Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sclérose latérale amyotrophique – Pathogenèse'
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Abou, Ezzi Samer. "Chromogranines et pathogenèse de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27148/27148.pdf.
Full textBéland, Louis-Charles. "Le dynamisme du phénoptype microglial dans la pathogénèse de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69506.
Full textAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder that leads to motoneuron loss, progressive paralysis and death a few years after the first symptoms. As every other neurodegenerative disorder, inflammation is a main component of ALS pathogenesis. One of the cell type implicated in this inflammation, the microglia, is the central subject of this thesis. With the emergence of the symptoms, microglia transforms from an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective phenotype to an aberrant and neurotoxic phenotype. It is necessary to elucidate the cellular mechanisms underlying this phenotypic change and the factors maintaining these phenotypes to allow the development of effective inflammation-targeting therapies. In this thesis we seek to identify, using multiple molecular tools and animal models, the microglial signature at the different stage of the disease. During the symptomatic stage, we identified the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 to be responsible for maintaining the anti-inflammatory phenotype. This cytokine is at the same time produced and recognized by microglial cells. Blocking IL-10 receptor accelerated disease progression and shortened survival in a mouse model. Moreover, the augmentation of the expression of IL-10, using a viral vector, slowed disease progression and lengthened lifespan in the same mouse model. In order to understand the cellular mechanisms implicated in the microglial phenotypic change in ALS, we used a system-model for the microglia-specific molecular profiling. This tool, EDTA-TRAP, consists in the microglial poly-ribosome immunopurification and the subsequent identification of in-translation mRNAs and proteins sequestered on these ribosomes. It was possible to identify a strong mismatch in the nature of the most regulated mRNAs and proteins. The transcriptomic profile of symptomatic microglia denotes a phagocytic and possible neuroprotective function for microglia while its proteomic profile is proliferative and potentially neurotoxic. The discrepancy between these two profiles is explained by the repression of immune gene mRNA translation by a mechanism implicating the interaction of their 3'UTR and the RNA-binding protein SRSF3. The phosphorylated form of SRSF3 specifically accumulates in microglia cytoplasm proportionally with disease progression. The decrease of SRSF3 expression by an interfering oligonucleotide restores immune mRNA translation and the microglial phagocytic function. This leads to and slower disease progression and a longer survival in a mouse model. Hence, the use of an interfering oligonucleotide against SRSF3 could be a new therapeutic avenue in ALS treatment. The understanding of the diverse cellular mechanisms implicating SRSF3 is important in elucidating its dynamic function in ALS. SRSF3 is the shortest protein from the SR family. This family can be distinguished by their structure : one or two N-terminal RNA recognition motif and a C-terminal highly phosphorylatable arginine and serine rich domain. SRSF3 can be phosphorylated in the nucleus by the CLK1 kinase or in the nucleus and the cytoplasm by the SRPK kinases. SRSF3 is implicated in splicing, nucleocytoplasmic transport and translation, among others. The deregulation of the expression level or the phosphorylation of SRSF3 can drastically change its role in the cell. Hence, SRSF3 is implicated in many diseases such as cancer, viral infection and ALS. The cellular mechanisms governing SRSF3 dynamism should then by well understood in order to make the interfering oligonucleotide against SRSF3 an efficient therapy to treat ALS.
Labarre, Audrey. "Protéines mal repliées et stress associé au réticulum endoplasmique : implications dans la pathogénèse de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26397.
Full textAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease. About 10% of cases are familial (FALS) and 90% are sporadic (SALS). Currently, mutations in SOD1 and TARDBP genes are among the main causes of FALS. Many evidences suggest that environmental factors can be an important element in the identification of probable SALS causes. However, our comprehension of mechanisms leading to mutations in these genes or exposure to different environmental factors, to the death of motor neurons is still limited. Currently, there is not efficient cure for ALS. The development of an immunotherapy with specific anti-misfolded SOD1 antibodies will therefore help us to understand the mechanisms and environmental factors that may be involved. This can lead to new perspectives for early diagnosis and prognosis, and new therapeutic approaches for this yet incurable disease.
Picher-Martel, Vincent. "L'implication de l'ubiquiline-2 dans l'agrégation de TDP-43 et la pathogénèse de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34015.
