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Goodier, John. "Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods." Reference Reviews 30, no. 6 (August 15, 2016): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr-04-2016-0092.
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Alcock, Nathaniel W. "The Scientific Dating of Standing Buildings." Science Progress 100, no. 4 (November 2017): 374–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/003685017x15063357842619.
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The techniques of dendrochronology (tree-ring dating) and radiocarbon (14C) dating are described, as they are applied to historic buildings. Both rely on determining the felling dates of the trees used in their construction. For dendrochronology, the construction of master chronologies and the matching of individual ring-width sequences to them is described and, for radiocarbon dating, the use of tree-ring results in calibration. Results of dating are discussed, ranging from the cathedrals of Peterborough and Beauvais and the development of crown-post roof structures, to the dating and identification of standing medieval peasant houses, particularly those built using cruck construction.
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Jin, Yin Cheng. "Scientific Dating of Art Works: Evaluation or Cultural Exclusion?" International Journal of the Inclusive Museum 9, no. 1 (2016): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1835-2014/cgp/v09i01/39-49.
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Ramsey, Christopher Bronk. "Probability and Dating." Radiocarbon 40, no. 1 (1997): 461–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200018348.
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Statistical analysis is becoming much more widely used in conjunction with radiocarbon dating. In this paper I discuss the impact of Bayesian analysis (using computer programs such as OxCal) on archaeological research. In addition to simple analysis, the method has implications for the planning of dating projects and the assessment of the reliability of dates in their context.A new formalism for describing chronological models is introduced here: the Chronological Query Language (CQL), an extension of the model definitions found in the program OxCal.New methods of Bayesian analysis can be used to overcome some of the inherent biases in the uncertainty estimates of scientific dating methods. Most of these methods, including 14C, uranium series and thermoluminescence (TL), tend to favor some calendar dates over others. 14C calibration overcomes the problem where this is possible, but a Bayesian approach can be used more generally.
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de Messières, Nicole. "Libby and the Interdisciplinary Aspect of Radiocarbon Dating." Radiocarbon 43, no. 1 (2001): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003382220003157x.
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At a time when exchange between scientific and non-scientific disciplines was uncommon, Willard F Libby broke through conventional barriers. Early influences prepared him for a career marked by its interdisciplinary approach, and for a discovery with far-ranging applications to many diverse branches of knowledge.
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Holen, Steven R., David W. May, and Shannon A. Mahan. "The Angus Mammoth: A Decades-Old Scientific Controversy Resolved." American Antiquity 76, no. 3 (July 2011): 487–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.76.3.487.
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The Angus Mammoth site in south-central Nebraska has been controversial since its discovery in 1931 when a fluted artifact was reported to be associated with the mammoth. For nearly 80 years it has not been known if Angus was a paleontological site predating the human occupation of North America as has been asserted by some geologists and paleontologists, or an archaeological site dating to the late Pleistocene as has been advocated by some archaeologists. Geomorphic study and luminescence dating have finally solved the problem after nearly eight decades. Although microwear and technological analyses have determined that the Angus biface is an authentic artifact, TL and IRSL dates have shown that the matrix above the mammoth is much too old for a mammoth/fluted point association to be valid.
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Everill, Paul, Nikoloz Murgulia, Davit Lomitashvili, Ian Colvin, Besik Lortkipanidze, Jean-Luc Schwenninger, and Gordon Cook. "The recent contribution of scientific techniques to the study of Nokalakevi in Samegrelo, Georgia." Anatolian Studies 71 (2021): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006615462100003x.
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AbstractThe site of Nokalakevi, in western Georgia, has seen significant excavation since 1973, including, since 2001, a collaborative Anglo-Georgian project. However, the interpretation of the site has largely rested on architectural analysis of standing remains and the relative dating of deposits based on the study of ceramics. Since 2013, the Anglo-Georgian Expedition to Nokalakevi has collected a diverse dataset derived from multiple scientific techniques including optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of ceramics, radiocarbon dating, δ13C and δ15N analysis and 87Sr/86Sr analysis. The full results of these analyses are reported here for the first time along with implications for the interpretation of the archaeology, which include greater detail in the site chronology but also indicators of diet and migration.
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Krutzsch, Myriam, and Ira Rabin. "Material Criteria and their Clues for Dating." New Testament Studies 61, no. 3 (June 24, 2015): 356–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688515000120.
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This article is concerned with material aspects of the ‘Jesus’ Wife' fragment. Following an analysis of the papyrus which confirms that it is indeed of ancient manufacture, the scientific tests carried out on both the papyrus and the ink are critically assessed and shown to be of little or no value in determining the date of the writing.
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Sun, Hong Fei, Zhan Rui Niu, Can Ming Wang, and Bo Yuan. "Scientific Analysis of an Ancient Bronze Mirror Dating of Han Dynasty." Advanced Materials Research 337 (September 2011): 743–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.337.743.
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A bronze mirror dating of Han-dynasty was studied in this paper. The in-depth structure and the composition of the natural patina and substrate alloy were determined by Electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) observation and EDS cartographies on a cross-section, the mineral composition of patinas were analyzed using XRD. The results show the layer structure of the patina has two obvious layers, and the inner layer ranges from 90µm to 260µm. This bronze mirror is a typical ancient Chinese black mirror Heiqigu, and the formation of high tin layer is due to special surface treatment by the ancients. Tthe composition of the patinas on the mirror and that of substrate alloy were found to be highly heterogeneous, the thin black patina on the mirror containing is cassiterite.
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Manning, Sturt W., Felix Höflmayer, Nadine Moeller, Michael W. Dee, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Dominik Fleitmann, Thomas Higham, Walter Kutschera, and Eva Maria Wild. "Dating the Thera (Santorini) eruption: archaeological and scientific evidence supporting a high chronology." Antiquity 88, no. 342 (December 2014): 1164–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00115388.
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The date of the Late Bronze Age Minoan eruption of the Thera volcano has provoked much debate among archaeologists, not least in a recent issue of Antiquity (‘Bronze Age catastrophe and modern controversy: dating the Santorini eruption’, March 2014). Here, the authors respond to those recent contributions, citing evidence that closes the gap between the conclusions offered by previous typological, stratigraphic and radiometric dating techniques. They reject the need to choose between alternative approaches to the problem and make a case for the synchronisation of eastern Mediterranean and Egyptian chronologies with agreement on a ‘high’ date in the late seventeenth century BC for the Thera eruption.
