Journal articles on the topic 'Scientific circumstantial evidence'

The popular notion of social collapse consequent on natural catastrophe is here elegantly disentangled in a study of the dark summer of AD 536. Leaving aside the question of its cause, the authors show there is good scientific evidence for a climatic downturn, contemporary with good archaeological evidence for widespread disruption of settlement and population displacement in the northern latitudes. They then navigate through the shifting shadows of myth, and emerge with a welcome prize: strong circumstantial reasons for recognising that this widespread horror, like so many others, did leave its imprint on Scandinavian poetry and sculpture.

Abusive head trauma (AHT) represents a commonly misdiagnosed condition. In fact, there is no pathognomonic sign that allows the diagnosis in children. Therefore, it is such an important medico-legal challenge to evaluate reliable diagnostic tools. The aim of this review is to evaluate the current scientific evidence to assess what the best practice is in order to diagnose AHT. We have focused particularly on evaluating the importance of circumstantial evidence, clinical history, the use of postmortem radiological examinations (such as CT and MRI), and the performance of the autopsy. After autopsy, histological examination of the eye and brain play an important role, with attention paid to correlation with symptoms found in vivo.

Although much of the evidence is anecdotal and circumstantial, there are mounting concerns that environmental health risks are borne disproportionately by members of the population who are poor and nonwhite. We examine the central role of environmental health research in defining the dimensions of the problem, understanding its causes, and identifying solutions. Environmental health sciences, including epidemiology, exposure analysis, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and surveillance monitoring, must be employed to determine the extent to which society has achieved “equity” and “justice” in safeguarding the health and safety of its citizens. By improving our ability to identify, evaluate, prevent, and/or reduce risks for all members of society, environmental health research can contribute directly to fair and equitable protection for everyone, regardless of age, ethnicity, gender, race, or socioeconomic status.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) have markedly different clinical and pathological features, but these two diseases are the most common neurodegenerative disorders. Previous studies have showed that there are common mechanisms in AD and PD. Several genetic studies have revealed mutations in genes associated with the risk of AD and PD. Circumstantial evidences have shown that dysregulation of brain iron homeostasis leads to abnormal iron accumulation and results in AD as well as PD.α-Synuclein and tau take part in the mechanisms of these diseases by oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Some studies indicated that the loss of LC noradrenergic neurons may occur early in the progression of AD and PD. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are members of the Cys-loop superfamily of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels; some evidence showed that nicotinic receptors may be associated with AD and PD. These experimental and clinical studies may provide a scientific foundation for common shared mechanisms in AD and PD.

In 1987 the author discovered a pencil-drawing portrait of Beethoven signed "J. Hochenecker" and dated "1819" in an antique shop in Vienna. Scientific analysis of the paper by experts at the Albertina confirms the authenticity of the 1819 date, and the artist Josef Hochenecker (1794-1876) is identified as a sculptor in Anton Redl's address book of 1820. Circumstantial evidence suggests that this was the portrait drawing of Beethoven's face ordered by Nikolaus Zmeskal in the letter "Ich kann weder für das Gluck" which MacArdle and Misch date "fall of 1819." This 1819 portrait, and not Stephan Decker's 1824 chalk drawing, served as the model for Josef Kriehuber's black-tie lithograph of 1832. An anonymous article in the Leipzig Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung of 1835, probably written by Tobias Haslinger, argues that the Kriehuber lithograph, and hence the 1819 original, is the best likeness of the composer. This portrait, with its visionary, serene expression, is far removed from the canonic depiction of Beethoven as a glowering, lion-maned titan, and corresponds rather with the deaf, withdrawn genius of the esoteric late works.

Scholars have extensively studied social and psychological components of pilgrimage in the past decades. Its political ingredients have less been taken into account. Moreover, there is marginal scientific evidence on connections between pilgrimage and political protests: A response to injustice within a specific agenda and certain goals, remembrance, testimony, imagination, as well as transformation, along with communion and solidarity—are some common features of pilgrims and protesters. There is also the resource mobilization factor—to be analyzed here with a view upon the Romanian 1989 anti-communist revolution in Timișoara. We look at religion as a provider of social ties, in terms of messages with political connotations coming from clergy, and of chain reactions inside religious groups. The qualitative research relies on content analysis of documents, and of 30 semi-structured interviews with former participants to the demonstrations. Results point towards a subtle and circumstantial collective religious mobilization before and during the Romanian revolution. Similarities with pilgrimage are related to the presence of a resourceful actor, converting individual into common needs and generating a collective identity. Differences refer to the spiritual vs. political movement, and to the socio-religious experience vs. the secular search for freedom and justice.

