Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'SCOP'

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Canada thistle) is a persistent perennial pasture weed in Eastern Canada. Single control measures such as cultural, chemical, and biological methods are not effective in long term reduction of the weed population. The objectives of this research project were to evaluate the efficacy of various traditional control methods and to attempt to integrate them.
The effectiveness of Urophora cardui L. as a biological control agent is limited due to a lack of synchrony between the agent and the weed. This can be improved through integration with herbicides or mowing in time or space. Other biological control agents such as Orellia ruficauda Fab., Cassida rubiginosa Muell., and Puccinia punctiformis (Str.) Rhol. resulted in limited suppression of the weed population. Mowing was not effective in sustaining weed reductions for longer than one year. Application of clopyralid or 2,4-D/dicamba effectively reduced the weed population. The application of 3.37 kg a.i. ha$ sp{-1}$ 2,4-D/dicamba or 0.3 kg a.i. ha$ sp{-1}$ clopyralid with the spring and summer mowings were the most effective mowing/herbicide combinations over the two-year period.

Ce travail de recherche doctoral a pour objet l'étude des relations entre la Gouvernance, le Management des Ressources Humaines et la Stratégie des SCOP. Ces entreprises coopératives, au projet politique originel et original, s'organisent à partir de valeurs issues du XIX ème siècle que sont la solidarité, la propriété collective inter-générationnelle et l'équité, eu égard à leur triple filiation économique, politique et sociale.L'identification de risques de tensions et d'éclatements inhérents à ce type de gouvernance hybride fait appel à un management adapté pour animer une organisation de salarié-e-s -associé-e-s majoritaires en co-responsabilité d'une organisation coopérative.Cette problématique à la croisée du terrain et de la littérature, s'inscrit dans une démarche innovante d'approche triptyque pour une méthodologie qualitative.L'analyse des pratiques et des discours recueillis auprès de gérant-e-s de 16 SCOP TPE PME de Rhône Alpes et d'animateurs du secteur coopératif a révélé d'une part des freins et des leviers et d'autre part des éléments de contingence au Développement Coopératif Soutenable des SCOP. Ces résultats ont permis l'élaboration d'un idéal type de Management Coopératif et de Développement Coopératif Soutenable complétés par le SCCORRET et la pyramide de l'équilibre coopératif, outils de gestion coopératifs proposés pour prévenir les risques de tensions individuels et collectifs et l'établissement du lien existant entre Gouvernance Coopérative-Management Coopératif et Développement Coopératif
This doctoral research aims to study the relationship between Governance, Human Resource Management and Strategy of SCOP. These co-operative enterprises have an original and innovative political project and are beneficiaries of a triple linage of economic, political & social nature. Their values which derived from the nineteenth century are of solidarity, collective inter-generational ownership and equity.The identification of risks of tension and disintegration inherent to such an hybrid form of governance calls for a adequate management to run a co-operative organisation where worker members have a majority vote in co-responsibility.This issue emerging from both the field and the literature is studied in an innovative triptych approach based on a qualitative methodology. The analysis of practices and speeches - gathered from managers of 16 micro co-operatives and small & medium co-operatives of Rhône Alpes and from leaders of the co-operative sector – has revealed, on one hand, brakes and levers and on the other hand, contingency elements to a sustainable co-operative development of SCOP.These results have allowed the development of an ideal type of co-operative management and sustainable co-operative development based on co-operative management tools designed to prevent the risk of individual and collective tensions and to strenghthen the link between co-operative governance, co-operative management and co-operative development

L'objet de ce travail est l'évaluation de l'efficacité des sociétés coopératives de production SCOP françaises dans neuf secteurs d'activité. Nous présentons d'abord les caractéristiques des SCOP en montrant qu'elles sont autogérées. La référence à la théorie de l'autogestion est faite pour rappeler qu'une économie d'autogestion et efficace sous l'hypothèse de libre entrée. Les SCOP ont la possibilité de recourir au capital extérieur et d'employer des travailleurs non coopérateurs. Ces deux caractéristiques sont importantes car la première fait le lien avec les problèmes de financement des SCOP ; quant à la seconde, elle permet d'éviter le problème de sous-utilisation du facteur travail. Ensuite nous exposons les différentes approches de la littérature des frontières. Nous montrons comment la nature déterministe ou stochastique de la frontière peut être choisie à partir de tests usuels (rapport de vraisemblance, wald) dans le cadre des modèles paramétriques. Enfin nous proposons un modèle de frontière stochastique incluant les deux caractéristiques essentielles des SCOP françaises. Le modèle est estimé par la méthode du maximum de vraisemblance avec des données de panel et l'efficacité évaluée par l'espérance conditionnelle. La nature stochastique de la frontière est confirmée. La sensibilité des résultats est analysée par méthode du bootstrap. Les SCOP sont hétérogènes tant à l'intérieur d'un secteur qu'entre les secteurs.

Small burnet (Sanguisorba minor scop.) Is a hardy, relatively long lived evergreen forb native to Eurasia that has potential to improve grazinglands and extend grazing into late fall and winter. Trials evaluating small burnet tolerance to spring and fall postemergence herbicide applications were conducted at the Utah State University Evans farm in Millville, UT. Two small burnet genotypes were grown in a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement. Twelve treatments, clethodim, clopyralid, imazamox, 2,4DB, metribuzin, aminopyralid, pendimethalin, dimethenamid-P, bromoxynil, dicamba, quinclorac, and an untreated were applied at moderate field use rates either spring or fall of the establishment year. Plots were rated for visual injury on a 0 to 100 scale where 0 = no injury and 100 = complete mortality. Ratings were done 7, 14, 60 days after treatment (DAT) and the spring following treatment. Seed yield, seed viability, and dry matter yield (DMY) were determined. Fall treatments of aminopyralid reduced seed yield 65%, seed germination 43%, and DMY 67%. Fall applied imazamox treatments reduced DMY by 36%, and seed yield by 33%, but did not impact germination. Visual injury was greatest from spring and fall applied aminopyralid treatments with ratings of 24% and 79%. Spring applied treatments did not impact seed yield or seed germination. Results suggest that clethodim, metribuzin, quinclorac, clopyralid, dimethenamid-P, bromoxynil, and pendimethalin cause little or no injury to small burnet.

Cette thèse porte sur le travail dans les Société Coopératives et Participatives (SCOP). A travers l’étude de ce modèle, est proposée une analyse approfondie des inégalités au travail dans les entreprises par le biais de la structure salariale et de la répartition des coûts d’ajustement de l’activité. La thèse est divisée en quatre chapitres. Le premier chapitre compare la distribution des salaires dans les SCOP et dans les entreprises classiques (EC), en estimant des équations de salaires à partir de la base de données DADS. Le deuxième chapitre vient compléter le premier en proposant une analyse détaillée du discours des agents (à l’aide de 53 entretiens réalisés dans 38 SCOP de la région Rhône-Alpes) permettant d’identifier les principes de justice à l’œuvre dans la détermination des structures salariales mises en évidence dans le premier chapitre. Le troisième chapitre propose une analyse économétrique de l’adaptation différenciée des SCOP et des EC aux chocs de demande, par les ajustements de l’emploi, des salaires et des heures travaillées. Le quatrième chapitre explore la possibilité d’une diversité importante parmi les SCOP, notamment dans l’accès au sociétariat, qui pourrait avoir un impact sur les ajustements de l’emploi. La contribution de cette thèse au débat économique peut être résumée en trois points. Premièrement il s’agit de la première grande analyse quantitative comparative des SCOP et EC concernant l’emploi et ses caractéristiques. Deuxièmement l’enquête qualitative sur laquelle nous nous appuyons, réalisée en collaboration avec des collègues de l’Université de Grenoble est également unique puisque c’est la première enquête qualitative de cette ampleur. Son exploitation permet donc une analyse du discours des membres des SCOP qui n’avait pas été réalisé auparavant. Enfin, notre positionnement se veut également original, mobilisant des approches habituellement mises en opposition en les faisant réellement discuter autour d’un objet dont la compréhension s’en trouve enrichie
This thesis focuses on French Cooperative and Participative firms (SCOP). Through the observation of this model, it offers an extensive analysis of inequality at work within firms, concentrating on wage inequality and sharing of adjustment costs.The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter compares wage distribution in SCOPs and conventional firms (CFs) by estimating wage equations based on the DADS dataset. The second chapter offers a detailed analysis of 53 workers’ interviews, conducted in 38 SCOPs in the Rhône-Alpes region. The principles of justice at work in the determination of the wage structures described in chapter one are identified. The third chapter is an econometric comparison of adjustments to demand shocks in SCOPs and CFs, involving employment flexibility as well as hour and wage flexibility. The fourth chapter explores the diversity among SCOPs, especially in access to membership and its consequences on employment adjustments.The contribution of this thesis to the debate in economics can be summarised with three points. Firstly it is the first large comparative quantitative analysis of SCOPs and CFs regarding employment and its characteristics. Secondly, the qualitative survey we use, produced with colleagues from Grenoble University, is also unique in terms of size and content. Its exploitation makes the analysis of workers’ rhetoric on equality possible. Finally, our method is original: we adopt approaches that are usually opposed and use them in unison to enrich the understanding of our subject

Cette étude porte principalement sur une petite population de Chouette chevêche, Athene noctua, située en bordure du massif forestier des Vosges du nord. Ses effectifs en régression sont passés de 20 couples en 1984 à 9 en 1991. Ce travail comporte de nombreuses données relatives à l'habitat, à la biologie de reproduction, à la mortalité et au régime alimentaire provenant d'autres régions françaises. En particulier une population qui vit en altitude sur le plateau du Causse Méjean en Lozère a fait l'objet d'une analyse de l'habitat. Liée aux paysages d'agriculture traditionnelle, la Chouette chevêche est encore bien représentée en France dans les régions de bocage et de cultures diversifiées en zone méditerranéenne. En bordure des Vosges du Nord, la productivité, 1,45 jeune à l'envol par couple nicheur (n=40), est la plus faible de celles publiées à ce jour en Europe. Malgré une bonne fécondité de 3,96 oeufs par cpouple nicheur (n=33), un régime alimentaire varié et un domaine d'activité suffisamment grand pour la mettre à l'abri d'un manque ponctuel de ressources trophiques, l'espèce se retrouve actuellement dans un cycle d'extinction. Les raisons de cette situation, liées notamment à la répartition spatiale et à des problèmes de dynamique de la population, sont discutées ainsi que les perspectives pour le maintien de l'espèce.