Full textAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common motor neuron disease in adults. It is characterized by progressive lost of upper and lower motor neurons leading to paralysis and eventually death from 2 to 5 years after the onset of the symptoms. Approximately 10% of the patients have a family history and the remaining patients have a sporadic form of the disease. Up to 15% also have fronto-temporal dementia (FTD) with prominent behavioral and personality changes. Numerous genes are known to be mutated in the familial form of the disease. This includes mutation in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), Fused in sarcoma (FUS), optineurin (OPTN), Tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and ubqiquilin-2 (UBQLN2). These mutations lead to various pathological mechanisms. One of the most defined mechanism is the formation of cytoplasmic aggregates of TDP-43. These inclusions are positive for other proteins such as UBQLN2 and ubiquitin and are the pathological hallmark of the disease. UBQLN2 plays a central role in the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). Mutations in UBQLN2 have been link to TDP-43 pathology in vitro. However, the mechanisms underlying TDP-43 pathology induced by UBQLN2 are still unknown. In this thesis, we used neurons in culture and overexpressed human UBQLN2WT and human UBQLN2P497H to study the interaction between TDP-43 and UBQLN2. We demonstrated that the overexpression of UBQLN2 species enhanced TDP-43 cytoplasmic accumulation and aggregation. Since TDP-43 is known to interact with the p65 subunit of the NF-κB transcriptional factor, we analyzed the effect of UBQLN2 overexpression on the p65 activation. We observed an increase in NF-κB activation in cells transfected with either UBQLN2WT or UBQLN2P497H. We observed that the hyperactivation of NF-κB was caused by the action of the p38 MAPK in response to cellular stress and UBQLN2/TDP-43 cytoplasmic accumulation. This increase in NF-κB activity enhanced motor neuron death which was reversible by treatment with Withaferin A, a known NF-κB inhibitor. Because we observed an important synergistic effect in TDP-43 aggregation with UBQLN2 overexpression, we decided to generate a new transgenic mouse model with mutations in both UBQLN2 and TDP-43. Mice were generated with the expression of UBQLN2P497H gene under the control of the neurofilament heavy (NFH) promoter. The single transgenic UBQLN2P497H were then bred with our previously described TDP-43G348C transgenic mice. Whereas the single UBQLN2P497H transgenic mice developed only mild cognitive impairment, the double transgenic UBQLN2P497H; TDP-43G348C mice developed typical features of ALS/FTD with important TDP- 43 cytoplasmic aggregation, motor neurons loss, axonal degeneration, muscle atrophy, as well as motor and cognitive symptoms and gliosis. We took advantage of our new generated double transgenic mice to analyze the interaction between UBQLN2 and TDP-43 and to study the effect of aggregation of both proteins on inflammatory pathways. We observed that microglia from double transgenic mice were hyperresponsive to intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and that NF-κB activity was increased in double transgenic mice. Our results also suggested that UBQLN2 up-regulation induced TDP-43 aggregation by the sequestering of ubiquitin proteins into aggregates and the reduction of the UPS efficacy. Thus, increasing the pool of ubiquitin promoted the UPS function with ensuing reduction of TDP-43 cytosolic accumulation. In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates an important role of UBQLN2 species in TDP-43 mislocalization and aggregation in vitro and in vivo. It also suggests that UBQLN2 and TDP-43 possess a synergic role in neuroinflammation. Certainly, our double transgenic mice could be used to study future therapeutic avenues and these mechanisms could be targeted to treat TDP-43- associated ALS/FTD pathology.
Swarup, Vivek. "Étude et caractérisation du rôle de protéines TDP-43 mutantes dans la pathogénèse de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28878/28878.pdf.
Full textAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a lethal disease characterized by degeneration of lower and upper motor neurons. Transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) ubiquitinated inclusions are a hallmark of ALS. In order to understand the pathogenic mechanism caused by TDP-43, we generated transgenic mice with genomic fragments encoding human TDP-43 wild-type or FALS-linked mutants TDP-43G348C and TDP-43A315T. These novel TDP-43 transgenic mice develop many age-related pathological and biochemical changes reminiscent of human ALS including ubiquitinated TDP-43 positive inclusions, intermediate filament abnormalities, axonopathy and neuroinflammation. In order to understand the role of TDP-43 in axon regeneration, we used pre-symptomatic 3-months old mice and performed sciatic nerve crush on them. After axonal crush, TDP-43 transgenic mice were noticeably paralyzed at the injured limb, have altered TDP-43 redistribution and the distal axons regenerated slowly as compared to non-transgenic mice. Moreover, we found that TDP-43 interacts with and colocalizes with p65, a [symbol] subunit, in glial and neuronal cells from TDP-43 transgenic mice and also from ALS patients. We report that TDP-43 and [symbol] p65 mRNA and protein expression is higher in spinal cords of ALS patients than healthy individuals. TDP-43 acted as a co-activator of p65, and glial cells expressing higher amounts of TDP-43 produced more proinflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic mediators after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide or reactive oxygen species. TDP-43 overexpression in neurons also increased their vulnerability to toxic mediators. Treatment of TDP-43 mice with Withaferin A, an inhibitor of [symbol] activity, reduced denervation in the neuromuscular junction and ALS disease symptoms. We propose that TDP-43 deregulation contributes to ALS pathogenesis in part by enhancing [symbol] activation, and that [symbol] may constitute a therapeutic target for the disease.
Tableau d'honneur de la FÉSP
Moumen, Radouane. "Sclérose latérale amyotrophique sporadique et stress oxydatif." Caen, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CAEN2067.
Full textFergani, Anissa. "Altérations métaboliques dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STR13132.
Full textCoque, Emmanuelle. "La neuroimmunité dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT095.
Full textAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the selective loss of upper and lower motoneurons. Symptoms appears as muscular weakness, which irrevocably leads to muscle paralysis and death of patients within 3 to 5 years after onset of symptoms. An inflammatory response, along with the accumulation of blood-derived immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) is a hallmark of the disease. This work proposes to investigate the role of resident cells of the brain, such as astrocytes and especially peripheral immune cells such as T CD8+ lymphocytes, in ALS pathogenesis. We show that once infiltrated in the CNS of SOD1G93A mice, CD8+ T cells become activated and undergo an oligoclonal expansion. In vitro, CD8+ T cells isolated from ALS mouse model (SOD1G93A strain) can trigger motoneuron death, in a manner that is dependent on the recognition of the MHC class I by TCR. We report that peripheral immunodepletion of CD8+ T cells is not sufficient to improve lifespan of SOD1G93A mice, but still permit to protect motoneurons from neurodegeneration. A genetic approach will confirm implication of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the disease
Vercruysse, Pauline. "Altérations hypothalamiques dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ064/document.
Full textAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a major neurodegenerative disease characterised by a loss of upper and lower motor neurons. The loss of motor neurons leads to muscle atrophy and paralysis. Besides motor loss, weight loss is important in ALS patients. This symptom appears before first muscular symptoms and is correlated with survival. This defect of energetic metabolism is partially due to hypermetabolism associated with food intake problems. Hypothalamus is the part of brain controlling the energetic metabolism. The aim of my Ph.D. was to characterise hypothalamic alterations in ALS. First, we have shown a default in the melanocortin system of hypothalamus, and shown that this melanocortin defect correlates with alterations in food intake behaviour. Second, we demonstrated the existence of hypothalamic atrophy in ALS patients in the posterior part of the hypothalamus, including the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). This atrophy was correlated with weight loss. Finally, we observed that hypothalamic MCH neurons, located in the LHA, are affected in ALS, and that MCH complementation rescues weight loss in a mouse model of ALS
Praline, Julien. "Génétique des formes sporadiques de sclérose latérale amyotrophique." Thesis, Tours, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOUR3139/document.