Dysregulation of iron metabolism has been observed in patients with neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Utilization of several importers and exporters for iron transport in brain cells helps maintain iron homeostasis. Dysregulation of iron homeostasis leads to the production of neurotoxic substances and reactive oxygen species, resulting in iron-induced oxidative stress. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), circumstantial evidence has shown that dysregulation of brain iron homeostasis leads to abnormal iron accumulation. Several genetic studies have revealed mutations in genes associated with increased iron uptake, increased oxidative stress, and an altered inflammatory response in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here, we review the recent findings on brain iron metabolism in common NDs, such as AD, PD, and ALS. We also summarize the conventional and novel types of iron chelators, which can successfully decrease excess iron accumulation in brain lesions. For example, iron-chelating drugs have neuroprotective effects, preventing neural apoptosis, and activate cellular protective pathways against oxidative stress. Glial cells also protect neurons by secreting antioxidants and antiapoptotic substances. These new findings of experimental and clinical studies may provide a scientific foundation for advances in drug development for NDs.

Management of Muslim people with diabetes who choose to observe the fasting during the holy month Ramadan may become a complicated situation in which neither physicians nor patients have straightforward solutions. While most patients with diabetes fast Ramadan safely, some patients do face potentially life-threatening complications, including hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, dehydration, and ketoacidosis. Several professional recommendations categorize patients with diabetes as very high/high, moderate, or low-risk groups. This classification was based principally on the type of disease, the status of metabolic control, type of treatment, and modified by the presence of other comorbidities and circumstantial factors. Ramadan clinical recommendations for individuals with diabetes are mainly based on expert opinions with limited, yet growing, scientific evidence, and research. On occasions, they do not take account of many important variables that require a personalized approach. In this narrative perspective, we discuss the individualized management of people with diabetes during Ramadan fasting taking into consideration the hours of fasting during the day, weather, resources, personal patterns of dieting, sleeping and exercise, previous fasting experience, and, most importantly, patient preferences among many other factors. This narration is aimed to encourage physicians to think out of the box and provide an individually-tailored recommendation on whether to fast and how best to modify management plans if fast was deemed safe.

Sand beach nourishment (BN) is one of the commonest “soft solutions” for shore protection and restoration. Yet it may have ecological consequences. Can this practice enhance the introduction and dispersal of non-indigenous species (NIS)? There has been little research on the impacts of nourishment on NIS, especially in the southeastern Mediterranean, a region considered most affected by invading biota. However, so far only one study referred to the possible interaction between BN and the success of invading species. It reports increasing numbers and densities of the aggressive, omnivorous Indo-Pacific moon crab, Matuta victor (Fabricius, 1781) in Haifa Bay (northern Israel) between 2011 and 2017. This research suggests a possible role of anthropogenic disturbance in the outbreak of M. victor and blames the Israel Ministry of Environmental Protection for authorizing a (rather small scale) BN in Haifa Bay in 2011 as an alleged cause for this outbreak. Circumstantial indirect evidence is not sufficient to establish the role of nourishment in promoting the establishment and dispersal of NIS. There are plenty of examples of successful settlement and rapid and large-scale distribution of NIS (including another member of the genus Matuta), especially in the eastern Mediterranean, without any BN in the region. Furthermore, the location where the M. victor specimens were sampled was exposed to more prevailing and frequent anthropogenic marine stressors than BN, such as eutrophication, pollution, fishing activities and particularly port construction. To firmly establish an assumed role of nourishment in the invasion of NIS, assessments must be based on solid and orderly planned scientific research to be designed well before the beginning of any BN. It is suggested that direct communication between environmental regulators and scientists is crucial for improving both scientific research and environmental management policies.

