Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Scientific basis of Buddhism'

The decline in dental caries in many industrialised countries has prompted a reassessment of preventive strategies for dental caries. Although methods to prevent dental caries are well established, few data exist on defining the most appropriate combination of preventive methods to be used for differing levels of dental caries. Texts that do outline preventive methods do not make recommendations on the dental caries conditions under which they should be used. The most popular approach is the identification of individuals or groups at high risk. This research aimed to formulate a basis for strategic approaches for the prevention of dental caries in children based on the distribution of dental caries in the population at different caries severity levels. The objectives were to analyse the shapes of distributions and patterns of distribution of caries both within child populations and in individuals at differing severity levels and factors, such as presence or absence of water fluoridation, associated with the distributions. Using Rose's concepts on preventive strategies, approaches to the prevention of caries were developed based on the analyses. The study was divided into three phases. First, both the incremental and distributive properties of dental caries were analysed using the longitudinal United States National Preventive Dentistry Demonstration Programme's data set. The results were subsequently tested using data from both the British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry's national programme in the United Kingdom and from a study carried out by the University of Wales and Walsall Health Authority. Secondly, the intra-oral distribution of caries, by tooth type and sites on the teeth, was analysed to provide the scientific basis for the identification of the differing components of a preventive package. The third phase developed the findings from the first two phases to form the basis for strategy component selection at differing levels of caries. Results indicate that standard relationships exist between the distribution of dental caries within populations and in individuals and that the risk of caries increments will affect the strategic approach. Knowing the DMF provides information on the prevalence and frequency distribution of caries, the variance, the teeth affected and the sites on the affected teeth that will be carious. There is a relationship between the mean caries score of a population and the prevalence of caries within a population which is independent of water fluoride levels. Furthermore, the distributive properties indicate that a small decrease in the risk for a whole population has a greater overall impact on total caries increment than a large decrease in high risk individuals. There is a hierarchy of susceptibility to caries within the mouth which is tooth and tooth site specific. The hierarchy is not linear, certain sites are grouped. This size of the grouping varies. At low levels of caries the groupings are smaller than at high levels of disease. A reduction in the attack intensity which benefited the groupings at higher levels of disease would lead to substantial savings in cavitated sites. The findings suggest that the adoption of a policy for prevention should be determined by the caries level within the child population and that the hierarchical development should affect the choice of components for any preventive strategy. At low levels of caries, only a relatively low percentage of people would benefit from a population based fissure sealant strategy, whilst at high disease levels substantial numbers of a given population will develop approximal lesions in those teeth which would be sealed. Fluoride reduces the overall attack intensity and is not site type specific in its action. Current shortfalls in knowledge relating to fluoride regimes prevent their impact from being modelled accurately.

As women have increasingly entered what have been traditionally male-dominated industries, there has been a corresponding increase in "fetal protection policies" implemented by those same industries, based on the premise that toxins in the workplace can be harmful to the "potential fetus." The assumption is that these toxins are transported to the fetus exclusively through the mother and that only by removing the mother from the hazardous environment can the fetus be protected. Some of these companies have been taken to court as women have challenged these policies as infringements of their constitutional rights. This paper analyzes court cases in which this issue has been argued and demonstrates how the courts maintain the patriarchal ideologies of both law and industry through the use of legal precedent and unsubstantiated "science," to uphold policies that prohibit women from working in high-paying "male" industries and maintain women's subordinate position in capitalist society.

Purpose and questions: The Swedish School Law states that education in preschools and schools shall rest on a scientific base. The aim of this study is to examine to what extent and in what ways that preschool teachers are acquiring and getting information about research. It also aims to investigate the possibilities and the problems that may arise due to the requirement that education in preschools should have a scientific base. In what extent does preschool teachers believe that scientific basis and new research has significance for their work? How does preschool teachers get information about research and in what extent? What are the opportunities and problems that preschool teacher faces when it comes to new research? Theory: The theory that are used is Illeris learning theory. Also the postmodern view of the world, with its perspective on knowledge and the reflexive term is used. Method: The research is done with a quantitative method, web survey. The analysis is done with more of a mix between quantitative and qualitative analysis method. The response rate is 30,5 % for the survey, which is 25 preschool teachers. Conclusion: The preschool teachers in this study states that they comes in contact with research mainly by seeking it out themselves. They overall states that it's interesting to read these texts and they understand them. Furthermore the majority of the teachers states that research has relevance to their professional practice and that the research they have read has changed their preschool. The majority of the teachers also states that it's important that the preschool education is resting on a scientific base. Generally the preschool teachers in this study have the skills and motivation they need to read, get information and knowledge through research and to use the acquired knowledge in their preschools. The biggest problem for them to use more research is lack of time.

2011 fick det svenska utbildningsväsendet en ny skollag, i vilken det står att utbildningen ska vila på vetenskaplig grund och beprövad erfarenhet. Tidigare studier har påvisat att förskollärare känner en osäkerhet inför vad det vetenskapliga begreppet innebär. Den här studien syftar till att undersöka förskollärares yrkesidentitet och yrkesspecifika kompetenser i relation till att förskolan vilar på vetenskaplig grund. Studien utgår från ett sociokulturellt perspektiv vilket innebär en syn på människor som deltagare i en social interaktion där handlingar och tänkande är situerade i en social kontext.  Studiens empiriska data härrör från fokusgrupper med förskollärare samt intervjuer med en lektor och en professor. Analysarbetet har genomförts med inspiration av Grounded Theory. Resultatet består av sju olika kategorier. Kollektiv kompetens som praxisbunden och verbal, Kompetens i form av görande, Kompetens som förmåga att hantera en komplex verksamhet, Personlighet som kompetens, Reflektion som kompetens, Se och förstå barns intentioner samt Kompetens och identitet i relation till en vetenskaplig grund. Det framkommer en hög kompetens hos förskollärare när de samtalar om sin verksamhet, men de har svårt att uttrycka sin kunskap i relation till vetenskapliga teorier. När de sätter ord på sin kompetens gör de det i termer av ett görande i en kollektiv och praxisbunden kultur.