Full textAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease. The cause of sporadic cases (SALS) remains unknown but a genetic participation in a model of complex disease is suspected. Our work concerns two susceptibility genes for SALS: Apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) and the gene involved in familial hemochromatosis (HFE). Our first study including 1482 patients with SALS confirms a link between ε4 allele and bulbar-onset of the disease, only in men. We suggest a pathophysiological explanation with a role for the androgen receptor which is particularly abundant in motor neurons of the brainstem. Our second study about 244 patients and 302 controls did not find any association between the H63D polymorphism and SLAS, which has previously been showed. However, the Y allele of the C282Y polymorphism seems to exert a protective effect against SALS. We discuss these data within the pathophysiological hypothesis of oxidative stress in ALS
Marin, Benoît. "Epidémiologie de la Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique : incidence, mortalité et facteurs pronostiques nutritionnels de survie." Limoges, 2011. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/6e7490ac-2f22-4fb7-a39e-68b5b383ccbb/blobholder:0/2011LIMO310C.pdf.
Full textTo date, few data have been published on the incidence of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in France. Clinically, progression of ALS is marked by a progressive deterioration in nutritional status. However, the value of new nutritional markers (such as the phase angle) should be considered, and our understanding of changes in nutritional status during the course of the disease remains fragmentary- During our PhD Thesis we performed an epidemiological descriptive study, a geoepiemiological study, two reviews and two prognostic studies. When age-standardized for the 1999 French population, the mean annual incidence was 2. 0/100,000 inhabitants (95% confidence interval (CI): 1. 8-2. 3). We also identified three clusters of ALS in Limousin. Phase angle is altered in ALS patients as compared to healthy controls and is independently associated with survival. We also demonstrated a significant weight loss at diagnosis, a progressive worsening of this parameter during the course and a significant and independent prognostic value of weight loss measured at diagnosis with a 30% increased risk of death for a 5% decrease from usual weight. One of our perspectives is to establish a registry of ALS in Limousin. A second perspective involves, using the ALS clusters we identified, to examine the possible link between ALS and L-BMAA cyanotoxin. Finally, concerning nutritional aspects of ALS our results support (i) early consideration of making assessment of the patient's weight and weight loss part of daily routine, and (ii) the establishment of experimental studies aiming to reverse weight loss and alter body composition of patients as quickly as possible after diagnosis
Camu, William. "Sclérose latérale amyotrophique : étude critique des principaux facteurs étiopathogéniques, perspectives." Montpellier 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON11149.
Full textGordon, Paul H. "Sclérose latérale amyotrophique : mortalité, facteurs prédictifs de la survie." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00829569.
Full textEl, Oussini-Ben Chaabane Hajer. "Rôle des neurones sérotoninergiques dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ030/document.
Full textAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SLA) is a neurodegenerative disease characterize by the loss of upper motor neurons in the motor cortex and lower motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord. The loss of motor neurons leads to muscle atrophy and progressive paralysis. In 2013 our laboratory identified a new neuronal population affected in ALS. They observed the degeneration of serotoninergic neurons in ALS patients and animal models. For this, the aim of my PhD is to identify the role of serotoninergic neurons in case of ALS. We observed an upregulation of serotonin receptor 5-HT2B in ALS mice models. The investigation of the role of 5-HT2B receptor in case of ALS showed its role as a disease modulator. The loss of 5-HT2B receptor accelerated disease progression and modulated neuroinflammatory response. Moreover, our results showed that the loss of serotoninergic neurons is responsible of the development of spasticity, a painful symptom observed in ALS patients. All these opened the way for therapeutic strategies targeting spasticity and neuroinflammation in case of ALS
Cordier, Jérôme. "L'Assistance nutritionnelle dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique : l'expérience montpelliéraine." Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON11019.
Full textChiot, Aude. "Implication des macrophages périphériques dans la Sclérose latérale Amyotrophique." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS595.
Full textMicroglial cells and peripheral macrophages participate to motor neuron degeneration in ALS. However, the precise role of the peripheral macrophages surrounding motor neuron axons had not been discriminated from the role of CNS microglia. Although microglia and peripheral macrophages share common characteristics both populations have different developmental origins and are located in different cellular environments, which could lead to specific implications in the disease. In this study, we aimed to characterize the implication and the site of action of peripheral macrophages in ALS. We first confirmed the activation of peripheral macrophages in the sciatic nerve of two different mouse lines (expressing mutant SOD1) with different disease progression. We also showed for the first time the presence of macrophages surrounding motor neuron axons in the ventral root of a human ALS case. We showed that infiltration of macrophages in the spinal cord was minimal during the disease and was dependent on disease progression. Our transcriptional analyses showed major differences between microglia and peripheral macrophages even though both populations displayed a complex inflammatory profile. Finally, replacement of mutated macrophages by cells more neurotrophic or less neurotoxic led to an improvement of several pathophysiological markers and delayed symptomatic stage of the disease in ALS mice. In conclusion, we provide new evidence suggesting an active role of peripheral macrophages in ALS, supporting future therapeutic strategies by targeting peripheral macrophages
Sangari, Sina. "Atteintes sensorimotrices dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique chez l'homme." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066302/document.