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Komar, O. V. "EXPERIENCE OF USE OF THE RADIOCARBON METHOD DATING OF EARLY SLAVIC SITES FROM UKRAINE (1970—1987)." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 30, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 254–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.01.20.
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The introduction of radiocarbon dating method in USSR and Ukrainian archeology was much slower compared to world practice. Natural scientific methods of dating in archeology have found quick application for the study of prehistoric sites — from the Paleolithic to the late Bronze Age. Much more time passed before the method began to be used for dating of sites of the 1st and 2nd millennium AD.
The initiative of serial sampling from the medieval archaeological complexes of Ukraine for radiocarbon analysis initially came not from archaeologists. This led at the first stage to a confrontation between traditional archaeological methods of analysis and the new «revolutionary» approaches of the natural sciences.
In 1968 mathematician A. S. Buhai collected 63 samples of charcoal from different parts of the «Zmievi Valy» («Snake Ramparts») and hillforts of the Kyiv region. At least 34 results were obtained from 3 different laboratories. All results attributed the time of existence of fortifications not to the Middle Ages, but to the 2nd century BC — 7th century AD, what caused the emergence of the sensational concept of the Early Slavic state in the Middle Dnieper region long before the formation of the Old Rus’ state.
Institute of Archaeology (Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR) has developed a big project for complex researches of these fortifications led by M. P. Kuchera. During 1974—1985, many fortifications of «Zmievi Valy» in different regions were studied archaeologically. The facts of overlapping of settlements of the 3th—7th centuries AD by ramparts as well as the presence of Old Rus’ artifacts of the 10th—13th centuries in the body of wooden and earth structures of ramparts were recorded. Stratigraphic and archaeological data confidently dated the ramparts to the Middle Ages, while 28 radiocarbon dates for samples, carefully selected from wooden constructions of fortifications, showed a chaotic spread of dates from the 24th century BC until the 14th century AD. The verdict of M. P. Kuchera on the possibility of using the radiocarbon dating method for the archeology of Middle Ages was naturally negative.
Geologist L. V. Firsov faced a similar problems after collecting in 1970 of 57 samples from archaeological complexes of Chersonesos and 33 samples from other sites of Crimea. Believing in the high accuracy of the radiocarbon dating method, he tried to explain the wide scatter of radiocarbon dates from the same medieval objects by their existence for half a millennium, what was rejected by archaeologists.
The Institute Archeology and the Radiocarbon Laboratory of the Institute of Geochemistry and Mineral Physics af the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR managed joint project to get answers to the topical questions of Ukrainian archaeologists concerning the possibilities of the radiocarbon dating method in archeology. Two institutes approved a joint plan theme for 1973—1978 «Determination of the age of archeological sites by the natural scientific methods», for which a Coordination Council was established, led by D. Ya. Telegin and E. V. Sobotovich. According to the first report of the group, 237 samples were collected from various archaeological sites, for which 148 datings were successfully obtained (62.4 %).
Cooperation continued further, but radiocarbon dates for archaeological cultures of the historical period from Ukraine had a little accuracy again on this stage of the radiocarbon method development (1974—1987). Thus, out of 31 examined medieval samples only 5 matched to archeological datings. 12 samples from sites of 6th — 10th centuries gave 7 dates, only 4 of them were in agreement with archaeological dating. For 12 samples from sites of Zarubyntsi and Chernyakhiv cultures 5 dates were received, and only one was in agreement with archaeological dating. The problem of the difference in these cases cannot be solved with the help of modern calibration of radiocarbon dates.
After the complete fiasco of the initial stage of the radiocarbon dating of the medieval archaeological objects from Ukraine (1970—1973), a small step forward was made in 1974—1987. But this did not convince archaeologists in the rationality of using the method of radiocarbon dating for cultures with a wide choice of dating markers. The situation remained stable until the present stage of development of the accelerator mass spectrometry dating which makes again actual the renewal of the program of radiocarbon dating for the Early Slavic cultures of the 1st millennium AD.
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Hueglin, Sophie. "Time Framing Early Medieval Stone Building North of the Alps—A Discussion of Recent Challenging Results." Radiocarbon 59, no. 6 (December 2017): 1657–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2017.135.
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AbstractEarly Medieval stone building began earlier and was more widespread than previously thought. This conclusion is the result of scientific dating that challenges traditional views of the “petrification” process in architecture north of the Alps after the Roman period. Radiocarbon (14C) dating is not precise enough to answer detailed questions connected to historical contexts, but recently there have been a number of surprising dates: “Roman” city walls have now Early Medieval phases or meter-high, obscure “dark earth” strata were subdivided and dated. Results not in line with clients’ expectations can be the subject of heated debates, or worse, tend to remain unpublished. To the archaeologist, who is trying to connect scientific dates with historical events, usually is not clear, that mortar dating is a methodology still being developed, while dating organic material like charcoal from mortar is a standard procedure. But even the latter has downfalls like the possible “old-wood-effect,” if such complications are not carefully considered and avoided during the sampling process. Drawing on examples from Switzerland, Germany, Austria, and France, recent challenging results will be discussed from an archaeologist’s point of view.
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Kim, Il Kyu. "Reconsideration on the C14 age dating period of the Bronze Age through the emergence time of the mandolin shaped bronze dagger." Yeongnam Archaeological Society, no. 80 (January 30, 2018): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47417/yar.2018.80.45.
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According to the C14 age dating, it is thought that the Bronze Age begun from the B.C. 15th century and the lute shaped bronze dagger was brought into the Korean Peninsula in 1100B.C. The upper limit of the Songgukri Assemblage is also thought in B.C. 10th century. Examining the mandolin shaped dagger in Liaoxi area and sacrificial vessel, set the emergence time of this dagger and consider when this dagger appeared in the middle part of the Korean Peninsula. And make comparison between this result and the C14 age dating of the Bronze Age. As a result, this dagger was brought into the Korean Peninsula in Gangshang phase B.C. 7th century. The Songgukri Assemblage begun after the B.C 6th century. There are 400~500 years apart in time comparing with the C14 age dating. Scientific result based on probability and statistics is not absolute unlike mathematical result. Even though scientific rule exists, there are many variables in the process of proving, so various solutions should be proposed to prove according to the times. The result by the C14 age dating method is just though as the best method in present time. According as how improves the method of analysis, the result should be also changed. Therefore, the C14 age dating must be applied to archaeological chronology with discretion.