Suite à un criblage sur plusieurs espèces de champignons vis à vis de lignées tumorales murines et humaines, Lepista inversa a été particulièrement étudié. Sur le plan chimique l'étude de Lepista inversa a permis l'isolement d'adénosine et d'urée et l'isolement d'un composé cytotoxique, la clitocine. La fraction apolaire a permis l'analyse des composés volatils contenus dans le champignon et a mis en évidence le présence de composés chlorés. Des composés lipidique ont également été isolés et identifiés. Sur le plan biologique, après une étude de cytotoxicité in vitro, des essais anticancéreux in vivo ont été réalisés avec la clitocine sur le modèle murin.

Defensins are small cysteine-rich, cationic peptides that play an essential role in the innate immune system of virtually all life forms, from insects and plants to amphibians and mammals. Defensins are mainly an innate immunity element, exhibiting antibacterial activities by disrupting the cell membrane of a wide range of organisms (Cole et al. 2002). Defensins also affect certain adaptive immune responses, including enhancing phagocytosis, promoting neutrophil recruitment, and enhancing the production of proinflammatory cytokines.

The aim of this thesis is to make a comprehensive and accurate subfamily classification of the defensin gene family, primarily by using a library of Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). In this project the subfamily classification of the defensin gene family is primarily based on a constructed library of HMMs. Results: Sets of known defensins were organized in placed in 84 clusters using the clustering and alignment tool, FlowerPower. The clusters were further classified as mammalian alpha- or beta-defensins, plant defensin, insect defensin and defensin MGD. This classification was based on significant cluster hits against the Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database and species distribution. Based on the relative positions of disulfide bonds and constructed Multiple Sequence Alignments (MSAs) some sequences were classified as belonging to the sperm– and theta-defensin subfamilies. Compared to PFAM’s classification of defensins, the subfamily classification presented here is more informative. The library of HMMs has been made public via a web server that was used to automatically score and analyze input sequences against the created database of HMMs. This database and web server are expected to be useful to researchers working on various aspects of defensin action.

Заснивање вишегодишњих легуминоза у пролећном року сетве често је праћено интензивнијим развојем корова и смањеним приносом. Ово је случај и приликом гајења еспарзете (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.), која се сматра потенцијалном заменом за луцерку. Здружена сетва, односно гајење две или више врста на једном пољу током одређеног периода, може се користити као начин заснивања ове вишегодишње легуминозе. Осим традиционалног здруживања легуминозе и стрнине, као надусев може се користити и сточни грашак (Pisum sativum L.), због своје краће вегетације и смањеног конкурентског утицаја на подусев. Циљ рада је био да се утврди да ли је сточни грашак погодан за заснивање еспарзете у здруженој сетви, као и да се утврди одговарајућа сорта и густина грашка која омогућава најбољи принос и утицај на подусев. Двофакторијални оглед постављен је на експерименталном пољу Института за ратарство и повртарство, Нови Сад, током 2010-2014. године и укључио је две сорте грашка различитих морфолошких особина (Језеро-афила тип листа, Јавор-редуковане лиске) сејане у три густине. Као контролне варијанте коришћене су чист усев еспарзете и здружена сетва еспарзете и овса. Оглед је засниван у четворогодишњем периоду и испитивања су вршена у години заснивања и првом откосу у години искоришћавања.Утврђено је да су временски услови значајно утицали на остварен принос у току истраживања. Сточни грашак као надусев имао је повољније деловање на еспарзету и њен развој након сваког откоса, с тим да је присуство надусева у другој години живота имало минималан утицај на остварени принос. Принос суве материје у првом откосу био је већи са сортом Језеро. Између приноса са 60 и 90 биљака грашка по m2 разлика у приносу није била статистички значајна, што је посебно значајно са економског аспекта производње. Резултати су показали да је највећи укупан принос суве материје имала еспарзета са овсем, услед значајног са повећањем густине смеше. Резултати су показали да је здружена сетва две легуминозе утицала на већи садржај минералног азота у земљишту након првог откоса. Присуство и густина надусева у првом откосу утицали су на интензивније коришћење влаге у земљишту, док је у наредним мерењима утицај фактора на количину воде у слоју до 60 cm био минималан.Значај заснивања еспарзете у здруженој сетви са грашком показан је и кроз садржај сирових протеина, који је био већи у здруженој сетви у односу на чист усев еспарзете. При томе, сварљивост крме је била већа, с обзиром на то да је смеша еспарзете и грашка имала мањи удео NDF-а и ADF-а у односу на контроле.Остварени резултати показују да се еспарзета може успешно заснивати у здруженој сетви са сточним грашком чиме се обезбеђује стабилан принос првог откоса високог квалитета, без негативног утицаја на регенерацију еспарзете и принос у наредним откосима. Резултати указују да је здружена сетва поуздан и еколошки начин заснивања еспарзете, који пружа могућност да ова врста буде заступљенија у пракси.удела првог откоса у укупном приносу. Удео корова у здруженој сетви био је мањи у односу на чист усев еспарзете. Сорта Језеро у просеку имала је већу компетативну способност, док је у просеку за обе сорте најмањи удео корова утврђен у смеши са 60 биљака грашка.Морфолошки различите сорте грашка нису довеле до статистички значајних разлика у вредностима индекса лисне површине еспарзете, али се вредност овог параметра смањивала са повећањем густине надусева. Садржај фотосинтетичких пигмената био је већи на третманима са здруженом сетвом, али је и значајно зависио од временских услова. Биолошка активност земљишта била је већа у здруженој сетви у односу на чист усев еспарзете. Бројност азотофиксатора била је већа при мањем присуству надусева, док се укупан број бактерија и гљиваповећавао
Zasnivanje višegodišnjih leguminoza u prolećnom roku setve često je praćeno intenzivnijim razvojem korova i smanjenim prinosom. Ovo je slučaj i prilikom gajenja esparzete (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.), koja se smatra potencijalnom zamenom za lucerku. Združena setva, odnosno gajenje dve ili više vrsta na jednom polju tokom određenog perioda, može se koristiti kao način zasnivanja ove višegodišnje leguminoze. Osim tradicionalnog združivanja leguminoze i strnine, kao nadusev može se koristiti i stočni grašak (Pisum sativum L.), zbog svoje kraće vegetacije i smanjenog konkurentskog uticaja na podusev. Cilj rada je bio da se utvrdi da li je stočni grašak pogodan za zasnivanje esparzete u združenoj setvi, kao i da se utvrdi odgovarajuća sorta i gustina graška koja omogućava najbolji prinos i uticaj na podusev. Dvofaktorijalni ogled postavljen je na eksperimentalnom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad, tokom 2010-2014. godine i uključio je dve sorte graška različitih morfoloških osobina (Jezero-afila tip lista, Javor-redukovane liske) sejane u tri gustine. Kao kontrolne varijante korišćene su čist usev esparzete i združena setva esparzete i ovsa. Ogled je zasnivan u četvorogodišnjem periodu i ispitivanja su vršena u godini zasnivanja i prvom otkosu u godini iskorišćavanja.Utvrđeno je da su vremenski uslovi značajno uticali na ostvaren prinos u toku istraživanja. Stočni grašak kao nadusev imao je povoljnije delovanje na esparzetu i njen razvoj nakon svakog otkosa, s tim da je prisustvo naduseva u drugoj godini života imalo minimalan uticaj na ostvareni prinos. Prinos suve materije u prvom otkosu bio je veći sa sortom Jezero. Između prinosa sa 60 i 90 biljaka graška po m2 razlika u prinosu nije bila statistički značajna, što je posebno značajno sa ekonomskog aspekta proizvodnje. Rezultati su pokazali da je najveći ukupan prinos suve materije imala esparzeta sa ovsem, usled značajnog sa povećanjem gustine smeše. Rezultati su pokazali da je združena setva dve leguminoze uticala na veći sadržaj mineralnog azota u zemljištu nakon prvog otkosa. Prisustvo i gustina naduseva u prvom otkosu uticali su na intenzivnije korišćenje vlage u zemljištu, dok je u narednim merenjima uticaj faktora na količinu vode u sloju do 60 cm bio minimalan.Značaj zasnivanja esparzete u združenoj setvi sa graškom pokazan je i kroz sadržaj sirovih proteina, koji je bio veći u združenoj setvi u odnosu na čist usev esparzete. Pri tome, svarljivost krme je bila veća, s obzirom na to da je smeša esparzete i graška imala manji udeo NDF-a i ADF-a u odnosu na kontrole.Ostvareni rezultati pokazuju da se esparzeta može uspešno zasnivati u združenoj setvi sa stočnim graškom čime se obezbeđuje stabilan prinos prvog otkosa visokog kvaliteta, bez negativnog uticaja na regeneraciju esparzete i prinos u narednim otkosima. Rezultati ukazuju da je združena setva pouzdan i ekološki način zasnivanja esparzete, koji pruža mogućnost da ova vrsta bude zastupljenija u praksi.udela prvog otkosa u ukupnom prinosu. Udeo korova u združenoj setvi bio je manji u odnosu na čist usev esparzete. Sorta Jezero u proseku imala je veću kompetativnu sposobnost, dok je u proseku za obe sorte najmanji udeo korova utvrđen u smeši sa 60 biljaka graška.Morfološki različite sorte graška nisu dovele do statistički značajnih razlika u vrednostima indeksa lisne površine esparzete, ali se vrednost ovog parametra smanjivala sa povećanjem gustine naduseva. Sadržaj fotosintetičkih pigmenata bio je veći na tretmanima sa združenom setvom, ali je i značajno zavisio od vremenskih uslova. Biološka aktivnost zemljišta bila je veća u združenoj setvi u odnosu na čist usev esparzete. Brojnost azotofiksatora bila je veća pri manjem prisustvu naduseva, dok se ukupan broj bakterija i gljivapovećavao
The establishment of perennial legumes in the spring is often followed by intensive weeds infestation and reduced yield. This is also the case when growing sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) which is considered a potential substitute for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Intercropping or growing two or more species in the same field during a certain period can be used for establishing this perennial legume. A field pea (Pisum sativum L.) has a potential to be used as companion crop due to a short growing season and reduced competing impact. The aim of this research was to determine the suitability of field pea as a companion crop for sainfoin establishment and to determine the appropriate cultivar and pea density that provides the best yield and impact on undersown crop. A two-factorial trial was set up in the experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, during 2010-2014. The experiment included two morphologically different pea cultivars (Jezero-afila leaf type and Javor-reduced leaflet) and three pea densities. The sainfoin pure stand and a mixture with oat were used as control treatments. The trial included four sowing years and the analysis was performed in the establishment years and in the first cut in the full harvest year.The weather conditions significantly influenced obtained yield. Field pea as a companion crop had a better impact on sainfoin development in the establishment year, while in subsequent year companion crops had minimal impact on sainfoin yield. Concerning pea cultivars, a higher dry matter yield was obtained with cultivar Jezero. It was concluded, there were no significant differences between obtained yield with 60 and 90 pea plants per m2 which have importance from the economic aspect. The results showed that the highest annual yield had a mixture of sainfoin and oat, due to a significant share of the first yield. The weed proportion was lower in intercropping compared to the sainfoin pure stand. The cultivar Jezero and a density of 60 pea plants per m2 were more competitive to weeds.Morphologically different pea cultivars did not significantly affect leaf area index of sainfoin. However, its value decreased with the increase of pea density in the stand. Intercropping and weather conditions had a significant impact on pigment content in sainfoin leaves. The examined soil biological activity was higher in intercropping treatments. The number of nitrogen fixation bacteria increased with a decreased number of pea plants, while the number of total bacteria and fungi increased with increasing pea density. The intercropping of the legumes influenced the higher content of mineral nitrogen in the soil, but also the more intensify use of soil moisture. The positive effect of intercropping of two legumes was demonstrated by the obtained higher content of crude protein with a lower proportion of digestibility parameters - NDF and ADF compared to both control treatments.The obtained results show that sainfoin can be successfully established with field pea in intercropping, which ensures the stable and high-quality yield of the first cut, without negative esainfoin re-growth and yield in subsequent cuts. Thus, intercropping can be considered as a reliable and ecological practice for sainfoin establishment, which provides the possibility for increasing production of this species.