Full textAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is an adulthood neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of motor neurons. Considered as a purely motor pathways disease, some investigations brought evidences for early and parallel sensory pathway impairments and for interneuron impairments that could precede and lead to motor neuron hyperexcitation. Although motoneuron activity is closely associated to sensory afferents and interneurons, their effects onto motoneuron excitation and their involvement in impairment spreading have not been studied yet. The aim of this thesis was on one hand, to confirm and characterize anatomically and functionally sensory impairment at spinal and cortical level in patients at the early stage of the disease and, on the other hand, to assess effects induced by these inputs onto motoneuron activity and through cervical and lumbar interneurons. Research project originality was to focus on proximal muscles clinically unaffected of which « presymptomatic » motoneurons receive sensory inputs from distal muscles clinically affected. We showed that: 1) despite their reduction, sensory inputs induce an hyperexcitation of motoneurons; 2) excitability and state of these motoneuron pools are normal through corticospinal afferents but are hyperexcited by peripheral afferents; 3) activity of cervical and lumbar propriospinal system and recurrent inhibition are reinforced
Gil, Yacobazzo Juan. "Epidémiologie comparée de la Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique en Limousin, Franc - Uruguay." Limoges, 2008. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/7286bc00-2b75-40b0-a28a-8af212974fbd/blobholder:0/2008LIMO310I.pdf.
Full textChatoui, Abdelfettah. "Ventilation à domicile des malades atteints de sclérose latérale amyotrophique." Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON11068.
Full textDupuis, Luc. "Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique : Mécanismes physiopathologiques et découverte de marqueurs biologiques." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13025.
Full textLangou, Karine. "Développement de nouveaux modèles expérimentaux de la Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX22033.
Full textALS is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a selective loss of motor neurons. A mutation in VAPB protein has been associated with ALS. VAPB, an endoplamic reticulum (ER) resident protein is proposed to play a role in protein transport and in the unfolded protein response. To manipulate VAPB (hVAPBwt and hVAPBp56s) expression in motor neurons in vitro, I used the viral gene transfer technology. hVAPBp56s induces selective motor neuron death which involved an ER-related pathway dependent on calcium signals. Studies on Cos-7 cells showed that hVAPBwt and hVAPBp56s impair the proteasome activity through the activation of ER stress and the sequestration of the 20S subnit. Moreover, we developed transgenic mice overxpressing hVAPBp56s which do not display any motor disorder
Bruneteau, Gaëlle. "Etude de la jonction neuromusculaire dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066097/document.
Full textAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor neurons, usually leading to death in 3 to 5 years. The only treatment currently available, riluzole, has a modest effect on survival. Functional alterations of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) have been reported in ALS, but their pathophysiological significance remains unknown. We studied the morphology of neuromuscular junctions in muscle samples collected from 11 ALS patients, using confocal and electron microscopy. Functional analysis of the NMJs was performed using surface-recording of compound motor action potentials after repetitive nerve stimulation at slow stimulus rate. A significant decrement (>10%), suggesting impairment of the neuromuscular transmission, was present in 45% of the patients. Morphological alterations of the NMJs were present in all ALS patients even at the early-stages. Beside denervation-induced morphological changes, one third of the NMJs showed abnormal spike-like areas of the outer edge of the postsynaptic primary gutter. A marked interposition of the terminal Schwann cell between the nerve terminal and the postsynaptic membrane, which was likely to alter synaptic transmission, was sometimes present. We found a significantly greater compensatory reinnervation in muscle from patients with slowly progressive ALS. Furthermore, we identified that the muscle molecular factor histone deacetylase 4 could play a key role in muscle reinnervation and disease progression in patients with ALS. This work has highlighted the presence of major morphological changes at the NMJs of ALS patients and identified potential new targets for future treatment
Echaniz-Laguna, Andoni. "Etude de la fonction mitochondriale et de l'expression du gène Nogo dans le muscle squelettique dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique sporadique chez l'homme." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/ECHANIZ-LAGUNA_Andoni_2006.pdf.
Full textAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a lethal disease characterized by degeneration of motoneurons. ALS is usually a sporadic condition of unknown origin. No specific diagnostic marker of ALS exists. It was recently proposed that mitochondrial abnormalities may be involved in ALS pathophysiology. In this work, we performed a temporal study of mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle in patients with ALS using the skinned fiber technique. We demonstrated that mitochondrial function was progressively altered in skeletal muscle in ALS as the disease develops. However, this alteration may not be specific of ALS and may simply be the result of denervation. Nogo is a reticulon-type protein and a member of the myelin-associated proteins superfamily. The Nogo gene encodes several isoforms of the protein, including Nogo-A. Recent observations suggest that Nogo-A expression in skeletal muscle may be used as a diagnostic marker of ALS. In this work, we performed a study of Nogo-A expression in skeletal muscle of patients with lower motor neuron disease. Our results suggest that Nogo-A expression in skeletal muscle of these patients may predict which ones will eventually develop ALS. We also contributed to a study demonstrating that the expression of Nogo-A in skeletal muscle in ALS was correlated with the severity of the disease and with muscle fiber atrophy
Le, Stunff Isabelle. "La sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA) : Commentaires sur le traitement symptomatique conduit à l'Hôtel Dieu." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05P062.
Full textCoulombe, Zoé. "Surexpression de facteurs neurotrophiques dans un modèle murin de sclérose latérale amyotrophique." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0018/MQ55746.pdf.
Full textGowing, Geneviève. "Le rôle de l'inflammation et des microglies dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26199/26199.pdf.
Full textAebischer, Julianne. "Mécanismes de neurodégénérescence associés au processus inflammatoire dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22067.
Full textAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting primarily motoneurons in the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms of the disease include general muscle weakness, rapidly evolving in an overall paralysis, leading to the death of the patient. The precise mechanisms responsible for the selective vulnerability of motoneurons remain largely unknown, impeding therefore the development of effective therapies. My thesis work led to the discovery of a novel motoneuron selective death pathway dependent on the activation of LT-βR by LIGHT. This death pathway might also be triggered by the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon gamma (IFNγ). Interestingly, we have documented signs of activation of this pathway in ALS mice and sporadic ALS patients, with IFNγ being upregulated in astrocytes and motoneurons. Furthermore, a genetic approach has provided evidence of the functional involvement of this death pathway in the pathogenic process
Hamidou, Bello. "Epidémiologie de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique : Facteurs de risque, incidence et phénotypes." Thesis, Limoges, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIMO0062/document.
Full textAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a rare neurodegenerative disease. Currently in France, there is no population-based incidence data. The phenotypic profile of French patients with ALS, has not been studied. Lastly, no risk factors are confirmed for this pathology. In this context, to improve knowledge in these fields, our work consisted of three studies: (1) a study on the incidence of ALS in the Limousin region based on the database from the first French ALS register (2) a study of the phenotypes of patients from 11 French ALS centers and (3) a literature review of original epidemiological studies focusing on physical activity (PA) and ALS risk. Our work has highlighted a high crude and standardized incidence (on Europe population): 3.19 / 100 000 person-years (PY) and 2.58 / 100,000 PY respectively. Regarding phenotypic aspects, our work identified eight ALS phenotypes: (1) bulbar, (2) cervical spinal (3) lumbar spinal (4) flail leg, (5) flail arm, (6) respiratory, (7) ALS-FTD and (8) dropped head. We demonstrated that the PA itself is probably not a risk factor for ALS. As a first perspective we hope to expand the ALS Register to other French regions. In a second perspective, it would be very important to confirm our work on phenotypes on a larger and representative sample of ALS patients. Finally, regarding the relationship between PA and ALS, other work of high level of evidence are desirable to confirm the synthetic result we brought in this thesis work
Moulard, Bruno. "La sclérose latérale amyotrophique familiale : étude de 13 familles montpelliéraines. Revue de la littérature : comparaison des phénotypes des formes familiales aux formes sporadiques : comparaison des différents phénotypes familiaux." Montpellier 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON11118.
Full textGuillem, Jean-François. "Histoire naturelle de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique : étude de l'évolution clinique de la maladie." Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON11078.
Full textBayle, Lydie. "Amylose AL et maladie de la corne antérieure : une association peut-être non fortuite." Rouen, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ROUEM023.
Full textAttarian, Shahram. "La Sclérose latérale amyotrophique : investigation micro-électromyographique longitudinale des atteintes spinales et corticales." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20685.
Full textDebras, Corinne. "SLA/Démence : étude rétrospective d'une série de 7 patients." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR23041.
Full textPédespan, Bernard. "Sclérose latérale amyotrophique : physiopathologie et épidémiologie, revue de la littérature et modalités d'une enquête étiologique en Aquitaine." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR23036.
Full textDeforges, Séverine. "Analyse des effets de l'exercice physique dans un modèle murin de Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00824771.
Full textPicchiarelli, Gina. "Rôle du muscle squelettique dans la Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique : apport de modèles transgéniques conditionnels." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ054.
Full textAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurodegenerative whose first symptoms generally appear around age 60. It is characterized by progressive motor neuron degeneration, paralysis and leading to death due to respiratory failure in a few years. Currently, there is no cure so the understanding of ALS physiopathology is necessary. Although many alterations in the muscle have been highlighted, its contribution in ALS remains to be defined. We showed that FUS is enriched in subsynaptic nuclei and this enrichment depended on innervation. Besides, FUS binds directly acetylcholine receptors (AchR) promoter and is required for Ermdependent induction of AChR expression. Conversely, mutant FUS is enriched on extra-synaptic nuclei and induce muscle intrinsic toxicity responsible for neuromuscular junction (NMJ) alteration. Beyond NMJ, FUS is required for muscle mitochondrial function and muscle differentiation through PRMT1-dependent MEF2A activation. Thus, FUS muscular toxicity plays a key role in the ALS physiopathology
Veyrat-Durebex, Charlotte. "Etude métabolomique d'un modèle in vitro de sclérose latérale amyotrophique exposé au stress oxydant." Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR3314/document.
Full textAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting selectively motor neurons and leading to death in 2 to 4 years. Genetic factors and various pathophysiological hypotheses, such as excitotoxicity and oxidative stress, have been suggested to explain the degeneration of motor neurons, but today no etiology explains the occurrence of this disease. In order to improve the knowledge of the metabolic pathways involved in the pathogenesis of ALS, we developed an in vitro model of co-Culture of motor neurons and astrocytes over-Expressing human superoxide dismutase (SOD1), wild-Type or mutated (SOD1G93C), and exposed to oxidative stress. We studied the changes in metabolism after oxidative treatment with a metabolomics approach using gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical analysis. Thus we observed a change in metabolites involved in the citric acid cycle, the excitatory neurotransmission and the glutathione synthesis, in an in vitro model of ALS exposed to oxidative stress
Jokic, Natasa. "Etude du rôle de nogo dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique : Validation d'un marqueur moléculaire." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13052.
Full textAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brain stem and motor cortex. The objective of my PhD was to analyse the cellular and molecular mechanisms implicated in the loss of motor neurons. In this context, we carried out the studies conducted in our laboratory on the neurite outgrowth inhibitor Nogo identified as potential marker of ALS disease. Different isoforms of Nogo exhibit a specific pattern of expression in the muscle biopsies of ALS patients. Our studies showed that the protein levels of Nogo-A and Nogo-B correlated with the severity of clinical disability and with the mean area of oxidative fibres. In addition, the Nogo-A immunoreactivity was observed selectively in atrophic oxidative muscle fibres of ALS patients. These results suggest that Nogo-A and Nogo-B are the markers of disease severity. In order to characterise the function of Nogo-A in the pathology we crossbred the G86R ALS transgenic mice with the Nogo-A (Nogo-A-/-) knock-out mice. The life span G86R/ Nogo-A-/-was significantly increased. In order to determine if the muscular expression of Nogo-A as we observed in the muscle biopsies of ALS patients and in the muscle of G86R mice was sufficient to provoke destabilisation of neuromuscular junction (NMJ), we performed electrotransfer of a plasmid carrying Nogo-A gene into the soleus muscle of wild type mice. We observed that the morphology of the NMJ was affected by ectopic expression of Nogo-A. In conclusion, our results suggest that the muscle participates to the development of ALS
Allard, Ludivine. "Dysfonctions mitochondriales et homéostasie bioénergétique des motoneurones dans un modèle de sclérose latérale amyotrophique." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR22088/document.