Title: Meal in preschool, what is the preschool teachers´ action based on? Author: Cecilia Holst Supervisor: Helena Andersson Purpose and questions: My purpose with this essay is to contribute to an increased knowledge about what governs preschool teachers´ action; educational capital or science and proven experience during meals. This can be useful to me, nannies, preschool teachers, headmasters/headmistresses, principals or other professions and stakeholders, which has connection to preschool operation. The secondary gain of the study, will hopefully be, an increased awareness and new knowledge for those who absorb the knowledge in this study. In this way also in everyday practice in meetings with the children at the preschool during the meals which can provide a change for the children. What is the preschool teachers´ action based on at the meals, science and proven methods or pedagogical capital? Scientific basis and proven experience; how does it appear at the meal in preschool teachers´ meeting with the children? Theory: The theories I based on are hermeneutical and systems theory. Method: The survey was conducted with semi-structured interviews of six preschool teachers. Summary: In 2011, it was introduced in the Education Act that the education must be based on a scientific basis and proven experience. This study aims to investigate if the preschool teachers use their pedagogical capital or scientific basis and proven experience at the meal in preschool. The study has a hermeneutic theorem, and the analysis has been done with systems theory. The empirical data in the study comes from semi-structured interviews with preschool teachers and the result consists of eleven different parts. Role models, theory as a role model, own relationship to food, the main questions of the study, interpretation of the children, peace and quiet, dining room, fewer children, table placements and pandemic. Summary: The meal is a situation that is mostly based on educational capital, but there are situations where knowledge of language development and motor skills support preschool teachers in the implementation at the meal.

The purpose of the study was to compare two teaching methodologies for an integrated agricultural biotechnology course at the postsecondary level. The two teaching methods tested were the explanation of the scientific basis for content (comparison treatment) versus the application of content to a real world agricultural context (experimental treatment). The study was implemented with two different classes over two semesters. The comparison treatment was administered to 22 students during the spring semester of 2009, and the experimental treatment was administered to 16 students during the fall semester of 2009. The research design used was a quasi-experimental non-equivalent control-group design with an identical pre/posttest given to each group as a means of assessing content achievement. Although the experimental treatment, based out of the principles of contextual teaching and learning, did have a greater mean gain on the pre/posttest it was not statistically significant (p >.05), so the studyâs null hypothesis was not rejected. Based on these results, compared with traditional methods, a curriculum of contextualized teaching and learning can be implemented while maintaining a comparable level of student achievement.

Förskolan fick sin första läroplan år 1998. År 2010 reviderades denna läroplan där förskollärarens uppdrag förstärktes samtidigt infördes att förskolan som organisation ålagdes ett ansvar för att verksamhetens utbildning ska baseras på vetenskaplig grund (SFS 2010:800, 1 kap § 5).Som blivande förskollärare är jag intresserad av hur förskollärare arbetar utifrån en förskola på vetenskaplig grund och hur förskollärare förhåller sig till detta uppdrag. Utifrån mitt nämnda intresse ville jag undersöka hur detta yttrar sig i praktiken.Mitt arbete bygger på en kvalitativ undersökning där semistrukturerade intervjuer har gjorts med sex förskollärare på två olika förskolor. I undersökningen ingår endast legitimerade förskollärare med varierande antal år som verksamma och med olika längd på utbildning.Det empiriska materialet har kopplats till teorier samt gällande styrdokument för förskolan. Empirin har transkriberats, bearbetats och analyserats i förhållande till undersökningens syfte och frågeställningar.Några av de resultat som framkommer ur studien är att det finns en vilja hos förskollärare till att utvecklas kring och medvetandegöra arbetet på vetenskaplig grund. Undersökningen visar också på betydelsen av tydliga direktiv och riktlinjer på alla nivåer, trots att förskollärarnas uppdrag är tolkningsbart när det kommer till metodval.

This study demonstrates, by the application of a selection of social science models on a selection of gospel passages, the usefulness of those models for better understanding the teachings of the Jesus movement on wealth and poverty and what Jesus hoped to achieve by these teachings. It shows that sociological models are generally useful for approaching the gospels because they facilitate understanding by formulating new questions about ancient material and highlighting perhaps previously unnoticed themes or concerns. It further offers the opinion that the Virtuoso Religion model is the most useful for doing this and as such will be the most useful for providing an understanding of what Jesus envisioned for the future of society in anticipation of the imminent Kingdom. The model supports Jesus’ preaching on wealth and day-to-day expressions of those opinions as methods by which he might influence the attitudes of others, especially the rich and powerful, adjusting their focus from love of wealth to love for God and neighbour.

Introduction: What is meant by the need for education to rest on a scientific basis? According to Skolverket is at the heart of successful school development in education on scientific basis and proven experience. Theoretical starting points: In this section I will highlight the theoretical concepts that include in the work on the scientific basis. The theoretical concepts are: research-based approach, scientific basis, evidence, knowledge, systematic quality work, collegial learning, lifelong learning. Previous research: In this section I will explain what the research says that education should rest on a scientific basis. Then describe what the research says about school development. Then summarize Fröbels pedagogical philosophy and finally summarize the curriculum theory of the preschool. Forskningen säger att Purpose and issues: The purpose of this essay is to seek answers to what it means to preschool shall rest on a scientific basis and how to apply this to the business. Methods: The study is based on a qualitative data collection. The choice is based on the qualitative method is more appropriate for my study because the research question is about examining how preschool teachers perceive meaning with a scientific basis and how they understand their activities in relation to school laws and curriculum. Results: The result showed that preschool teachers experienced a lack of time, support from preschool managers and too little training. Also, the difficulty of transturning research into practice. Discussion: In the discussion section I discuss what came up in the results linked to previous research. I am debating that the results showed that in preschool It becomes more focus on the organizational, that the business will go around and work, instead of focusing on pedagogical issues and how to work research-based. Keywords: research-based approach, scientific basis, evidence, knowledge, systematic quality work, collegial learning, lifelong learning