Thesis describes the procedures for evaluating performance parameters of heat pumps COP, SCOP (coefficient of perfomance, seasonal coefficient of perfomance). It is focused on the most common types of heat pumps in european geographical conditions, heat pumps air-water, water-water, brine-water.

Pour etudier la chemoreception des hydrocarbures cuticulaires, nous avons modifie experimentalement la signature chimique d'une ouvriere de la fourmi camponotus vagus, en deposant sur sa cuticule le (z)-9-tricosene, hydrocarbure normalement non synthetise par cette espece; l'ouvriere ainsi traitee est mise en cohabitation avec 5 ouvrieres non traitees. L'etude des palpations et des ouvertures de mandibules a montre que les ouvrieres non traitees sont capables de percevoir la presence du (z)-9-tricosene. Apres identification chimique des hydrocarbures cuticulaires (cpg-sm), nous avons montre une augmentation significative des 5 produits cuticulaires 6 h apres application du pentane. L'etude quantitative du (z)-9-tricosene et n-tetracosane (existant sous forme de traces) deposes separement sur la cuticule a montre que le (z)-9-tricosene disparait au bout de 336 h; le n-tetracosane reste stable a des valeurs importantes. Les resultats chez des groupes d'ouvrieres, suggerent que le (z)-9-tricosene est transfere au cours des activites comportementales. Apres avoir ete absorbe par les glandes post-pharyngiennes, le (z)-9-tricosene serait transporte par l'hemolymphe et incorpore au niveau de la cuticule. Ceci permet d'expliquer l'un des mecanismes par lequel l'homogeneisation chimique est accomplie dans les societes d'insectes

Deux critères de sélection des souches fongiques ectomycorhiziennes in vitro ont été évalués: la capacité de laccaria laccata et de ses descendants à libérer de l'aia et à solubiliser des phosphates peu solubles. Nous avons également estimé la capacité des différentes souches fongiques à stimuler la plante-hôte (semis de pseudotsuga menziesii (mirb. )) en pépinière. Les descendants de la souche s238, semble ne plus avoir leur capacité à accumuler de l'aia dans le milieu externe en présence de tryptophane suggérant que la synthèse de l'aia est sous la dépendance de facteurs qui peuvent être perdus au cours de la méiose. La capacité des souches à solubiliser des phosphates peu solubles est largement dépendante de la forme d'azote fournie. En milieu nitrique le pouvoir de solubilisation des ions oxalates est relativement faible, la solubilisation ne devient importante qu'en milieu ammoniacal en présence de protons et d'anions oxalates excrétés. L'activité phytasique totale des souches in vitro est toujours positivement corrélée avec la biomasse totale des plants, celle-ci étant positivement corrélée avec le taux de mycorhization des souches. L'activité phytasique des souches conditionnerait peut être leur capacité à mycorhizer lors de la phase de croissance saprophytique avant infection des apex. A partir d'une base génétique unique, il a été possible d'obtenir une souche sensiblement plus performante que la souche sauvage d'origine. Un programme d'amélioration génétique effectué à partir d'une base génétique beaucoup plus large pourrait permettre d'obtenir des souches beaucoup plus efficaces que les souches actuellement utilisées

Databases nowadays used in all kinds of application areas often differ greatly in a number of properties. These varieties add complexity to the handling of databases, especially when two or more different databases are dependent.

The approach described here to propagate updates in an application scenario with heterogeneous, dependent databases is the use of a rule-based mediator. The system EruS (ECA rules updating SCOP) applies active database technologies in a bioinformatics scenario. Reactive behaviour based on rules is used for databases holding protein structures.

The inherent heterogeneities of the Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database and the Protein Data Bank (PDB) cause inconsistencies in the SCOP data derived from PDB. This complicates research on protein structures.

EruS solves this problem by establishing rule-based interaction between the two databases. The system is built on the rule engine ruleCore with Event-Condition-Action rules to process PDB updates. It is complemented with wrappers accessing the databases to generate the events, which are executed as actions. The resulting system processes deletes and modifications of existing PDB entries and updates SCOP flatfiles with the relevant information. This is the first step in the development of EruS, which is to be extended in future work.

The project improves bioinformatics research by providing easy access to up-to-date information from PDB to SCOP users. The system can also be considered as a model for rule-based mediators in other application areas.

L’objectif de cette étude consiste à mettre au point, d'une part, les méthodes de couches cellulaires minces transversales (CCMt) pour l'induction in vitro des embryons somatiques et la régénération des plantes ; d'autre part, une méthode d'insertion génique par biolistique chez une plante de type C4 photosynthétique de Digitaria sanguinalis (L. ) Scop. Dans la première partie sont présentes les effets des différents sucres et auxines ainsi que ceux de différentes conditions d'éclairement sur l'embryogenèse somatique directe des CCMt. La conversion des embryons somatiques en plantes necessite un transfert des ccmt embryogenes sur un milieu de regeneration. Une méthode prometteuse est présentée dans ce travail. Elle permet d'obtenir directement et rapidement, sur des CCMt, des structures pseudo-embryo/caulinaires (SPEC) avec une grande fréquence. Ces structures évoluent en plantes au bout de 3 semaines. Cette méthode de régénération rapide et en une seule étape, présente un grand avantage dans la transformation génétique. Les plantes régénérées avec transfert ou en une seule étape, se développent et fructifient normalement. La deuxième partie relate la mise au point des techniques de transformation par biolistique des CCMt en utilisant différentes constructions d'ADN, notamment le promoteur 35S du virus de la mosaïque du chou-fleur (CaMV 35S), le promoteur alcool déshydrogénase du mais (Adh) suivi du premier intron (Adh1), le promoteur phosphoénolpyruvate carboxylase du sorgho (PEPC) ; les gènes de résistance soit a la kanamycine (gène NPT II), soit au glufosinate (gène BAR) sont utilisés comme marqueurs de sélection et le gène de la β-glucuronidase (GUS) comme marqueur de visualisation. Des plantes résistantes au glufosinate et au basta ont été sélectionnées (Fo). Des graines issues de Fo ont été testées pour leur résistance au même agent de sélection : 5 % de plantes résistantes a 3 mg/l de glufosinate ont été obtenues, alors que 100 % des plantes témoins meurent. Des analyses moléculaires (par Southern) des plantes résistantes supposées transgéniques sont en cours. Ce travail ouvre la voie a l'étude de la régulation in planta de l'expression des gènes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) dans les plantes C4 (Digitaria, Amaranthus).