Full textAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a loss of motor neurons, leading to muscle wasting and weakness. Mutations in superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) cause a form of ALS. As in ALS patients, the mutant SOD1 animal model of ALS reveals that not all motor neurons are equally susceptible to the disease process. An attractive mechanism underlying differential susceptibility is the variable bioenergetics need of distinct subsets of motor neurons. This implies that within the CNS, bioenergetics can modulate the pathological threshold. Even in the absence of loss in bioenergetics, one can envision a situation in which a pathological stress alters the level at which either the production or delivery of ATP becomes insufficient, precipitating the demise of the most vulnerable neuron types. In neurons, majority of ATP is produced by mitochondria and the homeostasis of ion gradients is the most energy-consuming process. Reduced mitochondrial function will modify the electrical properties of motor neurons if ATP availability becomes insufficient to allow ion pumps to maintain appropriate gradients. We demonstrated that the basal ATP intra-cellular concentration in motor neuron cultures lower in SOD1 mutated cells compared to wild type. Paradoxically to this result, the oxygen consumption rate of mitochondria is increase in mSOD1 cells and there is no evidence for an increase of consumption. Our results support the interesting hypothesis that there is an uncoupling between the respiratory chain and the ATP production. This uncoupling might be used as a strategy to minor the toxic properties of hyper stimulated mitochondrion
Milane, Aline. "Impact des pompes d'efflux (abcb1 et abcg2) de la barrière hémato-encéphalique sur le passage cérébral du riluzole et de la minocycline : application à la sclérose latérale amyotrophique." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA114801.
Full textAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative fatal disease. Riluzole (RLZ) is the only approved drug used in ALS treatment. Minocycline (MNC) showed to be neuroprotective in a murine model of ALS. The objectif of our work was to study the cerebral transport of RLZ and MNC, emphasizing on the role played by P-gp and BCRP in this transport. We also studied the interaction between RLZ and MNC. We showed that both RLZ and MNC are substrates of P-gp and that RLZ is a substrate for BCRP. MNC inhibits P-gp and increases RLZ brain concentrations, while RLZ induces BCRP. In a murine model of ALS, P-gp was induced and RLZ brain concentrations decreased. These studies should be taken into consideration in preclinical studies, especially one two or more drugs are combined
Renaud, Laurence, and Laurence Renaud. "L'impact de la mutation UBQLN2 sur la protéinopathie de TDP-43 dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique et la démence fronto-temporale." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37924.
Full textLa sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA) est une maladie neurodégénérative affectant les neurones moteurs supérieurs et inférieurs menant éventuellement à une paralysie générale du patient. Le décès du patient survient généralement entre 2 à 5 ans subséquemment à l’apparition des premiers symptômes. La SLA consiste en la maladie neurologique causant le plus décès chez l’adulte et il est estimé qu’environ 10% des cas sont familiaux (fSLA) et 90% sont sporadiques (sSLA). De plus, 15% des patients souffrant de la SLA développent également une démence fronto-temporale (DFT) s’illustrant par des troubles de comportements ainsi qu’un changement de personnalité majeur. Il a été démontré que la SLA et la DFT partagent un spectre génétique commun et les patients atteints de DFT démontrent une protéinopathie caractérisée par une accumulation anormale de certaines protéines dans le cytoplasme des neurones et des cellules gliales, tout comme pour les patients souffrant de SLA. Plusieurs gènes mutés ont été identifiés au cours des dernières années pour la forme fSLA, notamment superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), ubiquilin-2 (UBQLN2), Fused in sarcoma (FUS), optineurin (OPTN), etc. Un des gènes le plus étudié et le mieux décrit est celui codant la protéine TDP-43. Cette protéine nucléaire, lorsque mutée, est délocalisée dans le cytoplasme, où elle forme des inclusions anormales et persistantes. Ces agrégats, lorsque formés, renferment également plusieurs autres composés, notamment d’autres protéines telles qu’UBQLN2, différentes nucléoporines, ubiquitine, etc. UBQLN2 est une protéine ayant un rôle primordial dans le système de dégradation du protéasome (UPS) ainsi que pour l’autophagie. Cette protéine est responsable de la liaison entre les protéines destinées à être dégradées avec l’UPS. Il a été démontré dernièrement in vitro et in vivo que la mutation d’UBQLN2 est liée à l’agrégation de TDP-43. Cependant, le mécanisme exact de ce phénomène reste grandement incompris et nécessite encore beaucoup d’attention et de travail. Dans ce mémoire, nous avons utilisé pour notre étude des cellules en culture afin de surexprimer les formes natives et mutantes d’UBQLN2 humain (hUBQLN2) pour étudier l’effet d’UBQLN2 sur la protéine TDP-43. Notre équipe a réussi à démontrer dernièrement dans les cellules de neuroblastome de souris (Neuro2a) que la surexpression de l’UBQLN2 entraînait une délocalisation de TDP-43 du noyau vers le cytoplasme en plus de son accumulation anormale dans des agrégats. De plus, l’effet synergique entre les formes mutées de TDP-43 et UBQLN2 a également été démontré dans un modèle murin dans notre article paru en 2018 comme quoi la mutation d’UBQLN2 influence grandement la protéinopathie de TDP-43. À la suite de ces constats, nous avons orienté nos études sur le phénomène synergique entre UBQLN2 et TDP-43 qui est encore