A study carried out at the University of Pretoria characterised aerosol particle morphology of residential coal combustion smoke. The general approach in this study was on individual particle conglomerations because the radiative, environmental, and health effects of particles may depend on specific properties of individual particles rather than on the averaged bulk composition properties. A novel, miniature denuder system, developed and tested at the University of Pretoria, was used to capture particle emissions from the coal fires. The denuder consists of two silicone rubber traps (for gas phase semi-volatile organic compound monitoring) in series separated by a quartz fibre filter (for particle collection). The denuders were positioned 1 m away from the fire and were connected to pumps that sampled ~5 litres of air over a 10 min sampling interval. A JSM 5800LV Scanning Electron Microscope with a Thermo Scientific EDS was used to analyse the structure and morphology of different aerosol samples from the quartz fibre filters. Eight samples from the different fire lighting methods were selected for SEM analysis. The punched samples were sputter coated with gold for ~15 minutes using a K550 Emitech Sputter Coater. Results show that apart from the fine and ultra-fine particles, coal smoke from domestic burning also contains aerosols greater than 5 μm in diameter. Consequently, we describe the potential for generation of ‘giant’ carbonaceous soot conglomerates with outer diameters of 5 to 100 μm. However, the exact mechanism for formation of such large soot conglomerates remains to be determined. We also describe the presence of spherules and solid ‘melted toffee’ irregular surfaces. Circumstantial evidence is used to postulate and discuss the possible modes of formation in terms of condensation, and partial melting. This work provides a description of the modes of formation and transformation of conglomerates originating from low temperature (<8000C) coal combustion.

THE POLYGRAPH FOR LIE DETECTION is a ''placebo'' technology whose ability to sort truth from falsehood depends essentially on the subject's belief in the efficacy of the instrument (as opposed to any ''real'' efficacy). In this sense, the lie detector is a technology that belongs to the realm of the social imaginary. As such, it offers an ideal probe into the shifting grounds of trust and mistrust in twentieth-century America. Originally designed to rein in corrupt municipal police forces——by substituting scientific interrogation for brute force beatings——the lie detector by midcentury was being used two million times each year to interrogate criminal suspects, corporate employees, and the denizens of the national-security state. Yet all the while polygraph evidence was formally banned from the courtroom. This article demonstrates that the historical process that led to this curious state of affairs was the outcome of two interdependent strategies for marketing and validating expert knowledge. Polygraph inventors and operators thrived by passing themselves off as the purveyors of an objective method of ferreting out the truth, transforming their subjects' bodies into a piece of counterfeit-proof circumstantial evidence. This appealed to the American public's preference for mechanical rules as the most certain guarantee of just and equal treatment. In fact, the inventors and operators succeeded in attracting clients among police, prosecutors, corporate managers, and the chieftains of the national-security state largely by virtue of the vast discretion that undergirded their methods of interrogation, and the confessions they could wring in the process. These methods (logically akin to judicial torture) document the degree to which American justice actually operates according to informal rules that favor the already powerful. This dual history illuminates the shifting grounds of the laity's trust in expert science, the blurred line between the rule of law and the informal procedures of American justice, and the evolving demands of loyalty within the institutions of corporate capitalism and the national-security state. Given the renewed attention to national security in the past few years——and the renewed assurances that the lie detector will help uncover spies, traitors, and terrorists——this history has new urgency.

Over the past decade, there intense consideration of managing flows in the River Murray to provide environmental benefits. In 1990 the Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council adopted a water quality policy: To maintain and, where necessary, improve existing water quality in the rivers of the Murray-Darling Basin for all beneficial uses - agricultural, environmental, urban, industrial and recreational, and in 1994 a flow policy: To maintain and where necessary improve existing flow regimes in the waterways of the Murray-Darling Basin to protect and enhance the riverine environment. The Audit of Water Use followed in 1995, culminating in the decision of the Ministerial Council to implement an interim cap on new diversions for consumptive use (the “Cap”) in a bid to halt declining river health. In March 1999 the Environmental Flows and Water Quality Objectives for the River Murray Project (the Project) was set up, primarily to establish water quality and environmental flow objectives for the River Murray system. A Flow Management Plan will be developed that aims to achieve a sustainable river environment and water quality, in accordance with community needs, and including an adaptive approach to management and operation of the River. It will lead to objectives for water quality and environmental flows that are feasible, appropriate, have the support of the scientific, management and stakeholder communities, and carry acceptable levels of risk. This paper describes four key aspects of the process being undertaken to determine the objectives, and design the flow options that will meet those objectives: establishment of an appropriate technical, advisory and administrative framework; establishing clear evidence for regulation impacts; undergoing assessment of environmental flow needs; and filling knowledge gaps. A review of the impacts of flow regulation on the health of the River Murray revealed evidence for decline, but the case for flow regulation as the main cause is circumstantial or uncertain. This is to be expected, because the decline of the River Murray results from many factors acting over a long period. Also, the health of the river varies along its length, from highly degraded to reasonably healthy, so it is clear that different approaches will be needed in the various river zones, with some problems requiring reach or even point scale solutions. Environmental flow needs have been determined through two major Expert Panel reports that identified the ecological priorities for the river. The next step is to translate these needs into feasible flow management actions that will provide the necessary hydrological conditions. Several investigations are underway to recommend options for flow management. Two important investigations are described in this paper: how to enhance flows to wetlands of national and international significance, and how to physically alter or change the operation of structures (including a dam, weir, lock, regulator, barrage or causeway), to provide significant environmental benefits. Early modelling suggests that the only option which has a positive environmental effect in all zones of the River is a reduction in overall water consumption.