La participation dans les cooperatives ouvrieres de production se presente comme un outil de lecture du fonctionnement et du developpement cooperatif. Cette approche du systeme cooperatif attribue une dimension historique a l'acte de travail et apporte une dimension d'experience au fait cooperatif, definissant ainsi le collectif de travail comme porteur de potentialites d'apprentissages evolutives. Il s'agit d'un examen des interactions mises en oeuvre dans la constitution de collectifs de travail et d'une identite collective. Chaque collectif de travail, chaque cooperative conserve son originalite et sa specificite definissant ainsi la diversite et l'unite du mouvement cooperatif. Les elements fondateurs des pratiques cooperatives s'articulent autour des trajectoires professionnelles des cooperateurs, des situations de travail et des strategies d'action dans l'organisation. Ainsi, le systeme cooperatif definit une volonte profonde de mutation en matiere de rapports sociaux et propose des structures institutionnelles ouvrant un champ du possible aux pratiques participatives. La participation se trouve neanmoins au centre d'une contradictoire fondamentale, celle de la specialisation des fonctions et la definition de champs specifiques de participation. Le systeme cooperatif vit sur ses contradictions en les assumant et en les depassant
The participation in co-operatives workers of production is presenting as a reading tools about working and development co-operative. The approach of co-operative system locate progression of participatives pratices and offer work's collectives as poter of potentiality about apprentceship. This essay propose a examination of interactions used in the constitution of work's collectives, every collectives preserve his originality, definiting so, unity and variety of co-operatives movment. The basics constituents about co-operatives practices are articuled around professionnals management of workers, locations of work and strategy of action in the cooperative organization. So, the co-operative system definie a deep will of mutation in metter of social relationships and propose democratics organs openning potentiality to the co-operatives practices. But, participation stay in the heart of fundamental opposition about specification of functions and area of participation. Co-operatives systems live on contradictions but they assume them and go beyond them

L'acronyme "SCOP" signifie les Sociétés Coopératives de Production. Celles-ci se développent dans le secteur concurrentiel classique, en tenant compte d'un double objectif général : la performance économique et la professionnalisation coopératives et technique. En particulier, la richesse d'une SCOP dépend spécifiquement de ses résultats quantitatifs : le savoir-faire, les connaissances, les informations, la coopération, etc. Cette dimension qualitative est aussi importante que la performance économique. Donc, nous nous intéressons au "développement des activités apprenantes dans les SCOP". Pour répondre à notre sujet, nous avons établi un concept d'entreprise apprenante, en combinant les deux théoriciens : C. Argyris et R. Likert, et en les appliquant au concept de coopération, fondement des SCOP. Pour cela, nous avons opté pour des études de cas en France et en Corée du Sud que nous interrogeons par l'enquête directe (interviews) et que nous complétons par l'étude de documents authentiques. Le résultat de cette recherche permet d'une part, de mettre en lumière la dimension des activités apprenantes dans les SCOP, et d'autre part d’apporter une réelle reconnaissance de cette spécificité des SCOP
The acronym "SCOP" means the Cooperative society of Production. Those develop in the traditional competitive sector, by taking account of a double general objective : the economic performance and the professionalisation co-operatives and technique. In particular, the richness of a SCOP depends specifically on its quantitative results: the knowledge, know-how, information, the co-operation, etc. This qualitative dimension is as important as the economic performance. Therefore, we are interested in the "development of the activities learning in the SCOP". To answer on our subject, we established a concept of learning company, by combining the two theorists : C. Argyris and R. Likert, and by applying them to the concept of cooperation; base of the SCOP. We chose case studies in France and South Korea which we question by the direct investigation (interviews) and that we supplement by the study of authentic documents. The result of this research allows on the one hand, to clarify the dimension of the activities learning in the SCOP, and on the other hand to bring a real recognition of this specificity of the SCOP

Baris coerulescens scop. Est un nouveau ravageur du colza dans la region Poitou-Charentes. Les adultes envahissent les cultures a partir de fin février lorsque la température de l'air dépasse 15c. La ponte ne débute qu'à mi-avril. La vitellogénèse est sous l'influence de la température et du stade phénologique de la plante-hôte. Au laboratoire, une température de 20c avec une plante de stade d et une photophase de 16 h appliqués pendant 2 a 3 semaines sont en faveur d'une levée de la diapause chez les femelles qui ont hiverné pendant au moins 7 ou 8 semaines. La fécondite des baris, étudiée à 20c, est en moyenne de 315 ufs par femelle pendant 4 mois. 88% des ufs sont déposés dans le collet. La fécondité journalière est variable selon la qualite de la plante-hôte. Elle est reduite de moitié après 8 jours passés sur des plantes-hôtes présentant un fort déficit hydrique avant l'infestation. Le passage sur des plantes arrosées régulièrement permet un rétablissement de la production ovarienne. La fécondité de l'insecte est fortement dépendante de la température, elle est trois fois plus faible à 15c qu'à 20c. Lorsqu'elle a le choix, la femelle pond préférentiellement sur les plantes de fort diamètre au collet. La vitesse de développement des larves a été étudiée à 6 températures constantes : la croissance est presque inhibée à une température de 10c. Elle est optimale vers 30c. Une infestation précoce des plantes provoque une réduction de la production grainière de 19% par rapport à celle des plantes saines. Nous observons également une relation entre la précocite de l'infestation et l'importance du syndrome des pieds secs. Les fluctuations de population de b. Coerulescens sur colza semblent donc très dépendantes des conditions climatiques. De plus le colza, ne semble pas être la plante-hôte la plus favorable à la multiplication des baris, en raison de la précocité de sa maturation
Baris coerulescens is a new pest on oilseep rape in the western part of France. A previous outbreak occured in other regions (Alsace, Rhône valley) in the seventies but never reached such a number of larvae per root. Growers were concerned that the damage caused to the roots could be detrimental to yield. As literature on the species (or even the genus) was scant, a whole investigation was started to find and understand basic elements of the biology of the pest. Experiments were conducted in open field or laboratory conditions. Baris coerulescens starts invading fields at the end of winter when maximum air temperatures are in excess of 15°C, with no strong wind and no rain. These conditions can happen any time between february and april in the region. Field sampling showed that new adults reach the fields till may, then th enumber starts to decrease. The spatial distribution of adults and eggs is agregative, but all plants are infested. Eggs are inserted under the epidermis of the lower part of the stern (2%), the root crown (88%), or the upper part of the root (10%). To avoid rejection of the egg by the plant, the laying female bore a semi-circular trench around the egg. These are four larval instars before nymphosis, which were characterized by the width of head capsules. New adults leave the decaying roots at the end of september. Some of them reach new sown rape fields where they feed for some time before overwintering in the soil, but most "disappear" in other overwintering places. In semi-artificial conditions, females can be active (to feed) on warm sunny winter days but do not mature sexually. There is an obligatory reproductive diapausis. After the overwintering period, vitellogenesis is under the influence of temperature and growth stage of the plant. In natural conditions, because of the length of the infestation flight, a field population is totally mature only after at least 47 days after the first captures. In laboratory conditions, after 7 to 8 weeks of overwintering, females reach full sexual maturity in 2 to 3 weeks at 20° with plants at growth stage D and a photophase of 16th. The potential fecundity of females was studied in laboratory conditions at 20°C. Laying lasted 4 months and females laid a mean number of 315 eggs. The mean daily fecundity was 3,5 eggs per female. It was subject to variations according to plant quality. Female given drought stressed plants during 8 days laid twice fewer eggs. When given well watered plants these females resumed a normal ovarian production. Egg laying was highly dependant on temperatures : twice more eggs were laid at 20° than at 15°C. When given the choice, a female lay more eggs on roots with big diameters than on small ones ; the relationship between diameter and number of eggs is proportional. Larval development was studies at 6 constant temperatures : growth was almost inhibited at 10°C (it took an average of 78 day to obtain 1st instar larvae) ; the optimum temperature for rapid growth without too much mortality was around 30°C. These high thermal requirement explain why, in natural conditions, the pest never completes its whole development (egg to nymph) before harvest, at the beginning of july. Final success of the most developped larvae will depend on how long the root will retain a sufficient quality to sustain development. For example, harrowing the stubble left in place after harvest to hasten dessication of the roots leads to a very high mortality : emerging adults are twice more numerous on the part not harrowed. The development of many larvae (5 to 10) in a root can cause yield losses as high as 19% as demonstrated in a cage experiment. Yield losses depend on the earliness of attack and are mainly caused by a reduction in 1000-seeds weight. Losses can be even more drastic as fungal diseases are more frequent on early attacked plants leading to premature drying of the stem. In conclusion, rape do not seem to be the best host plant for this pest, usually found on cabbage, because it is harvested too soon, and outbreaks of the pest will depend on very favorable weather conditions which do not seem to be frequent

3 especes vivaces mediterraneennes sont etudiees a differents stades. L'heteromorphisme dans les graines de d. Pentaphyllum, la dormance et la durete des teguments de celles-ci chez a. Monspeliensis et la reponse germinative rapide et abondante chez e. Nicaeensis presentent differentes adequations a l'incertitude environnementale. Le taux de croissance et l'aptitude competitive dans les 3 especes etaient fonction des surfaces d'exploitation specifiques et de la plasticite dans leur ajustement. Au stade adulte, ces especes montrent des traits bien adaptes a la region et une grande plasticite dans l'effort reproductif et les modes d'allocation des ressources, de facon a survivre et augmenter les chances de survie des descendants, suivant le contexte du milieu. E. Nicaeensis presente un exemple interessant de la selection divergente operant dans les habitats marginaux et heterogenes, conduisant a une differenciation des flux polliniques et geniques, en relation avec differentes realisations phenotypiques selon la nature des mosaiques du milieu. La richesse des tactiques et la grande aptitude competitive chez e. Nicaeensis semblent se baser sur des modifications importantes dans son genome, qui peuvent faire l'hypothese d'une paleoploidie