grandement méconnu. Pour ce faire, une analyse complète et exhaustive de la littérature a été effectuée afin de bien comprendre la mutation UBQLN2 et consiste en la première revue littéraire couvrant la totalité des ouvrages publiés sur la mutation d’UBQLN2 dans la SLA. Par la suite, nous avons convenu d’étudier l’effet de la mutation d’UBQLN2P497H sur le transport nucléo-cytoplasmique dans les cellules Neuro2a ainsi que dans les tissus de souris transgéniques. Les souris utilisées sont les mêmes que pour l’article Picher-Martel et al., 2018, soit des souris simple transgénique UBQLN2P497H et TDP-43G348C ainsi que la première souris double transgénique arborant UBQLN2P497H/TDP-43G348C. Les souris doubles transgéniques se sont avérées très intéressantes. En effet, elles ont développé les caractères typiques retrouvés chez les patients SLA/DFT avec une perte motoneuronale accompagnée de dégénérescence axonale, atrophie musculaire, gliose, trouble moteur ainsi que cognitif en plus d’agrégations cytoplasmique de TDP-43 importantes. À l’aide de ce modèle unique nous avons approfondi notre compréhension des déficits observés au niveau du transport nucléo-cytoplasmique, déficit grandement observé chez les patients SLA. Nous avons observé que le transport nucléo-cytoplasmique était davantage et significativement altéré dans les cellules co-transfectées avec les gènes encodant pour les deux protéines mutées plutôt que transfectées avec une seule. Nous avons également observé pour les souris double transgéniques comparées aux souris simples pour l’une ou l’autre de ces protéines. Nos résultats suggèrent donc que la mutation d’UBQLN2 exacerbe significativement la protéinopathie de TDP-43 et engendre une perturbation importante du transport nucléo-cytoplasmique ainsi que des complexes du pore nucléaire. En conclusion, ce mémoire démontre un rôle important de la mutation d’UBQLN2 sur TDP-43 et leur grande affinité à augmenter les déficits du transport nucléo-cytoplasmique. Ceci suggère donc qu’UBQLN2 et TDP-43 sont intimement liés et peuvent jouer un rôle synergique dans la physiopathologie de la SLA. Le modèle murin double transgénique pourra indubitablement être utilisé en laboratoire afin de tester de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques.
Barbeito, Ana Gabriela. "Rôle de la chimiokine CXCL12 et de son récepteur CXCR4 dans l'interaction motoneurone-glie dans la Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066597.
Full textAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disease that causes progressive paralysis. Microglial cells (macrophages of the central nervous system) play a crucial role in the progression of the disease. However the factors released by suffering motor neurons to activate and attract microglia are still largely unknown. Our results show that the chemokine CXCL12 is expressed by motor neurons in vivo and that its main receptor, CXCR4 is expressed in vitro and in vivo by microglial cells in a rat model for ALS ( expressing Cu / Zn superoxide dismutase mutant (SOD1G93A)). Notably , CXCL12 moto neuron expression and CXCR4 lumbar spinal cord expression, increases during the symptomatic phase of the disease in the SOD1G93A rats. At the functional level CXCL12 induced via CXCR4, a statistically sgnificant chemotactic response of SOD1G93A microglial cells compared with controls at a concentration of 10ng/ml cells. Finally , our study of pharmacological blockade of CXCR4 ( AMD3100 ) in mice expressing SOD1G93A , showed no difference in survival. Overall our studies show an increase in the expression of CXCL12/CXCR4 during motor neuron degeneration and a greater chemotactic effect of CXCL12 on SOD1G93A microglia, which highlights a possible role of CXCL12 / CXCR4 in motor neuron degeneration in ALS models
Mesci, Pinar. "L’implication du système xc- et du glutamate microglial dans les modèles murins de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA)." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066286.
Full textAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common adult onset motor neuron disease leading to paralysis and death of patients. Mutations in SOD1 are responsible for motor neuron degeneration through a non-cell autonomous mechanism. Microglial cells, the macrophages of the central nervous system, participate in the progression of the disease. Since ALS is mainly sporadic, targeting the symptomatic phase during which microglial cells are actively involved is relevant to ALS. Since microglial neurotoxic factors are still largely unidentified in ALS and excitotoxicity is one pathway suggested to cause motor neuron death, our hypothesis was to assess if glutamate released by microglia through system xc- (a cystine/glutamate antiporter with the specific subunit xCT) could participate to motor neuron death in ALS. We now show that primary microglial cells expressed xCT and to a higher level upon activation, that xCT transcripts were enriched in microglia compared to the whole spinal cord and absent in motor neurons. In addition, xCT mRNA levels were increased in mutant SOD1 mouse spinal cords during disease progression. Deleting xCT in mutant SOD1 mice accelerated the onset of the disease but increased the duration of the symptomatic phase. Microglial system xc- was responsible for release of glutamate by microglial cells and deleting xCT increased the neurotrophic profile of microglial cells. These results show that system xc- could be a good target to slow ALS disease progression
Bramucci, Maryline. "Eléments de guidance pour le médecin praticien des malades atteints d'une sclérose latérale amyotrophique traités à domicile." Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN11003.
Full textJacquier, Arnaud. "Etude des mécanismes cellulaires mis en jeu dans trois pathologies du système moteur." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2008AIX22057.pdf.