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Yakushev, D. I. "Method for consolidate representation of fossil objects dating." HYDROMETEOROLOGY AND ECOLOGY. PROCEEDINGS OF THE RUSSIAN STATE HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, no. 59 (2020): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33933/2074-2762-2020-59-150-158.
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So far, methods of dating fossil objects have allowed us to obtain a large amount of data that characterize the moisturization of our planet’s areas during different time intervals. At the same time, in some cases, fossil objects contain information about the characteristics of the climate of the epoch of their existence. The available dating is scattered and does not allow us to get an overall picture of the changes occurred. Therefore, the developed method of aggregate representation of dates is relevant. Scientific materials containing the desired dating are mainly presented on the Internet. Therefore, the target of the first stage is to identify the publications of interest. At the second stage, the dating found and its characteristics are summarized in table 1. At the third stage, the data in table 1 is converted to table 2, reflecting the change in the moisture content of regions with a 100 years sampling interval. At the fourth stage, a simple rule is applied to exclude two multidirectional trends in each cell of table 2. As a result of exclusion, only unidirectional signs remain in each cell that qualitatively characterize the moisture content of the studied regions. It seems that the dating found in a significant minority should be questioned. However, cases in which the number of exceptions exceeds the number of non-excluded characters require additional research. The proposed method is not limited either by the number of studies involved or by the dating methods used. The scientific novelty of the proposed method consists in the aggregate representation of known dating of fossil objects containing information about the characteristics of the climate of the epoch of its existence. The objectivity of the results obtained is based on the use of a variety of independent dating of fossil objects obtained by different methods for different periods and regions. The reliability of the results obtained will increase with the number of dating involved in the analysis.
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Lukovtseva, Z. V. "Adolescent dating violence: an overview of foreign studies." Psychology and Law 7, no. 4 (2017): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2017070404.
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The analysis of foreign researches of adolescent dating violence is presented in article. Terminological difficulties which overcoming represents a relevant scientific and practical task are discussed. Adolescent dating violence is treated as a specific phenomenon which should be distinguished from bullying, school violence, etc. The data characterizing frequency of violence in the teenage romantic relations are systematized; it is established that up to 2/3 teenagers in foreign countries have experience of adolescent dating violence either as offenders, or as victims, in structure of the discussed phenomenon into the forefront psychological violence acts. Biographic, individual and psychological and social and environmental predictors of adolescent dating violence are considered. Process of transformation of behavior within adolescent dating violence with transition to more mature, partner or marriage, to the relations is tracked. Special attention is paid to sexual differences in predisposition to commission of adolescent dating violence and also his influence on character of the subsequent "adult" relations.
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Rassbach, Laura, Elizabeth Bradley, and Ken Anderson. "Providing Decision Support for Cosmogenic Isotope Dating." AI Magazine 32, no. 2 (March 16, 2011): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v32i2.2349.
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Human experts in scientific fields routinely work with evidence that is noisy and untrustworthy, heuristics that are unproven, and possible conclusions that are contradictory. We present a deployed AI system, Calvin, for cosmogenic isotope dating, a domain that is fraught with these difficult issues. Calvin solves these problems using an argumentation framework and a system of confidence that uses two-dimensional vectors to express the quality of heuristics and the applicability of evidence. The arguments it produces are strikingly similar to published expert arguments. Calvin is in daily use by isotope dating experts.
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Xu, Sheng, Hideo Hoshizumi, Yoji Ochiai, Harumi Aoki, and Kozo Uto. "14C dating of soil samples from the Unzen volcano scientific drilling boreholes." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 223-224 (August 2004): 560–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2004.04.104.
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Masefield, Robert, Alex Bayliss, and Gerry McCormac. "New Scientific Dating of the Later Bronze Age Wells at Swalecliffe, Kent." Antiquaries Journal 84 (September 2004): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500045868.
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The Swalecliffe later Bronze Age well complex was reported in detail in volume 83 of the Antiquaries Journal. The site comprised seventeen wells cut into the base of a previously reduced hollow. Groundwater could thus have been more readily accessed within the subsequently cut well pits. The depth of the base of the wells, at up to 2.5m below ground level, and their consequent waterlogged nature, allowed exceptional preservation of wooden linings and plank steps. Application of dendrochronological and radiocarbon dating suggested that the individual wells were used in sequence over a period of around 500 years, from an origin probably in the late thirteenth century BC to abandonment probably within the seventh century BC. The earlier phases (1–4) were dated mainly by dendrochronology, a 348-year sequence known as SWALECLF 1, whilst the later phases (5–7) were dated by a series of five radiocarbon dates.
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Potarca, Gina. "The demography of swiping right. An overview of couples who met through dating apps in Switzerland." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 30, 2020): e0243733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243733.
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Within the span of almost ten years, phone dating apps have transformed the dating scene by normalizing and, according to some voices, gamifying the digital quest for a partner. Despite amplified discussion on how swipe-based apps damage the fabric of intimate ties, scientific accounts on whether they have led to different relationship patterns are missing. Using 2018 survey data from Switzerland, this study provides a rich overview of couples who met through dating apps by addressing three main themes: 1) family formation intentions, 2) relationship satisfaction and individual well-being, and 3) assortative mating. The data indicate that in Switzerland, dating apps have recently taken over as main online dating context. Results further show that couples formed through mobile dating have stronger cohabiting intentions than those formed in non-digital settings. Women who found their partner through a dating app also have stronger fertility desires and intentions than those who found their partner offline. Generally, there are no differences between couples initiated through dating apps and those initiated elsewhere regarding relationship and life satisfaction. Though more data are needed to capture the full range of users’ romantic and sexual experiences, current results mitigate some of the concerns regarding the short-term orientation or the poor quality of relationships formed through mobile dating. Findings finally suggest that dating apps play an important role in altering couple composition by allowing for more educationally diverse and geographically distant couples.
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Mokhnacheva, Yu V., and V. A. Tsvetkova. "Bibliometrics and modern scientific libraries." Scientific and Technical Libraries, no. 6 (December 7, 2018): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33186/1027-3689-2018-6-51-62.
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The authors examine the possibilities of bibliometrics enhancing and complementing information and library processes to support scientific research: applying bibliometric analysis of science organizations’ document flows to monitor publication activities; using bibliometric methods to design and support scientific research in various subjects, and to organize certain library processes, e.g. collection development and user information demand study; and dating ofrelevant information. The authors focus on the bibliometrics fundamental importance for exploring processes of document information flows. They argue that the introduction of bibliometric procedures in scientific libraries would increase their status and make them actors of academic communication system. The examples are given of using bibliometrics for detecting fraud and adulteration schemes in science practice. The key methods and procedures of bibliometric research in scientific libraries are characterized. Main risks due to the introduction of bibliometrics into scientific research are defined. The authors emphasize the scientific libraries’ need for competent librarians which means developing continuous professional education system; within this context workshops and training courses, instructional aids and recommendations, training professionals at universities are also important.
