Journal articles: 'Scooters Electric motors Scooters'

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Glavić, Draženko, Ana Trpković, Marina Milenković, and Sreten Jevremović. "The E-Scooter Potential to Change Urban Mobility—Belgrade Case Study." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 5948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13115948.

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As we witness a global change occurring with the advent of e-scooters (electric scooters), it is clear that adequate measures need to be taken for the implementation of this means of transport. Bearing in mind that the user should be the focus of the proposed measures, the aim of this paper encompasses the analysis of e-scooter users’ travel patterns, as well as standard scooter users’ willingness to switch to e-scooters for different hypothetical scenarios, and the determination of factors that have an influence on the users’ willingness to switch. The scenarios include the availability of various infrastructure capacities for the city of Belgrade, namely, a separate infrastructure for e-scooters, or sharing the existing infrastructure with cyclists, pedestrians and motor vehicles. Standard methods of descriptive statistics, the McNemar–Bowker test of paired samples, and multinomial logistic regression were used in this paper. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in users’ willingness to use an e-scooter, depending on the available infrastructure. The results of multinomial logistic regression showed that the mode of transport used before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the average distance traveled, had a statistically significant impact on the users’ willingness to switch to e-scooters if they were allowed to use the cycling infrastructure. This paper also identifies additional factors that have a positive (environmental benefits, congestion avoidance) and negative (safety issues, lack of infrastructure, etc.) impact on users’ willingness to switch, which can be of use to decision-makers as a basic guideline for the adequate implementation of e-scooters in transport systems.

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Bachiri, Hassane, and Abdelfetah Nasseri. "Green Two-wheeled Mobility: Electric Scooters Using Brushless Motor based on Fuzzy Logic Controller." IAES International Journal of Robotics and Automation (IJRA) 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijra.v7i3.pp169-175.

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In the last years electric vehicles gained importance as a more sustainable alternative to traditional vehicles. The introduction of an electric power train leads to lower air-pollution emissions. ‘Electric bicycles’ are sometimes more like an electric pedaled moped, other times more like a Vespa-looking scooter with or without pedals, and they often offer good range and speeds. However, a “scooter” can also be an electric cart for personal mobility, or a skateboard-like vehicle with small handlebars. Electric scooters are the most legislatively active realm of electric bicycles, at the present time. Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are one of the electrical drives that are rapidly gaining popularity, due to their high efficiency, good dynamic response and low maintenance. In this paper, the modeling and simulation of the BLDC motor was done using the software package MATLAB/SIMULINK. The proposed fuzzy logic controller has given optimal results compared to PI controller. The simulated system using the fuzzy controller has a fast response without overshoot, zero steady state error and high load robustness.

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Hichem, Chergui, Nasri Abdelfatah, and Korhan Kayisli. "A Novel Method of Electric Scooter Torque Estimation Using the Space Vector Modulation Control." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.33403.

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In recent years, there are many studies have been conducted in the field of light electric vehicles, especially electric scooters. These are preferred in large urban areas that are crowded with cars and cause traffic congestion in the European and Asian continents. In this study, the three-wheel electric scooter contained two BLDC motors that drove the rear wheels and, each of these motors were controlled independently via an electronic differential. This paper aims to implement a Space Vector Modulation for the Direct Torque Control unit (SVM-DTC) of the BLDC wheel-motor of each driving wheel. The proposed system had been designed and simulated by using the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The performance of the overall system (scooter stability control system - energy storage system -power quality, etc.) with using SVM-DTC control was compared with the classical Direct Torque Control (DTC) algorithm by using the same electric scooter model. The obtained results showed clearly the improvement made by the proposed control loop system at different stages, where it could reduce the THD of the stator current from 30.99% to 6.16%,as well as it was able to achieve more than 0.2% of the charging state of the battery in 18 seconds only.

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Akkaya, Ramazan, and Fatih Alpaslan Kazan. "Design and implementation of a test setup for electric mobility scooter for the disabled." Measurement and Control 52, no. 9-10 (October 19, 2019): 1434–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294019865756.

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In this study, a test setup was designed for three- and/or four-wheeled electric mobility scooter models used by disabled or old people. This system is composed of a test platform that enables measurement of vehicular velocity, a data acquisition card, and an interface prepared in the C# program. Using the data acquisition card that was designed, seven quantities, namely, battery and motor currents, battery and motor terminal voltages, wheel speed in revolution per minute, and ambient and motor temperatures, were measured instantaneously during the test procedure and transferred to a computer via a USB device. Using these data that were transferred, motor speed in revolution per minute, torque generated by the motor, motor shaft power, motor and driver efficiency, instantaneous velocity of the vehicle, and total distance covered information obtained from the moment the vehicle began to be used were computed in real time throughout the experiment in the interface prepared in the C#, and their graphs were drawn and recorded. Thus, the faults in the battery, motor, or driver of electric mobility scooters became easily detectable in tests conducted under various conditions such as different ambient temperatures, different user weights, and roads with different slopes.

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Yamafuji, Kazuo. "Factory Tour to Yamaha Motor." International Journal of Automation Technology 2, no. 4 (July 5, 2008): 317–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2008.p0317.

