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1
Rudelius, Linda. "The Scope of Marks & Spencer : The applicability to permanent establishments." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-11059.
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The European Union (EU) is built on the principle of freedom of establishment, meaning that companies have the possibility to establish themselves as a company or by setting up a secondary establishment in other Member States. This right has been confirmed by the European Court of Justice through case law.
A basic feature in domestic tax legislation is that losses are allowed to be set off against profits when calculating the tax liability of a company. At the moment cross-border loss compensation within the EU is restricted, unfeasible or just accepted on a temporary basis. This lack of recognition of loss-offset gives the fact that double taxation may occur and claims form two or more national tax systems leads to uncertainty in the way a company will be taxed. Depending on whether the secondary establishment is a subsidiary or a branch, the rules relating to loss compensation differs.
Taxation of secondary establishments is based on the principle of whether or not they are considered as a resident or a non-resident of the state. In regards to taxation of secondary establishments, the PE is considered to be a non-resident and a subsidiary considered to be a resident. However, the European Court of Justice approach of non discriminatory treatment and equal treatment that has been developed and seen in the history of case law leads to the question if the Marks & Spencer ruling that concerned secondary establishments in form of subsidiaries can be applied to permanent establishments.
The most vital difference between a subsidiary and a permanent establishment is connected to the taxation of the two. The subsidiary is considered to become a resident of the establishing state while the permanent establishment is seen as a non-resident. This legal difference between the two leads to different treatment under tax law. Taxation under a tax treaty leads to the situation where one of the contracting states will either credit or exempt the income deriving from the permanent establishment. Permanent establishments are often taxed under the method of exemption.
In the Marks & Spencer case it was held that losses and profits were two sides of the same coin. Applying this statement to permanent establishments gives the notion that if a contracting state exempts an income, there will be a set off of the symmetry of having losses and profits within the same tax system. This lead to the fact that if applying the Marks & Spencer ruling on permanent establishments that are taxed under the exemption method, allowing terminal losses to be taken into account at the head office will set off the symmetry. Therefore it can be considered as the Marks & Spencer ruling shall not apply to permanent establishments.
2
Baddack, Frank. "Lex Mercatoria: scope and application of the law merchant in arbitration." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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Arbitration is the preferred method of dispute resolution in international trade. Naturally, a set of rules is necessary to govern the conflict&rsquos resolution. For cultural, political, economical or other reasons the parties&rsquo
national laws may not serve the individual interests and needs of that particular contract well. If one wants to avoid the application of both parties&rsquo
national laws, one can choose that the contract be governed by an a-national legal standard, e.g. general principles of International Trade Law or the general usages of a particular trade. These internationally accepted principles of law governing contractual relations are called lex mercatoria (law merchant).
Lex mercatoria already existed in the Middle Ages and can even be dated back to antiquity. Later it disappeared through the nationalization of International Trade Law and was rediscovered in the 1950s, when international traders were again creating their own law and disputes were increasingly resolved outside of the national jurisdictions and applying a-national law. Lex mercatoria is being applied more and more by arbitrators and is therefore becoming increasingly important for dispute resolution in International Trade. Numerous different concepts and theories of lex mercatoria have been developed. Its being an autonomous legal system is questioned by some authors and the doctrine in favour of it called unfounded. The critics also argue that the authority to apply lex mercatoria may be a recipe for amateurism and the substitution of the arbitrator&rsquo
s private preferences for the parties&rsquo
intentions, for itis easy to proclaim common principles on the basis of limited knowledge. The lex mercatoria is said only to exist because scholars talk about it. However, these and other allegations can be refuted by critically analyzing the arguments that are supposed to underline those assumptions. Applying lex mercatoria to solve international trade disputes has many advantages. By choosing lex mercatoria the parties avoid rules which are unfit for international contracts, e.g. peculiar formalities, brief cut-off periods and special difficulties created by domestic laws. In addition to that, neither of the parties has the advantage of having the dispute governed by his own law. Since one of the central rules is the principle of good faith and fair dealing, lex mercatoria neither leads to arbitrary results nor does it favour the rich. Is it possible for the arbitrators to apply lex mercatoria if no law has been chosen by the parties? The failure of the parties to indicate a choice could well mean that they did not wish to have their contract governed by any of their national laws. In some awards arbitrators applied lex mercatoria as they considered the community of international merchants to be autonomous and to exist beyond national legislation. However, it cannot be deduced from the absence of such a choice that the parties have impliedly chosen lex mercatoria to be the law governing the conflict. Lex mercatoria is applicable only as a subsidiary law in cases where no national law has been chosen and seems apt.