Barrows near Arnhem; excavations on the Warnsborn estate, 1947-’48.In 1947 and 1948 six barrows were excavated on the Warnsborn estate, to the west of Arnhem. Although seemingly initiated for purely scientific purposes, no report was ever published, only some very short notes. This paper gives an account of the organization, the procedures followed and a critical (re)interpretation of the findings, on the basis of the field drawings and the field journal. The conclusion differs in many respects from the excavators’ original interpretations. It may be viewed as a cautionary tale for those relying on records of earlier investigations of this kind. The research was initiated and supervised by prof. Van Giffen, but in fact executed rather independently by his experienced field technician and draughtsman, assisted by two students, who some years later were to be appointed university professors and as such shaped post-war archaeology in the Netherlands. It was the period in which the State Service (ROB, now RCE) was founded, which, headed by Van Giffen, ultimately must have been the responsible institution. The barrows to be excavated were an arbitrary selection from the numerous mounds in the shallow valleys of the Heelsum and Wolfheze brooks: four dating to the Bronze Age, along the valley floor, and two from the Beaker period, slightly apart. All six appear to be part of a long row, as found in many regions across the country, comprising19 barrows. One of the Beaker burials (IV) had a characteristic early Single Grave inventory and was surrounded by a narrow palisaded ditch. The reliability of the observation of a corpse silhouette must however be doubted. The other Beaker barrow (V) was dated only on the basis of its appearance and the fossil soil conditions. It only shows some features that are hard to interpret. The group of four Bronze Age burials offers us a glimpse of the changing burial customs among a small local community. They are characterized by the absence of cremations and the exclusive practice of inhumation in all 27 burials documented. All recorded bodies were supine, with only one exception, a slightly flexed burial. None of these were equipped with any imperishable grave goods. It is remarkable that this small community in the interaction zone of the southern and northern burial traditions had exclusively followed the northern practice of extended inhumation. In the absence of radiocarbon dates and artifacts, dating had to be based purely on circumstantial evidence; with Middle Bronze Age A as the result, with a possible extension into MBA-B, i.e. 1800-1400 cal BC. Two of the Bronze Age barrows (I and II) are relatively small, simple and one-phased, with a single, supine central inhumation, one of these accompanied by a subsequent child burial. The two others (III and the large, so-called ‘Meelworstenberg’) had started similarly, but had grown to larger dimensions, up to 15 and 18 m in diameter, by the addition of new construction phases linked with new central graves. The larger one incorporated a small and low sand dune already present. The barrows became more complex and significantly different also by the introduction of secondary burials, in the form of 6 and 15 shaft graves respectively, orientated tangentially all along the barrows’ margins, and the raising of surrounding post circles. In one case this circle was only partially preserved and documented, but it was of quite impressive dimensions around the larger barrow, and seemingly not connected with a central burial, but with the secondary burials only. In both cases we observe a fundamental shift from a function as an exclusive tomb for selected individuals from the local community, as customary in earlier times, to a communal cemetery for numerous members of the community. This change in burial custom may serve as an argument for the contemporaneity of the last phase of both barrows, the simple barrows representing the earlier stage only.