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Gove, H. E. "Dating the Turin Shroud—An Assessment." Radiocarbon 32, no. 1 (1990): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200039990.
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An assessment is made of the credibility of the radiocarbon dating of the shroud of Turin. The quoted final results produced a calibrated calendar age range of AD 1260–1390 for the linen of the Turin shroud at a 95% confidence level. The measurements were carried out independently in three accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) laboratories located at the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA, Oxford University, Oxford, England, and ETH-Hönggerberg, Zürich, Switzerland with assistance for certification and data analysis provided by the British Museum. The author concludes that, although the procedures followed differed substantially from those recommended at a workshop organized by the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, the results are credible. Although of negligible scientific value, they represent a major public triumph for the AMS method of carbon dating. However, many doubts have been raised, both real and fanciful, concerning the validity of the results and these are discussed. It is suggested that steps should be taken to conserve the shroud and that permission should be given for its examination by experts in medieval art.
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Dehnert, Andreas, and Christian Schlüchter. "Sediment burial dating using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 57, no. 1/2 (August 1, 2008): 210–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3285/eg.57.1-2.8.
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Abstract. Burial dating using in situ produced terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides is a relatively new method to date sediments and quantify geomorphological processes such as erosion, accumulation and river incision. Burial dating utilises the decay of previously in situ produced cosmogenic nuclides and can be applied to sedimentary deposits such as cave fillings, alluvial fans, river terraces, delta deposits, and dunes. Using the established 10Be/26Al nuclide pair allows numerical dating of quartz bearing material from ~100 ka to 5 Ma, where other dateable material is often unavailable. To date, a number of studies have demonstrated the successful application of in situ produced cosmogenic nuclides in various scientific disciplines, such as Quaternary geology, geomorphology and palaeoanthropology. However, insufficiently defined physical properties such as nuclide half lives and complex depth dependent nuclide production rates result in relatively large uncertainties. Nevertheless, burial dating represents a promising method for determining numerical ages.
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Miller, Brent V. "Introduction to Radiometric Dating." Paleontological Society Papers 12 (October 2006): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600001327.
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Radiometric dating of rocks and minerals to constrain the age of the Earth, timing of geological events and paleobiological histories has its roots in the works of nuclear physicists of the early Nineteenth Century during the period of discovery of radioactivity and investigations into the nature of the atom. The intervening years since have seen great progress in using the long-lived radioactive elements to constrain the origin and evolution of the Earth and to place the rock and fossil record into a consistent, numerically quantifiable temporal framework.U-Th-Pb and40Ar/39Ar dating methods have emerged as the primary tools for calibrating most of Earth history. It is important for all geoscientists to appreciate the physical basis underlying these methods and to have the ability to evaluate dates by means of currently accepted practices of data presentation. This introduction, along with the accompanying chapters, is intended to help the consumers of radiometric dates to understand better the uses and limitations of radiometric dating methods in an effort to tailor methods and techniques to address specific geochronologic needs, including calibration of the geologic time scale.The ultimate goal of a fully calibrated rock record remains an on-going endeavor. The 2004 ICS geologic time scale is the latest compilation of those efforts. The numerical age calibration is constrained by only 213 radiometric dates, the vast majority of which are U-Pb and40Ar/39Ar dates. Radiometric age control is not evenly distributed through geologic time. There are virtually no radiometric dates in the late Cenozoic where magnetostratigraphy and cyclostratigraphic methods are more precise and applicable. Radiometric dating efforts are concentrated on biostratigraphically important segments of the rock record such as the Permian-Triassic and Cretaceous-Paleocene boundary events, and this is reflected in high-precision calibration of these boundaries. Large segments of geologic time, however, are constrained by either a few radiometric dates per chronostratigraphic unit (most of the Paleozoic) or none at all (Upper Triassic). The current status of radiometric age control on the rock record largely reflects real, underlying scientific issues in biostratigraphy and geochronology, and thus can help point the way to fruitful lines of collaboration between paleontologists, stratigraphers, and geochronologists.
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Renn, Jürgen, Peter Damerow, Simone Rieger, and Domenico Giulini. "Hunting the White Elephant: When and How did Galileo Discover the Law of Fall?" Science in Context 13, no. 3-4 (2000): 299–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700003859.
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The ArgumentWe present a number of findings concerning Galileo's major discoveries which question both the methods and the results of dating his achievements by common historiographic criteria. The dating of Galileo's discoveries is, however, not our primary concern. This paper is intended to contribute to a critical reexamination of the notion of discovery from the point of view of historical epistemology. We claim that the puzzling course of Galileo's discoveries is not an exceptional comedy of errors but rather illustrates the normal way in which scientific progress is achieved. We argue that scientific knowledge generally develops not as a sequence of independent discoveries accumulating to a new body of knowledge but rather as a network of interdependent activities which only as a whole makes the individual steps understandable as meaningful “discoveries.”
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renn, jürgen, peter damerow, simone rieger, and domenico giulini. "hunting the white elephant: when and how did galileo discover the law of fall?" Science in Context 14, s1 (June 2001): 29–149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889701000321.
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we present a number of findings concerning galileo's major discoveries which question both the methods and the results of dating his achievements by common historiographic criteria. the dating of galileo's discoveries is, however, not our primary concern. this paper is intended to contribute to a critical reexamination of the notion of discovery from the point of view of historical epistemology. we claim that the puzzling course of galileo's discoveries is not an exceptional comedy of errors but rather illustrates the normal way in which scientific progress is achieved. we argue that scientific knowledge generally develops not as a sequence of independent discoveries accumulating to a new body of knowledge but rather as a network of interdependent activities which only as a whole makes the individual steps understandable as meaningful “discoveries.”
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Downey, Jordan T. "The Reliability of Using Surface Data for Seriation." Advances in Archaeological Practice 5, no. 1 (February 2017): 26–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2016.2.
