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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Scleral

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Academic literature on the topic 'Scleral'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Scleral"

1

Consejo, Alejandra, Richard Wu, and Ahmed Abass. "Anterior Scleral Regional Variation between Asian and Caucasian Populations." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 11 (October 25, 2020): 3419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113419.

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Purpose: To evaluate the anterior scleral shape regional differences between Asian and Caucasian populations. Methods: The study included 250 Asian eyes and 235 Caucasian eyes from participants aged 22 to 67 years (38.5 ± 7.6). Three-dimensional (3D) corneo-scleral maps were acquired using a corneo-scleral topographer (Eye Surface Profiler, Eaglet Eye BV) and used to calculate sagittal height. For each 3D map, the sclera (maximum diameter of 18 mm) and cornea were separated at the limbus using an automated technique. Advanced data processing steps were applied to ensure levelled artefact-free datasets to build an average scleral shape map for each population. Results: Statistically, Asian and Caucasian sclerae are significantly different from each other in sagittal height (overall sclera, p = 0.001). The largest difference in sagittal height between groups was found in the inferior-temporal region (271 ± 203 µm, p = 0.03), whereas the smallest difference was found in the superior-temporal region (84 ± 105 µm, p = 0.17). The difference in sagittal height between Caucasian and Asian sclera increases with the distance from the limbus. Conclusions: Asian anterior sclera was found to be less elevated than Caucasian anterior sclera. However, the nasal area of the sclera is less elevated than the temporal area, independently of race. Gaining knowledge in race-related scleral topography differences could assist contact lens manufacturers in the process of lens design and practitioners during the process of contact lens fitting.

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Perea-García, Juan Olvido, Mariska E. Kret, Antónia Monteiro, and Catherine Hobaiter. "Scleral pigmentation leads to conspicuous, not cryptic, eye morphology in chimpanzees." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 39 (September 3, 2019): 19248–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1911410116.

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Gaze following has been argued to be uniquely human, facilitated by our depigmented, white sclera [M. Tomasello, B. Hare, H. Lehmann, J. Call, J. Hum. Evol. 52, 314–320 (2007)]—the pale area around the colored iris—and to underpin human-specific behaviors such as language. Today, we know that great apes show diverse patterns of scleral coloration [J. A. Mayhew, J. C. Gómez, Am. J. Primatol. 77, 869–877 (2015); J. O. Perea García, T. Grenzner, G. Hešková, P. Mitkidis, Commun. Integr. Biol. 10, e1264545 (2016)]. We compare scleral coloration and its relative contrast with the iris in bonobos, chimpanzees, and humans. Like humans, bonobos’ sclerae are lighter relative to the color of their irises; chimpanzee sclerae are darker than their irises. The relative contrast between the sclera and iris in all 3 species is comparable, suggesting a perceptual mechanism to explain recent evidence that nonhuman great apes also rely on gaze as a social cue.

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Atta, Ghada, Falk Schroedl, Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger, Gabriel Spitzer, Andreas Traweger, Ludwig M. Heindl, and Herbert Tempfer. "Scleraxis expressing scleral cells respond to inflammatory stimulation." Histochemistry and Cell Biology 156, no. 2 (May 8, 2021): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00418-021-01985-y.

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AbstractThe sclera is an ocular tissue rich of collagenous extracellular matrix, which is built up and maintained by relatively few, still poorly characterized fibroblast-like cells. The aims of this study are to add to the characterization of scleral fibroblasts and to examine the reaction of these fibroblasts to inflammatory stimulation in an ex vivo organotypic model. Scleras of scleraxis-GFP (SCX-GFP) mice were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR for the expression of the tendon cell associated marker genes scleraxis (SCX), mohawk and tenomodulin. In organotypic tissue culture, explanted scleras of adult scleraxis GFP reporter mice were exposed to 10 ng/ml recombinant interleukin 1-ß (IL1-ß) and IL1-ß in combination with dexamethasone. The tissue was then analyzed by immunofluorescence staining of the inflammation- and fibrosis-associated proteins IL6, COX-2, iNOS, connective tissue growth factor, MMP2, MMP3, and MMP13 as well as for collagen fibre degradation using a Collagen Hybridizing Peptide (CHP) binding assay. The mouse sclera displayed a strong expression of scleraxis promoter-driven GFP, indicating a tendon cell-like phenotype, as well as expression of scleraxis, tenomodulin and mohawk mRNA. Upon IL1-ß stimulation, SCX-GFP+ cells significantly upregulated the expression of all proteins analysed. Moreover, IL1-ß stimulation resulted in significant collagen degradation. Adding the corticosteroid dexamethasone significantly reduced the response to IL1-ß stimulation. Collagen degradation was significantly enhanced in the IL1-ß group. Dexamethasone demonstrated a significant rescue effect. This work provides insights into the characteristics of scleral cells and establishes an ex vivo model of scleral inflammation.

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Wang, Guo Hui, and Wei Yi Chen. "Effects of Mechanical Stimulation on MMP-2 and TIMP-2 Expression of Scleral Fibroblasts after Posterior Sclera Reinforcement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 490-491 (January 2014): 867–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.490-491.867.

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To understand the effect of mechanical stimulation on posterior sclera reinforcement (PSR), the rabbit scleral fibroblasts after PSR were subjected to stretch in vitro and MMP-2 and TIMP-2 expression of scleral fibroblasts were evaluated. Three-week-old rabbits were monocularly performed by eyelid suturation randomly to prepare experimental myopia eye. After 60 days, the experimental myopia eyes were treated by PSR. After 6 months, the posterior pole scleral fibroblasts (normal sclera - group A, sclera after operation - group B and fusion region of sclera and reinforcing band group C) were isolated and cultured in vitro. The cells were subjected to cyclic stretch regimens (sine wave, 3% and 6% elongation amplitude, 0.1Hz, 48h duration) by FX-4000 Tension System. The MMP-2 and TIMP-2 expression of scleral fibroblasts were evaluated by ELISA method. The results show that after cyclic stretch to the scleral fibroblasts of the normal sclera and the sclera after operation, the MMP-2 expression was significantly reduced and the TIMP-2 expression was significantly increased, the MMP-2 and TIMP-2 expression of the scleral fibroblasts of the fusion region after operation was no changed. It was indicated that the mechanical stimulation could regulate the MMP-2 and TIMP-2 expression of scleral fibroblasts and play an important role in the process of treating high myopia with PSR surgery.

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Fadel, Daddi. "Scleral lenses: considerations on the total diameter." Eye 21, no. 128 (December 2019): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33791/2222-4408-2019-4-24-27.

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A scleral contact lens (SCL) can be defined as a lens that only rests on the sclera. Raised from the cornea and limbus, the total diameter must be greater than the horizontal visible iris diameter (HVID) and the extension of the limbus. Currently, the most commonly used lenses are scleral lenses with a diameter between 15.0 and 17.0 mm, the so-called mini-scleral lenses. The existing nomenclature of scleral lenses is based only on HVID and total diameter. It is therefore important to further differentiate smaller mini-sclera lenses from lager ones.

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DeNaeyer, Gregory. "Profilometry. Using Corneo-scleral topography for scleral lens fitting." Eye 21, no. 128 (December 2019): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33791/2222-4408-2019-4-19-22.

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The world-wide use of scleral contact lenses has dramatically increased over the past 10 year and has changed the way that we manage patients with corneal irregularity. Successfully fitting them can be challenging especially for eyes that have significant asymmetries of the cornea or sclera. The future of scleral lens fitting is utilizing corneo-scleral topography to accurately measure the anterior ocular surface and then using software to design lenses that identically match the scleral surface and evenly vault the cornea. This process allows the practitioner to efficiently fit a customized scleral lens that successfully provides the patient with comfortable wear and improved vision.

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Marvasti, Amir H., Jesse Berry, Maria E. Sibug Saber, Jonathan W. Kim, and Alex S. Huang. "Anterior Segment Scleral Fluorescein Angiography in the Evaluation of Ciliary Body Neoplasm: Two Case Reports." Case Reports in Ophthalmology 7, no. 1 (January 8, 2016): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000443603.

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Introduction: Anterior segment tumors can be difficult to detect until tumor growth is substantial enough to cause local signs or symptoms. Earlier detection may result in improved outcomes, particularly the ability to option for globe-conserving therapy. Multiple diagnostic modalities such as ultrasound or optical coherence tomography exist to aid for earlier detection of ciliary body tumors, but they also have limitations. Here we describe the potential for scleral angiography as an adjunctive modality to assist in evaluating anterior segment ciliary body tumors. Case Presentations: A 61-year-old Caucasian male and a 57-year-old Hispanic female presented for ciliary body tumor evaluation. The Caucasian male notably had abnormal scleral, episcleral, and conjunctival vessels in the affected eye. Scleral angiography was performed in both cases with the abnormal vasculature highlighted in the Caucasian male. The Hispanic female did not demonstrate abnormal scleral angiographic patterns. Notably, the Caucasian male also had regions of abnormal scleral angiography arising in locations of otherwise normal appearing sclera. Both patients had the affected eyes enucleated. Histology of the enucleated eyes demonstrated a ciliary body melanoma in the Caucasian male associated with abnormal vascular and tumor infiltration of the scleral bed. The Hispanic female had a pigmented ciliary body adenoma without involvement of the scleral bed. Conclusion: With limited sample size, scleral angiography has the potential to detect abnormal scleral vascular patterns in otherwise normal appearing sclera in cases of ciliary body tumor with scleral vascular invasion.

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Hannon, Bailey G., Stephen A. Schwaner, Elizabeth M. Boazak, Brandon G. Gerberich, Erin J. Winger, Mark R. Prausnitz, and C. Ross Ethier. "Sustained scleral stiffening in rats after a single genipin treatment." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 16, no. 159 (October 16, 2019): 20190427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0427.

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Scleral stiffening has been proposed as a therapy for glaucoma and myopia. Previous in vivo studies have evaluated the efficacy of scleral stiffening after multiple treatments with a natural collagen crosslinker, genipin. However, multiple injections limit clinical translatability. Here, we examined whether scleral stiffening was maintained after four weeks following a single genipin treatment. Eyes from brown Norway rats were treated in vivo with a single 15 mM genipin retrobulbar injection, sham retrobulbar injection, or were left naive. Eyes were enucleated either 1 day or four weeks post-injection and underwent whole globe inflation testing. We assessed first principal Lagrange strain of the posterior sclera using digital image correlation as a proxy for scleral stiffness. Four weeks post-injection, genipin treatment resulted in a 58% reduction in scleral strain as compared to controls ( p = 0.005). We conclude that a single in vivo injection of genipin effectively stiffened rat sclera for at least four weeks which motivates further functional studies and possible clinical translation of genipin-induced scleral stiffening.

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Sineok, A. E., A. V. Zolotarev, and G. A. Nikolaeva. "Morphological studies of the cadaveric sclera after nonpenetrating sclerotomy by ND: YAG laser." Russian Ophthalmological Journal 11, no. 4 (December 11, 2018): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21516/2072-0076-2018-11-4-64-67.

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Purpose: to reveal the changes of the morphological structure of cadaveric human sclera after Nd: YAG laser irradiation.Material and methods. Laser pulses (Nd: YAG) (Lumenis) (power 7.0–7.4 mW, pulse duration 4 ns, wavelength 1064 nm) were applied to the sclera of an isolated eyeball at a distance of 4 to 8 mm from the limbus. Three irradiation types were used: one series of single pulses, a series of triple pulses, and a series of six pulses.Results. Incisions created with single pulses showed insignificant surface defects of the sclera. In triple pulses, the defect of the anterior layers of the sclera capture affected 15 % of the scleral thickness, and in six pulses the defect reached 30 % of the scleral thickness.Conclusions. To achieve a punctate hole in the sclera, a single Nd: YAG pulse is insufficient. To obtain a significant depth of scleral incision at least a triple pulse is needed, which must be taken into account in clinical practice as well as in assessing the results of Nd: YAG laser impact on the rigidity of the sclera.

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Erdinest, Nir, Ortal Palatchi Sabag, Naomi London, and Abraham Solomon. "Quadrant Asymmetric Design Contact Lens for Visual Rehabilitation after Eye Trauma." Case Reports in Ophthalmology 12, no. 2 (May 6, 2021): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000512505.

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The purpose of this case report is to demonstrate the efficacy of an asymmetric peripheral design scleral contact lens in a case of highly irregular corneal-scleral pattern due to trauma. A 63-year-old patient was involved in a jeep accident which caused a partial-thickness penetrating injury to the peripheral cornea of his left eye. The subsequent corneal irregularity extended beyond the limbus into the sclera which made it difficult to stabilize a contact lens. A quadrant specific peripheral curve (quadrant asymmetric periphery) scleral contact lens successfully resulted in improved comfort and visual acuity. This is the first known published case to use this lens design to correct a post-trauma irregular cornea-scleral relationship. Quadrant asymmetric periphery scleral contact lenses can be effective in cases of severe irregular corneal-scleral patterns.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Scleral"

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Tang, Junhua. "Ultrasonic Characterization of Corneal and Scleral Biomechanics." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1354678642.

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Malik, Nageena S. "Ageing of the human corneal and scleral collagen." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336205.

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Maswadi, Saher. "Investigation of scleral buckling by CO2 by laser." Thesis, University of Hull, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396085.

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Backhouse, Simon. "Induced myopia in the guinea pig: scleral myofibroblasts and biomechanics." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/3377.

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Aims: To determine the effect of induced myopia on the in vivo scleral biomechanical properties and scleral cell populations in the guinea pig. Methods: One week old guinea pigs were monocularly deprived of form vision (MD) for 14 days. Cycloplegic refractive error was measured with an IR Optometer, and the results analysed using power vectors and linear mixed modelling. The in vivo ocular biomechanical response was investigated by raising the IOP to 50 mmHg for one hour in anaesthetised animals. A-scan ultrasound measures of axial length were taken every 10 minutes with raised IOP, and after returning IOP to 15 mmHg. The total cell population (DAPI antibody) and myofibroblast population (α-SMA antibody) was determined in transverse scleral sections from the posterior 100 degrees of each eye. Results: The average relative myopic refractive error induced was -4.06 ± 0.35 D, which was mainly the result of vitreous chamber depth (VCD) elongation. This was confirmed by a negative correlation between mean sphere and VCD (R2 = 0.4295). On increasing the IOP the deprived and control eyes showed rapid viscoelastic expansion of the VCD that normal eyes did not show. When the increased IOP was maintained the deprived and control eyes showed lower creep rates than normal eyes. Myofibroblasts were shown to be present in guinea pig sclera, as previously observed in human and tree shrew sclera. On average, approximately 64% of the scleral cells were myofibroblasts. The induction of myopia had minimal effect on the cell populations, except for a decrease in total cell numbers in the 10° region equivalent to the location of scleral crescent formation in myopic human eyes. Conclusions: Ahigh proportion of scleral cells show contractile potential in the guinea pig. Form deprivation appears to minimally affect cell numbers, except in the region equivalent to scleral crescent formation in myopic human eyes. However, the in vivo viscoelastic response of the VCD in deprived eyes differs from that in normal eyes, suggesting some factor(s) other than cell number alone has a role in axial length control.

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Tomlinson, David Robert. "Torsional calibration of scleral coil measurements of the human eye." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83675.

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Nixon, Alex D. "Visual Performance of Scleral and Soft Contact Lenses in Normal Eyes." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397498763.

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Tamimi, Ehab A., Jeffrey D. Pyne, Dominic K. Muli, Katelyn F. Axman, Stephen J. Howerton, Matthew R. Davis, Christopher A. Girkin, and Geest Jonathan P. Vande. "Racioethnic Differences in Human Posterior Scleral and Optic Nerve Stump Deformation." ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626003.

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PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to quantify the biomechanical response of human posterior ocular tissues from donors of various racioethnic groups to better understand how differences in these properties may play a role in the racioethnic health disparities known to exist in glaucoma. METHODS. Sequential digital image correlation (S-DIC) was used to measure the pressure-induced surface deformations of 23 normal human posterior poles from three racioethnic groups: African descent (AD), European descent (ED), and Hispanic ethnicity (HIS). Regional in-plane principal strains were compared across three zones: the optic nerve stump (ONS), the peripapillary (PP) sclera, and non-PP sclera. RESULTS. The PP scleral tensile strains were found to be lower for ED eyes compared with AD and HIS eyes at 15 mm Hg (P = 0.024 and 0.039, respectively). The mean compressive strains were significantly higher for AD eyes compared with ED eyes at 15 mm Hg (P = 0.018). We also found that the relationship between tensile strain and pressure was significant for those of ED and HIS eyes (P < 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively), whereas it was not significant for those of AD (P = 0.392). CONCLUSIONS. Our results suggest that, assuming glaucomatous nerve loss is caused by mechanical strains in the vicinity of the optic nerve head, the mechanism of increased glaucoma prevalence may be different in those of AD versus HIS. Our ONS strain analysis also suggested that it may be important to account for ONS geometry and material properties in future scleral biomechanical analysis.

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Muzakare, Lea. "Tissue engineering a human conjunctiva-scleral model for in vitro testing." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26725.

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My objective was to tissue engineer a human conjunctiva-scleral equivalent with very basic inflammatory components, using a combinatorial approach. The complete model would comprise an innervated, vascularised stroma, overlaid by a stratified epithelium within a bio-synthetic matrix. Matrices fabricated from fibrin and either poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) or poly (N-isopropylacrylamide)-co-acrylic acid, supported differentiation of a human vascular endothelial cell line I immortalized into vessel-like structures. Human neutrophils and a granulocytic cell line, HL60 were able to migrate through these matrices and produce matrix metalloproteinases, in response to chemotactic stimuli. Innervation was introduced by embedding dorsal root ganglia as nerve sources within the matrices, while epithelial cells were seeded on top of the matrix. Contributions of this thesis include: (1) methodology for tissue engineering a conjunctiva-scleral tissue substitute, and (2) demonstrating basic functionality. This model may be further developed for use as an alternative to animals for in vitro toxicology testing.

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Fyfe, D. M. "An analysis of the development of the scleral ossicle system in the chick embryo." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379211.

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Shelton, Setareh Lillian. "Characterization of mechanisms regulating scleral extracellular matrix remodeling to promote myopia development." Oklahoma City : [s.n.], 2009.

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Books on the topic "Scleral"

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Barnett, Melissa, and Lynette K. Johns, eds. Contemporary Scleral Lenses: Theory and Application. UAE: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97816810856611170401.

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Maza, Maite Sainz de la., ed. The sclera. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1994.

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Sainz de la Maza, Maite, Joseph Tauber, and C. Stephen Foster. The Sclera. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6502-8.

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Foster, C. Stephen, and Maite Sainz de la Maza. The Sclera. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2343-4.

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Maite Sainz de la Maza. The sclera. 2nd ed. New York: Springer, 2012.

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Mohlenbrock, Robert H. Sedges: Cyperus to Scleria. 2nd ed. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2001.

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Watson, Peter G. Color atlas of scleritis. London ; Toronto: Mosby-Wolfe, 1995.

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Mehlmauer, Leonard. Sclerology: A new view of an ancient art. 4th ed. Camarillo, Calif: L. Mehlmauer, 1997.

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Foundation, International Sclerology, ed. The art & science of sclerology: Certification course. Austin, Tex: International Sclerology Foundation, 1993.

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Manzoni, Gian Ruggero. Peso vero sclero: Dizionario del linguaggio giovanile di fine millennio. Milano: Saggiatore, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Scleral"

1

Bonnet, Mireille. "Scleral Buckling." In Microsurgery of Retinal Detachment, 89–114. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08731-2_12.

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Kohnen, Thomas, and Melanie Bödemann. "Scleral Tunnel." In Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology, 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35951-4_480-3.

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Kuhn, Ferenc. "Scleral Indentation." In Vitreoretinal Surgery: Strategies and Tactics, 251–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19479-0_28.

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Leung, Alexander K. C., Cham Pion Kao, Andrew L. Wong, Alexander K. C. Leung, Thomas Kolter, Ute Schepers, Konrad Sandhoff, et al. "Scleral Melanocytosis." In Encyclopedia of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, 1903. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_3280.

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Kohnen, Thomas, and Melanie Bödemann. "Scleral Tunnel." In Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology, 1587–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69000-9_480.

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Pavlin, Charles J., and FS Foster. "Scleral Disease." In Ultrasound Biomicroscopy of the Eye, 170–81. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2470-9_9.

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Al-Sadah, Zakeya Mohammed. "Scleral Shells." In Anophthalmia, 263–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29753-4_22.

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Loeb, Raul. "Scleral Show." In Aesthetic Surgery of the Eyelids, 13–26. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3600-9_2.

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Rizzo, S., F. Genovesi-Ebert, and L. Allegrini. "Scleral Buckling Materials." In Surgical Retina, 121–26. Basel: S. KARGER AG, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000338214.

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Marcus, Edward. "Scleral Buckle with Vitrectomy." In Operative Dictations in Ophthalmology, 317–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45495-5_72.

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Conference papers on the topic "Scleral"

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Girard, Michaël J. A., Jun-Kyo F. Suh, Michael Bottlang, Claude F. Burgoyne, and J. Crawford Downs. "Scleral Biomechanics in the Glaucomatous Monkey Eye." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206799.

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The sclera is the outer shell and principal load-bearing tissue of the eye, and consists primarily of avascular lamellae of collagen fibers. Ninety percent of the collagen fibers in the sclera are Type I, which provide the eye with necessary mechanical strength to withstand intraocular pressure (IOP). A small hole pierces the posterior sclera, known as the scleral canal, through which the retinal ganglion cell axons turn and pass out of the eye on their path to the brain. The scleral canal is spanned by a fenestrated connective tissue called the lamina cribrosa that provides structural and nutritional support to the axons as they leave the eye. This region, including the peripapillary sclera (the sclera closest to the canal), the lamina cribrosa, and the contained retinal ganglion cell axons, is collectively known as the optic nerve head or ONH.

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Kang, Se W., Jean-Marie A. Parel, Fabrice Manns, Jawheung Lee, and William E. Smiddy. "Scleral indentation height after laser scleral buckling." In BiOS '98 International Biomedical Optics Symposium, edited by Pascal O. Rol, Karen M. Joos, and Fabrice Manns. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.309426.

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Murienne, Barbara J., and C. Thao D. Nguyen. "Proteoglycan Contribution to the Mechanical Behavior of the Porcine Posterior Sclera." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80821.

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Studies describing the mechanical properties of the sclera can be found in the literature 1–10, including studies on healthy, pathophysiological and aging scleral tissue from different species and tested under various loading conditions. However, none was found to specifically address the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the mechanical behavior of the sclera.

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Fazio, Massimo A., Luigi Bruno, Rafael Grytz, and J. Crawford Downs. "Analysis of Experimental IOP-Induced Scleral Deformations at the Sub-Micrometer Scale Using Electronic Speckle Interferometry." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53633.

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The retinal ganglion cell axons carry visual information, and pass through the optic nerve head (ONH) as they traverse from inside the eye to the brain. The ONH is the site of axonal damage in glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness in the world, and ONH biomechanics is hypothesized to play a crucial role in the development and progression of the disease. The load bearing tissues of the ONH insert into the surrounding sclera, which provides the boundary conditions for this important structure. It is therefore important to develop accurate experimental techniques to measure scleral shell deformations under intraocular pressure (IOP) loading that can be used to drive constitutive and computational models of scleral biomechanics. The overall goal of this project is to better understand the role of ocular biomechanics in the development of glaucoma by constructing eye-specific finite element models of the posterior pole and ONH.