Europeiska Unionen, EU, har som mål att år 2020 skall minst 20 % av energianvändningen i medlemsstaterna vara från förnyelsebar energi. En stor del av energianvändningen idag är för uppvärmning av hus och vatten. Samtidigt som allt sker strålar solen energirika strålar mot jordklotet. En metod för uppvärmning är att använda en bergvärmepump. Bergvärmepumpen kräver el till sin kompressor. För en energieffektiv samt god lösning ur ett förnyelsebart energi-perspektiv kan bergvärmepumpen drivas av el som genererats från solceller. Idag redovisas bergvärmepumpars effektivitet med nyckeltalen SCOP och hwh som visar hur effektivt bergvärmepumpen jobbar när den tillgodoser rumsuppvärmningsbehov respektive varmvattenberedning. Årsvärmefaktorn är en kombination av dessa två. SCOP och hwh beräknas idag enligt en 4 stycken standarder som EU framtagit. För att värmepumpsleverantörer ska få sälja bergvärmepumpar inom EU måste de ha beräknat SCOP och hwh enligt dessa standarder. Standarderna utgår från relativt konstanta yttre förutsättningar. Denna studien ska undersöka hur årsvärmefaktorn påverkas då dessa yttre förutsättningar varierar. Faktorerna som kommer undersökas är framledningstemperatur, tappvarmvattensbehov, dimensionerande värmebehov och geografisk placering. Resultatet visar att samtliga av de undersökta faktorerna har mer eller mindre en påverkan på årsvärmefaktorn. I en undersökning på en bergvärmepump var årsvärmefaktorn 4,5 för den systemlösning som standarden går efter. För samma bergvärmepump men med varierade yttre förutsättningar kunde årsvärmefaktorn variera mellan 1,2 till 6,3. Systemlösningen med den årsvärmefaktor 1,2 hade i förhållande till standardens systemlösning högre tappvarmvattensbehov samt var underdimensionerad. Systemlösningen med årsvärmefaktor 6,3 hade i förhållande till standardens systemlösning inget tappvarmvattensbehov, var överdimensionerad, hade lägre framledningstemperatur samt var placerad på en ort med kallare klimat. Resultatet tyder på att tappvarmvattensbehovet har den största påverkan på årsvärmefaktorn.
The European Union, EU, aims to achieve a minimum of 20% renewable energy. A large share of the energy use today is for the heating of houses and water, while at the same time, the sun provides a steady supply of energy-rich sunrays. A method for heating is to use a heat pump, which requires electricity for its compressor. In an energy efficient and sustainable solution, the heat pump could be driven by electricity generated by solar panels. Heat pumps performances are measured by the key value; annual heat factor. The annual heat factor indicates the total efficiency of the heat pump measured over the whole year. Today, the efficiency of heat pumps is indicated by the use of two key values; SCOP and hwh, which respectively shows the efficiency of the heat pump while fulfilling the room heating requirement and the DHW requirement. The annual heating factor is a combination of these key values. SCOP and hwh are calculated according to four standards developed by the EU. In order to be able to sell heat pumps, manufacturers in the EU have to follow these standards for calculating SCOP and hwh.  The standards assume relatively constant external conditions. This study investigates how the annual heating factor is affected when these external conditions are allowed to vary. The factors that will be investigated are the temperature of the flow line temperature, domestic hot water needs, dimensioning heating demand and geographic location. The results present that all of the investigated factors more or less affects the annual heating factor. In one investigation of a ground source heat pump the annual heating factor was 4,5 for the system solution that was based on the standard calculations. For the same heat pump but with external conditions that were allowed to vary the annual heating factor was estimated to vary between 1,2 and 6,3. The system solution with the annual heating factor of 1,2 had in relation to the EU standard system solution a larger domestic water demand and it was undersized. The system solution with an annual heating factor of 6,3 had in relation to the EU standard system solution no domestic water demand, was oversized, had a lower flow line temperature and was placed in a colder climate. The results imply that the domestic water demand has the biggest impact on the annual heating factor.

Mean overwintering survival of beetles was 20.5 ± 17.2% and 21.3 ± 3.6% for two consecutive years. Leaf litter was the preferred hibernaculum followed by straw. Successful overwintering was not compatible with water saturated soil. The mean supercooling point of C. rubiginosa in summer was -5.2 ± 1.5°C and was significantly different (P<0.05) from mean supercooling points of -9.3 ± 2.1°C in fall and -8.8 ± 2.3°C in winter. Females studied individually produced an average of 61.1 ± 29.9 oöthecae/female under field temperatures for the period of May 2 through August 13. Development from egg to adult under field temperatures required an average of 27.4 ± 1.7 days when reared on Canada thistle and 28.5 ± 2.1 days on an alternate host, musk thistle. Mortality due to incomplete development totaled 52.5% for immatures reared on Canada thistle and 79.0% for immatures reared on musk thistle. Mean survival from egg to adult of beetles maintained in field cages ranged from 18.3 ± 26.7%. Mean survival from early (1st - 3rd) instar to adult averaged 22% for beetles confined in field cages and 16% for beetles not confined in cages. Ingestion of leaves treated with the herbicides glyphosate and 2,4-D had neither a positive nor negative effect on amount of feeding by C. rubiginosa adults and did not appear to affect the longevity of adult beetles or the fecundity of females.
Master of Science