Islam as a comprehensive religion has put forth the idea regarding epistemology in its own framework. The discourse of sources of knowledge is a part of epistemology scope. Islam recognized four sources of knowledge consist of revelation, intuition/inspiration, rational and empirical method. The last (empirical method) relates closely to the scientific method which is a method of investigation in which a problem is first identified, and observations, experiments, or other relevant data are then used to construct or test hypotheses that purport to solve it. In Islamic law, circumstantial evidence is a kind of evidence which is applied and accepted in Islamic court proceeding despite some jurist did not strongly emphasize its reliability compare to confession and testimony of witnesses. This writing aims at putting forward the importance of circumstantial evidence in Islamic law through an epistemological perspective that has to do closely with the scientific method. This is the way how Islam appreciates and avails of the development of science and technology for enhancing justice as the main principle in Islamic law.

Report presented to the International Congress “Present and future of criminology in the criminal system”, Rome, April 2018, with a dedication to Professor Ferdinando Imposimato, judge, senator, lawyer and university Professor. The first Renaissance was represented by the Enlightenment movement, which, virtually crushing the inhuman justice of the inquisitors, sowed the seeds for a revolution of themes still waiting to be realized with our second Renaissance. Emblematic is the fact that even today, a process based on circumstantial evidence takes place with the risk to condemn an innocent, subverting Voltaire's quote: "It is better to risk saving a guilty person than to condemn an innocent one". And, as for the prison, the current hindering lagers - euphemistically defined hotels (8 people in a cell)- betray the code of Beccaria: "The purpose of the punishment is not to torment and afflict a sentient being. The aim is nothing more than to prevent the offender from doing further harm to his compatriots and to keep other people from doing the same. And then: "The safest but most difficult means of preventing crimes is to improve education".

ABSTRACTDenitrification ability is sporadically distributed among diverse bacteria, archaea, and fungi. In addition, disagreement has been found between denitrification gene phylogenies and the 16S rRNA gene phylogeny. These facts have suggested potential occurrences of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) for the denitrification genes. However, evidence of HGT has not been clearly presented thus far. In this study, we identified the sequences and the localization of the nitrite reductase genes in the genomes of 41 denitrifyingAzospirillumsp. strains and searched for mobile genetic elements that contain denitrification genes. AllAzospirillumsp. strains examined in this study possessed multiple replicons (4 to 11 replicons), with their sizes ranging from 7 to 1,031 kbp. Among those, the nitrite reductase genenirKwas located on large replicons (549 to 941 kbp). Genome sequencing showed thatAzospirillumstrains that had similarnirKsequences also shared similarnir-norgene arrangements, especially between the TSH58, Sp7T, and Sp245 strains. In addition to the high similarity betweennir-norgene clusters among the threeAzospirillumstrains, a composite transposon structure was identified in the genome of strain TSH58, which contains thenir-norgene cluster and the novel IS6family insertion sequences (ISAz581and ISAz582). ThenirKgene within the composite transposon system was actively transcribed under denitrification-inducing conditions. Although not experimentally verified in this study, the composite transposon system containing thenir-norgene cluster could be transferred to other cells if it is moved to a prophage region and the phage becomes activated and released outside the cells. Taken together, strain TSH58 most likely acquired its denitrification ability by HGT from closely relatedAzospirillumsp. denitrifiers.IMPORTANCEThe evolutionary history of denitrification is complex. While the occurrence of horizontal gene transfer has been suggested for denitrification genes, most studies report circumstantial evidences, such as disagreement between denitrification gene phylogenies and the 16S rRNA gene phylogeny. Based on the comparative genome analyses ofAzospirillumsp. denitrifiers, we identified denitrification genes, includingnirKandnorCBQD, located on a mobile genetic element in the genome ofAzospirillumsp. strain TSH58. ThenirKwas actively transcribed under denitrification-inducing conditions. Since this gene was the sole nitrite reductase gene in strain TSH58, this strain most likely benefitted by acquiring denitrification genes via horizontal gene transfer. This finding will significantly advance our scientific knowledge regarding the ecology and evolution of denitrification.