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Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd., founded in 1955, is representative of global Japanese companies with factories worldwide that deliver a wide variety of products meeting customer needs. It employs 51,000 working on product lines including motorcycles, scooters, hybrid (power-assisted) bicycles, snowmobiles, boats, outboard motors, yachts, water vehicles, diesel engines, automobile engines, surface mounters for electronic parts, industrial robots, industrial unmanned helicopters, and electric wheelchairs. The December accounting term for fiscal 2007 showed unconsolidated sales of 799.2 billion yen and consolidated sales of 1,756.7 billion yen. The percentage of sales by product was 60.1% for motorcycles, 16.4% for marine use, 15.2% for special equipment, and 8.3% for others in the same fiscal year. The percentage of sales by region was 35.2% for the United States, 23.9% for Europe, 17.6% for Japan, 9.3% for Asia, and 14.0% for others. In the 21st century, Yamaha holds the basic philosophy of creating values and profits for sustainable growth and offering new excitement and a more fulfilling life for people worldwide.

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Wang, B., J. H. Choi, H. W. Song, H. K. Choi, and S. H. Hwang. "Development of the performance simulator for electric scooters with an in-wheel motor." International Journal of Automotive Technology 15, no. 5 (August 2014): 835–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12239-014-0087-6.

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Karnavas, Yannis L., Anestis S. Topalidis, and Maria Drakaki. "Development and Implementation of a Low Cost μC- Based Brushless DC Motor Sensorless Controller: A Practical Analysis of Hardware and Software Aspects." Electronics 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8121456.

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The ongoing technological advancements of brushless DC motors (BLDCMs) have found a wide range of applications. For instance, ground-based electric vehicles, aerial drones and underwater scooters have already adopted high-performance BLDCMs. Nevertheless their adoption demands control systems to monitor torque, speed and other performance characteristics. Precise design structure and the particular motor functional characteristics are essential for the suitable configuration and implementation of an appropriate controller to suit a wide range of applications. Techniques which do not use Hall sensors should be used then. This paper deals with the analysis of hardware and software aspects during the development of such a microcontroller based and low cost speed controller for motors up to 500 W, along with its practical implementation. The sensorless method employed is based on the zero crossing point (ZCP) detection of the back-electromotive forces’ (back-EMF) differences, as the ZCPs of these quantities match to the time points at which the commutation sequence changes. Additionally, the study presents hardware and software details through calculations, figures, flowcharts and code, providing an insight of the practical issues that may arise in such a low cost prototype. Finally, results obtained by experiments validate the presented hardware/software architecture of the controller.

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Yang, Yee‐Pien, Chung‐Han Lee, and Po‐Chang Hung. "Multi‐objective optimal design of an axial‐flux permanent‐magnet wheel motor for electric scooters." IET Electric Power Applications 8, no. 1 (January 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-epa.2013.0026.

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Brdulak, Anna, Grażyna Chaberek, and Jacek Jagodziński. "Determination of Electricity Demand by Personal Light Electric Vehicles (PLEVs): An Example of e-Motor Scooters in the Context of Large City Management in Poland." Energies 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010194.

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Personal light electric vehicles (PLEVs) are a phenomenon that can currently be observed in cities, intended to be an ecological form of transport. The authors of the paper make an attempt to determine electricity consumption by PLEVs in the context of managing a large city in accordance with the concept of sustainable development. The article is of a cognitive nature. Research questions posed against the background of the goal formulated are as follows: how strong will the demand for PLEVs be (in the example of e-motor scooters, taking into consideration the number of vehicles) and for the electricity consumed by PLEVs. The method used is a simulation model. The conducted analyses demonstrate that a dynamic growth of PLEVs will result in an increased energy demand, which must be taken into account by the cities, developing according to the sustainable development conception.

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Fu, Tsu Hsun. "Study on Mechanical Automation with Automatically Adjustable Seat Based on Mechanical Properties." Applied Mechanics and Materials 454 (October 2013): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.454.3.

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In recent years, industry and commerce have been developed and economic conditions have been improved, technology evolvement enhances the standard of living. Medical, hygiene, health and welfare issues have drawn public attention. The elderly population to the total population ratio has been increased year by year. Electric wheelchairs or electric scooters have become very important mobile aids for those physically disabled, the elderly, and chronically ill patients everyday lives. Currently the function of wheelchairs on the market is still considerably limited. Most patients are still suffering psychological burden of the shifting of the center of gravity due to uphill, downhill or driving on non-horizontal surface. This study shows how to solve the problem of seat tilt problem while encounter stairs, ramps and other non-horizontal surface. Therefore their insecurity can be reduced and their comfort can be increased. In this study, we constructed a seat with automatically level adjustable seat cushion. By continuously detecting the seat level degree, the tilt angle was detected when driving on non-horizontal surface. Using microcontroller and stepper motors with automatic feedback to adjust the seat to reach the level of the body. By way of this machinery automation can improve the mechanical properties of the seat. This framework will not only improve the existing wheelchair uncomfortable problems, and can also be applied to other moving vehicles.

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Hadi, Yan Kurnia, and Jacky Chin. "Analisis Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Skuter Otomatis Bertenaga Listrik Terhadap Perubahan Teknologi CVT Menggunakan Model Sistem Dinamis." Operations Excellence: Journal of Applied Industrial Engineering 13, no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/oe.2021.v13.i1.011.