У оквиру ове докторске дисертације испитана је биолошка активност екстраката плодних тела и потопљених култура (мицелије и филтрата) аутохтоних врста гљива Coprinus comatus и Coprinellus truncorum. Такође, испитан је  метаболизам фосфата мицелија обе врсте употребом нуклеарно магнетне резонантне спректроскопије (³¹Р NMR), утицај ванадијума на метаболизам фосфата као и идентификација облика ванадата присутних у ћелији мицелије (⁵¹V NMR). Утврђена је антирадикалска и антиоксидативна активност  етанолних,метанолних и водених екстраката гљива при чему су се екстракти потопљених култура издвојили по антирадикалској, а екстракти плодних тела по антиоксидативној активности. Екстракти потопљених култура истакли су се и у погледу антибактеријске активности, где се као најпотентнији показао  хлороформски екстракт филтрата потопљене културе C. comatus. Такође, етанолни екстракт филтрата потопљене културе C. comatus показао се као најпотентнији у анти-ацетилхолинестеразној активности у односу на  конвенционални лек донепезил. Испитан је и утицај екстраката на вијабилност ћелијских линија HepG2 (хумане хепатома ћелије) и Rin-5F (ß ћелије панкреаса пацова).Спектрофотометријским методама одређен је укупан садржај фенола и флавоноида у већини анализираних екстраката.LC/MS идентификацијом и квантификацијом фенолних киселина уочена је разлика између фенолних једињења присутних у плодном телу, мицелији и филтрату потопљене културе. Екстракти потопљених култура бележе већи број и већи садржај једињења. Укупан садржај протеина одређен само у воденим екстрактима, а укупан садржај угљених хидрата у полисахаридним екстрактима.Употребом Фуријеве инфрацрвене спектроскопске методе (FTIR) детектоване су везе између угљених хидрата  присутних у полисахаридним екстрактима, а планарном  хроматографијом показано је да екстракти плодног тела и филтрата врсте С. truncorum, као и екстракт плодног тела врсте C. comatus, садрже велику  количину D-глукозе, док екстракт мицелије C. truncorum, баш као и екстракти филтрата и мицелије C. comatus, садрже највише галактозе. Квалитативном и квантитативном елементарном анализом (ААS) утврђен је виши садржај  калијума и гвожђа у анализираним узорцима. GC-МS идентификацијом и квантификацијом масних киселина указано је на значајно присуство линолне киселине код обе врсте. Како за аутохтону врсту  C.truncorum постоји мало података у литератури, подаци о њеном хемијском саставу могу се сматрати иновативним.Компаративним прегледом биолошке активности и хемијског састава екстраката плодног тела и мицелије и филтрата (потопљених култура) указано је да су анализирани екстракти извори биоактивних супстанци са медицинским потенцијалом, а потопљене културе датих гљива представљају атрактивне кандидате за даља биотехнолошка истраживања.
U okviru ove doktorske disertacije ispitana je biološka aktivnost ekstrakata plodnih tela i potopljenih kultura (micelije i filtrata) autohtonih vrsta gljiva Coprinus comatus i Coprinellus truncorum. Takođe, ispitan je  metabolizam fosfata micelija obe vrste upotrebom nuklearno magnetne rezonantne sprektroskopije (³¹R NMR), uticaj vanadijuma na metabolizam fosfata kao i identifikacija oblika vanadata prisutnih u ćeliji micelije (⁵¹V NMR). Utvrđena je antiradikalska i antioksidativna aktivnost  etanolnih,metanolnih i vodenih ekstrakata gljiva pri čemu su se ekstrakti potopljenih kultura izdvojili po antiradikalskoj, a ekstrakti plodnih tela po antioksidativnoj aktivnosti. Ekstrakti potopljenih kultura istakli su se i u pogledu antibakterijske aktivnosti, gde se kao najpotentniji pokazao  hloroformski ekstrakt filtrata potopljene kulture C. comatus. Takođe, etanolni ekstrakt filtrata potopljene kulture C. comatus pokazao se kao najpotentniji u anti-acetilholinesteraznoj aktivnosti u odnosu na  konvencionalni lek donepezil. Ispitan je i uticaj ekstrakata na vijabilnost ćelijskih linija HepG2 (humane hepatoma ćelije) i Rin-5F (ß ćelije pankreasa pacova).Spektrofotometrijskim metodama određen je ukupan sadržaj fenola i flavonoida u većini analiziranih ekstrakata.LC/MS identifikacijom i kvantifikacijom fenolnih kiselina uočena je razlika između fenolnih jedinjenja prisutnih u plodnom telu, miceliji i filtratu potopljene kulture. Ekstrakti potopljenih kultura beleže veći broj i veći sadržaj jedinjenja. Ukupan sadržaj proteina određen samo u vodenim ekstraktima, a ukupan sadržaj ugljenih hidrata u polisaharidnim ekstraktima.Upotrebom Furijeve infracrvene spektroskopske metode (FTIR) detektovane su veze između ugljenih hidrata  prisutnih u polisaharidnim ekstraktima, a planarnom  hromatografijom pokazano je da ekstrakti plodnog tela i filtrata vrste S. truncorum, kao i ekstrakt plodnog tela vrste C. comatus, sadrže veliku  količinu D-glukoze, dok ekstrakt micelije C. truncorum, baš kao i ekstrakti filtrata i micelije C. comatus, sadrže najviše galaktoze. Kvalitativnom i kvantitativnom elementarnom analizom (AAS) utvrđen je viši sadržaj  kalijuma i gvožđa u analiziranim uzorcima. GC-MS identifikacijom i kvantifikacijom masnih kiselina ukazano je na značajno prisustvo linolne kiseline kod obe vrste. Kako za autohtonu vrstu  C.truncorum postoji malo podataka u literaturi, podaci o njenom hemijskom sastavu mogu se smatrati inovativnim.Komparativnim pregledom biološke aktivnosti i hemijskog sastava ekstrakata plodnog tela i micelije i filtrata (potopljenih kultura) ukazano je da su analizirani ekstrakti izvori bioaktivnih supstanci sa medicinskim potencijalom, a potopljene kulture datih gljiva predstavljaju atraktivne kandidate za dalja biotehnološka istraživanja.
The biological activity of extracts of basidiocarps (fruiting bodies)  and submerged cultures (mycelium and filtrate) of autochthonous mushroom species  Coprinus comatus and  Coprinellus truncorum  was examined. Furthermore, the metabolism of phosphate  of mycelia  of both types was studied using nuclear magnetic  resonance spectros-copy ( ³¹ R NMR), the influence of vanadium on phosphate metabolism and the identification of vanadate oxidation states present in the mycelia cell ( ⁵¹ V NMR). The antiradical and antioxidant activity of methanolic, ethanolic and water fungal extracts was determined. Extracts of submerged cultures achieved the best anti- radical activity while fruit body extracts showed the best antioxidant activity. Extracts of submerged cultures also highlighted in terms of antibacterial activity, where the chloroform extract of the submerged culture  C. comatus  showed as the most potent. Also, the ethanolic extract of the submerged culture of  C. comatus  was found to be most relevant in anti-acetylcholinesterase activity  compared with  the conventional donepezil drug. The influence of extracts on the viability of cell lines HepG2 (human hepatocytes cells) and Rin-5F (ß pancreatic cells of the rat) was also examined.Spectrophotometric methods determined the total con-tent of phenol and flavonoids in most of the analyzed extracts.The LC/MS identification and quantification of phenolic acids revealed the difference between the phenolic compounds present in the fruiting body, mycelium, and the submerged culture filtrate. Extracts of submerged cultures record a greater number and higher content of compounds.The total content of proteins determined only in water extracts  and the total content of  carbohydrates in poly-saccharide extracts. Using the Fourier infrared spectro-scopic method (FTIR), the links between the sugar pre-sent in the  polysaccharide extracts were detected, and planar chromatography showed that the extracts  of the fruiting body and the filtrate of type  C. truncorum, as well as the extract of the fruiting body of the species  C. comatus, contain a large amount of D-glucose, while the extract of the  C. truncorum  mycelia  and  mycelia  of  C. comatus, contain the most galactose. GC-MS identification and quantification of fatty acids indicated a significant presence of linoleic acid in both species, while qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis (AAS) has determined a higher content of potas-sium and iron in the analyzed samples. Since there is no data in the literature for the autochtho-nous species  C. truncorum, the studies on its chemical composition can be considered advanced аs innovative. A comparative review of the biological activity and the chemical composition of the extracts of the fruiting body and  mycelia  and filtrates  of  medium of  submerged cultures  indicated that the extracts were analyzed by sources of bioactive substances with medical potential, and the submerged cultures of these mushrooms are attractive candidates for biotechnological research.
В рамках данной работы была исследованна биологическая активность экстракта плодородных тел и погружонных видов култур (мицелии и филтрата) автотоных видов грибов Coprinus comatus и Coprinellus truncorum. Также, исследованн метаболизм фосфата обеих видов  мицелий с помощью ядерного магнитного резонанса спектроскопии (³¹Р ЯМР), влияние на содержание ванадия в метаболизме фосфата, а также идентификация формы ванадата присущего в клеток мицеллий (⁵¹V ЯМР). Установленная антирадикальная и антиоксидантная активность метанольных, этанольных и водных экстрактов гриб, причём выделяются экстракты погружённых культур по антирадикальной активности и  экстракты плодородных тел по антиоксидантной активности.Экстракты погружённых культур выделялись и в плане антибактериальной активности, причем,  наиболее мощным из филтратов показался экстракт хлороформа погруженной культуры C. comatus. А также этанольный экстракт филтрата погружённой культуры C. comatus оказался найболее мощным в анти-ацетихолинестеразной активностипо сравнению с традиционным лекарством донепезилом. Было исследовано и влияние экстрактов на виябильность клеток линий   HepG2 (гуманые хепатома клетки) и Rin-5F (ß клетки поджелудочной железы крыс).Методом спектрофотометрии определена совокупность фенола и флавоноида в большинстве проанализированных экстрактах.С помощью ЛС ̸МС идентификации и квантификации фенолных кислот была замечена разница между соединениями фенола, присущих в плодородном теле, и мицелии, и филтрата погружённой культуры. Экстракты погружённых культур отражают больше количество и более высокое содержание соединений.Общее содержание белков выделен только в водяных экстрактах, и общее содержание углеводов в полисахаридных экстрактах. Используя инфракрасный метод спектроскопии Фурия (ИКМСФ) были обнаружены связи между сахарами, присущими в полисахаридных экстрактах, а планарной хромотографиой было показано, что экстракты плодородного тела и филтратов вида С. truncorum,  а  также и экстракты плодородного тела вида C. comatus содержат большое количество D-глюкозы, в то время как экстракт мицелии C. truncorum, именно как и экстракт фильтрата и мицелии C. comatus, содержат больше всего галактозы.GC-МS идентификацией и квантификацией жирных кислот показано значительное наличие линолевой кислоты у обоих видах. А качественным и квантитативным элементарным анализом установленно большее содержание калиума и железа в анализированых шаблонах.Из-за того, что для автохтонного вида C. truncorum практически не было данных в литературе, данные о её химическом составе можно считать прогрессивным и инновационным.Сравнительный анализ биологической активности и химического состава экстрактов плодородного тела и мицелии и фильтрат (погружённых культур) показаывает, что проанализированные экстракты — источники биологически активных веществ с медицинским потенциалом, и погружённые культуры данных гриб являются привлекательными кандидатами для биотехнологических исследований.

L'influence du champignon mycorhizogène Laccaria laccata (Scop. Ex. Fr) Berk et Br. Sur la fonte des semis et les nécroses racinaires provoquées par Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht principal agent tellurique des pépinières forestières a été étudiée. Les techniques développées permettent de suivre cette influence sur les différentes étapes du développement de la maladie. L'effet protecteur des mycorhizes et les différents mécanismes qui les régissent, ont été étudiés en pépinières et en conditions contrôlées. L. Laccata ne modifie que faiblement la dynamique des populations de F. Oxysporum et leur expression dans le sol (potentiel infectieux. ) L'excellente corrélation trouvée entre la réduction des nécroses racinaires et l'augmentation de la production de terpènes volatils dans les racines indique que ce mécanisme est sans doute à l'origine de l'effet protecteur de L. Laccata à l'encontre de F. Oxysporum
A survey of damping-off and root rot diseases in different forest nurseries between 1982-1984 revealed that the disease severity and the causal agents involved varied greatly depending on nurseries sampling years and conifer species. Considerable losses occurred every year although serious outbreaks were sporadic. The principal causal agents involved were the three common damping-off fungi i. E. Pythium spp. , Rhizoctonia solani Kühn and Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. Although these three causal agents coexisted in most of forest nursery soils, F. Oxysporum was the most prevalent causing both damping-off and root rots of conifers. No correlation was observed between disease severity and such factors as sampling years, seedling age or location of nurseries. Conifer species differed in susceptibility. Larch, spruce and pines in general were the most susceptible. Fusarium was more prevalent in slightly acid soils, Pythium spp. In neutral soils whereas R. Solani was present in all soil types. The disease intensity as well as the type of pathogen involved independent of soil type were mainly related to local weather conditions prevailing at seedling emergence. Methods were adapted or developed for studying the population dynamics and disease expression (soil infectivity) of F. Oxysporum in soil. Soil infectivity is the ability of a pathogen infested soil to induce disease on a susceptible host population. Using this concept, the pathogen can be studied in its natural ecological environment by taking into consideration all the physico-chemical and microbiological components in the infested soil. A bio-assay was developed using young seedlings of Pinus nigra v. Corsicana as living-plant baits

In questa tesi si è analizzata l’ottimizzazione energetica di un impianto di riscaldamento a pompa di calore variando la configurazione idraulica, il sistema di controllo, la tipologia della valvola di espansione ed il sistema di integrazione. Per confrontare le varie soluzioni impiantistiche sono state condotte numerose simulazioni dinamiche annuali, mediante il software Trnsys, con lo scopo di studiare il comportamento di tali impianti in un clima come quello di Bolzano. In questo studio si sono considerate diverse taglie della pompa di calore con integrazione a resistenza elettrica o a caldaia a gas e si sono effettuate numerose simulazioni dinamiche, al fine di determinare come varia il rendimento stagionale. Nel caso di resistenza elettrica si è imposto un funzionamento parallelo di entrambi i generatori e si è valutata l’influenza della temperatura bivalente caratteristica del sistema: al crescere della potenza della resistenza si ha un crollo delle prestazioni complessive dell’impianto. Nel caso di integrazione con caldaia si è considerato sia un funzionamento parallelo che alternativo dei generatori tenendo in conto l’influenza della temperatura di cut-off al variare della temperatura bivalente: per basse temperature di cut-off non si hanno apprezzabili variazioni di efficienza tra un sistema bivalente parallelo ed uno alternativo, viceversa le prestazioni si riducono fino ad un 10% nel caso di elevate temperature di cut-off. Per valutare la fattibilità economica degli impianti simulati è stato calcolato il VAN delle diverse soluzioni dopo un periodo di 15 anni e si è constatato che un impianto con una pompa di calore di piccola taglia e con integrazione a resistenza elettrica risulta più conveniente di un impianto che utilizza la caldaia come sistema ausiliario. Tuttavia, il beneficio economico che si trae utilizzando un sistema ibrido rispetto ad un impianto a pompa di calore monovalente varia in base al costo dell’energia elettrica e del gas.