Si la ley ha estado presente indirectamente durante mucho tiempo en torno a esta cuestión -a través de la categorización de la discapacidad, su atención institucional y financiera y el marco penal y civil de las situaciones que las personas con discapacidad pueden experimentar en su vida cotidiana, incluyendo su vida sexual y emocional-, los juristas, que están muy presentes hoy en día (incluyendo a Bruno Py, que es uno de los pioneros en este campo), todavía estaban en gran medida ausentes de este problema hace diez años. En efecto, se trata de un campo que ha sido estudiado principalmente por psicoanalistas, psicólogos y sociólogos, como lo demuestra el gran número de libros y artículos colectivos o individuales publicados en revistas científicas especializadas o de carácter general sobre el tema en estos campos disciplinarios, desde los años ochenta, en Francia y en el extranjero. La reciente (o tardía) presencia de juristas, algunos de cuyos pioneros están asociados a esta investigación, que sin embargo sigue siendo marginal, se explica por razones que probablemente son principalmente circunstanciales. Las razones de esta presencia tardía (o reciente) de los juristas también están relacionadas con la demanda de normalización por parte de las propias partes interesadas en la discapacidad que tratan de normalizar, o incluso codificar, sus reacciones individuales ante determinadas situaciones emocionalmente fuertes, y de valorar determinados experimentos innovadores y "buenas prácticas" en este ámbito. La legitimidad del enfoque jurídico, complementario al de otras ciencias sociales, resulta no sólo de la función del derecho como receptáculo de los valores de la sociedad, sino también de su función como fuerza de transformación social,[1]más allá del consenso popular. El imperativo del Estado de derecho, combinado con la legitimidad de su modo de producción democrático, es en realidad un vector de grandes transformaciones que a menudo fuerzan o anticipan grandes cambios sociales. Si el prisma de la ley contiene ciertas carencias, entre ellas la del confinamiento categórico y verbal, el prisma de los derechos, y en particular de los llamados derechos "fundamentales", tiene el mérito de basarse en un sistema de valores que implica un enfoque ético del sujeto. La interacción de los mecanismos de reconocimiento, interacción, confrontación y conciliación de derechos, tanto por parte del juez como del legislador, implica necesariamente un enfoque ético. Sin embargo, si la sexualidad nos dice algo sobre la relación de la sociedad con la verdad, esta verdad puede ser tanto la de la sociedad misma como la de sus relaciones de poder, pero también la del hombre, sobre todo cuando se trata del hombre atrapado en su vulnerabilidad consustancial, que aparece a toda luz en el caso de la discapacidad, que en última instancia es sólo un grado adicional de vulnerabilidad que nos desafía y nos devuelve a nuestra primera condición. If law has been present indirectly for a long time around this issue - through the categorization of disability, its institutional and financial attention and the criminal and civil framework of the situations that people with disabilities may experience in their daily lives, including their sexual and emotional lives - the jurists, who are very present today (including Bruno Py, who is one of the pioneers in this field), were still largely absent from this problem ten years ago. Indeed, it is a field that has been studied mainly by psychoanalysts, psychologists and sociologists, as evidenced by the large number of books and collective or individual articles published in specialized or general scientific journals on the subject in these disciplinary fields, since the 1980s, in France and abroad. The recent (or late) presence of jurists, some of whose pioneers are associated with this research, which nevertheless remains marginal, is explained by reasons that are probably mainly circumstantial. The reasons for this late (or recent) presence of jurists are also related to the demand for standardisation on the part of the disability stakeholders themselves who seek to standardise, or even codify, their individual reactions to certain emotionally strong situations, and to value certain innovative experiments and "good practices" in this field. The legitimacy of the legal approach, complementary to that of other social sciences, results not only from the function of law as a receptacle for society's values, but also from its function as a force for social transformation,[1] beyond popular consensus. The imperative of the rule of law, combined with the legitimacy of its democratic mode of production, is in reality a vector of great transformations that often force or anticipate great social changes. If the prism of the law contains certain deficiencies, among them that of categorical and verbal confinement, the prism of rights, and in particular of the so-called "fundamental" rights, has the merit of being based on a system of values that implies an ethical approach to the subject. The interaction of the mechanisms of recognition, interaction, confrontation and conciliation of rights, on the part of both the judge and the legislator, necessarily implies an ethical approach. However, if sexuality tells us something about society's relationship with the truth, this truth may be that of society itself as well as its power relations, but also that of man, especially when it comes to man trapped in his consubstantial vulnerability, which appears in all light in the case of disability, which is ultimately only an additional degree of vulnerability that challenges us and brings us back to our first condition. Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator