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Journal articles on the topic 'Sclerophyll'
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1
Specht, RL, and PW Rundel. "Sclerophylly and Foliar Nutrient Status of Mediterranean-Climate Plant Communities in Southern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 38, no. 5 (1990): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9900459.
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An increase (percentage dry weight) in both lignin and cellulose (with a greater proportion of cellulose than lignin being formed) is associated with a decrease in the concentration of phosphorus (and of other related elements) per unit dry weight in the leaves of sunlit overstorey species, of both sclerophyll and savannah communities in the mediterranean climate of southern Australia. Simultaneously, crude protein decreases. Leaves become increasingly sclerophyllous (with a higher Sclerophyll Index), with lower crude protein (cytoplasm) per unit dry weight; thicker leaves with lower leaf specific area result. The degree of sclerophylly per unit foliar phosphorus content is a little higher in understorey species which are partially shaded by the overstorey canopy.
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Chapman, Angela, and Christopher P. Kofron. "Tropical Wet Sclerophyll Forest and Bird Diversity in North-east Queensland, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 16, no. 1 (2010): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc100020.
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Wet sclerophyll forest (also called tall open forest) is unique to Australia, being dominated by tall trees of the genus Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae). In this paper, we refer to the wet sclerophyll forest in north-east Queensland as tropical wet sclerophyll forest. Tropical wet sclerophyll forest is a threatened ecosystem which is maintained by fire. Our study describes the community, relative abundance and trophic structure of birds using the tropical wet sclerophyll forest. We surveyed the birds and recorded 100 taxa, of which = 29% (n = 29) are endemic to north-east Queensland. The community is comprised predominantly of insect-eaters (58% of the species) and nectar-feeders (26%), along with smaller guilds of fruit-eaters (11%) and seed-eaters (5%). Despite comprising only a small geographic area (82 800 ha), tropical wet sclerophyll forest supports a high diversity of birds. We believe it is essential that the tropical wet sclerophyll forest be conserved and managed to maintain the full range of its biodiversity. Because the tropical wet sclerophyll forest is fire-adapted and fire-dependent, the use of prescribed fire as a modern management tool is imperative. Unless fire has a central role in managing tropical wet sclerophyll forest, then this forest type and its dependent species will cease to exist.
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Laurance, William F., and Graham N. Harrington. "Ecological Associations of Feeding Sites of Feral Pigs in the Queensland Wet Tropics." Wildlife Research 24, no. 5 (1997): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr96029.
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Data from 152 plots (0·8 ha) and 659 small quadrats (0·04 ha) were used to assess rooting activity by feral pigs in forest communities in north Queensland. Study sites spanned the rainforest–sclerophyll-forest gradient along the western margin of the wet tropics region. Detailed floristic, physiognomic and edaphic data were recorded for each plot and used to develop a predictive model of pig activity in these habitats. The most striking result was that rooting activity varied markedly among different forest types. Wet sclerophyll forests consistently had the greatest area disturbed, followed by mesic and dry sclerophyll forests. Both rainforest and rainforest-invaded sclerophyll forests had relatively low activity levels. There were some differences in rooting activity among different geographic regions, but few effects of local topography, soil type or proximity to water. A mathematical model was developed to predict the ecological associations of pig rooting activity, using generalised linear modeling. Pig rooting was associated with certain attributes of wet sclerophyll forests and with slopes and ridge tops, but the model had limited effectiveness, with fitted values explaining 16% of the actual variation in rooting activity. This may have resulted because microhabitat preferences of pigs varied among different forest types and seasons. We suggest that pigs could be consuming fungal fruit-bodies in sclerophyll forests, and if so they may compete for food with some native, mycophagous mammals.
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Press, AJ. "Comparison of Numbers of Rattus-Fuscipes Living in Cool Temperate Rain-Forests and Dry Sclerophyll Forests." Wildlife Research 13, no. 3 (1986): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9860419.
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Replicated sampling regimes were used to assess the numbers of Rattus fuscipes in cool temperate rainforests and dry sclerophyll forests, on Gloucester Tops, N.S.W. R. fuscipes was significantly more abundant in the rainforest habitat than in the sclerophyll habitat, and this result was consistent under a number of different sampling regimes. Numbers changed significantly between April 1978 and March 1980, but the patterns of change were similar in each habitat. Fire and logging contributed to the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the Gloucester Tops, and the cool temperate rainforests appeared to be more protected from disturbance than the dry sclerophyll forests. The cool temperate rainforests may be important refuges for populations of R. fuscipes, and may provide recruits for areas of sclerophyll forest the populations of which have been reduced by logging or fire.
5
N. Harrington, G., and K. D. Sanderson. "Recent contraction of wet sclerophyll forest in the wet tropics of Queensland due to invasion by rainforest." Pacific Conservation Biology 1, no. 4 (1994): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc940319.
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Vegetation maps were prepared from aerial photographs taken in 1943?45 and 1991?92 of three, widely separated areas of sclerophyll forest adjacent to the western edge of rainforest on granitic soils in north Queensland. Nine types of sclerophyll communities could be discerned from aerial photos and characterized by field measurement. Two types of Wet Sclerophyll Forest (WSFa and b) were separated on the species of tree composing the tallest stratum and these were subdivided according to whether the ground layer was dominated by grass or young rainforest. A related type showed large, residual Eucalyptus grandis emergent from mature rainforest. Closed canopy sclerophyll forest with no emergents (SF), sclerophyll woodland and Acaciaforest were also discerned. WSF was defined as having more than 30 per cent of the closed crown cover contributed by trees more than 35 m tall. During the 50-year study period rainforest invaded 70 per cent of WSFa (tallest stratum dominated by E. grandis), which principally occurs as a narrow strip along the rainforest margin, and 57 per cent of the adjacent WSFb (tallest stratum composed of mixed species). Grass would be quickly excluded from invaded areas and thereafter they would only burn under extreme atmospheric conditions. Because sclerophyll trees are unable to regenerate in shade and usually require fire to provide the appropriate conditions, a long-term transition to rainforest may ensue. The final stages of this transition were observed in areas that exhibited full-stature rainforest with large, relictual E. grandis emergents in 1943, but had disappeared by 1992. The initial cause of this vegetation transition is a fire-free period of sufficient length for rainforest tree seedlings to establish and suppress the grass layer. It is not known whether these vegetation changes represent a trend, possibly caused by a change a century ago from fire management by Aboriginal people to management for the cattle industry, or whether it is a temporary phase in the fire-induced, dynamic relationship between rainforest and sclerophyll vegetation. The current loss of WSF probably endangers the survival of a range of genetically endemic biota. Most groups are poorly known but the marsupial Yellowbellied Glider Petaurus australis reginae is totally dependent upon WSF and a number of vertebrates would probably go locally extinct if WSF is replaced by rainforest. WSF is the wettest part of the sclerophyll communities and probably acts as a refuge in times of unusual aridity. To maintain the WSF habitat, fire management is clearly indicated, but the intensity of fire required to reverse the advance of rainforest may be socially unacceptable to instigate or impossible to control if it occurs by accident.
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Guinto, D. F., Z. H. Xu, P. G. Saffigna, A. P. N. House, and M. C. S. Perera. "Soil nitrogen mineralisation and organic matter composition revealed by 13C NMR spectroscopy under repeated prescribed burning in eucalypt forests of south-east Queensland." Soil Research 37, no. 1 (1999): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s97034.
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The effects of burning on in situ extractable nitrogen (NH+4-N+NO-3-N) and net Nmineralisation following scheduled fuel reduction burns in repeatedly burnt dry and wet sclerophyll forest sites in south-east Queensland were assessed. In addition, soil organic matter composition in the wet sclerophyll site was assessed by 13C NMR spectroscopy. The results showed that at the dry sclerophyll site, extractable N and net N mineralisation for 1 year were largely unaffected by burning, while at the wet sclerophyll site, these parameters decreased. 13C NMR analysis of soil samples from the wet sclerophyll site revealed that there was a significant reduction in the proportion of O-alkyl (alkoxy/carbohydrate) C with increasing burning frequency. Statistically significant effects on the other chemical shift regions were not detected. The ratio of alkyl C to O-alkyl C, a proposed index of organic matter decomposition, increased with increasing burning frequency. A high ratio of alkyl C to O-alkyl C suggests low amounts of carbohydrates relative to waxes and cutins, which could in turn lead to slower mineralisation. The findings are in accord with this hypothesis. There were significant linear relationships between cumulative N mineralisation for 1 year and the proportions of alkyl C and O-alkyl C, and the ratio of alkyl C/O-alkyl C. Thus, in addition to reductions in substrate quantity (low organic C and total N for burnt soils), there was also an alteration of substrate quality as revealed by 13C NMR spectroscopy which is reflected in low N mineralisation.
7
C. Smith, Geoffrey, Benjamin J. Hamley, and Nadya Lees. "An estimate of the Plumed Frogmouth Podargus ocellatus plumiferus population size in the Conondale Ranges." Pacific Conservation Biology 4, no. 3 (1998): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc980215.
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Marbled Frogmouths are rare, cryptic, shy, nocturnal birds restricted primarily to rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest. Two sub-species are recognized in two isolated areas on the east Australian coast. A stronghold for the southern subspecies (Plumed Frogmouth) occurs in the Conondale Ranges. This area has been subject to forestry practices for the past 100 years. Because of public concerns and a perceived need to undertake planning and management to assist in conserving the species, a study was undertaken to assess its population status. Radio-tracked adults associated primarily with rainforest and wet sclerophyll along drainage lines, although gullies containing rainforest species within dry sclerophyll were also utilized. Taped playback of Plumed Frogmouth calls revealed a distribution within core habitat (rainforest and wet sclerophyll) across the Conondale Ranges. Individuals radio-tracked in the Conoodale Ranges occupied home ranges from 5 to 18 ha. Estimates of the combined home ranges of pairs ranged from 12 to 19 ha. Home range overlap between pairs was minimal. An assessment of the area of currently suitable core habitat (14 508 ha) within the Conondale Range forested area suggests that conservatively, 755 pairs currently exist; if potential future habitat (i.e., regenerating) of 1 954 ha is taken into consideration, this figure will rise to 857 pairs. If use of dry sclerophyll by birds is also taken into account then these estimates may be as high as 858 and 974 pairs respectively. There is currently no reliable estimate of the amount of suitable habitat, which is not occupied by Plumed Frogmouths or of habitat only occupied by single unpaired birds or non-breeding pairs. Future research should aim to redress this lack of information which could severely reduce any estimates of the numbers of breeding pairs.
8
Neyland, Mark G., and S. Jean Jarman. "Early impacts of harvesting and burning disturbances on vegetation communities in the Warra silvicultural systems trial, Tasmania, Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 59, no. 8 (2011): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt11081.
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Impacts on the understorey vegetation of a range of silvicultural alternatives to clearfelling in lowland Eucalyptus obliqua wet forest were studied over a decade in the Warra silvicultural systems trial in southern Tasmania. The treatments were clearfell with understorey islands, patchfell, stripfell, dispersed retention, aggregated retention, and single-tree/small-group selection. High intensity burning, low intensity burning and no burning were variously applied as part of these treatments. Three understorey types were studied, including one wet sclerophyll community and two rainforest communities. Wherever burning occurred across the research trial, the regenerating vegetation was floristically wet sclerophyll with an incipient composition consistent with that of the pre-harvest wet sclerophyll community. Sites previously occupied by rainforest understoreys retained occasional rainforest elements, but the regeneration was overwhelmingly sclerophyll in nature. There were no consistent differences in the floristic composition of the regenerating vegetation, after burning or harvesting disturbance, that could be attributed to the silvicultural system. However, field observations and the results of a related, subsequent study suggest that, in designing silvicultural trials similar to the present one, close attention should be paid to the size of quadrats in relation to the level at which disturbance impacts are operating. The response of the vegetation at edges created by the treatments, and in the undisturbed forest beyond, supports the finding that edge effects on the vascular flora extend for less than 10 m into the undisturbed forest.
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Letcher, Peter M., Peter A. McGee, and Martha J. Powell. "Distribution and diversity of zoosporic fungi from soils of four vegetation types in New South Wales, Australia." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 1490–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-109.
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Chytrids are common microfungi in soils, but their distribution and diversity in Australian soils is poorly described. In this study we analyzed chytrid distribution and diversity in soils from four collection sites representing a subtropical rain forest, wet sclerophyll forest, dry sclerophyll forest, and open heath, using a defined and reproducible sampling protocol. The greatest number of chytrid species was observed from dry sclerophyll forest soils, while the least number of species occurred in the open heath soils, although each soil sample of the open heath harbored more species per sample. Differences in patterns of distribution of chytrid species were statistically significant between subtropical rain forest and open heath. Patterns in other habitats differed but could not be verified statistically to be significant at the 5% level. Observed differences in chytrid distribution, diversity, and freqency indicate that their ecological strategies may be in response to environmental cues such as specific edaphic conditions and substrate availability, and their capacity to respond to the environment.Key words: Chytridiomycota, frequency, habitat, sampling.
10
Law, Bradley S., and Mark Chidel. "Roosting and foraging ecology of the golden-tipped bat (Kerivoula papuensis) on the south coast of New South Wales." Wildlife Research 31, no. 1 (2004): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03001.
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The roosting and foraging ecology of the golden-tipped bat (Kerivoula papuensis) was studied by radio-tracking on the south coast of New South Wales. Despite a previous scarcity of records, 16 bats were harp-trapped during spring and summer, of which 11 were radio-tracked. Roost types (n = 33 roosts over 48 roost days) were the suspended nests of yellow-throated scrubwrens (Sericornis citreogularis) (50%), nests of brown gerygone (Gerygone mouki) (27%), beneath hanging moss on tree trunks (21%) and in foliage (2%). All roosts were located in rainforest and close to creek lines (mean = 6 m). Yellow-throated scrubwren nests were more common in rainforest on small, first- and second-order streams (4.6 nests km–1 – 5.2 km searched) than on larger, third-order streams (1.1 nests km–1 – 2.7 km searched). Colonies were small (<10 bats) and usually comprised a mix of sexes. Maternity roosts in summer were located in both yellow-throated scrubwren nests (n = 8) and brown gerygone nests (n = 3). Foraging bats were recorded flying a maximum of 2.1 km and were regularly recorded (43% of monitored time) on upper slopes away from rainforest. Plots (5 × 5 m) were used to compare prey densities (small web-building spiders) between rainforest and sclerophyll forest and different topographies (creeks, riparian vegetation and upper slopes). Although spider numbers were patchy, upper-slope sclerophyll forest supported the greatest number of spiders, the number being significantly greater in upper-sclerophyll forest than in sclerophyll creeks and rainforest on upper slopes. A forward step-wise multiple regression showed that spider numbers per plot were positively related to the density of understorey stems. Management implications from this research are that riparian rainforest provides the key roosting habitat for K. papuensis. Recent management prescriptions in New South Wales' forests available for logging have correctly targeted the protection of this environment. However, the extent of foraging in sclerophyll forest on upper slopes was previously unknown. Attention needs to be given to management actions that maintain a mosaic of dense patches of understorey on upper slopes, where the numbers of web-building spiders are high. Further research is required to determine the effectiveness of using buffered protection zones within logged areas for K. papuensis.
11
Crisp, Mike, Lyn Cook, and Dorothy Steane. "Radiation of the Australian flora: what can comparisons of molecular phylogenies across multiple taxa tell us about the evolution of diversity in present–day communities?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1450 (October 29, 2004): 1551–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1528.
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The Australian fossil record shows that from ca . 25 Myr ago, the aseasonal–wet biome (rainforest and wet heath) gave way to the unique Australian sclerophyll biomes dominated by eucalypts, acacias and casuarinas. This transition coincided with tectonic isolation of Australia, leading to cooler, drier, more seasonal climates. From 3 Myr ago, aridification caused rapid opening of the central Australian arid zone. Molecular phylogenies with dated nodes have provided new perspectives on how these events could have affected the evolution of the Australian flora. During the Mid–Cenozoic (25–10 Myr ago) period of climatic change, there were rapid radiations in sclerophyll taxa, such as Banksia , eucalypts, pea–flowered legumes and Allocasuarina . At the same time, taxa restricted to the aseasonal–wet biome ( Nothofagus , Podocarpaceae and Araucariaceae) did not radiate or were depleted by extinction. During the Pliocene aridification, two Eremean biome taxa ( Lepidium and Chenopodiaceae) radiated rapidly after dispersing into Australia from overseas. It is clear that the biomes have different histories. Lineages in the aseasonal–wet biome are species poor, with sister taxa that are species rich, either outside Australia or in the sclerophyll biomes. In conjunction with the fossil record, this indicates depletion of the Australian aseasonal–wet biome from the Mid–Cenozoic. In the sclerophyll biomes, there have been multiple exchanges between the southwest and southeast, rather than single large endemic radiations after a vicariance event. There is need for rigorous molecular phylogenetic studies so that additional questions can be addressed, such as how interactions between biomes may have driven the speciation process during radiations. New studies should include the hitherto neglected monsoonal tropics.
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Chapman, Angela, and Graham N. Harrington. "Responses by birds to fire regime and vegetation at the wet sclerophyll/tropical rainforest boundary." Pacific Conservation Biology 3, no. 3 (1997): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc970213.
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Changes in fire regime have been identified as the cause of the loss of nearly 50% of wet sclerophyll forest in north Queensland in the last 50 years. In the absence of fire, rainforest invades and eventually eliminates the specialized wet sclerophyll forest biota. Bird populations and foraging behaviour were monitored in areas selected to encompass both recent and advanced rainforest invasion. Foraging guilds are discussed in relation to increasing rainforest biomass. Some species, such as the Pale Yellow Robin Tregallasia capito nana were advantaged by the expansion of rainforest. Other species, such as the Golden Whistler Pachycephala pectoralis showed no significant response, whereas the endemic subspecies of the Eastern Yellow Robin Eopsaltria australis magnirostris was clearly disadvantaged. The latter species is of particular concern because in north-east Queensland it is dependent upon wet areas adjacent to rainforest and requires open ground in which to forage. Over the longer term the White-naped Melithreptus lunatus and White-cheeked Phylidonyris nigra Honeyeaters are also threatened by habitat loss. These honeyeaters favour the wetter areas adjacent to the rainforest which are gradually being lost to the invasive process. To maximize biological diversity in the wet tropics of north Queensland, it is necessary to maintain the full spectrum of natural habitats. Fire management is therefore required to maintain the wet sclerophyll forest and its dependent fauna.
13
Steinbauer, M. J. "The Incidence and Relative Abundance of Amorbus obscuricornis and Gelonus tasmanicus (Hemiptera : Coreidae) in Southern Tasmania and Their Performance on Selected Eucalyptus Species." Australian Journal of Zoology 45, no. 6 (1997): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo97008.
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Comprehensive records of the host-plant associations of Amorbus obscuricornis (Westwood) and Gelonus tasmanicus (Le Guillou), undertaken over three years at field sites in southern Tasmania, are presented for the first time. Also presented are the results of performance experiments conducted predominantly with native Tasmanian Eucalyptus species. Both insect species were found to be oligophagous for Eucalyptus. However, A. obscuricornis was found to feed more widely than G. tasmanicus; that is, the former species fed upon eucalypts belonging to the ash, gum and peppermint groups whilst the latter was confined to the ash and gum species of Eucalyptus in Tasmania. On the basis of collection records, A. obscuricornis was found to be abundant in both wet and dry sclerophyll forest habitats whilst G. tasmanicus was more abundant in wet sclerophyll forests. The wider degree of oligophagy exhibited by A. obscuricornis than by G. tasmanicus is suggested as being related to this species’ preference for floristically diverse habitats, for example dry sclerophyll forest. In addition, inter- and intraspecific host selection in the exclusively shoot- feeding A. obscuricornis was found to be positively influenced by the architecture, in particular the coppicing phenology, of hosts. The significance of factors such as plant architecture, resource abundance and nutritional quality to the host-plant associations of both species are discussed in relation to secondary chemistry and habitat preferences.
14
Steinbauer, M. J. "The incidence and relative abundance of Amorbus obscuricornis and Gelonus tasmanicus (Hemiptera : Coreidae) in southern Tasmania and their performance on selected Eucalyptus species." Australian Journal of Zoology 46, no. 2 (1998): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo97008_co.
Full textAbstract:
Comprehensive records of the host-plant associations of Amorbus obscuricornis (Westwood) and Gelonus tasmanicus (Le Guillou), undertaken over three years at field sites in southern Tasmania, are presented for the first time. Also presented are the results of performance experiments conducted predominantly with native Tasmanian Eucalyptus species. Both insect species were found to be oligophagous for Eucalyptus. However, A. obscuricornis was found to feed more widely than G. tasmanicus; that is, the former species fed upon eucalypts belonging to the ash, gum and peppermint groups whilst the latter was confined to the ash and gum species of Eucalyptus in Tasmania. On the basis of collection records, A. obscuricornis was found to be abundant in both wet and dry sclerophyll forest habitats whilst G. tasmanicus was more abundant in wet sclerophyll forests. The wider degree of oligophagy exhibited by A. obscuricornis than by G. tasmanicus is suggested as being related to this species’ preference for floristically diverse habitats, for example dry sclerophyll forest. In addition, inter- and intraspecific host selection in the exclusively shoot- feeding A. obscuricornis was found to be positively influenced by the architecture, in particular the coppicing phenology, of hosts. The significance of factors such as plant architecture, resource abundance and nutritional quality to the host-plant associations of both species are discussed in relation to secondary chemistry and habitat preferences.
15
Williams, Paul R. "Fire-stimulated rainforest seedling recruitment and vegetative regeneration in a densely grassed wet sclerophyll forest of north-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 48, no. 5 (2000): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt99020.
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Details of plant regeneration, combined with soil seedbank data, are documented for a densely grassed wet sclerophyll forest in north-eastern Australia. The following two hypotheses were tested: (1) that established individuals of rainforest pioneer species are killed by low to moderate intensity fires and (2) that seedling recruitment of these species is evenly distributed throughout the intervals between fires. Both the sclerophyll and rainforest pioneer species displayed strong regenerative abilities as a response to low or moderate intensity fires. Most of the rainforest pioneer species were not killed by two recent fires but vegetatively regenerated. Alstonia muelleriana showed fire-enhanced vegetative expansion via root suckering. Both the sclerophyll and rainforest pioneer species were found to recruit seedlings primarily as a pulse in the first year or two after a fire, with limited recruitment after longer intervals between fires. This is consistent with suggestions that grass competition may limit tree recruitment. The germinable soil seedbank was dominated by rainforest pioneers, herbs and grasses, with heat treatment of the seedbank enhancing seed germination of two rainforest pioneer species. These results demonstrate the ability of rainforest pioneers to exploit the post-fire environment and indicate the complex nature of rainforest boundary dynamics. Further research into tropical rainforest expansion is required to examine the effects of fire regimes on vegetative and seedling regeneration across a range of sites.
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Jones, Penelope J., Ian Thomas, and Michael-Shawn Fletcher. "Long-term environmental change in eastern Tasmania: Vegetation, climate and fire at Stoney Lagoon." Holocene 27, no. 9 (February 16, 2017): 1340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683617690591.
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Tasmania’s dry, inland east is ideally positioned to inform models of late Quaternary environmental change in southern Australasia. Despite this, it remains poorly represented in the palaeoecological record. Here, we seek to address this with a >13,000-year vegetation and fire history from Stoney Lagoon, a site at the eastern margin of Tasmania’s inland Midlands plains. Pollen and charcoal analysis indicates that here, a relatively moist early deglacial was followed by a dry later deglacial (ca. 14,000–12,000 cal. BP), when sclerophyll forests became well established and burning increased. This suggests that the Midlands’ vegetation responded to the climatic signals characterising Australia’s south-eastern coast rather than those governing developments in western Tasmania. Dry sclerophyll forest persisted throughout the Holocene; with a pronounced transition from more to less grassy understoreys between ca. 9000 and 7000 cal. BP. From the mid-Holocene, the sclerophyll community remains relatively stable. However, increased fire activity and trends in moisture-sensitive taxa suggest generally drier conditions coupled with greater hydroclimatic variability under the strengthening influence of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Overall, these results highlight the role of macro-scale climatic shifts in shaping vegetation development in Tasmania’s inland east, while hinting at the concurrent importance of local ecological drivers. This highlights the need for spatially diverse studies to understand interactions between drivers of long-term environmental change in sub-humid southern Australia. This research also supports conservation by strengthening understandings of pre-colonial baselines in this highly modified landscape.
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Liddle, Michael J., and N. C. Thyer. "Trampling and Fire in a Subtropical Dry Sclerophyll Forest." Environmental Conservation 13, no. 1 (1986): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900035840.
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Experimental trampling was carried out in recently-burned and unburned areas of a dry sclerophyll forest. Percentage cover was greatly reduced by burning and trampling. Plant numbers were relatively unaffected by burning, and trampling had approximately the same effect on plant numbers in recently-burned and unburned areas.The reduction of cover and plant numbers to 50% of their original value by fewer than 16 passages was near to that predicted on the basis of the low primary productivity of the ground-flora, and suggests that this type of vegetation is quite vulnerable to trampling.
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Rae, Stuart, and Duncan Rae. "Orientation of tawny frogmouth (Podargus strigoides) nests and their position on branches optimises thermoregulation and cryptic concealment." Australian Journal of Zoology 61, no. 6 (2013): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13090.
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Tawny frogmouth (Podargus strigoides) nests were surveyed in grassy woodland, dry sclerophyll forest and suburbia in the Australian Capital Territory. In total, 253 tawny frogmouth nests were recorded in 145 nest sites. Nests were oriented to the north-east, which would expose them to morning sunshine and partially shelter them from the prevailing wind. Most nests were placed in rough or flaky-barked tree species, on open mid-branch sites with no foliage, where the birds’ plumage and posture resemble the colour and form of the branches. Although smooth-barked gum trees were the most abundant types in the dry sclerophyll forest they were seldom used. Nest sites in all habitats were similar; the mean nest height was 9.2 m, and most nests were set on forks in the lowest branches. By placing their nests in these positions tawny frogmouths likely maximise their potential thermoregulation, protection from wind, concealment from predators, and detection of approaching predators.
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Axelrod, Daniel I. "An interpretation of high montane conifers in western Tertiary floras." Paleobiology 14, no. 3 (1988): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300012021.
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Megafossil remains of conifers allied to taxa of the high montane fir-spruce-hemlock-white pine zone often occur in relatively lowland Tertiary floras together with taxa typical of the mixed-conifer and broadleaved sclerophyll forest zones. Even though these forests are now separated in elevation by fully 1,000 m and in distance by 10–20 km or more, it has been generally accepted that the structures of the high montane conifers were transported to the basins of deposition from distant, high mountains. Several lines of evidence show that montane conifers were regular members of both mixed-conifer and montane conifer forests. They were restricted to higher elevations in the late Neogene–Quaternary; as summers became drier and hotter, the germinating seedlings failed to become established in the mixed-conifer forest zone. They were further isolated from the broadleaved sclerophyll zone, which was confined to lower levels as winters became colder and snow more frequent.
20
Norton, TW. "The Ecology of Small Mammals in Northeastern Tasmania .1. Rattus-Lutreolus-Velutinus." Wildlife Research 14, no. 4 (1987): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9870415.
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Aspects of the ecology of Rattus lutreolus velutinus (Thomas) were studied in dry sclerophyll forest, buttongrass and heathland communities in north-eastern Tasmania. In each habitat environmental parameters which might influence the species' microhabitat selection (e.g, soil moisture, vegetation structure and floristics) and diet (e.g. monocotyledon food), were assessed. R. I, velutinus began to breed during late August. Sexually active males were captured between September and February, inclusive. Pregnant females were captured between September and November, and the number of lactating females peaked during November in all habitats. Juveniles were captured between December and February. R. I. velutinus was predominantly herbivorous, preferring stem and leaf tissue but also eating seeds, insects, roots and fungus. Captures of rats were positively correlated with vegetation cover less than 50 cm high and with a monocotyledonous food index. Population density was substantially higher in heathland than in buttongrass and dry sclerophyll forest. Animals had similar body condition in each habitat.
21
Mather, PB. "A Comparison of the Normal Habitats of Skinks of 3 Electrophoretically Distinguishable Forms of Lampropholis-Declicata (Lacertilia, Scincidae) in South-Eastern-Queensland." Wildlife Research 16, no. 2 (1989): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9890159.
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The microhabitat preferences of three genetically distinct but morphologically conservative population groups of the skink Lampropholis delicata were assessed using multivariate comparisons of 17 habitat variables to determine if ecological, in addition to genetic, differences were observable between them. DFA and PCA analyses revealed that two forms (B and C) had narrow, distinct, non-overlapping microhabitat requirements while those of the third form (A) were broad and showed limited (7%) overlap with those of forms B and C. The two microhabitat-restricted forms were limited to small patches of wet sclerophyll or vine forest while populations of form A utilised a wide variety of different habitat types and were found in narrow zones of sympatry with populations of forms B and C. Populations of form A with very broad microhabitat requirements, were also found to successfully utilise wet sclerophyll habitats of similar structure where populations of the microhabitat-specialist forms were absent.
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Cáceres-Polgrossi, Luis, Alvaro Promis, and Alvaro G. Gutiérrez. "Leaf litter hides post-dispersed seeds from invasive alien removers in a sclerophyll forest in central Chile." Forest Systems 29, no. 3 (December 29, 2020): e022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2020293-16845.
Full textAbstract:
Aim of the study: Seed removal may be a determining filter for regeneration. Factors such as leaf litter, tree cover and seed density affect seed removal. This aims to assess three aspects involving on post dispersal seed removal of four woody species (Lithraea caustica, Maytenus boaria, Quillaja saponaria and Retanilla ephedra) of a sclerophyll forest.Study area: Andean Mediterranean sclerophyll forest of Quillaja saponaria and Lithraea caustica located in the Río de Los Cipreses National Reserve, Chile.Materials and methods: Seven experimental plots were set up, in which seeds were offered in an experiment with variations in leaf litter, tree cover and seed density. Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) were used for the statistical analysis. Camera traps were installed to identify the seed removers.Main results: Q. saponaria seeds were more removed than the seeds of the other species (0.84, observed mean). Whereas that M. boaria and R. ephedra did not show significant differences on the removal of their seeds (0.77 and 0.67 respectively), both were more removed than L. caustica (0.59). The removal of M. boaria, Q. saponaria and R. ephedra seeds was lower in the presence of leaf litter. No factor influenced the removal of L. caustica seeds. Seed removers were identified as invasive alien species such as Rattus sp. and Oryctolagus cuniculus and native species such as Lycalopex culpaeus.Research highlights: Three woody species of this forest suffer severe seed removal by invasive alien fauna with major implications for the resilience of these forests. The coverage of leaf litter is key to hide away the seeds, increasing survival and could promote germination.Keywords: invasive alien fauna; Mediterranean forest; sclerophyll forest; seed removal factors.
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Jackson, Stephen M., Gethin Morgan, Jeanette E. Kemp, Mirjam Maughan, and Cherie M. Stafford. "An accurate assessment of habitat loss and current threats to the mahogany glider (Petaurus gracilis)." Australian Mammalogy 33, no. 1 (2011): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am10021.
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Despite the establishment of legislation to protect the remaining habitat of the endangered mahogany glider (Petaurus gracilis) there is an urgent need to understand where habitat remains and how it should be managed. Regional ecosystem mapping was used to identify the true extent of habitat loss from clearing and the extent of habitat degradation due to the transition to rainforest (where rainforest develops within in a sclerophyll community) and sclerophyll thickening (where saplings of local sclerophyllous species form a thick secondary tree layer). The total area of habitat available to mahogany gliders decreased by 49%, from 276 880 to 141 122 ha, as a result of clearing of vegetation for agriculture and other human activities. Of the habitat remaining, 51 870 ha was the most structurally complex and floristically diverse habitat type ‘Mixed Open Forest’, 55 760 ha was the more open and less diverse ‘Mixed Woodland’, 29 988 ha consisted of mainly single-canopy-species vegetation ‘Monotypic Stands’ and 3504 ha was classed as having only Emergent trees (trees emergent from a rainforest canopy) suitable for the mahogany glider. The loss of habitat occurred mostly on freehold land where it has decreased from 129 435 ha to 26 852 ha. Within the remaining Mixed Open Forest habitat, 45% is considered to have decreasing habitat suitability for the mahogany glider as a result of sclerophyll thickening or transition to rainforest, as is 26% of Mixed Woodland habitat, 33% of Monotypic Stands habitat and 8% of Emergent habitat. The impact of a large reduction in habitat area and decreasing habitat suitability has been compounded by habitat fragmentation. The remaining habitat must be actively managed to ensure its usefulness to the mahogany glider by implementing an appropriate fire regime and ensuring that habitat connectivity is maintained or increased.
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Hingston, Andrew B. "Temporal and spatial variation in abundances of native bee species on an altitudinal gradient in southern Tasmania." Australian Journal of Zoology 46, no. 5 (1998): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo97049.
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Bee assemblages were investigated in heathy coastal forest, shrubby dry sclerophyll forest, and shrubby subalpine forest near Hobart, in southern Tasmania, during spring, summer, and autumn between September 1996 and October 1997. Several taxa previously unknown from the state were encountered, including the first Tasmanian records of the halictid subfamily Nomiinae. Assemblages varied both temporally and spatially. Temporal variation within particular vegetation types was due to interspecific differences in flight periods. Spatial variation resulted from most species being restricted to one or two of these vegetation types, with species richness being substantially lower in the subalpine area than the two vegetation types at lower altitude. This variation also involved several species being more or less restricted to one habitat. In particular, Lasioglossum (Austrevylaeus pertribuarium) was a subalpine specialist while numerous species were more or less restricted to either coastal or dry sclerophyll forests. There was also an interaction between these two forms of variation, in the form of divergence in the flight periods of individual species in different vegetation types.
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Haberle, Simon G. "A 23,000-yr Pollen Record from Lake Euramoo, Wet Tropics of NE Queensland, Australia." Quaternary Research 64, no. 3 (November 2005): 343–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.08.013.
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AbstractA new extended pollen and charcoal record is presented from Lake Euramoo, Wet Tropics World Heritage rainforest of northeast Queensland, Australia. The 8.4-m sediment core taken from the center of Lake Euramoo incorporates a complete record of vegetation change and fire history spanning the period from 23,000 cal yr B.P. to present. The pollen record is divided into five significant zones; 23,000–16,800 cal yr B.P., dry sclerophyll woodland; 16,800–8600 cal yr B.P., wet sclerophyll woodland with marginal rainforest in protected pockets; 8600–5000 cal yr B.P., warm temperate rainforest; 5000–70 cal yr B.P., dry subtropical rainforest; 70 cal yr B.P.–AD 1999, degraded dry subtropical rainforest with increasing influence of invasive species and fire.The process of rainforest development appears to be at least partly controlled by orbital forcing (precession), though more local environmental variables and human activity are also significant factors. This new record provides the opportunity to explore the relationship between fire, drought and rainforest dynamics in a significant World Heritage rainforest region.
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Harden, RH, RJ Muir, and DR Milledge. "An Evaluation of the Strip Transect Method for Censusing Bird Communities in Forests." Wildlife Research 13, no. 2 (1986): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9860203.
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The effects of varying transect width and census duration on the number of birds counted, the density estimate, number of species detected and the percentage of unidentified birds were examined in rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest at Mount Nardi in northern New South Wales. The nine combinations of three strip widths (40, 60 and 80 m) and three durations of census (24, 18 and 12 min) were compared in 200-m-long transects in each forest. The census of birds was more sensitive to changes in census duration than in strip width, and the effects were greater in the rainforest than the wet sclerophyll forest. Both the precision of the density estimates and the number of species detected were highest for the narrowest strips censused for the longest time. The bias of the density estimate varied with the treatments both within and between forests, and thus the strip transect could not be used to compare them. We suggest that variation in bias between sites may be a problem common to all transect counts of birds.
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Press, AJ. "Comparison of the Demography of Populations of Rattus-Fuscipes Living in Cool Temperate Rain-Forests and Dry Sclerophyll Forests." Wildlife Research 14, no. 1 (1987): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9870045.
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Capture-mark-recapture and removal-trapping methods were used to monitor population parameters of Rattus fuscipes in cool temperate rainforest and dry sclerophyll forest. Population sizes, breeding, sex ratios, age structure, turnover, growth and condition were compared. Although significantly more rats were captured in the beech than in the sclerophyll forests, other demographic parameters were similar between the different populations. Numbers were highest in late summer and autumn, declined over winter and increased during spring and summer. Superimposed on this cycle, numbers differed between years; far fewer rats were present in the autumn of 1979 than in those of 1978 or 1980. The breeding season lasted from late spring to mid-autumn, and there were no apparent differences between the two habitats in breeding success, growth rates or condition, or in changes in the age-structure of populations with time. The young entered the population in summer and autumn and grew to adults through the winter and spring; the number of adults from the previous breeding season fell during the winter, and few survived to a second breeding season.
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Ray Wormington, Kevin, David Lamb, Hamish Ian McCallum, and Damien John Moloney. "The status of hollow-bearing trees required for the conservation of arboreal marsupials in the dry sderophyll forests of south-east Queensland, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 11, no. 1 (2005): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc050038.
Full textAbstract:
At 38 sites in the dry sclerophylJ forests of south-east Queensland, Australia, hollow-bearing trees were studied to determine the effects of past forestry practices on their density, size and spatial distribution. The density of hollow-bearing trees was reduced at sites that had been altered by poisoning and ringbarking of unmerchantable trees. This was especially the case for living hollow-bearing trees that were now at densities too low to support the full range of arboreal marsupials. Although there are presently enough hollow-bearing stags (i.e., dead hollow-bearing trees) to provide additional denning and nesting opportunities, the standing life of these hollow-bearing stags is lower than the living counterparts which means denning and nesting sites may be limited in the near future. The mean diameter at breast height (DBH) of hollow-bearing stags was significantly less than that of living hollow-bearing trees. This indicated that many large hollow-bearing stags may have a shorter standing life than smaller hollow-bearing stags. Hollow-bearing trees appear to be randomly distributed throughout the forest in both silviculturally treated and untreated areas. This finding is at odds with the suggestion by some forest managers that hollow-bearing trees should have a clumped distribution in dry sclerophyll forests of south-east Queensland.
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Jones, Simon, Mariela Soto-Berelov, Lola Suarez, Phil Wilkes, Will Woodgate, and Andrew Haywood. "ATTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISATION OF SCLEROPHYLL FORESTED LANDSCAPES OVER LARGE AREAS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 23, 2016): 673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-673-2016.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents a methodology for the attribution and characterisation of Sclerophyll forested landscapes over large areas. First we define a set of woody vegetation data primitives (e.g. canopy cover, leaf area index (LAI), bole density, canopy height), which are then scaled-up using multiple remote sensing data sources to characterise and extract landscape woody vegetation features. The advantage of this approach is that vegetation landscape features can be described from composites of these data primitives. The proposed data primitives act as building blocks for the re-creation of past woody characterisation schemes as well as allowing for re-compilation to support present and future policy and management and decision making needs. <br><br> Three main research sites were attributed; representative of different sclerophyll woody vegetated systems (Box Iron-bark forest; Mountain Ash forest; Mixed Species foothills forest). High resolution hyperspectral and full waveform LiDAR data was acquired over the three research sites. At the same time, land management agencies (Victorian Department of Environment, Land Water and Planning) and researchers (RMIT, CRC for Spatial Information and CSIRO) conducted fieldwork to collect structural and functional measurements of vegetation, using traditional forest mensuration transects and plots, terrestrial lidar scanning and high temporal resolution in-situ autonomous laser (VegNet) scanners. <br><br> Results are presented of: 1) inter-comparisons of LAI estimations made using ground based hemispherical photography, LAI 2200 PCA, CI-110 and terrestrial and airborne laser scanners; 2) canopy height and vertical canopy complexity derived from airborne LiDAR validated using ground observations; and, 3) time-series characterisation of land cover features. <br><br> 1. Accuracy targets for remotely sensed LAI products to match within ground based estimates are ± 0.5 LAI or a 20% maximum (CEOS/GCOS) with new aspirational targets of 5%). In this research we conducted a total of 67 ground-based method-to-method pairwise comparisons across 11 plots in five sites, incorporating the previously mentioned LAI methods. Out of the 67 comparisons, 29 had an RMSE ≥ 0.5 LAIe. This has important implications for the validation of remotely sensed products since ground based techniques themselves exhibit LAI variations greater than internationally recommended guidelines for satellite product accuracies. <br><br> 2. Two methods of canopy height derivation are proposed and tested over a large area (4 Million Ha). 99th percentile maximum height achieved a RMSE of 6.6%, whilst 95th percentile dominant height a RMSE = 10.3%. Vertical canopy complexity (i.e. the number of forest layers of strata) was calculated as the local maxima of vegetation density within the LiDAR canopy profile and determined using a cubic spline smoothing of Pgap. This was then validated against in-situ and LiDAR observations of canopy strata with an RMSE 0.39 canopy layers. <br><br> 3. Preliminary results are presented of landcover characterisation using LandTrendr analysis of Landsat LEDAPS data. kNN is then used to link these features to a dense network of 800 field plots sites.
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Huettermann, Sven, Simon Jones, Mariela Soto-Berelov, and Samuel Hislop. "Intercomparison of Real and Simulated GEDI Observations across Sclerophyll Forests." Remote Sensing 14, no. 9 (April 27, 2022): 2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14092096.
Full textAbstract:
Forest structure is an important variable in ecology, fire behaviour, and carbon management. New spaceborne lidar sensors, such as the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI), enable forest structure to be mapped at a global scale. Virtual GEDI-like observations can be derived from airborne laser scanning (ALS) data for given locations using the GEDI simulator, which was a tool initially developed for GEDI’s pre-launch calibration. This study compares the relative height (RH) and ground elevation metrics of real and simulated GEDI observations against ALS-derived benchmarks in southeast Australia. A total of 15,616 footprint locations were examined, covering a large range of forest types and topographic conditions. The impacts of canopy cover and height, terrain slope, and ALS point cloud density were assessed. The results indicate that the simulator produces more accurate canopy height (RH95) metrics (RMSE: 4.2 m, Bias: −1.3 m) than the actual GEDI sensor (RMSE: 9.6 m, Bias: −1.6 m). Similarly, the simulator outperforms GEDI in ground detection accuracy. In contrast to other studies, which favour the Gaussian algorithm for ground detection, we found that the Maximum algorithm performed better in most settings. Despite the determined differences between real and simulated GEDI observations, this study indicates the compatibility of both data sources, which may enable their combined use in multitemporal forest structure monitoring.
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Jones, Simon, Mariela Soto-Berelov, Lola Suarez, Phil Wilkes, Will Woodgate, and Andrew Haywood. "ATTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISATION OF SCLEROPHYLL FORESTED LANDSCAPES OVER LARGE AREAS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 23, 2016): 673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b8-673-2016.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents a methodology for the attribution and characterisation of Sclerophyll forested landscapes over large areas. First we define a set of woody vegetation data primitives (e.g. canopy cover, leaf area index (LAI), bole density, canopy height), which are then scaled-up using multiple remote sensing data sources to characterise and extract landscape woody vegetation features. The advantage of this approach is that vegetation landscape features can be described from composites of these data primitives. The proposed data primitives act as building blocks for the re-creation of past woody characterisation schemes as well as allowing for re-compilation to support present and future policy and management and decision making needs. <br><br> Three main research sites were attributed; representative of different sclerophyll woody vegetated systems (Box Iron-bark forest; Mountain Ash forest; Mixed Species foothills forest). High resolution hyperspectral and full waveform LiDAR data was acquired over the three research sites. At the same time, land management agencies (Victorian Department of Environment, Land Water and Planning) and researchers (RMIT, CRC for Spatial Information and CSIRO) conducted fieldwork to collect structural and functional measurements of vegetation, using traditional forest mensuration transects and plots, terrestrial lidar scanning and high temporal resolution in-situ autonomous laser (VegNet) scanners. <br><br> Results are presented of: 1) inter-comparisons of LAI estimations made using ground based hemispherical photography, LAI 2200 PCA, CI-110 and terrestrial and airborne laser scanners; 2) canopy height and vertical canopy complexity derived from airborne LiDAR validated using ground observations; and, 3) time-series characterisation of land cover features. <br><br> 1. Accuracy targets for remotely sensed LAI products to match within ground based estimates are ± 0.5 LAI or a 20% maximum (CEOS/GCOS) with new aspirational targets of 5%). In this research we conducted a total of 67 ground-based method-to-method pairwise comparisons across 11 plots in five sites, incorporating the previously mentioned LAI methods. Out of the 67 comparisons, 29 had an RMSE ≥ 0.5 LAIe. This has important implications for the validation of remotely sensed products since ground based techniques themselves exhibit LAI variations greater than internationally recommended guidelines for satellite product accuracies. <br><br> 2. Two methods of canopy height derivation are proposed and tested over a large area (4 Million Ha). 99th percentile maximum height achieved a RMSE of 6.6%, whilst 95th percentile dominant height a RMSE = 10.3%. Vertical canopy complexity (i.e. the number of forest layers of strata) was calculated as the local maxima of vegetation density within the LiDAR canopy profile and determined using a cubic spline smoothing of Pgap. This was then validated against in-situ and LiDAR observations of canopy strata with an RMSE 0.39 canopy layers. <br><br> 3. Preliminary results are presented of landcover characterisation using LandTrendr analysis of Landsat LEDAPS data. kNN is then used to link these features to a dense network of 800 field plots sites.
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Bragg, J. G., and M. Westoby. "Leaf size and foraging for light in a sclerophyll woodland." Functional Ecology 16, no. 5 (September 23, 2002): 633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.2002.00661.x.
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Sawyer, Nicole A., Susan M. Chambers, and John W. G. Cairney. "Distribution of Amanita spp. genotypes under eastern Australian sclerophyll vegetation." Mycological Research 107, no. 10 (October 2003): 1157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756203008426.
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Chapman, Angela, and Christopher P. Kofron. "Nonresident birds in tropical wet sclerophyll forest, northeast Queensland, Australia." Tropical Zoology 25, no. 3 (September 2012): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03946975.2012.716278.
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Perry, G. L. W., N. J. Enright, B. P. Miller, and B. B. Lamont. "Spatial patterns in species‐rich sclerophyll shrublands of southwestern Australia." Journal of Vegetation Science 19, no. 5 (January 29, 2008): 705–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3170/2008-8-18441.
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Cartes-Rodríguez, Eduardo, Carolina Álvarez-Maldini, Manuel Acevedo, Marta González-Ortega, Alejandro Urbina-Parra, and Pedro León-Lobos. "Pre-Germination Treatments at Operational Scale for Six Tree Species from the Sclerophyll Forest of Central Chile." Plants 11, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11050608.
Full textAbstract:
Sclerophyll forest in Mediterranean central Chile has been subjected to severe degradation due to anthropic disturbances and climate change and is in need of restoration. Since direct seeding is usually unsuccessful, we need to research seed propagation to produce plants for restoration. Our objective was to assess pre-germination treatments for six native woody species (Acacia caven, Lithraea caustica, Quillaja Saponaria, Porlieria chilensis, Kageneckia angustifolia, and Ceratonia chilensis) of the sclerophyll forest, considering its operational applicability and consequences for nursery plant production. Treatments were selected according to previous studies, and operational applicability in nurseries. Germination and level of seeds water imbibition were assessed. Results indicate that time for seed water imbibition is critical for germination in A. caven, P. chilensis and K. angustifolia, with an average germination of 90.2 ± 2.0%, 85.0 ± 4.7%, and 47.4 ± 2.3%, respectively. Gibberellin did not improve germination compared to water soaking in Q. Saponaria, K. angustifolia and P. chilensis. In addition, physical scarification is a suitable treatment for L. caustica and C. chilensis, instead of chemical scarification, avoiding handling toxic and corrosive compounds in nurseries. We recommend assessing seed water imbibition rates as a key factor for proper germination processes.
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Dettmann, Mary E., and David M. Jarzen. "Pollen evidence for Late Cretaceous differentiation of Proteaceae in southern polar forests." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 901–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-116.
Full textAbstract:
Amongst diverse and abundant fossil proteaceous pollen in southeastern Australian Late Cretaceous (Campanian–Maastrichtian) sediments are forms identical with pollen of extant taxa within subfamilies Proteoideae, Persoonioideae, Carnarvonioideae, and Grevilleoideae. Taxa identified now have disparate geographic ranges within Australasia. Sclerophyllous Adenanthos and Stirlingia (Proteoideae) are restricted to the southern Australian Mediterranean climatic region; Persoonia (Persoonioideae) ranges into higher rainfall areas of eastern and northern Australia. Grevillea exul – Grevillea robusta and Telopea (Grevilleoideae) and Carnarvonia (Carnarvonioideae) occur in or fringe rain forests in eastern Australasia, as do other members (Macadamia, Gevuina–Hicksbeachia, Knightia, and Beauprea) reported previously. Pollen evidence thereby confirms evolution of both rain forest and sclerophyll members by the Campanian–Maastrichtian. Turnover of proteaceous pollen taxa near the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary may reflect contemporaneous modifications to the proteaceous communities. Associated with the Late Cretaceous Proteaceae were diverse conifers (Microcachrys, Lagarostrobus, Podocarpus, Dacrydium, Dacrycarpus, and Araucariaceae), Nothofagus, Ilex, Gunnera, Ascarina, Winteraceae, Trimeniaceae, and probable Epacridaceae. The vegetation, which fringed a narrow estuary separating Antarctica from southern Australia, implies a mosaic of rain forest and sclerophyll communities but has no modern analogue. Key words: Proteaceae, Late Cretaceous, Australia, Antarctica.
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Drury, Rebecca L., and Fritz Geiser. "Activity patterns and roosting of the eastern blossom-bat (Syconycteris australis)." Australian Mammalogy 36, no. 1 (2014): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am13025.
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We quantified activity patterns, foraging times and roost selection in the eastern blossom-bat (Syconycteris australis) (body mass 17.6 g) in coastal northern New South Wales in winter using radio-telemetry. Bats roosted either in rainforest near their foraging site of flowering coast banksia (Banksia integrifolia) and commuted only 0.3 ± 0.1 km (n = 8), whereas others roosted 2.0 ± 0.2 km (n = 4) away in wet sclerophyll forest. Most bats roosted in rainforest foliage, but in the wet sclerophyll forest cabbage palm leaves (Livistonia australis) were preferred roosts, which likely reflects behavioural thermoregulation by bats. Foraging commenced 44 ± 22 min after sunset in rainforest-roosting bats, whereas bats that roosted further away and likely flew over canopies/open ground to reach their foraging site left later, especially a female roosting with her likely young (~4 h after sunset). Bats returned to their roosts 64 ± 12 min before sunrise. Our study shows that S. australis is capable of commuting considerable distances between appropriate roost and foraging sites when nectar is abundant. Bats appear to vary foraging times appropriately to minimise exposure to predators and to undertake parental care.
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Campbell, Monica L., Peter J. Clarke, and David A. Keith. "Seed traits and seed bank longevity of wet sclerophyll forest shrubs." Australian Journal of Botany 60, no. 2 (2012): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt11261.
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In wet sclerophyll forests seedling recruitment either occurs after intermittent fire events or continuously during intervals between fires in gaps created by small-scale disturbances. The dormancy and dispersal characteristics of seeds will influence how plant species exploit these contrasting recruitment opportunities. For example, long-lived seed banks may be crucial for persistence of species that are unable to recruit during intervals between fires if the length of fire intervals exceeds the life span of standing plants (senescence risk). To better understand mechanisms of population persistence during prolonged absence of fire in montane wet sclerophyll forests, we studied seed bank dynamics in four understorey species. We chose two species thought to have fire event-driven recruitment, Banksia integrifolia subsp. monticola (Proteaceae) and Goodia lotifolia (Fabaceae), and two species that are thought to have canopy gap-phase recruitment, Trochocarpa laurina (Ericaceae) and Tasmannia stipitata (Winteraceae). We measured seed rain, seed bank density and used seeds buried in nylon mesh bags to estimate rates of seed decay in the soil over time. All species produced a substantial seed crop on an annual basis. The annual seed crop in three species (G. lotifolia, T. stipitata and T. laurina) was released in a dormant state and developed a persistent seed bank, while one species (B. integrifolia) lacked dormancy and rapidly germinated under laboratory and field conditions. Seed bank characteristics of G. lotifolia appear to promote episodic recruitment after large landscape-scale fires, those of B. integrifolia appear to promote more continuous recruitment in response to smaller fires and other disturbances that avoid widespread mortality of established plants, while seed bank characteristics of T. stipitata and T. laurina may facilitate both episodic and continuous recruitment under respective types of disturbance. The four species appeared to have varied vulnerabilities and mechanisms for reducing immaturity risk and senescence risk to persistence of their populations under recurrent disturbance. Dormancy, seed bank longevity and seed rain are likely to be useful syndromes for predicting the response of wet sclerophyll forest understorey species to changed disturbance regimes.
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Vernes, K., and T. Cooper. "Association of parma wallabies (Macropus parma) with sedge swamps in Gibraltar Range National Park." Australian Mammalogy 29, no. 1 (2007): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am07016.
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Parma wallabies (Macropus parma) have a patchy distribution on the coast and ranges of central and northern New South Wales from Goulburn northward to the Queensland border. In Gibraltar Range National Park they are found in dry sclerophyll forest with a heath understorey, a departure from their apparent preference for wet forest types. Distance to swamp was by far the best correlate of M. parma distribution.
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Martin, HA. "Monotoca-Type (Epacridaceae) Pollen in the Late Tertiary of Southern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 41, no. 6 (1993): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9930709.
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The shrub Monotoca is widespread in eucalypt forests. Monotoca-type pollen is distinctive with a tetrad of one large functional cell and three small aborted cells. Other variations on the tetrad, with equal sized cells, the normal pollen type for the family, cannot be confused with Monotoca. Fossil Monotoca pollen first appears in the Mid Miocene, when the climate was becoming drier, rainforest was contracting and sclerophyll forests were expanding.
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Virkki, Diana A., Cuong Tran, and J. Guy Castley. "Reptile Responses to Lantana Management in a Wet Sclerophyll Forest, Australia." Journal of Herpetology 46, no. 2 (June 2012): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/11-225.
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Haywood, A., J. Verbesselt, and P. J. Baker. "MAPPING DISTURBANCE DYNAMICS IN WET SCLEROPHYLL FORESTS USING TIME SERIES LANDSAT." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 23, 2016): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-633-2016.
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In this study, we characterised the temporal-spectral patterns associated with identifying acute-severity disturbances and low-severity disturbances between 1985 and 2011 with the objective to test whether different disturbance agents within these categories can be identified with annual Landsat time series data. We analysed a representative State forest within the Central Highlands which has been exposed to a range of disturbances over the last 30 years, including timber harvesting (clearfell, selective and thinning) and fire (wildfire and prescribed burning). We fitted spectral time series models to annual normal burn ratio (NBR) and Tasseled Cap Indices (TCI), from which we extracted a range of disturbance and recovery metrics. With these metrics, three hierarchical random forest models were trained to 1) distinguish acute-severity disturbances from low-severity disturbances; 2a) attribute the disturbance agents most likely within the acute-severity class; 2b) and attribute the disturbance agents most likely within the low-severity class. Disturbance types (acute severity and low-severity) were successfully mapped with an overall accuracy of 72.9 %, and the individual disturbance types were successfully attributed with overall accuracies ranging from 53.2 % to 64.3 %. Low-severity disturbance agents were successfully mapped with an overall accuracy of 80.2 %, and individual agents were successfully attributed with overall accuracies ranging from 25.5 % to 95.1. Acute-severity disturbance agents were successfully mapped with an overall accuracy of 95.4 %, and individual agents were successfully attributed with overall accuracies ranging from 94.2 % to 95.2 %. Spectral metrics describing the disturbance magnitude were more important for distinguishing the disturbance agents than the post-disturbance response slope. Spectral changes associated with planned burning disturbances had generally lower magnitudes than selective harvesting. This study demonstrates the potential of landsat time series mapping for fire and timber harvesting disturbances at the agent level and highlights the need for distinguishing between agents to fully capture their impacts on ecosystem processes.
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Haywood, A., J. Verbesselt, and P. J. Baker. "MAPPING DISTURBANCE DYNAMICS IN WET SCLEROPHYLL FORESTS USING TIME SERIES LANDSAT." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 23, 2016): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b8-633-2016.
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In this study, we characterised the temporal-spectral patterns associated with identifying acute-severity disturbances and low-severity disturbances between 1985 and 2011 with the objective to test whether different disturbance agents within these categories can be identified with annual Landsat time series data. We analysed a representative State forest within the Central Highlands which has been exposed to a range of disturbances over the last 30 years, including timber harvesting (clearfell, selective and thinning) and fire (wildfire and prescribed burning). We fitted spectral time series models to annual normal burn ratio (NBR) and Tasseled Cap Indices (TCI), from which we extracted a range of disturbance and recovery metrics. With these metrics, three hierarchical random forest models were trained to 1) distinguish acute-severity disturbances from low-severity disturbances; 2a) attribute the disturbance agents most likely within the acute-severity class; 2b) and attribute the disturbance agents most likely within the low-severity class. Disturbance types (acute severity and low-severity) were successfully mapped with an overall accuracy of 72.9 %, and the individual disturbance types were successfully attributed with overall accuracies ranging from 53.2 % to 64.3 %. Low-severity disturbance agents were successfully mapped with an overall accuracy of 80.2 %, and individual agents were successfully attributed with overall accuracies ranging from 25.5 % to 95.1. Acute-severity disturbance agents were successfully mapped with an overall accuracy of 95.4 %, and individual agents were successfully attributed with overall accuracies ranging from 94.2 % to 95.2 %. Spectral metrics describing the disturbance magnitude were more important for distinguishing the disturbance agents than the post-disturbance response slope. Spectral changes associated with planned burning disturbances had generally lower magnitudes than selective harvesting. This study demonstrates the potential of landsat time series mapping for fire and timber harvesting disturbances at the agent level and highlights the need for distinguishing between agents to fully capture their impacts on ecosystem processes.
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Wright, I. J., and M. Westoby. "Nutrient concentration, resorption and lifespan: leaf traits of Australian sclerophyll species." Functional Ecology 17, no. 1 (February 2003): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.2003.00694.x.
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Kile, G. A. "Genotypes of Armillaria hinnulea in wet sclerophyll Eucalypt forest in Tasmania." Transactions of the British Mycological Society 87, no. 2 (September 1986): 312–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(86)80036-5.
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Read, Jennifer, Gordon D. Sanson, and Byron B. Lamont. "Leaf Mechanical Properties in Sclerophyll Woodland and Shrubland on Contrasting Soils." Plant and Soil 276, no. 1-2 (October 2005): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-3343-8.
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Crockford, H., S. Topalidis, and D. P. Richardson. "Water repellency in a dry sclerophyll eucalypt forest — measurements and processes." Hydrological Processes 5, no. 4 (October 1991): 405–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360050408.
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Bouchet, Philippe, Tanguy Jaffre, and Jean-Marie Veillon. "Plant extinction in New Caledonia: protection of sclerophyll forests urgently needed." Biodiversity and Conservation 4, no. 4 (June 1995): 415–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00058425.
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Clarke, Peter J. "Habitat insularity and fire response traits: evidence from a sclerophyll archipelago." Oecologia 132, no. 4 (August 2002): 582–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-002-0962-0.
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