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ABSTRACTArchaeological sites are often dated through seriation analysis of artifacts found on the site's surface. This relative dating method remains common despite the widespread availability of absolute dating methods because it is fast and cost-effective compared to scientific dating methods such as radiocarbon dating. Surface seriation is especially important for regional survey studies that involve a large number of sites and little to no excavation. In this context it is important to ask: are surface assemblages as reliable an indicator of the age of a site as determined through excavation? This unique study addresses this question using data from seven sites in the Virú Valley on the north coast of Peru. Surface assemblages are compared with excavated ones using the G-test statistic. It is found that surface assemblages do not closely resemble excavated ones in a statistically significant sense. Nevertheless, the relative date of surface assemblages typically resembles the relative date of excavated assemblages. Caution is urged when dating surface assemblages purely through seriation because the surface may not actually be representative of excavated assemblages.
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Griffiths, Seren. "We’re All Cultural Historians Now: Revolutions In Understanding Archaeological Theory And Scientific Dating." Radiocarbon 59, no. 5 (July 31, 2017): 1347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2017.20.
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ABSTRACTRadiocarbon dating has had profound implications for archaeological understanding. These have been identified as various “revolutions,” with the latest—Bayesian chronological statistical analyses of large datasets—hailed as a “revolution in understanding.” This paper argues that the full implications of radiocarbon (14C) data and interpretation on archaeological theory have yet to be recognized, and it suggests that responses in Britain to earlier revolutions in archaeological understanding offer salutary lessons for contemporary archaeological practice. This paper draws on the work of David Clarke and Colin Renfrew to emphasize the importance of critical considerations of the relationships between archaeological theory and scientific method, and to emphasize that seemingly neutral aspects of archaeological thought are highly laden interpretatively, and have significant implications for the kinds of archaeology that we write.
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Vrolijk, Peter, David Pevear, Michael Covey, and Allan LaRiviere. "Fault gouge dating: history and evolution." Clay Minerals 53, no. 3 (September 2018): 305–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/clm.2018.22.
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ABSTRACTRadiometric dating of fault gouges has become a useful tool for regional tectonics studies and for exploring and understanding fault and earthquake processes. Methods to define the absolute age of faults achieved a solid scientific foundation almost 25 years ago when the development and application of illite age analysis for investigating sedimentary burial and thermal histories found a new potential application – defining the age of fold-and-thrust development. Since then, the methods have benefitted from further development and incorporation of the 40Ar/39Ar micro-encapsulation method and quantitative clay mineral evaluation to distinguish polytypes (Wildfire). These refinements to the methods have improved their application in fold-and-thrust terrains and have opened up applications in normal and strike-slip fault environments. Another important development is the use of absolute dating methods in retrograde clay gouges in which clays in a fault develop from igneous or metamorphic wall rocks that contain no clays. In addition, the method has also been shown to be useful at dating folds in fold-and-thrust belts. We think the method is now an established part of the geological toolkit, look forward to future fault structural and tectonic studies that incorporate fault ages and hope that researchers continue to probe and discover ways that the method can assist fault process studies, including earthquake fault studies.
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Kabanova, Natalya. "Russian State Library’s Dissertation collection - the nation’s scientific, cultural and historical heritage." Scientific and Technical Libraries, no. 8 (August 1, 2017): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33186/1027-3689-2017-8-44-55.
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The history of Russian dissertation collection dating back to 18-th century, long before the RSL’s special dissertation collection was formed in 1944, is highlighted. The significance of theses by V. Klyuchevsky, D. Mendeleev, I. Mechnikov, S. Solovyov, K. Timiryazev, and many scholars of the 19-20-th centuries, is stressed. The dissertation collection is the nation’s scientific, cultural and historical heritage. The Library holds numerous exhibitions to promote the collection and has been building the accessible e-library of dissertations.
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Bychkov, Dmitry A. "Scientific Seminar “Archaeology of Floodplain: Relief, Paleoenvironment, History of Settlement” (Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 23 April 2019)." Archaeology and Ethnography 18, no. 7 (2019): 200–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-7-200-202.
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The article presents the results of a scientific seminar that brought together experts from various fields of science. The participants discussed issues that affected the formation of floodplain landscapes in Western Siberia, historical development of these territories by the ancient man and dating for these events. The presentations contained interesting methodological solutions and vivid results. As a conclusion of the seminar, a summary was presented which reflects the modern approach to solving these scientific problems.
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Shitaoka, Yorinao, Takeshi Saito, Junji Yamamoto, Masaya Miyoshi, Hidemi Ishibashi, and Tsutomu Soda. "Eruption age of Kannabe volcano using multi-dating: Implications for age determination of young basaltic lava flow." Geochronometria 46, no. 1 (April 22, 2019): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geochr-2015-0108.
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Abstract We estimated the eruption age of Kannabe volcano, located in southwestern Japan. Although the eruption age had been estimated using tephrochronology and K-Ar dating, the precision of its age determination left some room for improvement. The latest eruption age of Kannabe volcano is well constrained by wide spread tephras to ca. 7.2–30 ka. We applied paleomagnetic dating to a basaltic lava and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating to a soil layer, which are associated with the Kannabe volcano. The soil layer above the Kannabe scoria was newly dated to be 21 ± 6 ka, as inferred from OSL dating. We also made paleomagnetic investigation to estimate the eruption age of the Kannabe basaltic lava. Paleomagnetic data of 23 rock samples from six locations in the Kannabe basaltic lava showed good mutual agreement. The average of remanent magnetizations yields declination of 0.3° and inclination of 65.9° with 95% confidence limit of 2.7°. This paleomagnetic direction with a relatively steep inclination is thought to be correlated with the paleomagnetic secular variation data of sediments in Lake Biwa at ca. 21.5 ka. Based on that information from multi-dating, we inferred that the Kannabe volcano erupted at ca. 22 ka. This result presents profound scientific implications for the precise age determination of young basaltic lava flow, for which few dating methods exist.
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Bowman, Sheridan. "Radiocarbon dating at the British Museum — the end of an era." Antiquity 76, no. 291 (March 2002): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00089808.
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For nearly half a century, the Radiocarbon Lab at the British Museum was at the forefront of helping to develop and in applying this fundamental dating method. Thousands of samples were processed, and innumerable sites and objects dated. Now the lab has closed, and Sheridan Bowman, the Keeper of the Department of Scientific Research, assesses the lab's contributions.
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Richardin, P., and N. Gandolfo. "Radiocarbon Dating and Authentication of Ethnographic Objects." Radiocarbon 55, no. 3 (2013): 1810–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200048712.
