical topics and organize the information obtained is the cooperative CORE (Connecting, Organizing, Reflecting, and Extending) learning model. The purpose of this study was to analyze the improvement of students' mathematical representation abilities th

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Beese, Benjamin M. "Attitude towards Cross-Culture Exchange in the 1685 French Embassy to the Kingdom of Siam." Swarthmore Undergraduate History Journal 2, no. 2 (2021): 34–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24968/2693-244x.2.2.2.

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Traditional histories of Early Modern exchange tend to emphasize the dispersion and adoption (or rejection) of European science and culture. More recently, there has been an historiographical trend to see early modern international interactions as multi-direction exchanges in which all parties are altered in each interaction. The 1685 French-Jesuit Embassy to Siam provides an interesting opportunity to explore the implications of this multi-directional approach. Although this exchange had no significant, lasting impact on either Siam or France, the dynamics at play demonstrate how each party’s

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13

Kay, Jeffrey, Muzammil Memon, Darren de SA, et al. "The h-Index of Editorial Board Members Correlates Positively With the Impact Factor of Sports Medicine Journals." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 5, no. 3 (2017): 232596711769402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117694024.

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Background: The h-index is a metric widely used to present both the productivity and impact of an author’s previous publications. Purpose: To evaluate and observe any correlations among the h-indices of 2015 editorial board members from 8 top sports medicine journals. Study Design: Systematic review. Methods: The sex, country of residence, degree, and faculty position of the editorial board members were identified using their respective scientific publication profiles. The h-index and other bibliometric indicators of these editorial board members were obtained using both the Web of Science (Wo

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14

Maranto, Robert, and Jonathan Wai. "Why Intelligence Is Missing from American Education Policy and Practice, and What Can Be Done About It." Journal of Intelligence 8, no. 1 (2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence8010002.

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To understand why education as a field has not incorporated intelligence, we must consider the field’s history and culture. Accordingly, in this cross-disciplinary collaboration between a political scientist who studies institutions and a psychologist who studies intelligence, we outline how the roots of contemporary American Educational Leadership as a field determine its contemporary avoidance of the concept of intelligence. Rooted in early 20th century progressivism and scientific management, Educational Leadership theory envisions professionally run schools as “Taylorist” factories with te

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15

Schipperges, B., L. Kappen, and M. Sonesson. "Intraspecific Variations of Morphology and Physiology of Temperate to Arctic Populations of Cetraria Nivalis." Lichenologist 27, no. 6 (1995): 517–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-2829(95)80011-5.

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AbstractFive populations of the circumpolar Arctic-alpine lichen species Cetraria nivalis were sampled along a latitudinal gradient from the temperate to the Arctic climatic zone. The populations were compared with respect to their CO2 exchange, water relations and morphology/anatomy. Provenances from places along this latitudinal gradient were transplanted in 1983/84 to a site near the Scientific Research Station in Abisko, to see whether they are identical with plastic acclimation ability or whether they represent different ecotypes. The five populations represent two major geographical grou

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Mackintosh, N. J. "Sex differences and IQ." Journal of Biosocial Science 28, no. 4 (1996): 558–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000022586.

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Of all the controversial issues surrounding IQ tests, few have generated more heat and less light than the question whether different groups in our society differ in average IQ. Those who study, and find evidence of, such differences believe that they are addressing a legitimate scientific issue and one whose implications, however unpalatable they may be, society ignores at its peril. Their critics insist that the question has no intrinsic scientific interest whatsoever, and conclude that those who study it are either naive, deceiving themselves or only too happy to find justification for thei

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17

Furnham, Adrian. "SEX DIFFERENCES IN SELF-RATED ABILITY." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 30, no. 2 (2002): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2002.30.2.185.

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Two hundred and one adults completed two questionnaires: the first estimating their scores and that of their partner on nine scales from the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB); the second on beliefs about IQ tests. There was overall no sex difference between participants on self- and partner- ratings though there was an expected difference on numerical ability. Factor analysis revealed two factors labeled cognitive ability and dexterity. Regressing the eight specific abilities onto the overall score showed five abilities with significant beta weights (particularly verbal and numerical abilit

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18

Lynn, Richard, and R. Graham Wilson. "Sex Differences in Second-Language Ability." School Psychology International 14, no. 3 (1993): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143034393143007.