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Tuchin, Valery V., Alexey N. Bashkatov, Elina A. Genina, and Yurii P. Sinichkin. "Scleral tissue clearing effects." In International Symposium on Biomedical Optics, edited by Fabrice Manns, Per G. Soederberg, and Arthur Ho. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.470606.

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Coudrillier, Baptiste, Craig Boote, and Thao D. Nguyen. "Effects of the Scleral Collagen Structure on the Biomechanical Response of the Optic Nerve Head." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80540.

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The sclera is a fiber-reinforced material composed of dense superimposed lamellae of type I collagen fibrils embedded in a matrix of elastin and proteoglycan. Recent Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS) experiments (Meek, 2009) showed that the collagen lamellae are strongly aligned circumferentially in the region closest to the optic nerve head (ONH). The collagen structure was more disperse and heterogeneous away from the peripapillary region. The collagen structure of the sclera directly influences its material stiffness properties and therefore the level of strain transmitted to the tissues of the ONH, which is the primary site of damage in glaucoma. The effects of the fiber structure on the ONH biomechanics have been studied on the monkey eye (Girard, 2009), but not on the human eye. Recent work evaluating the influence of the human sclera on ONH biomechanics approximated the scleral behavior as linear elastic (Sigal, 2009) or hyperelastic orthotropic (Eilaghi, 2009).

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Tang, J., and J. Liu. "Ultrasonic Speckle Tracking for Measurement of Scleral Cross-Sectional Strains due to Intraocular Pressure Elevation." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53726.

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Glaucomatous vision loss can occur at both normal and elevated levels of intraocular pressure (IOP) and the optic nerve head (ONH) is the principle site of damage. The mechanical environment of the ONH is believed to be critical for retinal ganglion cell pathophysiology [1]. Previous computational models have shown that scleral mechanical properties play an important role in affecting the mechanical environment of the ONH [2]. It is thus important to characterize the mechanical behavior of sclera under physiological loadings. Ultrasonic strain mapping has been developed to measure the internal displacement and strain of soft tissue under external loadings [3, 4]. The purpose of this study was to examine the cross-sectional strain maps at the posterior sclera under IOP elevations using non-invasive ultrasound and a speckle tracking algorithm.

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Wang, Guohui, Yongfang Xie, and Weiyi Chen. "The MMP-2 and TIMP-2 expression of sclera and scleral fibroblasts after posterior sclera reinforcement surgery." In 2010 3rd International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bmei.2010.5639967.

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Charlier, J. R., Y. Grall, and J. F. Legargasson. "New Scleral Lens For Electroretinography." In 1985 International Technical Symposium/Europe, edited by Karl H. Guenther. SPIE, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.952460.

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Myers, Kristin M., Frances Cone, Harry Quigley, Baptiste Coudrillier, and Thao D. Nguyen. "The Inflation Response of Mouse Sclera: Age Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Scleral Tissue." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19289.

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The mouse model offers an opportunity to investigate how alterations to the connective soft tissue contribute to the development of disease through the study of transgenic and diseased mouse strains. For example, by measuring the deformation response of the eye wall to increases in pressure of these different mouse types, the possible role of ocular tissue material properties in glaucomatous damage can be determined. Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness in the United States and in the world with an estimate of 60 million people affected by this year [1]. It is caused by damage to the retinal ganglion cells (RGC), a type of neuron that transmits visual information to the brain. Despite therapeutic efforts to reduce the rate of vision loss in glaucoma patients, the rate of blindness remains high [2]. There is evidence that elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a strong risk factor for the disease [3–5], and it is hypothesized that possible alterations in the time-dependent scleral material properties may play an important role in cumulative RGC death.

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