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This article describes the contribution of the radiocarbon dating method to the authentication of ethnographic objects on some significant examples coming from the collections of the Quai Branly Museum (Paris, France) and the Museum of African Arts (Marseilles, France). The first object is a bludgeon of hard wood from the Tupinambá ethnic group and thought to be brought from Brazil by Andre Thévet, cosmographer of King Francis I. This object supposedly dates to the 16th century. Another example concerns a series of architectural columns, brought from Peru in 1910 by Captain Paul Berthon from the archaeological site of Pachacamac, the largest sanctuary on the central coast of Peru. These pieces have induced a strong reaction in the French scientific community, which has described them as “some vulgar fake” because of a particular decoration and also their unique typology. We will present also the dating of 2 Tibetan textiles and 2 pre-Columbian ponchos made with feathers, which were not well documented. The last example concerns a decorated skull covered with a mosaic of blue and black turquoises and belonging to a civilization predating the Aztecs (AD 1300–1500). All these examples illustrate the decisive contribution of 14C dating to the authentication of museum objects that lack information about their origin.
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Geyh, Mebus A. "An Overview of 14C Analysis in the Study of Groundwater." Radiocarbon 42, no. 1 (2000): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200053078.
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This paper provides a summary overview of the current state-of-art in the radiocarbon dating of groundwater. While the use of natural 14C measurements in applied hydrogeology still presents a difficult challenge, meaningful dates can be achieved if they are determined and interpreted in conjunction with the analyses of other isotopic species that occur in the natural environment. Although 14C dating of groundwater can be, and often is, carried out as a matter of routine, any specific case study requires its own scientific design and effort. As is widely recognized, and discussed in considerable detail throughout the scientific literature, there are many hydrogeochemical reactions and/or physical processes that can alter the natural 14C enrichment measured in environmental materials. Fortunately, for fresh groundwater resources such effects are in general well defined and therefore of limited significance. The primary challenge in applied groundwater dating is with the development of the appropriate theoretical background against which 14C dates can be used to calibrate numerical analogues of the groundwater system. The hydraulic properties of each of the widely used finite-element models can be well estimated from numerous piezometric data and extrapolations. In contrast, only a few groundwater ages can be provided for the calibration of those models that are complex functions of aging mixture and sometimes also hydrochemical reactions.
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Di Lazzaro, Paolo, Anthony C. Atkinson, Paola Iacomussi, Marco Riani, Marco Ricci, and Peter Wadhams. "Statistical and Proactive Analysis of an Inter-Laboratory Comparison: The Radiocarbon Dating of the Shroud of Turin." Entropy 22, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22090926.
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We review the sampling and results of the radiocarbon dating of the archaeological cloth known as the Shroud of Turin, in the light of recent statistical analyses of both published and raw data. The statistical analyses highlight an inter-laboratory heterogeneity of the means and a monotone spatial variation of the ages of subsamples that suggest the presence of contaminants unevenly removed by the cleaning pretreatments. We consider the significance and overall impact of the statistical analyses on assessing the reliability of the dating results and the design of correct sampling. These analyses suggest that the 1988 radiocarbon dating does not match the current accuracy requirements. Should this be the case, it would be interesting to know the accurate age of the Shroud of Turin. Taking into account the whole body of scientific data, we discuss whether it makes sense to date the Shroud again.
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Bailiff, Ian K., Harriet R. Lacey, Robin A. E. Coningham, Prishanta Gunawardhana, Gamini Adikari, Chris E. Davis, Mark J. Manuel, and Keir M. Strickland. "Luminescence dating of brick stupas: an application to the hinterland of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka." Antiquity 87, no. 335 (March 1, 2013): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00048717.
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The domed stupas are among the most distinctive of South Asia's religious monuments and have been shown to be sensitive indicators for their society. Since arguments for economic and political change depend on accurate dating, and since the stupas are largely composed of brick, the authors here assess the potential for dating building sequences by applying optically stimulated luminescence to brick fabric. As so often, good scientific dates obtained from specimens must be tempered by their context: brick may be replaced or recycled during repair and embellishment. Nevertheless, the method promises important insights by distinguishing different episodes of building, and so writing ‘biographies’ for stupas with different functions.
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Ranwala, Damayanthi, Anthony J. Alberg, Kathleen T. Brady, Jihad S. Obeid, Randal Davis, and Perry V. Halushka. "Scientific retreats with ‘speed dating’: networking to stimulate new interdisciplinary translational research collaborations and team science." Journal of Investigative Medicine 65, no. 2 (November 2, 2016): 382–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jim-2016-000261.
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To stimulate the formation of new interdisciplinary translational research teams and innovative pilot projects, the South Carolina Clinical and Translational Research (SCTR) Institute (South Carolina Clinical and Translational Science Award, CTSA) initiated biannual scientific retreats with ‘speed dating’ networking sessions. Retreat themes were prioritized based on the following criteria; cross-cutting topic, unmet medical need, generation of novel technologies and methodologies. Each retreat begins with an external keynote speaker followed by a series of brief research presentations by local researchers focused on the retreat theme, articulating potential areas for new collaborations. After each session of presentations, there is a 30 min scientific ‘speed dating’ period during which the presenters meet with interested attendees to exchange ideas and discuss collaborations. Retreat attendees are eligible to compete for pilot project funds on the topic of the retreat theme. The 10 retreats held have had a total of 1004 participants, resulted in 61 pilot projects with new interdisciplinary teams, and 14 funded projects. The retreat format has been a successful mechanism to stimulate novel interdisciplinary research teams and innovative translational research projects. Future retreats will continue to target topics of cross-cutting importance to biomedical and public health research.
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Castro, Ángel, and Juan Ramón Barrada. "Dating Apps and Their Sociodemographic and Psychosocial Correlates: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 7, 2020): 6500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186500.
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The emergence and popularization of dating apps have changed the way people meet and interact with potential romantic and sexual partners. In parallel with the increased use of these applications, a remarkable scientific literature has developed. However, due to the recency of the phenomenon, some gaps in the existing research can be expected. Therefore, the objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the empirical research of the psychosocial content published in the last five years (2016–2020) on dating apps. A search was conducted in different databases, and we identified 502 articles in our initial search. After screening titles and abstracts and examining articles in detail, 70 studies were included in the review. The most relevant data (author/s and year, sample size and characteristics, methodology) and their findings were extracted from each study and grouped into four blocks: user dating apps characteristics, usage characteristics, motives for use, and benefits and risks of use. The limitations of the literature consulted are discussed, as well as the practical implications of the results obtained, highlighting the relevance of dating apps, which have become a tool widely used by millions of people around the world.