This master’s thesis deals with automation of Seasonal Coefficient of Performance (SCOP) testing process of heat pumps. The thesis includes explanation of testing procedure according to EN 14 825 and flowcharts of its logic. Next there is description of laboratory test model made in LabView and its functionality verifying.

Le littoral est un milieu fragile menacé notamment par l’érosion, laquelle est accentuée par l’activité anthropique. Il est donc important de connaître et de protéger les peuplements végétaux y vivant. Cette étude s’est intéressée à trois halophytes communes des côtes bretonnes (la criste marine ou Crithmum maritimum L, la roquette de mer ou Cakile maritima Scop. Et le chardon des dunes ou Eryngium maritimum L. ), en mettant tout d’abord en évidence leurs stratégies osmoadaptatives. Ces trois espèces, bien que vivant au même niveau de l’estran, ne réagissent pas de la même façon face aux facteurs environnementaux. Ainsi, la roquette de mer accumule du sodium et de la proline, tandis que le chardon des dunes s’est adapté anatomiquement grâce à son épaisse cuticule recouvrant ses feuilles et limitant la déshydratation. Enfin, la criste marine est une halophyte facultative sans stratégie métabolique particulière, adaptant la forme de ses organes aériens au niveau de stress subi. Une attention a également été portée sur les teneurs en composés phénoliques et l’activité antioxydante de ces plantes, révélant notamment l’abondance de l’acide chlorogénique dans les feuilles de criste marine. Les plantes se distinguent principalement grâce leur activité antiradicalaire différente. Enfin, une étude a été menée sur les activités antimicrobiennes des plantes, l’attention étant portée sur des microorganismes intervenant dans l’agroalimentaire et la cosmétique. Ce travail a conduit, chez la criste marpe, à l’isolement et à la mise en évidence de nouvelles activités antibactériennes et cytotoxique du falcarindiol. Le potentiel de valorisation de chacune des 3 espèces est discuté
Coastline is a fragile environment, notably threatened by erosion which is increased by anthropic activity. Thus, it is important to better know and protect coastal populations living in that habitat. This study was conducted in three halophytes commonly found on Brittany coasts (sea fennel or Crithmum maritimum L. , sea rocket or Cakile maritima Scop. And sea holly or Eryngium maritimum L. ), to highlight their osmoadaptative strategy. Although living in the same environment (coastal dunes), these three species don’t exhibit similar metaboli responses to abioticfactors. Thus, sea rocket accumulates sodium and proline in its leaves, whereas sea holly has a morphological adaptation, as seen by its thick cuticle which covers its leaves and limits water loss. Sea fennel is a facultative halophyte without particula metabolic response to stress, only adapting its aerial biomass production to stress level. Attention was also given to phenolic contents an antioxidant activities of the plants, revealing the abundance of chlorogenic acid in sea fennel leaves. Lnterestingly, although exhibiting different levels of radical scavenging activity, the three studied species showed a similar antioxidant capacity. A study of antimicrobial activities of those halophytes, focused on potential food or cosmetics contaminants, led to the isolation and the demonstration of new antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of falcarindiol in sea fennel

La statistique robuste est une branche de la statistique qui s'intéresse à l'analyse de données contenant une proportion significative d'observations contaminées avec des erreurs dont l'ampleur et la structure peuvent être arbitraires. Les estimateurs robustes au sens du point de rupture sont généralement définis comme le minimum global d'une certaine mesure non-convexe des erreurs, leur calcul est donc un problème d'optimisation globale très couteux. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les contributions possibles des méthodes d'optimisation globales modernes à l'étude de cette classe de problème. La première partie de la thèse est consacrée au tau-estimateur pour la régression linéaire robuste, qui est défini comme étant un minimum global d'une fonction non-convexe et dérivable. Nous étudions l'impact des techniques d'agglomération et des conditions d'arrêt sur l'efficacité des algorithmes existants. Les conséquences de certains phénomènes liés au voisin le plus proche en grande dimension sur ces algorithmes agglomératifs d'optimisation globale sont aussi mises en évidence. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, nous étudions des algorithmes déterministes pour le calcul de l'estimateur de moindres carrés tronqués, qui est défini à l'aide d'un programme en Nombres entiers non linéaire. En raison de sa nature combinatoire, nous avons dirigé nos efforts vers l'obtention de bornes inférieures pouvant être utilisées dans un algorithme du type branch-and-bound. Plus précisément, nous proposons une relaxation par un programme sur le cône de deuxième ordre, qui peut être renforcée avec des coupes dont nous présentons l'expression explicite. Nous fournissons également des conditions d'optimalité globale
Robust statistics is a branch of statistics dealing with the analysis of data containing contaminated observations. The robustness of an estimator is measured notably by means of the breakdown point. High-breahdown point estimators are usuallly defined as global minima of a non-convex scale of the erros, hence their computation is a challenging global optimization problem. The objective of this dissertation is to investigate the potential distribution of modern global optimization methods to this class of problem. The first part of this thesis is devoted to the tau-estimator for linear regression, which is defined as a global minimum of a nonconvex differentiable function. We investigate the impact of incorporating clustering techniques and stopping conditions in existing stochastic algorithms. The consequences of some phenomena involving the nearest neighbor in high dimension on clustering global optimization algorithms is thoroughly discussed as well. The second part is devoted to deterministic algorithms for computing the least trimmed squares regression estimator, Which is defined through a nonlinear mixed-integer program. Due to the combinatorial nature of this problem, we concentrated on obtaining lower bounds to be used in a branch-and-bound algorithm. In particular, we propose a second-order cone relaxation that can be complemented with concavity cuts that we obtain explicitly. Global optimality conditions are also provided

This project is speculation in search of possibilities and rethinking the potential of Gamla Stan. Society is continually changing, as are the cities that we live in. The old town is mainly a residential area, but also a “living, pedestrian-friendly museum”. This is a place out of time and frozen in its form, a certain sensitivity is required when thinking about such a fragile context. However, the urban structure is not a fixed entity, but a dynamic and evolving one. By gentle carving in the existing city fabric, the aim is to re-introduce a workshop space in a contemporary manner. The idea is tested on the block of Cassiopea, where its building components get interconnected to make a continuous interior. The new space is about forgetting about the hyper-productivity mindset, with an intention to promote aesthetic pleasure and a slow pace of life. This collective and multifunctional space is a representation of artistic expression, a city atelier for making craft using technology. A space for artists, makers, and education, visible to the public.

This diploma thesis deals with the energy efficiency of heat pumps, especially efficiency of air/water system. In the this thesis is simply described the principle of the heat pump and function of each component. It shows the issues of determining the parameters of performance of the heat pump and also describes verification in according to applicable standards. The diploma thesis gives an analysis of determining the energetical efficiency and calculation of coefficient of performance, in other words, the seasonal heating coefficient of performance. Seasonal energy efficiency of selected samples of heat pumps for the heating season is designated for specific climatic conditions.

Thesis (MTech (Project Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019
Scope creep is a common cause of project failures. This results in wastage of money, decreased satisfaction and causes the project value not to be met. Most projects seem to suffer scope creep and stakeholders, and project teams are continuously frustrated by it. Why are the effective means of managing scope seemingly escaping us? There is a lot of literature on the most effective methods of curbing scope creep. Various methodologies and project management software has been developed to deal with the issue of scope creep. However it is still regarded as one of the main challenges facing various projects. One of the active outsourced e-commerce project management companies in Cape Town, South Africa, observed that scope creep was affecting almost every project. Even well-executed e-commerce projects that meet time and budget constraints often fail to meet the expectations of the clients. In most cases the root cause can be traced back to scope issues. It has been observed that almost all e-commerce projects have to deal with scope creep. Project managers, customers and developers do not shoulder all the blame. This research study explores the challenges of managing scope creep. It aims to unveil the extent to which scope creep affects projects, and the underlying challenges of managing scope creep. More and more projects are failing regardless of the documentation, and training programmes on scope management. Perceptions of all the stakeholders are highlighted. The study also seeks to assist project managers on how to avoid scope creep. It has been proven that attempting to avoid it does not eliminate the problem. Therefore, this research study aims to bring about a practical solution to scope creep in e-commerce projects. This research study adopted both a qualitative research approach. Stemming from the findings of this study, recommendations such as employing well trained project managers, who are also trained developers, to assist in scoping the complex projects were made. Clients should also be participants in the scope management initiatives and should be consulted throughout the project. This research study was also done with the intention of assisting Project Management students’ training by contributing to the Project Management body of knowledge. This would help trainers and educators understand the real challenges in the field, and prepare them to provide solutions for future practice.