Den här uppsatsen undersöker ett antal attityder till skollagens skrivning att utbildningen skall vila på vetenskaplig grund med syftet att få en bättre förståelse för vilka förutsättningar och uppfattningar och vilket utgångsläge som finns för lagens implementering. Emperin har hämtats från en totalundersökning med en kvantitativ enkät som har skickats ut till skolledare och lärare i skola och förskola i en mindre kommun. Svarsfrekvensen för undersökningen är 40 %. Datan har sedan analyserats och visas som deskriptiv statistik. Uppsatsen har en fenomenologisk utgångspunkt.   Resultatet visar att det överlag finns en positiv inställning till att använda forskning i skolan och förskola. Resultatet visar att samtal med kollegor är den största källan till forskning och att egen forskning är den källa som minst bidrar till en vetenskaplighet i skola och förskola. Studien visar att det som anses vara det största hindret för att använda forskning är tid och språkliga svårigheter. Undersökningen visar på en relativt låg vetenskaplig begreppsbas när det gäller kunskapsteorier och forskningsmetoder. Detta kan tyda på ett mindre utvecklat yrkesspråk. Diskussionens konklusion är att det kommer att fodras åtskilligt med ansträngning och kreativitet, både organisations- och kunskapsmässigt, för att skollagens skrivning skall kunna realiseras.
This paper investigates a number of attitudes to the formation of the Swedish School Law that education shall rest on a scientific base with the aim of getting a better understanding of which conditions and startingpositions these are for the implementing of the law. The basic data have been taken from a quantitative total survey which has been sent to school leaders and teachers on schools and pre-schools in a smaller commune. The response rate of the survey is 40 %. Then the data have been analysed and shown as descriptive statistics. The paper has a phenomenogical starting-point. The result shows that, generally, there is a positive attitude to using research in school and pre-school. The result indicates also that conversation with colleagues is the most important source of research and that one´s own research is the source that least contributes to scientific thinking in school and pre-schools. The study shows that what is considered to be the biggest obstacle for using research is lack of time and linguistic difficulties. The study points at a relatively low scientific base of conception concerning theories of knowledge and research methods. This can indicate a less developed professional language. The conclusion of the study is that much effort and creativity will be demanded concerning both organisation and knowledge in order to realize the formulation of the school law.

Studien har som syfte att tolka och förstå det som pågår i lärarens vardag med hjälp av komplexitetsteorier. Komplexitetsteorier utgör de specifika delarna i komplexitetstänkande som är en resurs för att diskutera relationen mellan skolan som komplext system, vetenskaplig grund och evidens. En förståelse bestående av att lärares vardag är mång- och tvetydig till dess innehåll är väl känt och beskrivet genom exempelvis framställningar av vad en lärares görande består av. För att tolka lärarens vardag är komplexitetsteorier inte vanligt förekommande. Komplexitetsteorier studerar mönster av självorganisering och det pågående med fokus på relationer. Komplexa system är icke-linjära och kausaliteten är cirkulär. Intentionen med komplexitetstänkande är att beskriva, tolka och förstå mönster av komplexitet. För att visa på en helhet och mönster har studien en narrativ ansats. Ett narrativt förhållningssätt ligger nära vardagens hantering av en rad paradoxer där det kända och okända samtidigt förekommer. För att samla in rika berättelser om lärarens vardag användes kvalitativa intervjuer som metod. Resultat visar på att det är det mångsidiga innehållet i relationerna som bland annat skapar komplexiteten i lärares vardag. Lärarens vardag består av många delar och ett komplexitetstänkande sätter fokus på att sätta ihop delarna till helhet och se mönster. Resultatet visar också på att en rad olika paradoxer måste hanteras. I berättelserna framträder hur lärarna hanterar en rad olika processer i relationen mellan kontroll och icke-kontroll, mellan på förhand det kända och okända där överraskningar är en del av vardagen, en del av interaktionen mellan människor. I en evidensbaserad praktik framträder att lärarens hantering av en rad paradoxer begränsas eftersom idén om evidensbaserad praktik innebär generaliserbara metoder där utfallet anses vara givet. Komplexitetstänkande innebär att det ställs andra krav på användning av vetenskaplig grund. Aktörer som rektorer, huvudmän och Skolverket bör i utformning av stöd till skolor inkludera tanken om att praktiken är ett komplext system.
The purpose is to use complexity theories to describe, interpret and understand teacher's everyday life. An everyday life where the predictable and the unpredictable exist in parallel. In relation to the teacher's everyday life and complexity theories, scientific basis and evidence are discussed. To show a cohesive complexity, the study has a narrative approach. A narrative approach is close to the structure of everyday life where the known and the unknown exist in symbiosis. To collect rich stories about the teacher's everyday life, qualitative interviews were used as a method. The result shows the circular causality that exists in non-linear systems. The teacher's everyday life contains many different processes that create a high degree of complexity. Some key processes are communication, relationships and complexity that are closely linked. Words that have in common the local interaction that includes the social as well as material things where there are possibilities of action. It is the multilateral job description that, among other things, creates the complexity of teachers' everyday lives. Structures and routines are important in order to be able to reduce the complexity of everyday life to a certain extent. Further on to deal with the paradox between control and non-control. Based on complexity theories, structures must contain the opportunity to be interpreted, adapted and translated to the practice. The school is a non-linear system and evidence-based practice is based on a linear system. In order to be able to interact with the practice, government investment in school to increase a more scientific ground. One of these projects is called, “läslyftet”. These projects need to take into account the processes and the unique in the practice. The study's contribution is to use complexity theories to show other perspectives on how change can take place in school. Specifically, how scientific basis and evidence can interact in the complex practice. Furthermore, show how complexity theories can help to make it possible to find new paths to development within school.

Cette thèse présente l'exploration humaine du monde microscopique de règle de la beauté formelle, afin de révéler la loi inhérente de l’univers dans lequel tous les êtres sont connectés et communiqués. La thèse encourage les hommes à découvrir le charme unique de l’univers via les médias d’art, et à découvrir la signification essentielle de l'humanité qui apportera plus de l’esprit d’innovation. Tirer et appliquer de nombreuses formes de beauté des cellules biologiques sous le microscope dans la création de l’art contemporain est un travail totalement innovant et magique, comme les petites cellules contiennent l’essence de l’univers. La loi de l’univers joue un rôle primordial dans la formation de la beauté du monde microscopique. Cette thèse a également étudié comment l’esprit humain participe au processus de l’esthétique microscopique qui améliore la théorie de l’esthétique dans son ensemble. Tout cela enrichit la pensée et la forme de la création des artistes contemporains. Cette thèse vise à promouvoir la construction et la communication de l’esprit du monde microscopique, et à retrouver les inspirations et les natures. C’est un sujet spirituel qui mérite l’attention des artistes contemporains
This thesis presents the human exploration of the rule of beauty, of forms in the microscopic world, to reveal the inherent law of the universe in which all beings are connected and communicated. The thesis encouraged men to experience the unique charm of the universe via the media of the arts, and to discover the essential meaning of humanity that will bring more spirits of innovation. Learning and applying the beauty of many forms of biological cells under the microscope in the creation of contemporary art is a completely innovative and magical work, since the small cells contain the essence of the universe. The law of the universe plays a crucial role in the formation of the beauty of the microscopic world. This thesis also studied how the human mind involved in the process of microscopic aesthetic that enhances the theory of aesthetics as a whole. All this enriched the thought and the form of the creation of contemporary artists.This thesis aims to promote the construction and communication of the spirit of the microscopic world, and to find the inspirations and natures. It is a spiritual subject that deserves the attention of contemporary artists

Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskaper om vilka förståelser av vetenskaplig grund och beprövad erfarenhet som konstrueras i kommunikation mellan förskollärare. Studien styrs av två frågeställningar: Vilka språkliga kategorier konstrueras i förskollärares kommunikation om vetenskaplig grund? och Vilka språkliga kategorier konstrueras i förskollärares kommunikation om beprövad erfarenhet?. Studien har en kvalitativ metodansats, med en teoretisk utgångspunkt i kontextuell socialkonstruktionism. Studiens data samlas in genom två fokusgrupper med tio verksamma förskollärare i förskolan. Datan analyseras med hjälp av begreppen performativitet och fabrikationer. Performativiteten relateras till uppdraget i läroplanen och Skollag som förskollärare är ålagda att följa. I läroplanen för förskolan (Lpfö 18) står det att "undervisningen med innehåll och arbetsätt ska vila på vetenskaplig grund och beprövad erfarenhet". I studien synligörs fabrikationer som innebär att förskollärarna framställer eller rättfärdigar sin undervisning på ett bättre sätt än vad som överensstämmer med verkligheten. Studiens reslutat visar tre slutsatser: mångtydlighet, otydlighet i ansvar och brist på gemensam förståelse av begreppen vetenskaplig grund och beprövad erfarenhet. Begreppen har inte tidigare diskuterats av förskollärarna i studien, vilket innebär att egna tolkningar och förklaringar över begreppen uttalas. Förskollärarna saknar en tydligare definition av vetenskaplig grund och beprövad erfarnehet, vilket överensstämmer med vad tidigare forskning belyser.
The Purpose of the study is to contribute knowledge about which understandings of scientific basis and proven experience are constructed in communication between preschool teachers. The study is guided by two questions: What language categories are constructed in preschool teachers' communications about the scientific basis? and What language categories are constructed in preschool teachers' communication about proven experience?. The study has a qualitative methodological approach, with a theoretical starting point in contextual social constructionism. The study data is collected through two focus groups with ten active preschool teachers in the preschool. The data are analyzed to the concepts of performativity and fabrications. The performativity is related to the assignment in the curriculum for preschool (Lpfö 18) states that "teaching with content and working methods must be based on scientific grounds and proven experience". The study highlights fabrications that mean that preschool teachers present or justify their teaching in a better way than what corresponds to reality. The results of the study show three conclusions: ambiguity, ambiguity in responsibility and lack of common understanding of the concepts of scientific basis and proven experience. The concepts have not previously been discussed by the preschool teachers in the study, which means that their own interpretations and explanations of the concepts are pronounced. Preschool teachers lack a clearer definition of scientific basis and proven experience, which is in line with what previours research sheds light on.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka om pedagoger i förskolan söker tilläggsbelopp för barn i behov av särskilt stöd på vetenskaplig grund och beprövad erfarenhet enligt svensk skollag 2010:800 som berör all utbildningsverksamhet och alla som deltar inom utbildning och undervisningssammanhang. För att få svar på studiens frågeställningar har studien haft tillgång till ett underlag från två kommuner. Från den ena kommunen har underlag varit ansökningshandlingar, svar av enkät- och andra frågor samt pedagogiskt material från utbildningsnämndens enhet som arbetar med barn i behov av särskilt stöd för att stödja pedagogerna i sin kartläggning. Från den andra kommunen har underlaget varit en intervju med två personer med anknytning till en övergripande roll i pedagogisk ledning- en förskolechef och en t.f. biträdande utbildningschef som har arbetat som samordnare för barn och elevhälsa och handläggare för barn i behov av särskilt stöd. Undersökningen har använt sig av både kvantitativa och kvalitativa metoder. Studiens har använt sig av Bronfenbrenners ekologiska systemteori och resultatet redovisas i tre kategorier - barn i behov av särskilt stöd, vetenskapligt förhållningsätt och special-pedagogiska perspektiv. Resultatet visar att barn i behov av särskilt stöd är en fråga som grundar sig i vilken pedagogisk grundsyn som råder i makro, exo och mikrosystem. Otydlighet på makrosystemnivå främjar olika modeller för att möta barn i sitt lärande på exo systemnivå. Grundsynen på ett mikrosystem återspeglar den pedagogiska grundsynen på exosystemet som är ett resultat av de material och de processer som finns för att barn ska få sin rätt till stöd. Ett vetenskapligt förhållningsätt som använder sig av faktakunskaper kan förebygga tolkningen att det är barnen som är i behov av särskilt stöd då det istället kan vara verksamheten som är i behov av att höja sin kvalité.

This thesis addresses key issues of scientific realism in the philosophy of biology and chemistry through investigation of an underexplored research domain: olfaction theory, or the science of smell. It also provides the first systematic overview of the development of olfactory practices and research into the molecular basis of odours across the 19th and 20th century. Historical and contemporary explanations and modelling techniques for understanding the material basis of odours are analysed with a specific focus on the entrenchment of technological process, research tradition and the definitions of materiality for understanding scientific advancement. The thesis seeks to make sense of the explanatory and problem solving strategies, different ways of reasoning and the construction of facts by drawing attention to the role and application of scientific representations in olfactory practices. Scientific representations such as models, classifications, maps, diagrams, lists etc. serve a variety of purposes that range from the stipulation of relevant properties and correlations of the research materials and the systematic formation of research questions, to the design of experiments that explore or test particular hypotheses. By examining a variety of modelling strategies in olfactory research, I elaborate on how I understand the relation between representations and the world and why this relation requires a pluralist perspective on scientific models, methods and practices. Through this work I will show how a plurality of representations does not pose a problem for realism about scientific entities and their theoretical contexts but, on the contrary, that this plurality serves as the most reliable grounding for a realistic interpretation of scientific representations of the world and the entities it contains. The thesis concludes that scientific judgement has to be understood through its disciplinary trajectory, and that scientific pluralism is a direct consequence of the historicity of scientific development.