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Steig, Eric J., Paul A. Mayewski, Daniel A. Dixon, Susan D. Kaspari, Markus M. Frey, David P. Schneider, Steven A. Arcone, et al. "High-resolution ice cores from US ITASE (West Antarctica): development and validation of chronologies and determination of precision and accuracy." Annals of Glaciology 41 (2005): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756405781813311.
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AbstractShallow ice cores were obtained from widely distributed sites across the West Antarctic ice sheet, as part of the United States portion of the International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition (US ITASE) program. The US ITASE cores have been dated by annual-layer counting, primarily through the identification of summer peaks in non-sea-salt sulfate (nssSO42–) concentration. Absolute dating accuracy of better than 2 years and relative dating accuracy better than 1 year is demonstrated by the identification of multiple volcanic marker horizons in each of the cores, Tambora, Indonesia (1815), being the most prominent. Independent validation is provided by the tracing of isochronal layers from site to site using high-frequency ice-penetrating radar observations, and by the timing of mid-winter warming events in stable-isotope ratios, which demonstrate significantly better than 1 year accuracy in the last 20 years. Dating precision to ±1 month is demonstrated by the occurrence of summer nitrate peaks and stable-isotope ratios in phase with nssSO42–, and winter-time sea-salt peaks out of phase, with phase variation of <1 month. Dating precision and accuracy are uniform with depth, for at least the last 100 years.
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Bayliss, A., P. Marshall, C. Tyers, C. Bronk Ramsey, G. Cook, S. P. H. T. Freeman, and S. Griffiths. "Informing Conservation: Towards 14C Wiggle-Matching of Short Tree-Ring Sequences from Medieval Buildings in England." Radiocarbon 59, no. 3 (August 30, 2016): 985–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2016.61.
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AbstractThis study tested whether accurate dating by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon wiggle-matching of short tree-ring series (~30 annual rings) in the Medieval period could be achieved. Scientific dating plays a central role in the conservation of historic buildings in England. Precise dating helps assess the significance of particular buildings or elements of their fabric, thus allowing us to make informed decisions about their repair and protection. Consequently, considerable weight, both financial and legal, can be attached to the precision and accuracy of this dating. Dendrochronology is the method of choice, but in a proportion of cases this is unable to provide calendar dates. Hence, we would like to be able to use 14C wiggle-matching to provide a comparable level of precision and reliability, particularly on shorter tree-ring sequences (~30 annual growth rings) that up until now would not routinely be sampled. We present the results of AMS wiggle-matching five oak tree-ring sequences, spanning the period covered by the vast majority of surviving Medieval buildings in England (about AD 1180–1540) when currently we have only decadal and bidecadal calibration data.
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Shott, Michael J. "Radiocarbon Dating as a Probabilistic Technique: The Childers Site and Late Woodland Occupation in the Ohio Valley." American Antiquity 57, no. 2 (April 1992): 202–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/280728.
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Like any scientific technique, radiocarbon dating has limitations, and its results cannot be interpreted uncritically. The archaeological record of Childers, a Late Woodland site in eastern North America, and inferences concerning its occupational history are evaluated here against radiocarbon dates from the site. The record suggests a single, relatively brief, occupation, but radiocarbon-dating results suggest either a much longer continuous occupation or a long series of shorter ones. The apparent conflict between the archaeological record and radiocarbon results is resolved by considering context and integrity of radiocarbon samples, as well as the probabilistic character of the radiocarbon method itself. Considerable dispersion in dating results can occur even in relatively brief occupations, casting doubt on the uncritical interpretation of raw radiocarbon results. Childers's occupational history and chronological placement have important implications for regional culture process during the early Late Woodland interval, and suggest a time lag in the acceptance of cultural innovations.
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KERN, EMILY M. "Archaeology enters the ‘atomic age’: a short history of radiocarbon, 1946–1960." British Journal for the History of Science 53, no. 2 (March 13, 2020): 207–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087420000011.
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AbstractToday, the most powerful research technique available for assigning chronometric age to human cultural objects is radiocarbon dating. Developed in the United States in the late 1940s by an alumnus of the Manhattan Project, radiocarbon dating measures the decay of the radioactive isotope carbon-14 (C14) in organic material, and calculates the time elapsed since the materials were removed from the life cycle. This paper traces the interdisciplinary collaboration between archaeology and radiochemistry that led to the successful development of radiocarbon dating in the early 1950s, following the movement of people and ideas from Willard Libby's Chicago radiocarbon laboratory to museums, universities and government labs in the United States, Australia, Denmark and New Zealand. I show how radiocarbon research built on existing technologies and networks in atomic chemistry and physics but was deeply shaped by its original private philanthropic funders and archaeologist users, and ultimately remained to the side of many contemporaneous Cold War scientific and military projects.
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Rose, Helene Agerskov, John Meadows, and Mikael Bjerregaard. "High-Resolution Dating of a Medieval Multiple Grave." Radiocarbon 60, no. 5 (June 5, 2018): 1547–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2018.43.
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ABSTRACTMultiple burial in medieval burial grounds are often interpreted as a result of disease, but it is difficult to test such hypotheses, as most acute infectious diseases leave no visible evidence on skeletal material. Scientific dating can potentially associate multiple burials with historically documented epidemics, but the precision required to exclude alternative explanations would normally be attainable only by dendrochronology. Here, we argue that by combining archaeological, osteological and paleodiet research in a Bayesian framework, we can exploit differences in dietary reservoir effects to refine the dates of multiple burials, and potentially date such events to within a range of <20 years. We present new radiocarbon (14C) and stable isotope (δ13C, δ15N) results from a medieval multiple grave at St Alban’s Odense, on the island of Funen in central Denmark. We show the ca. 150-yr spread in 14C ages of the five juveniles is compatible with differences in the amount of fish they consumed. Our chronological model, which combines marine reservoir effect correction with calendar age offsets based on osteological evidence, dates the multiple burial to cal AD 1425–1445 (95% probability), an interval in which two plague epidemics took place in Denmark.
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Wang, Hua, Hua Ying Liang, and Bing Xiang Liu. "Rough Set of Optimized Probabilistic Neural Network in Identification of Blue and White Ceramic from Jingdezhen." Applied Mechanics and Materials 190-191 (July 2012): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.190-191.164.