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This research shows that we all have realized the need for clean air and globally have regulated exhaust emissions from air pollution, so electric vehicles have emerged. But this phenomenon has an impact on belt companies that supply parts for CVT gasoline-powered automatic scooters because the majority of electric motors no longer need a belt as a drive transfer from the engine to the wheel. Simulated with a dynamic model for the projection of the next 20 years from 2019 to 2039, with two scenarios, namely COVID-19 and if the government's policy target of 20% of the motorbike market switches to electricity in 2025, then gradually increases to 30% in 2035. PT XYZ as a belt supplier with an 85% market share in Indonesia, will get a net profit of 50% if this scenario is achieved until 2039 became around 131 billion per year, previously with the no-scenario model it was projected to get a net profit of around 221 billion. Maybe if the demand for electric motorbikes is more than what the government has targeted, it is likely that the two-wheeled automotive belt business could be threatened in the next 15 - 20 years. Meanwhile, the largest Expense is the cost of imported materials, reaching 65% of the total cost of Expenses consisting of Salary Expenses (Salary Expense), total training costs, cost of sales, total loss costs, material costs, and Operating overhead Recommendations that business can survive, companies can reduce material costs by developing local materials, and help shape the automotive belt use ecosystem by working with automotive manufacturers.

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Mbadiwe I, Enwelum, Erwan Sulaiman, and Ahmad Md Zarafi. "A High Torque Segmented Outer Rotor Permanent Magnet Flux Switching Motor for Motorcycle Propulsion." MATEC Web of Conferences 150 (2018): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815001005.

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Electric scooters also known as electric motorcycle are viable and personal means of road transportation have been making their ways into the world markets now because in them, combustion engine with the use of fuel oil for propulsion have been completely eliminated for economic and environmental imperatives. Electric motor which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy is used to overcome the complication of combustion engine. As it is, everyone is opting for combustion engine free and fuel-less type of vehicle. For this reason, manufacturers have exhibited interest, making research on electric motor very attractive. Meanwhile, surface permanent magnet synchronous motor (SPMSM) has been successfully developed having output torque of 110 Nm, the assembly of motor lacked mechanical strength between the rotor yoke and the mounted permanent magnet (PM) which heats up during speed operation, resulting to poor performance. To overcome the challenges laced with SPMSM, this paper presents a novel design of 24 stator 14 pole outer rotor-permanent magnet flux switching motor (SOR-PMFSM) capable of high torque and high performance. It employs an unconventional segmented rotor which has short flux path flow. It also embraces alternate stator tooth windings to reduce material cost. Design specifications and restriction with input DC current are the same with SPMSM. The 2D-FEA by JMAG, version 14 is used to examine the performance of the proposed motor in terms of cogging torque, back-emf, average torque, power and efficiency. Preliminary results showed that torque, power output and efficiency of the proposed motor are 1.9Nm times, 5.8kW times more than SPMSM and efficiency of 84% thus, can sustain acceleration for long distance travel.

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Barker, Ruth. "Electric scooters." Emergency Medicine Australasia 31, no. 6 (December 2019): 914–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.13424.

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Blomberg, Stig Nikolaj Fasmer, Oscar Carl Moeller Rosenkrantz, Freddy Lippert, and Helle Collatz Christensen. "Injury from electric scooters in Copenhagen: a retrospective cohort study." BMJ Open 9, no. 12 (December 2019): e033988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033988.

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ObjectiveTo analyse injuries related to manual and electric scooter use from January 2016 up to and including July 2019.SettingElectric scooter rental services were launched in Denmark in January 2019. The services were provided by private companies. Although rules for handling and riding scooters have been established, no reports either before or after introduction of electric scooters anticipated the full extent of use, and injuries to riders and pedestrians.ParticipantsAll patient records mentioning manual or electric scooters. Records were reviewed, and data were stratified according to two groups: manual and electric scooters.InterventionsA predefined survey was completed in all cases where ‘scooter’ was present. This contained variables such as type of scooter, type of participant, mechanism of injury, acuity, intoxication, referral to treatment facility.Outcome measuresAmong incidents involving scooters, summary statistics on continuous and categorical variables of interest were reported.Results468 scooter-related injuries were recorded. We found that manual scooter riders were more likely to be children under the age of 15; fall alone—involving no other party; sustain contusions, sprains and lacerations; and bruise either their fingers or toes. Riders of electric scooters were likely to be 18–25 years, sustain facial bruising and lacerations requiring sutures, and be under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Non-riders of electric scooters were mostly elderly people who tripped over scooters, consequently sustaining moderate to severe injuries.ConclusionThere were two different types of population sustaining injuries from manual and electric scooters, respectively. The proportion of non-riders injured by electric scooters were surprisingly large (17%), and while electric scooters are here to stay, several apparently preventable injuries occur as a result of reckless driving and discarded electric scooters. Current rules for usage might not prevent unnecessary accidents and secure traffic safety and the lives of older individuals.

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Lin, Chih-Hong, and Chih-Peng Lin. "The Hybrid RFNN Control for a PMSM Drive Electric Scooter Using Rotor Flux Estimator." Advances in Fuzzy Systems 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/319828.

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The hybrid recurrent fuzzy neural network (HRFNN) control for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system using rotor flux estimator is developed to control electric scooter in this paper. First, the dynamic models of a PMSM drive system were derived in according to electric scooter. Owing to the load of electric scooter exited many uncertainties, for example, nonlinear friction force of the transmission belt, and so forth. The electric scooter with nonlinear uncertainties made the PI controller to disable speed tracking control. Moreover, in order to reduce interference of encoder and cost down, an HRFNN control system using rotor flux estimator was developed to control PMSM drive system in order to drive electric scooter. The rotor flux estimator consists of the estimation algorithm of rotor flux position and speed based on the back electromagnetic force (EMF) in order to supply with HRFNN controller. The HRFNN controller consists of the supervisor control, RFNN, and compensated control with adaptive law is applied to PMSM drive system. The parameters of RFNN are trained according to different speeds in electric scooter. The electric scooter is operated to provide disturbance torque. To show the effectiveness of the proposed controller, comparative studies with PI controller are demonstrated by experimental results.