Tese de Doutoramento, Biologia (Ciências do Mar), 5 de Julho de 2013, Universidade dos Açores.
Este estudo centrou-se na constituição de uma base científica para a gestão da exploração comercial craca gigante Megabalanus azoricus (Pilsbry, 1916),um recurso muito apreciado nos Açores. Apesar destas cracas serem capturadas e vendidas para consumo humano, até o início deste Doutoramento, eram escassos os estudos científicos tendo M. azoricus como espécie alvo. A tese aqui apresentada constitui uma compilação de elementos científicos para apoio á decisão para a gestão sustentável desta espécie. O trabalho final apresenta-se dividido em cinco capítulos principais constituídos por seis artigos científicos, quatro dos quais estão aceites e publicados, um em fase de revisão e 1 submetido. Todos os artigos estão publicados/submetidos em revistas científicas internacionais indexadas. A redescrição de M. azoricus assentou na descrição de características morfológicas até então desconhecidas para esta espécie (e.g. detalhes dos cirros). Neste trabalho para além da confirmação da descrição efectuada por Pilsbry, em 1916, estudaram-se também aspectos morfométricos. Estes dados são úteis para identificação da espécie em novas localizações e contribuir significativamente para a gestão de M. azoricus. Na segunda parte do trabalho, é apresentado, pela primeira vez, o desenvolvimento larvar de M. azoricus com descrição detalhada das larvas, enfatizando as mudanças no tamanho, forma, morfologia geral e de duração de cada estádio. Para investigar a segurança alimentar do consumo de cracas foram avaliadas as concentrações de 10 metais - As (Arsénio), Cd (cádmio), Cr (Crómio), Cu (Cobre), Mn (manganês), Pb (Chumbo), Rb (Rubídio), Se (Selénio), Sr (estrôncio) e Zn (Zinco) - em três tipos de tecido de exemplares desta espécie. Foram encontrados níveis alarmantes de As e Cd no músculo, ovários e cirros. Tendo em consideração a ausência de indústria pesada na região, foi atribuída como fonte não-antropogénica vulcânica. As cracas, em particular M. azoricus, parecem ser bons bioindicadores de metais nestes peculiares ambientes insulares vulcânicos. Como sabemos, a exploração de marisco nos Açores tem sido caracterizada como sendo de pequena escala e artesanal, assumindo-se portanto, como sustentável. O primeiro passo para compreender a dinâmica deste tipo de pesca nos Açores, foi efectuar uma análise conjunta da estatística das descargas em lota e inquéritos realizados a diferentes utilizadores (residentes, turistas e restaurantes). Desenvolveu-se um novo índice de avaliação de recurso com base nos desembarques e preços praticados em lota cuja aplicação revelou algumas diferenças entre as ilhas. A ilha Terceira é a ilha onde existe maior valorização deste recurso. A análise dos inquéritos a restaurantes, moradores, turistas e desembarque de cracas, revela um mercado paralelo de dimensões desconhecidas que levanta grandes entraves na avaliação real e precisa da exploração deste marisco. De uma outra perspectiva, não muito distante de Megabalanus azoricus, a história das cracas açorianas é vista de duas vertentes. Uma visão do passado, com a primeira descrição de Zullobalanus santamariaensis, craca fóssil endémica do arquipélago. E, uma vertente futurista, que reflecte a "recente" problemática das espécies exóticas nos Açores. Estas "novas" espécies introduzidas podem afectar as comunidades através da perda de biodiversidade, provocando sérios danos quer ao nível económico, quer na saúde pública. Fazem-se considerações sobre a morfologia e o ciclo de vida da família Balanidae e levantam-se algumas hipóteses relacionadas sobre o seu potencial invasor.
ABSTRACT: This study focused on building a scientific basis for the management of commercially exploited giant barnacle Megabalanus azoricus (Pilsbry, 1916), a much appreciated resource in the Azores, mainly caught in coastal environments and sold for domestic human consumption. Until the start of this PhD there were few scientific studies focusing this species. The work is divided in 5 main chapters with six papers, 4 accepted and published, 1 under revision and 1 submitted. The re-examination of M. azoricus revealed many unknown morphological features, very useful for species identification, and also confirmed the description made by Pilsbry in 1916 and morphological features herein described (e.g. true tergal spur), providing a significant contribution towards M. azoricus management. The second work provides the first description of larval development, emphasizing the changes in larval size, shape, general morphology and duration for each larval stage. To investigate consumption safety, the concentrations of 10 trace metals – As (Arsenic), Cd (Cadmium), Cr (Chromium), Cu (Cooper), Mn (Manganese), Pb (Lead), Rb (rubidium), Se (Selenium), Sr (Strontium) and Zn (Zinc) - were evaluated in 3 body tissues of M. azoricus from 3 sites on 2 islands. Alarming levels of As and Cd were found in the muscle, ovaries and cirrus. Considering the absence of heavy industry in the region, a non-anthropogenic volcanic source was assumed to be the reason for the observed metal levels. Barnacles, in particular M. azoricus, seem to be useful as bioindicators in this peculiar insular volcanic environment. As we know the Azorean shellfish exploitation has been characterized as artisanal and small-scale, and thus sustainable. The first step to understand the dynamic of this Azorean fishery was made with analysis of discharges statistics and inquiries to different users (residents, tourists and restaurants). A new index of resource valuation based on landings and prices was also applied and revealed differences among the islands. The higher valuation of the resource is made in the Terceira Island. The analysis of restaurants inquiries, landings, residents and tourists alerts for a parallel market of unknown dimensions that raise concerns due to the difficulty posed to an accurate assessment of this shellfish real exploitation. In other point of view, not far from Megabalanus azoricus, an Azorean barnacle’s history is revised in two points. The first focusing Zullobalanus santamariaensis, endemic to the Azores archipelago and, until its discovery of its fossil material, the genus was restricted to the Southern Hemisphere. The last paper, representing a futuristic view, reflects about the “recent” arrived barnacles to the Azores. This “new” introduced species can affect communities through biodiversity loss and serious damage to economy and public health. In this article it is also highlighted some considerations about morphology and life cycle of Balanidae family and some hypothesis are advanced, discussed and related about their invasive potential.
Bolsa de investigação FRCT/2007/M 3.1.2 (Governo Regional dos Açores, PROEMPREGO, Secretaria Regional da Ciência, Tecnologia e Equipamentos, Fundo Regional de Ciência e Tecnologia); CIBIO – Pólo Açores, Departamento de Biologia da Universidade dos Açores.