Full textMotor neuron diseases are severe and ultimately fatal paralytic neurodegenerative disorders. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most frequent motor neuron disease in adults, is characterized by degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons. In contrast, primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) classically involves only upper motor neurons and hereditary spastic paralysis (HSP) involves upper motor neurons and other types of neurons. Charcot-Marie-Tooth diseases (CMT) feature demyelination and/or axonal degeneration in peripheral nerves. My thesis focuses on the function of three genes mutated in these pathologies: 1. Autosomal recessive mutations in alsin have been linked to juvenile forms of ALS, HSP and also PLS. Alsine represents a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the GTPases Rac1 and Rab5. Using RNA interference, we showed that Alsin depletion perturbs endocytosis in spinal motor neurons and leads via defective Rac1 activation to retarded axon growth and cell death. We further demonstrated that co-cultured astrocytes secrete a soluble factor capable to completely rescue alsin-depleted motor neurons. This protective effect provides a potential explanation for the relative preservation of lower (spinal) motor neurons in patients with alsin mutations and alsin knock out mice. 2. Autosomal recessive mutations in the frabin gene were identified in two large consanguineous Mediterranean families suffering from CMT4H, a demyelinating form of CMT. Similarly to Alsin, Frabin represents a GEF for GTPases of the Rho family. We demonstrated that Frabin co-localises with actin in spinal motor neurons and a Schwann cell line. The in vitro expression of mutated forms of frabin causes a dramatic reduction in the number of microspikes reflecting defective Cdc42 activation. In vivo, frabin mutations might cause disease by affecting Schwann proliferation, differentiation or radial sorting 3. Dominant mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1) are the most frequent cause of familial ALS. Previous work has shown that mutant hSod1 motor neurons were hypersensitive to Fas agonists and nitric oxide (NO) which are potentially derived from glia. We showed that the hypersensitivity involves a feed forward amplification loop involving NO-FasL-Fas-NO. The progressive accumulation of NO or other toxic intermediates in the loop might explain the slow kinetics and particular spread of the degenerative process in ALS. Together these results highlight the important role of non cell autonomous mechanisms in motor neuron diseases and related disorders
Moulard, Bruno. "Génétique de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique : études cliniques et moléculaires des formes familiales ; études moléculaires des formes sporadiques." Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON1T015.
Full textCorcia, Philippe. "Facteurs de susceptibilité génétique dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique : applications à l'étude des gènes SMN et SOD1." Montpellier 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON1T019.
Full textBeaulieu, Marie-Michèle. "Modèle en trois dimensions conçu par génie tissulaire pour l'étude de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26717/26717.pdf.
Full textWaegaert, Robin. "Etude du continuum mécanistique et physiopathologique entre la sclérose latérale amyotrophique et la démence frontotemporale." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ110.
Full textAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and FrontoTemporal Dementia (FTD) are two fatal and incurable neurodegenerative diseases. These two diseases share a clinical continuum supported by genetic and histological arguments. Today, about 15% of ALS patients develop later FTD symptoms and reversely. In 2006, mutations in the CHMP2B gene were discovered in ALS-FTD patients. Twelve years later, pathological mechanisms associated with mutations of this gene in the ALS-FTD syndrome are poorly understood. For a better understanding of CHMP2Bintron5-related pathological mechanisms, we studied by different approaches the impact of this mutation in a mouse model. Transcriptomic analysis on lumbar spinal cord highlighted a panel of deregulated cellular pathways, including the inflammatory response and the lipid metabolism. In addition, we showed an early disturbance of macroautophagy, with a blockage of final degradation step associated with a repression of autophagy initiation. Finally, our results show that neuron specific expression of CHMP2Bintron5 leads to muscular atrophy and structural and functional alterations of neuromuscular junctions
Varga, Béla. "Rôle de la nanobiomécanique dans la formation de métastases cérébrales et la sclérose latérale amyotrophique." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS085/document.
Full textNano-biomechanics is an emerging field of science that opened a new horizon in scientific research by generating significant contribution in the study of human diseases. In this work, atomic force microscopy-based nanomechanical methods were directly applied in order to elucidate important questions related to brain metastasis formation and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Better understanding of the underlying pathogenic processes of these life-threatening diseases is fundamental for the advancement of early diagnostics and improved therapeutics.A malignant tumor cell, in order to spread and form metastasis, has to vary and continuously adapt its adhesive and elastic properties. Here, we combined force mapping with single cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) in order to gain direct insight into the surface “screening” process of tumor cells during their extravasation into the brain parenchyma. Intercellular adhesive forces and works, as well as elastic properties were spatially mapped showing that adhesive properties are only slightly dependent on elastic characteristics, and highlighting the importance of long range tether-like linkages for successful adhesions.In order to examine how the metastatic potential relates to tumor cell’s autonomous and inter-cellular nanomechanical properties, comparative SCFS measurements were performed between three melanoma cell types (WM35, A2058 and A375), showing altered invasive characteristics, and blood vessel lining endothelials. Our results indicate low relative elasticity, high maximal adhesion and high number of individual linkages, as the key properties of highly metastatic melanoma cells. This enables us to suggest the following ordering of tumor cells from lower to higher metastatic potential: WM35, A2058 and A375.The pathogenesis of ALS is multifactorial, being characterized by the presence of inflammatory processes as well. In our results significant differences have been observed, by comparing the adhesion of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells isolated from wild-type as well as SOD1G93A mutant mice against wild-type motor neurons. Mutant mice derived T cells show enhanced adhesion strength, compared to the healthy mice derived ones. Moreover, we observe a significant reduction of T cell - motoneuron interactions after blocking the specific recognition bindings between pMHC-I and TCR. These results corroborate the contribution of cytotoxic T cells in the development of ALS, as an active player in neurodegeneration.Investigating primary myoblasts allow deciphering molecular processes involved in muscle development, aging and repair. Therefore, in our study high resolution nanomechanical mapping was performed on single elongated myoblasts and multinuclear myotubes, isolated from an ALS mouse model, to reveal elasticity features during early differentiation stage into myotubes. We have found that projections of the elongated myoblasts show significantly increased elastic modulus values compared to their cell body. Regarding myotubes, differences have been observed between the elasticity of a thin and thick population of wild-type myotubes, indicating the different maturity of the two populations. However, in SOD1 mutant, the observed increase in the elastic modulus of the thin population suggests an enhanced autonomous hardening of ALS derived myotubes.In summary, our cellular-level mechanical studies deciphered various aspects of two different life-threatening pathologies resulting in novel discoveries about their fundamental processes. This work highlights the high impact and the important role of AFM-based nanomechanical methods in providing valuable knowledge about disease pathophysiology, development, diagnostics and progression that could contribute to the evolvement of future therapies