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Hollingsworth, Joseph, Brenna Copeland, and Jeremiah X. Johnson. "Are e-scooters polluters? The environmental impacts of shared dockless electric scooters." Environmental Research Letters 14, no. 8 (August 2, 2019): 084031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab2da8.

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Lin, Chih-Hong, and Chih-Peng Lin. "HYBRID MODIFIED ELMAN NN CONTROLLER DESIGN ON PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR DRIVEN ELECTRIC SCOOTER." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 37, no. 4 (December 2013): 1127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2013-0096.

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The electric scooter driven by permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) has nonlinear and time-varying characteristic. An accurate dynamic model is not easy to establish for electric scooter in the linear controller design. In order to conquer the above problem, a novel hybrid modified Elman neural network (NN) control scheme is proposed to control for electric scooter driven by PMSM. The proposed control system consists of a supervisor control, a modified Elman NN and a compensated control with adaptive law. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed novel hybrid modified Elman NN control system is demonstrated in comparison with the PI controller from some experimental results.

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Abrams, Michael. "Everywhere at Once." Mechanical Engineering 141, no. 09 (September 1, 2019): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2019-sep3.

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Abstract Some commuters discovered lightweight electric scooters were the perfect solution for commuting. For others, the things were an unasked-for nuisance, blocking sidewalks when parked and barreling down on pedestrians when in motion. To better serve the customers and disarm the naysayers, the shared scooter will have to change. How companies deploy scooters, how cities incorporate them, and how manufacturers make them, all need better engineering. This article delves deeper into what needs to be done to make electric scooters viable.

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Andrada, P., B. Blanqué, E. Martinez, M. Torrent, J. A. Sanchez, and J. I. Perat. "Electric drives for light e-scooters." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 1 (March 2013): 861–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repq11.471.

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Chang, Ching-Chih, Fang-Ling Wu, Wei-Hsiang Lai, and Ming-Pin Lai. "A cost-benefit analysis of the carbon footprint with hydrogen scooters and electric scooters." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41, no. 30 (August 2016): 13299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.05.168.

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Glenn, Jeffrey, Madeline Bluth, Mannon Christianson, Jaymie Pressley, Austin Taylor, Gregory S. Macfarlane, and Robert A. Chaney. "Considering the Potential Health Impacts of Electric Scooters: An Analysis of User Reported Behaviors in Provo, Utah." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (August 31, 2020): 6344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176344.

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Electric scooters (e-scooters) are an increasingly popular form of transportation in urban areas. While research on this topic has focused primarily on injuries, there are multiple mechanisms by which e-scooter share programs may impact health. The aim of this study is to explore the health-related behaviors of e-scooter users and to discuss their implications for public health. Data were collected using an online survey emailed to registered e-scooter users. A total of 1070 users completed the survey. Descriptive variable statistics and chi-squared analysis were performed to determine variable dependent relationships and equality of proportions. The most common destinations reported were “just riding around for fun”, home, and dining/shopping. The two most common modes of transportation that would have been used if e-scooters were not available were walking (43.5%) and using a personal vehicle (28.5%). Riding behavior was equally mixed between on the street, on the sidewalk, and equal amounts of both. e-Scooters in Provo are likely having both positive (e.g., air pollution) and negative impacts on health (e.g., injuries, physical inactivity). Future research should further explore patterns of e-scooter use and explicitly examine the linkages between e-scooters and areas of health beyond just injuries.

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., Vishal. "Electrical Scooter." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 30, 2021): 2857–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36969.

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Now a day we are having the more number of Vehicles. It causes the many problems in the day to day life. The major problems are pollution, traffic, depletion of non-renewable resources etc. The basic aim behind our project was to make an environmental friendly portable automobile which would be easy to handle by both the genders and would emit 0% emission. We have used Li-Ion battery as our main power source due to which there is no emission at all and also the problem of fuel consumption is solved. Also keeping in mind the parking problems now days, we decided to make a scooter which can be folded easily, and so after the use one can fold the scooter and can be easily carried. The design allows users to easily transport the scooter using less space when it is “folded” it becomes compact in size. It is a light-weight foldable electric scooter, produced on the basis of a brand new concept. This is an advantage in terms of reaching a very low weight and fold ability. The maximum speed the scooter is capable to operate with is 35 km/h, and its range with a single charge is approximately 25 km (with double battery pack 40 km). It has in-wheel-motors in rare wheel (single-wheel drive). Its folding can easily be mastered. In its folded state the scooter is the size of a large trolley and it can be pulled similarly. Its weight is less than 25 kg. It requires no parking space; in a folded state it can be stored anywhere.

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Lee, Kyung-Jun, Chan Hyeok Yun, Ilsun Rhiu, and Myung Hwan Yun. "Identifying the Risk Factors in the Context-of-Use of Electric Kick Scooters Based on a Latent Dirichlet Allocation." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (November 26, 2020): 8447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238447.