碩士
臺北巿立體育學院
運動科學研究所
92
Following the recognition by International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1979, the China then formulated the policy on sport for all development and promotion of sport achievements on scientific basis in order to accomplish the goal toward the powerful sport nation of the century by the end of 20th century. The study is to examine with historical study method the national policy of China and measures taken under principles of the nation as a chess game, training in one direction, following nationwide system in line with Strategy for Sports Advancement on Scientific Basis since its reform and gate open in 1979, and to analyze the history how China uses sports as the means of externally promoting its international status. The analysis and verification is also undertaken in the present study by studying the legal instruments promulgated by Chinese government, the documentations, archives and publications published in China and Taiwan, the results record, and press media publicities to explore the evolution of sports advance on scientific basis, and the tactics and measures taken for Olympic Games, and to evaluate the performance and effectiveness of the strategy for Olympic Games on scientific basis in China. Due to its success on the establishing diplomatic tie through Ping Pong (table tennis) sport, the sports of China then was booming, followed by the recognition of all international sport federations. In consequence, China rejoined the Olympic family as a member of IOC. The leaders from Mao Zedong to Deng Xiaoping all stressed the importance and significance of sports to Chinese community and its international relations. In 1980s, Deng Xiaoping initiated the science and technology works in sport sector based on the idea of “science and technology as topmost productivity”. With increasing and frequent communications with international community, more and more brand new sport industries based on scientific research are emerged that improve and drive the sport policy with broadly scientific concept. The findings of this study may be concluded as follows: Over 20 years, the reform of China, under leadership of Communist Party and based on the national interest, did improve its status in all respects, including social, cultural, and economic aspects. In terms of overall goal of elite sport under Strategy for Sports Advancement on Scientific Basis, it focuses on the Olympic Games by designing the “Plan on Glory in the Olympic Games” as stage goal, in order to mark outstanding records in the Olympic Games and promoting the national prestige by providing a fast-growing, high efficient and healthy environment for sport development. In light of sport for all development, the “sport for health program” is launched to consolidate the sport for all concept of general public and to prosper the sport industries on socialized, science-based, industrialized and legitimate basis. Behind the gold medal, the battle of science and technology is undertaken through interchange, media publicity and data collection on international competitions by introducing cut-edged technology, research and development (R&D). Integrating the collected information with previous experiences will produce more sophisticated and new technology on scientific basis that will facilitate the harmonization of scientific training with physical education, thereby establishing a turnkey system of scientific training and creating multiple and diversified market for sports sciences and technology that root the reform of science and technology system in order to reinforce the science and technology concept of general public, renovating the market economy and vitalizing the technology engineering, so as to implement the rooting of scientific works and inspire the nationally and socially economic development. As the estimated achievements have been accomplished in Sydney Olympic Games, and the host right of Olympic Games in 2008 has been successfully obtained, China intensifies the investment in R&D, budget, talent cultivation, and renovation of R&D equipment, and emphasize on doping control. Moreover, the sport publicities increase the knowledge of general public on sports that helps undertake more legitimate reform, and attain the strategically staged goal based on Strategy for Sports Advancement on Scientific Basis.

碩士
南華大學
宗教學研究所
106
Hsing Yun is an influential Buddhism pursuer in modern world, his Buddhism thought inherited from the Buddha. he pointed out that Buddhism should be homeland-oriented. Everybody has family, Buddhism plays a great emphasis on family harmony. As a result, he promoted about the idea of "three goods", "four gives", "five Harmony" to people. 　　This thesis focuses on Hsing Yung's idea about "five Harmony", which was posed in 2010. That is "you are happy from the bottom of your heart, your family is amiable, you respect each other, the society is harmonious, and the world is peaceful. " In this thesis, I'll explain the thought vascular and the meridian syndrome of "five Harmony" separately. And I will analysis the original and spiritual idea of "five Harmony" based on the wisdom. And then I will explain how to combine the wisdom of "five Harmony" into five precepts, the ten good deeds, six kinds of reverent, and six perfections, and make it concrete and show the spirit of Bodhisattva compassionate to solemn the world and mature our emotions. And that makes him achieve supreme wisdom of Buddhism. From above, we can know that "five Harmony" is self-enlightened and other-enlightened, self-advantage and other-advantage, develop the opportunity, open self-treasure, and prove the key of the cultivation of fortune and wisdom of the Buddha.

碩士
華梵大學
東方人文思想研究所
107
ABSTRACT This study is based on the integral philosophy of Ken Wilber, focusing on the explorations of consciousness with discussions on the viewpoints from Buddhism and New Age. The main structure of this study settles on Ken Wilber’s perennial philosophy-------Godhood surpasses all and is ubiquitous, supplemented with his theories on the spectrum of consciousness, transpersonal psychology, as well as the Great Chain of Being excerpted from perennial philosophy. The very study compares the differences between Buddhism and New Age in their respective transcending methods and spiritual cultivation. In this study, Buddhism is introduced from the perspective of Tathāgatagarbha and Consciousness-Only in Lankavatara Sutra, aiming at the discussions over conscious ascending, while New Age is introduced from the perspective of “You create your own reality” in Seth, aiming at the discussions over the process of conscious construction. In the first place, regarding transcending theories, based on the two core traits of “Godhood surpasses all and is ubiquitous” come up with by Wilber, “transcendent unity” of perennial philosophy as well as “the integrity of Oneness” are presented as the basis for comparisons between Tathāgatagarbha in Lankavatara sutra and “All that is” in Seth. Secondly, regarding the comparison in spiritual cultivation, “Godhood surpasses all and is ubiquitous” remains the main structure, and furthermore, the spiritual paths of Buddhism and Seth are interpreted respectively based on Ascending and Descending, submitted by Ken Wilber. Through the comparisons between the two spiritual paths, the common grounds and differences are all integrated by Ken Wilber’s holographic viewpoints on Ascending and Descending. According to the comparisons between Buddhism and New Age in this study, though Buddhism and New Age hold distinctive views on how conscious ascending affects one’s exploration of the truth, yet in fact, both represent two direct ways for exploring Oneness. Under the scope of the perennial philosophy, Buddhahood of Buddhism and Godhood of New Age both ultimately lead to seeing through the illusions of the material world and shed light on the fact that by transforming and ascending one’s awareness, one can delve into the profound structure of Oneness.