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The chemical composition is usually acquired by various scientific analyses in blue and white ceramics researches from Jingdezhen,then they are classified and catalogued by the calculation based on some proper mathematical model,finally the discrimination functions can be got. This paper introduces the rough set theory and probabilistic neural network for some of the basic concepts, and give the optimal probability rough set neural network method to establish the Jingdezhen blue and white porcelain dating model the basic steps and the pottery chemical composition data processing method, through the application examples, it shows that the methods of Jingdezhen blue and white dating of ceramics research results to achieve the expected purpose.
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Hendriks, Laura, Irka Hajdas, Ester S. B. Ferreira, Nadim C. Scherrer, Stefan Zumbühl, Gregory D. Smith, Caroline Welte, Lukas Wacker, Hans-Arno Synal, and Detlef Günther. "Uncovering modern paint forgeries by radiocarbon dating." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 27 (June 3, 2019): 13210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1901540116.
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Art forgeries have existed since antiquity, but with the recent rapidly expanding commercialization of art, the approach to art authentication has demanded increasingly sophisticated detection schemes. So far, the most conclusive criterion in the field of counterfeit detection is the scientific proof of material anachronisms. The establishment of the earliest possible date of realization of a painting, called the terminus post quem, is based on the comparison of materials present in an artwork with information on their earliest date of discovery or production. This approach provides relative age information only and thus may fail in proving a forgery. Radiocarbon (14C) dating is an attractive alternative, as it delivers absolute ages with a definite time frame for the materials used. The method, however, is invasive and in its early days required sampling tens of grams of material. With the advent of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and further development of gas ion sources (GIS), a reduction of sample size down to microgram amounts of carbon became possible, opening the possibility to date individual paint layers in artworks. Here we discuss two microsamples taken from an artwork carrying the date of 1866: a canvas fiber and a paint chip (<200 µg), each delivering a different radiocarbon response. This discrepancy uncovers the specific strategy of the forger: Dating of the organic binder delivers clear evidence of a post-1950 creation on reused canvas. This microscale 14C analysis technique is a powerful method to reveal technically complex forgery cases with hard facts at a minimal sampling impact.
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PARK WON KYU, Yojung Kim, and 김삼대자. "Scientific Dating and Origin Analysis of Korean Chests with a Flap Door Based on Dendrochronology." Korean Journal of Folk Studies ll, no. 21 (December 2007): 63–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.35638/kjfs..21.200712.003.
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Singer, D. W. "Hand-List of Scientific MSS. in the British Isles Dating from Before the Sixteenth Century." Library TBS-15, no. 1 (January 20, 2010): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/libraj/tbs-15.1.185.
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Balta, Zizi Ileana, Ioana Demetrescu, and Mihai Lupu. "Scientific Investigation of Metal Threads from Medieval Gold Brocaded Velvets by Modern Microanalytical Techniques." Revista de Chimie 71, no. 5 (May 29, 2020): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.20.5.8130.
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This study�s aim was to bring to light part of the hidden secrets of some important and valuable historical textiles beautifully adorned with precious metal threads, medieval gold brocaded velvet fragments and court vestments, which are preserved in the treasury collections of some of the most important monasteries and museums in our country. These precious metal thread textiles, includes historical and artistic information, as well as important scientific data regarding the materials and techniques used, their origin, provenience and dating, information that being revealed, have harmoniously blended and intertwined.
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Sehrawat, J. S., and R. K. Pathak. "Non-scientific Archaeological Recovery of Human Remains from an Ancient Well in India." Archaeological and Environmental Forensic Science 1, no. 1 (July 16, 2017): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/aefs.32475.
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Forensic archaeology is a scientific discipline that can expose past crime(s) against humanity by recovering the bodies of victims and meticulously documenting any proof of torture, trauma or human rights violations. Archaeological recovery of human remains deposited in pre-existing structures or features such as wells, potholes, natural ravines, roadside trenches, sewage systems etc., have been reported from many sites worldwide. In April, 2014, thousands of human bones, teeth as well as a number of personal effects including coins, medals and beaded armbands were unscientifically excavated from a well—presumably dating from the nineteenth century—located under a religious structure in the heart a North Indian town. Without the assistance of scientific expertise or local administration, locals excavated the remains to verify whether the well containing human bones was a result of an event which had been documented in the written records. The unscientific excavation by locals with no formal qualifications in archaeology or anthropology, resulted in the enhanced damage and commingling of human remains limiting information on the minimum number of individuals, age-at-death, sex, pathological conditions, trauma, etc. which may have assisted in identification and a stronger corroboration with the historical records. This paper aims to emphasize that if scientific protocols had been followed—including the participation of a multidisciplinary excavation team with experts from diverse scientific disciplines like forensic archaeology, anthropology, geology, skeletal biology, history, forensic medicine etc.—data and context would have been greatly enhanced and information may have been obtained about the deceased individuals and whether they were the victims of crimes dating to the nineteenth century.
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Akers, Pete D., George A. Brook, L. Bruce Railsback, Alex Cherkinksy, Fuyuan Liang, Claire E. Ebert, Julie A. Hoggarth, Jaime J. Awe, Hai Cheng, and R. Lawrence Edwards. "Integrating U-Th, 14C, and 210Pb methods to produce a chronologically reliable isotope record for the Belize River Valley Maya from a low-uranium stalagmite." Holocene 29, no. 7 (April 2019): 1234–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619838047.
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Social and environmental changes had great spatiotemporal variability in the Maya Lowlands during the Classic and Postclassic Periods, and stalagmites promise high-resolution paleoclimate data that can refine our understanding of this complex time. Unfortunately, stalagmites in this region are often difficult to date by U-Th methods because of low initial uranium concentrations. Other dating techniques can be used on such stalagmites, and we present here an age–depth model for BZBT1, a low-uranium stalagmite sampled from Box Tunich cave in the Belize River Valley. This age–depth model dates the growth of BZBT1 to between 400 and 1610 yr BP (340–1550 CE) by combining evidence from U-Th results, radiocarbon dating of both stalagmite CaCO3 and trapped organic material, and 210Pb dating. The resulting stable isotope record from BZBT1 reveals paleoclimate changes that affected local Maya populations during the Classic and early Postclassic Periods. This record is further refined by isotopically tuning the BZBT1 data with two other regional stalagmite records. Our work offers additional paleoclimate insight into the relationship between the Maya and their environment from a stalagmite that would typically be disregarded for research purposes. Continued research into alternative dating techniques for speleothems can enable additional scientific discovery while promoting speleothem conservation.