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Accidents related to electric kick scooters, which are widespread globally, are increasing rapidly. However, most of the research on them concentrates on reporting accident status and injury patterns. Therefore, while it is necessary to analyze safety issues from the user’s perspective, interviewing or conducting a survey with those involved in an accident may not return enough data due to respondents’ memory loss. Therefore, this study aims to identify the risk factors in the context-of-use for electric kick scooters based on a topic modeling method. We collected data on risk episodes involving electric kick scooters experienced by users in their daily lives and applied text mining to analyze text responses describing the risk episodes systematically. A total of 423 risk episodes are collected from 21 electric kick scooter users in South Korea over two months from an online survey. The text responses describing risk episodes were classified into nine topics based on a latent Dirichlet allocation. From the result, four risk factors can be identified by analyzing the derived topics and the cause of the risk according to the context. Moreover, we suggested design improvement directions. This study can be helpful for designing safer electric kick scooters considering safety.

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Feng, Ren Yu, Yi Tang, and Hai Lan Wang. "Portable Personal Electric Scooter Optimization Design Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 203 (October 2012): 422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.203.422.

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Portable personal electric scooter has the application of great development potential. This paper first studied overall scheme optimization design, and then the division a optimized and design, includes Motor and transmission Optimized selection , Battery energy system Optimized selection, Motor driver and vehicle control circuit, Charging system research finally draw optimization design results and related parameters.

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Lin, Bing-Ming, Shiow-Huey Suen, and Jason Jang. "Promotion Strategy of Electric Scooters in Taiwan." World Electric Vehicle Journal 3, no. 1 (March 27, 2009): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj3010069.

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Pétursdóttir, Sigrún Guðný, Jón Magnús Kristjánsson, and Hjalti Már Björnsson. "Emergency department visits in Reykjavik for electric scooter related injuries during the summer of 2020." Læknablaðið 107, no. 05 (May 12, 2021): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17992/lbl.2021.05.635.

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INTRODUCTION: Electric scooters have become popular in Iceland. The aim of the current study was to gather data on the incidence, causes, and severity of injuries due to the use of electric scooters in the Reykjavik area during the summer of 2020. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Individuals presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) at Landspitali between June 1 and August 31 were asked about the location and cause of accident, use of protective equipment, and use of recreational drugs and alcohol. Diagnosis and treatment data was gathered from hospital records. RESULTS: During the study period, 149 individuals presented with electric scooter injuries, on average 1.6/day. Patients‘ age ranged between 8 and 77 years, and 45% were younger than 18 years of age. In 60% of cases the cause of accident was that the patient was riding too fast, lost balance, or uneven road surface. Seventy-nine percent of children reported using a helmet, compared to only 17% of adults. No children reported having been under the influence of alcohol or recreational drugs at the time of the accident, compared to 40% of adults who reported that they were intoxicated. Fractures were diagnosed in 38% of patients, 6% needed hospital admission, but no patient suffered serious injury. CONCLUSION: During the summer of 2020, one to two individuals were injured daily in the Reykjavík capital area while using electic scooters, but no serious injuries occurred. Preventive measures to decrease injury rate from the use of electric scooters should focus on infrastructure, encourage helmet use, and education on the risk of injury associated with operating electric scooters while intoxicated.

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Chen, Qi Ping, Hong Yu Shu, Kai Ren, and Lai Peng. "Research on Brushless Permanent-Magnet DC Motor of Electric Scooter Based on Ansoft." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 2594–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.2594.

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In order to obtain good starting performance of the electric scooter driven by brushless permanent-magnet direct circuit motor(BLPMDCM)，modules of RMxprt and Maxwell 2D in Ansoft software are used to build finite element simulation model of BLPMDCM. We simulated and studied the basic features and starting process of BLPMDCM. The results of internal magnetic field distribution and dynamic performance simulation are obtained when the motors are in different positions. The results provide a theoretical basis to further optimize the design, improve the starting torque and reduce torque ripple for this new type of permanent magnet motor and its control system.

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Kudelina, Karolina, Bilal Asad, Toomas Vaimann, Anouar Belahcen, Anton Rassõlkin, Ants Kallaste, and Dmitry V. Lukichev. "Bearing Fault Analysis of BLDC Motor for Electric Scooter Application." Designs 4, no. 4 (October 3, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs4040042.

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In this paper, the bearing faults analysis of the brushless DC motor is presented. The research method is based on the analysis of the vibration signal of healthy as well as faulty bearings by the identification of specific frequencies on the vibration spectrum. For the experiment, the most common faults were inflicted on the bearings. As the used motor is intended for electric scooter applications, seven different damages were chosen, which are highly likely to occur during the scooter operation. The main bearing faults and the possibility of fault monitoring are addressed. The vibration data are gathered by the acceleration sensors placed on the motor at different locations and the spectrum analysis is performed using the fast Fourier transform. The variation in the amplitude of the frequency harmonics particularly the fundamental component is presented as a fault indicator.

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DiMaggio, Charles J., Marko Bukur, Stephen P. Wall, Spiros G. Frangos, and Andy Y. Wen. "Injuries associated with electric-powered bikes and scooters: analysis of US consumer product data." Injury Prevention 26, no. 6 (November 11, 2019): 524–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043418.

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BackgroundPowered, two-wheeled transportation devices like electric bicycles (E-bikes) and scooters are increasingly popular, but little is known about their relative injury risk compared to pedal operated bicycles.MethodsDescriptive and comparative analysis of injury patterns and trends associated with E-bikes, powered scooters and pedal bicycles from 2000 to 2017 using the US National Electronic Injury Surveillance System.ResultsWhile persons injured using E-bikes were more likely to suffer internal injuries (17.1%; 95% CI 5.6 to 28.6) and require hospital admission (OR=2.8, 95% CI 1.3 to 6.1), powered scooter injuries were nearly three times more likely to result in a diagnosis of concussion (3% of scooter injuries vs 0.5% of E-bike injuries). E-bike-related injuries were also more than three times more likely to involve a collision with a pedestrian than either pedal bicycles (OR=3.3, 95% CI 0.5 to 23.6) or powered scooters (OR=3.3, 95% CI 0.3 to 32.9), but there was no evidence that powered scooters were more likely than bicycles to be involved in a collision with a pedestrian (OR=1.0, 95% CI 0.3 to 3.1). While population-based rates of pedal bicycle-related injuries have been decreasing, particularly among children, reported E-bike injuries have been increasing dramatically particularly among older persons.ConclusionsE-bike and powered scooter use and injury patterns differ from more traditional pedal operated bicycles. Efforts to address injury prevention and control are warranted, and further studies examining demographics and hospital resource utilisation are necessary.

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Vallejo Morales, David, Francisco Liébana Cabanillas, and Elena Higueras Castillo. "Exploring the key buying factors for electric scooters." International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 13, no. 2 (2021): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijehv.2021.10041353.

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Kwag, Sung Il, Uhjin Hur, and Young Dae Ko. "Sustainable Electric Personal Mobility: The Design of a Wireless Charging Infrastructure for Urban Tourism." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031270.

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Though new technologies have been applied in all industries, electric mobility technology using eco-friendly energy is drawing a great deal of attention. This research focuses on a personal electric mobility system for urban tourism. Some tourism sites such as Gyeongju, Korea, have broad spaces for tourists to walk around, but the public transportation system has been insufficiently developed due to economic reasons. Therefore, personal mobility technology such as electric scooters can be regarded as efficient alternatives. For the operation of electric scooters, a charging infrastructure is necessary. Generally, scooters can be charged via wires, but this research suggests an advanced electric personal mobility system based on wireless electric charging technology that can accommodate user convenience. A mathematical model-based optimization was adopted to derive an efficient design for a wireless charging infrastructure while minimizing total investment costs. By considering the type of tourists and their tour features, optimal locations and lengths of the static and dynamic wireless charging infrastructure are derived. By referring to this research, urban tourism can handle transportation issues from a sustainable point of view. Moreover, urban tourism will have a better chance of attracting tourists by conserving heritage sites and by facilitating outdoor activities with electric personal mobility.

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Mbadiwe I, Enwelum, and Erwan Sulaiman. "Flux Switching Permanent Magnet Motor using Segmented Outer Rotor Structure for Electric Scooter." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v6.i2.pp379-386.

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Flux switching motor is a type of electric machine that locates both flux source and armature windings on the stator leaving its rotor a simple piece of iron. This machine was developed by combining the toothed stator structure of induction machine and the toothed rotor structure of switched reluctance machine together. Furthermore, it has three types of flux sources which include permanent magnet. Conventionally, the toothed kind of rotor has dominated machines rotor design and has been known for high manufacturing cost and iron loss, resulting to low performance. This calls for worry and the need to overcome it and also reduce the manufacturing cost while securing high torque. This paper presents flux switching permanent magnet motor employing segmented outer rotor for high torque capability. 2D-FEA using JMAG to investigate the motor characteristics in terms of flux linkage, Induce back-emf, cogging torque, maximum average torque and efficiency. Finally, preliminary results and comparison revealed that motors employing segmented rotor are capable of higher torque than conventional toothed rotor.

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Lin, Chih Hong, and Chih Peng Lin. "The Hybrid RNN Control for a PMSM Drive Electric Scooter Using Rotor Flux Estimator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 145 (December 2011): 542–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.145.542.

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The hybrid recurrent neural network (HRNN) control for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive electric scooter using rotor flux estimator was implemented in this paper. Firstly the dynamic models of a PMSM drive system were implemented. Then, a HRNN control control system using rotor flux estimator is developed to control PMSM drive system in order to drive electric scooter. The rotor flux estimator consists of the estimation algorithm of rotor flux position and speed based on the back electromagnetic force (EMF). Moreover, the HRNN controller consists of the RNN and compensated controller with variable structure control (VSC) is applied to PMSM drive system using rotor flux estimator. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control schemes is demonstrated by experimental results.

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Ballestín-Bernad, Víctor, Jesús Sergio Artal-Sevil, and José Antonio Domínguez-Navarro. "Analytical Optimal Design of a Two-Phase Axial-Gap Transverse Flux Motor." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 20, 2021): 3666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123666.

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Transverse flux motors (TFMs) are being investigated to be used in vehicle traction applications due to their high torque density. In this paper, a two-phase axial-gap transverse flux motor is designed for an electric scooter, proposing a novel analytical design method. First, the dimensioning equations of the motor are obtained based on the vehicle requirements, and the stationary dq model is calculated. Then, the motor is optimized using a multiobjective genetic algorithm, and finally a 3D-FEM verification is made. Both the motor structure and the design method aim to have a low complexity, in order to favor the sizing and manufacturing processes through a low computation time and simple core shapes. This approach has not yet been explored in axial-gap TFMs.

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MAY, ESTHER, ROBYNE GARRETT, and ALISON BALLANTYNE. "Being mobile: electric mobility-scooters and their use by older people." Ageing and Society 30, no. 7 (July 20, 2010): 1219–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x10000334.

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ABSTRACTThere is increasing use of electric mobility-scooters by older people in South Australia, the fourth largest state in Australia. Although various issues about their use have been raised by users, carers, urban planners and legislators, to date they have received little research attention. The purpose of the study reported in this paper was to explore the factors that influence and impact upon older people who use mobility-scooters, particularly from their own perspectives. Data were collected through a survey of 67 current electric mobility-scooter older users, and through two focus groups with other older South Australian people who were users. The data showed that more than 71 per cent of the participants had owned their scooter for more than two years, most had purchased the scooter as new, and 80 per cent owned a four-wheel scooter. The scooter was used predominantly for getting to and from shops, visiting friends and family, and to go for rides. Most respondents used their scooters three to five times each week and travelled between two and five kilometres from their home. The key findings from the focus groups were categorised into three major themes of ‘obtaining a scooter’, ‘the meaning of mobility’ and ‘issues around sharing spaces’. Each is exemplified. The implications for environmental and building design, for the better training of users, and for public education are discussed.

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Haworth, Narelle L., and Amy Schramm. "Illegal and risky riding of electric scooters in Brisbane." Medical Journal of Australia 211, no. 9 (July 10, 2019): 412–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50275.

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Lin, Weng-Ching, Chun-Liang Lin, Ping-Min Hsu, and Meng-Tzong Wu. "Realization of Anti-Lock Braking Strategy for Electric Scooters." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 61, no. 6 (June 2014): 2826–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2013.2276775.

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Lin, Chih Hong, and Chih Peng Lin. "A Novel Hybrid Recurrent Wavelet Neural Network Control for a PMSM Driven Electric Scooter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 2194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.2194.

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The electric scooter with nonlinear friction force of the transmission belt made the hybrid recurrent neural network (HRNN) control system with degenerated tracking responses. In order to overcome this problem, a hybrid recurrent wavelet neural network (HRWNN) control system is proposed to control for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) driven electric scooter. The HRWNN control system consists of a supervisor control, a RWNN and a compensated control with adaptive law. The on-line parameter training methodology of the RWNN can be derived using adaptation laws and the Lyapunov stability theorem. The RWNN has the on-line learning ability to respond to the system’s nonlinear and time-varying behaviors. To show the effectiveness of the proposed controller, comparative studies with HRNN control system is demonstrated by experimental results.

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Соколов, Д. В. "REGULATION FOR THE USE OF ELECTRIC SCOOTERS IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, THE REPUBLIC OF AUSTRIA AND THE SWISS CONFEDERATION." Modern Science, no. 3 (July 5, 2021): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.53039/2079-4401.2021.5.3.014.

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В статье рассматривается нормативное регулирование участия в дорожном движении электрических скутеров и электрических самокатов в Федеративной Республике Германия, Австрийской Республике, Швейцарской Конфедерации. Проводится анализ требований национального законодательства к конструкции данного вида транспортных средств, участию их в дорожном движении, страхованию, управлению. Устанавливаются общие для всех рассматриваемых стран тенденции к регулированию участия в дорожном движении электроскутеров. The article discusses the regulation of the participation in the road traffic of electric scooters, electric scooters in the Federal Republic of Germany, the Austrian Republic, the Swiss Confederation. The analysis of the requirements of national legislation for the design of this type of vehicles, their participation in road traffic, insurance, management is carried out. The study identifies trends in the regulation of electric scooter participation in road traffic that are common for all countries under consideration.

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Störmann, Philipp, Alexander Klug, Christoph Nau, René D. Verboket, Max Leiblein, Daniel Müller, Uwe Schweigkofler, Reinhard Hoffmann, Ingo Marzi, and Thomas Lustenberger. "Characteristics and Injury Patterns in Electric-Scooter Related Accidents—A Prospective Two-Center Report from Germany." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 5 (May 22, 2020): 1569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051569.

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Since the introduction of rental E-scooters in Germany in mid-June 2019, the safety of this new means of transport has been the subject of extensive public debate. However, valid data on injuries and usage habits are not yet available. This retrospective two-center study included a total of 76 patients who presented to the emergency department following E-scooter-related accidents. The mean age was 34.3 ± 12.4 years and 69.7% of the patients were male. About half of the patients were admitted by ambulance (42.1%). Fractures were found in 48.6% of patients, and 27.6% required surgical treatment due to a fracture. The upper extremities were the most commonly affected body region, followed by injuries to the lower extremity and to the head and face. Only one patient had worn a helmet. In-hospital treatment was necessary for 26.3% of the cases. Patients presented to the emergency department mainly during the weekend and on-call times. This is the first report on E-scooter-related injuries in Germany. Accidents with E-scooters can cause serious injuries and, therefore, represent a further burden to emergency departments. The use of E-scooters appears to be mostly recreational, and the rate of use of protective gear is low.

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Nica, Silvia, Irina-Anca Eremia, Maria-Adriana Albu, Adrian Cursaru, and Siegfried-Daniel Albu. "Electric scooter vs. motorcycle injuries – little toys with an underestimated impact." Romanian Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rojost-2020-0017.