by Jing Xian Li.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese university of Hong Kong, 1998.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-151).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.

The Australian continental shelf is one of the few remaining areas of the world where sea turtle populations have been subject to relatively small levels of direct harvest and where nesting- and feeding-ground habitats remain essentially intact. The area supports six of the world’s seven sea turtle species (i.e., Chelonia mydas, Caretta caretta, Eretmochelys imbricata, Natator depressus, Lepidochelys olivacea and Dermochelys coriacea), contains significant nesting populations of three species (i.e., Chelonia mydas, Caretta caretta, Eretmochelys imbricata), the world’s only nesting populations of N. depressus and is the main feeding-grounds area of Natator depressus. The incidental capture of sea turtles in the trawl fisheries of northern Australia was a significant threat to sea turtle populations of Australia. Trawl by-catch mortality of Caretta caretta is considered to have contributed to the 80% decline in numbers of nesting sea turtles in eastern Australia, but this speculation is based on limited or unpublished data relating to mortality associated with trawl fisheries. There is limited information on the potential impact of trawl fisheries on other sea turtle species that occur in Australian waters. Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) were legislated for use in trawl fisheries of northern Australia in 1999. TEDs allow sea turtles to escape from trawl nets whilst enabling the trawl fishery to continue to operate and catch prawns. TEDs can be an effective solution to sea turtle by-catch, but the adoption and use of TEDs in a fishery needs to be monitored to ensure that the devices are having the desired outcome i.e., sea turtle exclusion. The scale and geographic extent of Australian trawl fisheries have the potential to result in a poor capacity to monitor the effective use of TEDs by fishers. TED compliance strategies (i.e., monitoring and enforcement) should be focused in areas where the effective use of TEDs would have the greatest benefit to sea turtle conservation i.e., areas where sea turtle by-catch or mortality is greatest. The present study adopted a comprehensive approach to understanding the interaction between trawling and endangered sea turtle species in waters adjacent to the Queensland east coast, by collecting and utilising baseline data on the size and distribution of sea turtle by-catch. Aspects of compliance strategies for TEDs that would contribute to the sustainable management of sea turtle by-catch in trawl fisheries are also considered. In this context, the following objectives are addressed in this thesis: (i) To estimate the number and species composition of sea turtles caught and killed in a multiple sector trawl fishery using spatial stratification; (ii) To examine the behavioural responses of sea turtles to trawl capture in order to investigate the potential for post-trawl mortality; (iii) To investigate the factors that influence the distribution pattern of sea turtles, and from this analysis, predict the relative in-water densities of sea turtles at broad spatial scales; and (iv) To develop a spatially explicit strategy for TED compliance (i.e., monitoring and enforcement), based on an assessment of the interaction between sea turtles and fishing effort. The thesis concentrates on sea turtle by-catch in the Queensland East Coast Trawl Fishery, but has broader implications for the management of sea turtles in their feeding-grounds. Baseline information on sea turtle by-catch was collected from select commercial fishers who voluntarily reported information on sea turtles caught in the Queensland East Coast Trawl Fishery. About 1,500 sea turtles were reported caught during ~24,000 days of trawling by 105 fishers who participated in a voluntary program to monitor sea turtle by-catch between 1991 and 1996. Stratified, weighted analysis of the data resulted in an annual estimated sea turtle catch of about 5,900 for the Queensland East Coast Trawl Fishery, given a mean annual total fleet effort of about 85,000 days fished per year. The catch was comprised of Caretta caretta (~50%), Chelonia mydas (27%), Natator depressus (16%) and Lepidochelys olivacea (6)%. The fishery had minimal catches of Eretmochelys imbricata and Dermochelys coriacea. Sea turtle by-catch was dominated by immature individuals, with between 60 and 80% of individuals caught being immature, based on approximate size-at-maturity for each species. Estimates of total mortality were based on observed rates as well as published mortality rates from USA shrimp trawl fisheries. In general, mortality rates of sea turtles caught in the Queensland East Coast Trawl Fishery were lower than mortality rates reported for other trawl fisheries in northern Australia and the USA. Lower mortality rates were probably a function of the tow duration associated with various sectors of the Queensland East Coast Trawl Fishery. However, the combined by-catch of sea turtles in the three major trawl fisheries of northern Australia (i.e., the Queensland East Coast Trawl Fishery, the Northern Prawn Fishery and Torres Strait Prawn Fishery) was estimated to be of sufficient magnitude to have contributed to the observed declines in nesting numbers of east Australian Caretta caretta. Estimates of the mortality of sea turtles in the trawl fisheries of northern Australia raise concerns about the likely impacts of these fisheries on other species of sea turtle, particularly Australian sub-populations of Natator depressus and Lepidochelys olivacea. These species frequent feeding-ground habitats typical of trawl grounds and are poorly monitored through nesting-ground surveys. The scale of impact estimated in this thesis indicates that the use of TEDs in the trawl fisheries of northern Australia is warranted. Mortality rates of trawl-caught sea turtles could be higher than currently estimated if sea turtles die after release as a consequence of the delayed effects of capture or secondary mortality resulting from changes in diving behaviour. Six trawl-caught sea turtles were monitored post-release using ultrasonic transmitters and Temperature Depth Recorders in order to assess their diving patterns for signs of modified behaviour. Two rodeo-caught sea turtles were monitored post-release as controls to the trawl-caught individuals. All sea turtles swam rapidly away from the point of release and displayed a period of frequent surfacing behaviour that was speculated to represent swimming and hyperventilation. The sea turtles then settled into a steady pattern where dive intervals were long and regular. This was speculated to represent recovery behaviour. ‘Normal’ activity patterns, as documented in the literature, were not apparent in the dive profiles of the trawl-caught sea turtles within the post-release monitoring period (i.e., 66 hours). Rodeo-caught sea turtles displayed ‘normal’ activity patterns at about 85 and 111 hours post-release. There was no evidence of delayed post-release mortality in the limited number of individuals monitored. However, the trawl-caught sea turtles displayed modified diving patterns that potentially made them more susceptible to secondary mortality such as boat strike or predation. Recovering sea turtles did not appear to undertake normal feeding activities, suggesting that sea turtles exposed to non-lethal interactions with human activities on a frequent basis may have lower growth rates. The results suggest that sea turtles are affected by interactions with humans to a much greater extent than previously thought and that the recovery period of such interactions can take several days The relative spatial distribution of sea turtles is poorly known and is insufficient for developing management plans, such as monitoring and enforcement strategies for TEDs. Sea turtle catch per unit effort from trawl captures and sea turtle sightings from aerial surveys were used to estimate the relative density of sea turtles in the waters adjacent to the Queensland east coast. As expected, sea turtles were not evenly distributed, with several areas having exceptionally high relative densities. In trawled areas, the relative density of sea turtles was significantly correlated with the benthic species trawled (e.g., species of prawn) as well as water-depth. Natator depressus and Lepidochelys olivacea had high relative densities in inshore, tropical waters less than 40 m deep, where tiger prawns (Penaeus esculentus, P. semisulcatus) and endeavour prawns (Metapenaeus endeavouri, M. ensis) were caught most commonly. Caretta caretta had high relative densities in inshore, sub-tropical waters less than 30 m deep, where banana prawns (Fenneropenaeus merguiensis) or bay prawns (Metapenaeus bennettae i.e., Moreton Bay) were caught most commonly. The relative density of sea turtles was predicted for the majority of waters adjacent to the Queensland east coast based on the mean sea turtle CPUE and information on target species caught most commonly and mean-depth trawled. The relative distribution of sea turtle density developed in this thesis provides the first broad scale maps that quantitatively identify areas that appear to be important as sea turtle habitat. This information could be used to assist the conservation management of sea turtles populations of eastern Australia. Sea turtle by-catch in northern Australia has been addressed through the mandatory use of Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) in otter trawl fisheries. However, the use of TEDs in a fishery needs to be supported by monitoring or enforcement to ensure that TEDs are used effectively, but this is difficult in fishery that operates over a large geographic scale. A pragmatic solution would be to target the monitoring and enforcement of TEDs in critical areas where reductions in sea turtle by-catch will make the greatest contribution to recovery of impacted populations of sea turtles. The spatial distribution of effort for the Queensland East Coast Trawl Fishery in the year 2001 was integrated with the relative density of sea turtles to identify critical areas for sea turtle by-catch. Critical areas for sea turtle by-catch were similar despite the use of qualitative or quantitative methods. The results suggest that effective TED use is most critical in the inshore waters of the Queensland east coast. Monitoring and enforcing TEDs in these critical areas would enable fisheries managers to measure progress towards the stated target of the 95% reduction in sea turtle by-catch and contribute to the sustainable management of the fishery. The use of TEDs in non-critical areas should also be monitored, but because of the lower contribution of these areas to sea turtle by-catch, monitoring and enforcement could take place with less intensity. Critical areas for monitoring the effective use of TEDs may change if the intensity of fishing effort changes and may become unnecessary should it be demonstrated that most fishers comply fully with TED regulations.