Introduction - Scope creep is uncontrolled and unauthorized changes to a project, extending the project beyond its initial boundaries. An extensive literature review indicated that scope creep is a common occurrence in projects with dire consequences. There are two dominant perspectives on scope creep. Either it is preventable, or inevitable. Based on these findings, the author seeks to investigate the phenomena by answering the research question of this thesis: Why do project managers have opposing perceptions of scope creep in projects? Purpose - This paper explores the managerial perceptions on the two opposing viewpoints on scope creep and potential variations. No previous studies investigate the phenomena in a matter of perception. The paper aims to open new insights about how project managers perceive scope creep based on their own experiences through project management in practice. Design/methodology/approach - The thesis employs a multiple, cross-sectional and mono-method case study design. A qualitative research method is utilized in combination with interpretative and inductive approaches. Sampling criteria techniques used are purposive and snowballing, focusing on project managers in Norway. Five project managers were interviewed in-depth following an interview guide facilitating semi- structured interviews. The interviews were later translated, transcribed and categorized in a thematic analysis template. Findings - The study’s findings indicate that the opposing managerial perspectives on scope creep are due to a varying degree of knowledge on the phenomena and its definition. Low comprehension of scope creep in project management teams generates ambiguity and uncertainty. Insufficient awareness of scope creep inclines project members to misuse the term, resulting in an inability to detect or discern scope creep from formalized changes to the project scope. The academic debate concerns whether scope creep is preventable or inevitable. This study found that the academic discrepancy is owed to a dissonance between academic project management literature and the real-world experiences from practicing project managers. Research limitations/implications - The paper is limited by investigating scope creep based only on data collected from Norwegian nationals. Furthermore, the sample size of the case study is relatively small. These limitations might inhibit the generalization of findings. Practical implication - The following findings and results aids practicing project managers by highlighting the importance of a clear definition of scope creep. Awareness of scope creep assists project team members to discover unauthorized changes, resulting in proper communication within the project management team concerning rogue changes. Originality/value - The paper examines experienced project managers different perspectives of scope creep from practical applications in the project management field. Keywords - Project Management, Scope Change, Scope Creep, Scope ManagementPaper type - Master's thesis

Con questo elaborato si è voluto rimarcare il vantaggio ottenibile da una gestione sostenibile dei sottoprodotti nei diversi settori dell'industria alimentare e del loro possibile utilizzo per generare materie prime, ingredienti, molecole ad alto valore aggiunto destinati alle produzioni alimentari o a filiere diverse. Sono disponibili numerosi esempi di recupero e valorizzazione di scarti e sottoprodotti alimentari tramite l’uso del lievito “oleaginoso” Yarrowia lipolytica, una delle specie di lievito maggiormente usata a livello industriale. Yarrowia lipolytica è infatti usata come agente biotecnologico per la produzione di acidi organici o sostanze idrofobiche come acidi grassi polinsaturi, di enzimi per l’industria farmaceutica e per la produzione di biocarburanti. Oltre all’ampio uso a livello industriale, questo lievito presenta un importante ruolo applicativo anche nel risanamento ambientale. Y. lipolytica è stato proposto per la valorizzazione della sostanza organica di scarti, reflui e sottoprodotti agro-industriali in composti ad alto valore aggiunto riutilizzabili in diversi settori. Nonostante siano state riportate molte applicazioni industriali per Y. lipolytica, alcuni problemi che limitano il potenziale sviluppo in questo campo permangono. Infatti le caratteristiche di Y. lipolytica sono intrinsecamente ceppo-dipendenti e molti prodotti non possono essere prodotti su scala commerciale. Perciò, l’individuazione del corretto substrato è ritenuta un fattore cruciale per la produzione di specifici prodotti chiave. Con lo sviluppo delle biotecnologie, una serie di strumenti genetici e molecolari permetteranno uno studio più approfondito di Y. lipolytica. Per questo si può concludere che queste biotecnologie forniranno nuove idee e nuove opportunità in futuro per la produzione da parte di Y. lipolytica di altri prodotti naturali, specialmente di quelli con alto valore aggiunto.

The goal of this thesis is test and comparation of the offline tools for prediction of protein structure and creation of metaprediktor, which allows the user to select the appropriate tool, according to given parameters. Testing tool is based on a dataset of proteins, which is based on the SCOP database and it is trying to be as balanced as possible to include proteins from different families and thus could best evaluate individual tools. The results of this thesis are requirements of metaprediktor and also which data and settings can be allowed and processed and how it will be implemented.

Pre-design Methodology for Establishing Scope-Budget and Scope-Duration Alignment for Capital Projects It is well established that projects do not meet their cost, schedule and scope objectives and often fail to deliver the benefits that were hoped for. Part of the challenge is that at the conceptual/pre-design stage, the level of scope definition is often only 1-2% and the resulting pre-design cost estimates typically have an accuracy range of -50% to +100%. Project teams may not feel confident providing this information to the designers as design-to-cost targets and overall project cost management suffers as a result. The proposed methodology was developed to assist with pre-design estimating on a new student health center at a college in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Development of a preliminary work breakdown structure allowed development of a cost model targeted at the major cost elements of a capital project by removing cost elements such as sitework and general conditions that have greater variability that is often concealed in cost/SF historical data used for modeling. The regression equation developed, based on five data points of comparable projects ranging in size from 20,000SF to 72,714 SF , with a zero intercept, has an R² of 0.9925, a P Value <0.0001 and a F test score of 661.63. 63. Using the model to validate the cost of the comparable projects resulted in a cost forecast range of -10.3% to + 39.4% as compared to industry standard expected cost range in the pre-design period of -50% to+100%. Using the forecast cost and Bromilow equations to forecast project duration resulted in duration forecasts within approximately +/-18% of the contracted durations. The need for vigorous cost management over the life of a project remains, but this methodology offers an approach to (1) develop design-to-cost targets and (2) for the project team to have greater confidence they have scope-budget and scope-duration matches as the project enters design.

Scoops are important parts in an aircraft engine design, as they provide airflowto different equipment and subsystems. The optimization of such a component isessential in order to find a design that can perform properly within a range of flightconditions, with a minimum impair of main flow aerodynamic performances. Scoopdesign methods are generally based on previous experimental results and are usuallyconstrained by the limited space available. The studied configuration concerns theflush scoop located inside the secondary flow of turbofans which provides flow fora turbine cooling equipment. Depending on flight conditions and engine workingpoint, this scoop will experience various flow regimes, from low mass flow rates tochoke flows. Therefore, the study of several scooped mass flow rates is mandatoryto extract the scoop behaviour. The thesis concerns the preliminary step beforea 3D CFD optimization : a study of influence is run on the baseline geometry inorder to investigate the robustness of the solution computed using different methodsand to determine the parameters to be optimized. Firstly, the full post-processingmethodology is defined to properly evaluate the performance of a design (scoopefficiency, induced pressure losses). A second step consists in analysing the abilityof CFD solvers to capture the different flow behaviour. This point is addressed bycomparing solvers (Fluent, elsA, PowerFLOW), meshes (structured, unstructured)and turbulence models. The third step deals with the optimization strategy definitionto improve the scoop design and thus the engine fuel consumption.

Book Summary: SCIP gives you the most comprehensive collection of contrastive sound pairs so you can have a treatment tool right at your fingertips on your iPad. This evidence-based app consisted of thousands of hours of research, where nearly 100 expert SLPs in six national test sites participated compared traditional methods of creating materials to using SCIP. The results were astounding: the new SCIP app requires virtually no prep work, saving Speech-Language Pathologists vital time.

This thesis examines the scopal behaviour of bare singulars and bare plurals in Shona (a Bantu language spoken in Zimbabwe). I treat these expressions as indefinites which are assigned scope via choice functions; the function variable may be existentially closed, yielding an existential or nonspecific interpretation, or it may be free, taking its value from the context and yielding a referential or specific reading. I argue that apparent scope differences between singulars and plurals can be explained by the semantics of plurality. In Shona, bare plurals appear to be scopally ambiguous with respect to a clausemate scopeless quantifier (a numeral or shoma ‘(a) few’), while bare singulars must take wide scope over scopeless quantifiers. I argue that scopeless quantifiers are intersective modifiers rather than quantifying determiners, and that the sentences with bare plurals in fact have only one reading, a cumulative reading, which subsumes the truth conditions for the apparent wide and narrow scope readings. Another modifier, ose ‘all’, patterns with scopeless quantifiers in its scopal possibilities; I claim that ose denotes an operator which returns the supremum of its complement. There is also an apparent scope difference in negative clauses and clauses with the universal quantifier oga-oga ‘every’ in object position: bare plural subjects appear to have both narrow and wide scope readings, while bare singular subjects appear to be restricted to wide scope. I argue that due to the interaction of information structure and syntactic structure, subjects in Shona must be specific, appearing to take widest scope; apparent narrow scope readings of bare plural subjects are due to nonmaximality and homogeneity. Contrary to appearances, then, bare singulars and bare plurals do not have different scope possibilities; rather, sentences which contain plurals have more general truth conditions than those which contain singulars.

During the period January 12th to June 11th 2010 an examination work with the aim to improve the logistic situation at a construction site in Motala Sweden, owned by Peab was in progress. The background is the lack of general logistic thinking and knowledge in the construction field. By observing purveyances, as many as possible, data will be gathered and processed according to the SCOR reference manual. With the knowledge of Perfect Order Fulfilment, Source Cycle Time, Plan Cycle Time, Cost to Source, and Cost to Plan best practice suggestions of how to improve the logistic situation could be presented to Peab. Perfect Order Fulfilment will be presented as a whole for the construction site but also for each supplier and transporter individually. Perfect Order Fulfilment, Source Cycle Time, Plan Cycle Time, Cost to Source, and Cost to Plan are metrics that Peab is interested of getting values of. But those metrics are primarily developed for the industrial field (so as SCOR in total) and not adapted for the construction field. This examination work also tries to make an analysis of how well SCOR can be applied in the construction field. Some processes and metrics must beredefined and added to SCOR to be able to apply SCOR in the  construction field. Two new metrics to apply are % of Notify in Time and % of On-Time Delivery. A Return Resource process shall also be added in a future construction-SCOR. Lastly the % of Orders Delivered in Full metric and Plan, Source, Make, and Deliver must be object of a future study. Another project at the construction site, going on simultaneously with this examination work, aims to use a third-part-transporter with a cross docking system for transportation of goods in to the construction site. The goods come from the supplier into the third-part-transporter where it is repacked as the construction site wants it. Using a third-part-transporter can reduce the number of deliveries to the  site. Extra costs are added to the goods (inventory costs at third-part-transporter, repacking costs, and transport costs). The examination work will also try to analyze how well the thirdpart-transport system works and if it is cost-effective. One way to compare the use of a third-part-transporter and not having a third-part-transporter is to analyze how often goods are moved at the site. With a frequency study the number of movements was analyzed and costs associated with these movements were calculated. If the number of movements for goods that arrives with a third-part-transporter is lower they have an advantage compared to normal transporters.