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Abstract Introduction: The study weighs the impact of accidents involving electric scooters and motorcycles, its main purpose being that of showing the injuries produced by the use of electric scooters. Materials and method: The retrospective study was conducted in the Emergency Unit of the University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania, between 01.06.2020 and 30.09.2020, by analyzing the data from the presentation sheets and the hospital database. It followed and compared a total of 55 cases, out of which 29 patients were involved in motorcycle accidents, and 26 patients were involved in electric scooter accidents, by number, age, sex, imaging investigations, severity of injuries, hospitalization days, and the treatment of discharged patients. General data about the number of analyzed presentations was extracted and compared to similar data from the same period of the year 2019. Results: The study showed an increase in presentations due to electric scooter accidents. Also, most of the injuries in both types of accidents are musculoskeletal (96.5% in motorcycle accidents and 84.61% in electric scooter accidents), and the percentage of discharged patients who needed immobilization by various orthopedic devices was higher in electric scooter accidents (34.8%) than in motorcycle accidents (26%). Discussions: The study was conducted in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic, in an atypical situation, due to regulations imposed by the authorities. Conclusion: There was an increase in the use of electric scooters in the summer of 2020, which resulted in an increased number of mainly orthopedic injuries, and implicitly of immobilization for discharged patients, underestimated by the population, as protective equipment is not mandatory for people aged over 16 years.

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Liou, Je-Liang, and Pei-Ing Wu. "Monetary Health Co-Benefits and GHG Emissions Reduction Benefits: Contribution from Private On-the-Road Transport." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 5537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115537.

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This is the first study to provide a systematic monetary benefit matrix, including greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction benefits and air pollution reduction health co-benefits, for a change in on-the-road transport to low-carbon types. The benefit transfer method is employed to estimate the social cost of carbon and the health co-benefits via impact pathway analysis in Taiwan. Specifically, the total emissions reduction benefits from changing all internal combustion vehicles to either hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, or electric vehicles would generate an average of USD 760 million from GHG emissions reduction and USD 2091 million from health co-benefits based on air pollution reduction, for a total benefit of USD 2851 million annually. For a change from combustion scooters to light- or heavy-duty electric scooters, the average GHG emissions reduction benefits would be USD 96.02 million, and the health co-benefits from air pollution reduction would be USD 1008.83 million, for total benefits of USD 1104.85 million annually.

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Aishwarya, M., and R. M. Brisilla. "Modelling and control of electric scooter driven by induction motor." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 937 (October 2, 2020): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/937/1/012048.

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Nisson, Peyton L., Eric Ley, and Ray Chu. "Electric Scooters: Case Reports Indicate a Growing Public Health Concern." American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 2 (February 2020): 177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2019.305499.

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van Boven, Job F. M., Pham Le An, Bruce J. Kirenga, and Niels H. Chavannes. "Electric scooters: batteries in the battle against ambient air pollution?" Lancet Planetary Health 1, no. 5 (August 2017): e168-e169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2542-5196(17)30079-7.

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Hong, Boe-Shong, Tsu-Yu Lin, and Wen-Jui Su. "LPV modeling and synthesis for DC propulsion of electric scooters." Asian Journal of Control 14, no. 3 (August 1, 2011): 744–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asjc.432.

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Xu, Jun, Shi Shang, Guizhen Yu, Hongsheng Qi, Yunpeng Wang, and Shucai Xu. "Are electric self-balancing scooters safe in vehicle crash accidents?" Accident Analysis & Prevention 87 (February 2016): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2015.10.022.

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Osorio, Jesus, Chao Lei, and Yanfeng Ouyang. "Optimal rebalancing and on-board charging of shared electric scooters." Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 147 (May 2021): 197–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2021.03.009.

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Liu, Lizhou, Yuanfang Lu, Bing Xu, Liang Xiong, Yang Chen, Wei Zhou, Ruikun Mai, and Zhengyou He. "Charging equaliser based on wireless power transfer for electric scooters." IET Renewable Power Generation 14, no. 18 (December 2020): 3662–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2020.0391.

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Mbadiwe I, Enwelum, Erwan Sulaiman, Ahmad Md Zarafi, and Siti Khalidah Rahimi. "High Torque Flux Switching Permanent Magnet Machine in Segmented Outer Rotor using Appropriate Split Ratio for Electric Scooter Propulsion." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 1642. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v8.i4.pp1642-1649.

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<span>Recently, permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) having the diameter of 11inches was successfully developed and installed in electric scooter vehicle (ESV) for propulsion. It consists of segmented stators of 24 armature slots and 100 pieces of permanent magnet of 2 kg weight mounted on rotating rotor. Upon the huge amount of materials and permanent magnet used, PMSM produced 110Nm only. Looking at the size, this torque is low and could not sustain acceleration for long distance travels. To overcome the challenge of low torque, this paper presents a new machine type, flux switching motor (FSM) with 1 kg weight of permanent magnet flux source employing segmented outer rotor. Six ranges of split ratio of 0.80-0.85 for outer rotor 24slot-14pole FSPM motor configurations were designed and compared. The 2D-FEA by JMAG software version 14 is used to examine its performance in term of flux linkage, cogging torque, back-emf and average torque which the structure with split ratio of 0.85 took lead by securing highest torque profile of 209Nm. It also achieved low cogging torque to operate in safe region. In conclusion, appropriate split ratio significantly enhances high torque capability of permanent magnet flux switching motor for electric scooter propulsion.</span>

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Journal articles on the topic 'Scooters Electric motors Scooters'

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