This thesis argues that the Epistle of James provides the resources that will address the problem of discrimination and exploitation in the Church of the Brethren in Gavva area. In order to argue this, I establish that Gavva area is a peasant society. I argue that the Epistle of James addresses the situation of the peasants in the first century Palestine. The peasants were discriminated against and exploited by the wealthy and the elites in James’ time. This prompts James to condemn the wealthy landowners and the merchants for their attitude toward the peasants. I examine the Epistle against the model of the moral economy developed by Sahlins and modified by Moxnes in The Economy of the Kingdom (1988). They delineate three categories of reciprocity: generalized, balanced and negative reciprocity. These are used as the basis of analysis of James and then extended also to an analysis of the moral economy of the Church of the Brethren in Nigeria. Further empirical study reveals that the poor in Gavva area are living in poverty and are discriminated against because they did not have opportunity to receive early educational training that might have equipped them to hold positions in the church and society. The concepts of poverty of Klaus Nürnberger, Amartya Sen, Bryant Myer and Adarigho-Oriako have also assisted me in evaluating the problem of poverty of Gavva area. Since Gavva area is, like the community to which the Epistle of James is addressed, an analysis of peasants and their moral economy, clientage and patronage, honour and shame are vital to my research. In this respect, the work of James C. Scott in Domination and Art of Resistance: the Hidden Transcript (1990) has proved valuable in my analysis of the way the poor in Gavva area are dominated by the wealthy. The poor develop resistance to the church leadership and the wealthy in their “hidden transcript” developed “off stage.” In this research, I discovered that the Church of the Brethren in Nigeria has official documents on discrimination, poverty, the poor and how to take care of them, which should direct their economic policy. But the church leadership does not enforce the teachings in the documents because of contending socio-economic forces and personal interests. I also find that the problem originated in the circumstances of the merger¹ I have explained what the merger means in chapter 5. which was complicated by tribalism that is present in the church. The major tribes seem to dominate every aspect of the church leadership and its programmes and institutions. As a possible contribution to addressing the problems of discrimination, exploitation and tribalism in the church, I published Bible study material from my research findings with an emphasis on the Epistle of James. The church will use the Bible study outline to conduct Bible study in all the Local Church Councils (LCC) throughout Nigeria. My hope is that the Bible study will bring the wealthy, the poor, the pastors/church leaders and the different tribes together so that church members will come together as one and pastors and church leaders will nolonger give preferential treatment to the wealthy members but see themselves as members of one community and treating one another as equals. The pastors would not give preferential treatment to the wealthy and the wealthy would honour the poor. ¹ I have explained what the merger means in chapter 5.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.