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19

Long, J. Scott. "Measures of Sex Differences in Scientific Productivity." Social Forces 71, no. 1 (1992): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2579971.

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Long, J. S. "Measures of Sex Differences in Scientific Productivity." Social Forces 71, no. 1 (1992): 159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/71.1.159.

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21

Branagan, D. "Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink (1864-1934): The Man Who Claimed to be the First to Set Foot on Antarctica." Earth Sciences History 33, no. 1 (2014): 67–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.33.1.a0768366584n23vv.

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Carsten Borchgrevink continues to be one of the most enigmatic Antarctic explorers. He made two visits to Antarctica, briefly in 1895, and much longer in 1898-1900. Today it is acknowledged that he made significant contributions to Antarctic exploration. He made a claimed first discovery of terrestrial plant life in 1895. He led the first party to winter on Antarctica in 1899 in very difficult weather conditions. His expedition made a year-long continuous record of weather conditions, and glacier movement was briefly measured. Useful zoological data were obtained, but the death of Hanson, the

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22

Jaggar, Alison M. "Sex Inequality and Bias in Sex Differences Research." Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume 13 (1987): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1987.10715927.

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The relationship of philosophy to science is a matter of long historical dispute. Philosophy has been described variously as the mother, the queen or the handmaiden of science, depending on whether the philosopher’s role was perceived as that of giving birth to science, of regulating and legitimating scientific discourse or of clearing the conceptual underbrush in the way of scientific advance. This essay, by contrast, is grounded on a conception of philosophy and science as partners or sisters, perhaps even as Siamese twin sisters, both proceeding from the same impulse to understand ourselves

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23

Colom, Roberto, Ma José Contreras, Isabel Arend, Oscar García Leal, and José Santacreu. "Sex Differences in Verbal Reasoning are Mediated by Sex Differences in Spatial Ability." Psychological Record 54, no. 3 (2004): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03395479.

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24

Kerns, Kimberly A., and Sheri A. Berenbaum. "Sex differences in spatial ability in children." Behavior Genetics 21, no. 4 (1991): 383–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01065974.

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McCown, R. L. "Learning to bridge the gap between science-based decision support and the practice of farming: Evolution in paradigms of model-based research and intervention from design to dialogue." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 5 (2001): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00119.

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Application of science in agriculture has been primarily to the ongoing improvement of material technologies. But there has also been an expectation that science, in a ‘systems’ mode, could, and should, contribute to improved planning and decision making by farmers. For over 30 years computerised models of farm economies or production systems have claimed the ability to identify superior alternatives for management action. Over this period, model competence has improved immensely, and farm computer ownership has grown to high levels, but this has not generated conspicuous or sustained enthusia

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26

Colom, Roberto, Sergio Escorial, and Irene Rebollo. "Sex differences on the Progressive Matrices are influenced by sex differences on spatial ability." Personality and Individual Differences 37, no. 6 (2004): 1289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2003.12.014.

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27

Lazarev, V. S. "On the Problem of Creating a Model of the “School of the Future”." Психологическая наука и образование 26, no. 4 (2021): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/pse.2021260406.

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How would we like to see the school of the future? The answer to this question is searched in many countries, including Russia. The proposed conceptual solutions are based on different theoretical foundations, and this determines the key differences between them. The scientific school of developmental education has produced a model of the school of the future for primary school age, known as the “Elkonin-Davydov system”. The adolescent school model is still under development. Having based on the key provisions of the developmental education’s theory, the article proposes a vision of what the g

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Yeoman, Kay, Laura Bowater, and Elena Nardi. "The representation of scientific research in the national curriculum and secondary school pupils’ perceptions of research, its function, usefulness and value to their lives." F1000Research 4 (February 12, 2016): 1442. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7449.2.

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Young people’s views on what research is, how it is conducted and whether it is important, influences the decisions they make about their further studies and career choices. In this paper we report the analysis of questionnaire data with a particular focus on pupil perceptions of research in the sciences and of the scientific method. The questionnaire was a 25-item Likert Scale (1-5) distributed to seven collaborating schools. We received 2634 returns from pupils across key stages 3, 4 and 5. We also asked teachers to complete the questionnaire in order to explore how they thought their pupils

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Hallinan, Maureen T., and Aage B. Sorensen. "Ability Grouping and Sex Differences in Mathematics Achievement." Sociology of Education 60, no. 2 (1987): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2112582.

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30

Jones, Catherine M., Victoria A. Braithwaite, and Susan D. Healy. "The evolution of sex differences in spatial ability." Behavioral Neuroscience 117, no. 3 (2003): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.117.3.403.

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31

Chipere, Ngoni. "Sex differences in phonological awareness and reading ability." Language Awareness 23, no. 3 (2013): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2013.774007.

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32

O'Boyle, Michael W. "Sex-Related Ability Differences: Changing Perspectives, Changing Minds." Contemporary Psychology 47, no. 2 (2002): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/001079.

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Nesse, Randolph M., Andrew Silverman, and Alan Bortz. "Sex differences in ability to recognize family resemblance." Ethology and Sociobiology 11, no. 1 (1990): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(90)90003-o.

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Olha, Cherepiekhina, Dysa Olena, Bulanov Valerii, Turubarova Anastasiia, and Rukolyanska Nataliya. "Forced Leadership as a Social Psychological Phenomenon in Professionally Successful Women Scientists." Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment 9, no. 4 (2021): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/2292-2598.2021.09.04.7.

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In today's world, women are increasingly taking the place of leaders, so they have to be active, focused, resistant to stress, have a high level of self-regulation, and be able to work in a team. So, we can see how women are sometimes forced to become leaders in difficult life circumstances. Due to persistence, self-education, determination, they work in leadership positions and demonstrate masculine personality traits. The study aimed to study the psychological characteristics of women scientists who hold high positions in educational establishments - vice-rector, dean, and department head. W

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35

Alekseeva, M. V. "The Communicative Potential of Musical Expressiveness." Concept: philosophy, religion, culture, no. 3 (November 17, 2019): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2541-8831-2019-3-11-179-188.

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This article offers a brief overview of some challenges and paradoxes of contemporary research as well as various social questions related to them. Key problems of consciousness research are stated relating to the scientific work on artificial intelligence development. Due to such ambitious objectives of modern science, there is a special attention to personality sphere, to its emotional sufferings and personal creative aspirations. The proposed theses of research of the communicative and creative possibilities of the musical language, its qualitative differences from the considered potential

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Nebot, Teresa Kirchner. "Sex Differences among Children on Embedded Tasks." Perceptual and Motor Skills 67, no. 3 (1988): 972–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.67.3.972.

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100 8-yr.-old children (50 boys and 50 girls) were evaluated on the Children's Embedded Figures Test to determine whether there are differences in disembedding ability between boys and girls. Analysis indicated that the boys were superior to the girls on the test as a whole, but this superiority is the result of boys' greater ability to detect a triangular figure and not, on the contrary, their ability to detect the outline of a house.

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O'Connor, Owen A. "Innovative approach to determine overall survival (OS) benefit for orphan diseases using case match control analyses (CMCA): The PROPEL experience of pralatrexate in patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (2017): 7521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.7521.

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7521 Background: The challenges in conducting randomized studies in orphan diseases poses limitations on our ability to identify the most promising treatments. Randomized studies in this setting can take protracted periods of time to complete, can be very expensive while not offering the promise of significant commercial return, and could become irrelevant as the pace of scientific advancement continues. The majority of drugs approved in this setting are often approved on surrogate end-points like progression free survival (PFS) or complete response (CR) rates in single arm studies. CMCA are s

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Schlatter, Erika, Ard W. Lazonder, Inge Molenaar, and Noortje Janssen. "Individual Differences in Children’s Scientific Reasoning." Education Sciences 11, no. 9 (2021): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci11090471.

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Scientific reasoning is an important skill that encompasses hypothesizing, experimenting, inferencing, evaluating data and drawing conclusions. Previous research found consistent inter- and intra-individual differences in children’s ability to perform these component skills, which are still largely unaccounted for. This study examined these differences and the role of three predictors: reading comprehension, numerical ability and problem-solving skills. A sample of 160 upper-primary schoolchildren completed a practical scientific reasoning task that gauged their command of the five component s

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Gilleta, K. "Sex-related differences in spatial ability: innate or learned?" Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 15, no. 8 (2000): 691–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0887-6177(00)80075-x.

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Gilleta, K., and M. Vrbancic. "Sex-related differences in spatial ability: innate or learned?" Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 15, no. 8 (2000): 691–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/15.8.691a.

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Burnett, Sarah A. "Sex-related differences in spatial ability: Are they trivial?" American Psychologist 41, no. 9 (1986): 1012–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.41.9.1012.

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42

Greengross, Gil, Paul J. Silvia, and Emily C. Nusbaum. "Sex differences in humor production ability: A meta-analysis." Journal of Research in Personality 84 (February 2020): 103886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2019.103886.

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Gxilishe, Sandile. "Sex differences in linguistic ability: a case for Xhosa." Southern African Journal of Applied Language Studies 2, no. 2 (1993): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10189203.1993.9724625.

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Wai, Jonathan. "Investigating America's elite: Cognitive ability, education, and sex differences." Intelligence 41, no. 4 (2013): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2013.03.005.

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45

Coyle, Thomas R., Anissa C. Snyder, and Miranda C. Richmond. "Sex differences in ability tilt: Support for investment theory." Intelligence 50 (May 2015): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.04.012.

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46

Newman, Sharlene D. "Differences in cognitive ability and apparent sex differences in corpus callosum size." Psychological Research 80, no. 5 (2015): 853–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-015-0688-3.

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47

Wolff, Sarah, and David A. Puts. "Sex Differences: Summarizing More Than a Century of Scientific Research." Archives of Sexual Behavior 38, no. 6 (2009): 1070–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9538-y.

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48

Harness, Ashley, Lorri Jacot, Shauna Scherf, Adam White, and Jason E. Warnick. "Sex Differences in Working Memory." Psychological Reports 103, no. 1 (2008): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.103.1.214-218.

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In two separate studies, sex differences in modal-specific elements of working memory were investigated by utilizing words and pictures as stimuli. Groups of men and women performed a free-recall task of words or pictures in which 20 items were presented concurrently and the number of correct items recalled was measured. Following stimulus presentation, half of the participants were presented a verbal-based distraction task. On the verbal working-memory task, performance of men and women was not significantly different in the no-distraction condition. However, in the distraction condition, wom

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Newcombe, Nora, and Mary Ann Baenninger. "Sexual-selection accounts of human characteristics: Just So Stories or scientific hypotheses?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19, no. 2 (1996): 259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00042576.

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AbstractWe evaluate three of Geary's claims, finding that (1) there is little evidence for sex differences in object- vs. person-orientation; (2) sex differences in competition, even if biologically caused, lead to sex differences in mathematics only given a certain style of teaching; and (3) sex differences in mental rotation, though real, are not well explained in a sociobiological framework or by the proximate biological variables assumed by Geary.

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Berkley, Karen J. "Sex differences in pain." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20, no. 3 (1997): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x97221485.

Full text

Abstract:

Are there sex differences in pain? For experimentally delivered somatic stimuli, females have lower thresholds, greater ability to discriminate, higher pain ratings, and less tolerance of noxious stimuli than males. These differences, however, are small, exist only for certain forms of stimulation and are affected by many situational variables such as presence of disease, experimental setting, and even nutritive status. For endogenous pains, women report more multiple pains in more body regions than men. With no obvious underlying rationale, some painful diseases are more prevalent among femal

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