3
Cattaneo, Andrea. "The application of EU competition law to sport." Thesis, Edge Hill University, 2017. http://repository.edgehill.ac.uk/9943/.
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The thesis has looked at the application of competition law of the European Union to sport. The main objective of the thesis is to understand whether the European institutions have adopted a sport-specific approach when applying competition law, and to identify problems connected to it. Sport presents a number of characteristics that differentiates it from any other industry. It is an area where private and public interests arise and demand protection. These range from private economic interests, to the protection of cultural aspects, health and well-being, and employment. The European Union has moved from an approach according to which sporting rules were not falling under EU law, to one where any sporting rule is capable of having economic effects and could therefore be assessed. In parallel, Sport Governing Bodies have stopped rejecting the intrusion of EU institutions in sport, and have accepted that the role of the authorities could be channelled to guarantee an area of autonomy. The thesis provides an original contribution to the body of knowledge in assessing the intensity of the economic analysis adopted by the EU institutions when examining conduct of Sports Governing Bodies. This aspect is particularly connected to the specific characteristics of sport, and of the sporting market. The research suggests to adopt a system of governance that is more collaborative and inclusive, and that is capable of representing the needs and protect the interest of all the industry stakeholders. This would require a greater involvement of the stakeholders in the rule setting and enforcement procedure, in order to channel the expertise of Governing Bodies and restrict the tendency to abuse of their regulatory powers.
4
Rondu, Julie. "L'individu, sujet du droit de l'Union européenne." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAA015.
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Cette thèse vise à analyser l’émergence de l’individu comme un sujet du droit de l’Union européenne s’affirmant face à l’État membre. Elle défend l’idée selon laquelle le droit de l’Union connaît un processus de « subjectivisation fonctionnelle », de source essentiellement juridictionnelle, qui se manifeste par la reconnaissance des droits, des intérêts et de la situation subjective de l’individu, de façon à placer ce dernier au service de la réalisation du projet d’intégration européenne. Prenant une portée constitutionnelle, ce mouvement s’inscrit dans une double logique de protection et d’instrumentalisation de l’individu par l’Union, dialectique inhérente à l’ordre juridique incomplet que constitue l’UnionThis dissertation aims at describing the emergence of the individuals as subjects of European Union law, asserting themselves against the Member State. It upholds the idea that European Union law undergoes a “functional subjectivation” process, mostly based on case-law, materialized by the recognition of the individuals’ rights, interests and subjective situation, in order to make them agents of the European integration project realization. This movement, taking on a constitutional dimension, is part of both a protective and instrumental approach of the individual by the European Union, dialectic inherent to the European Union incomplete legal order
5
Corlu, Huseyin Cagri. "The application of anti-manipulation law to EU wholesale energy markets and its interplay with EU competition law." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/30135.
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Of the findings, the European Commission established in its report on Energy Sector Inquiry, market manipulation constituted a major concern for the functioning and integrity of EU energy sectors. The Commission argued that the responsibility for high prices in wholesale energy markets could be attributed to manipulative practices of energy incumbents and the trust in the operation of operation of sector was largely compromised, due to these practices. Remedies, EU competition law provided, were considered as insufficient to resolve these shortcomings and thus should be supplemented with regulatory-based tools. The findings of the Energy Sector Inquiry and subsequent consultation documents by multiple EU institutions paved the way for the adoption of the Regulation on wholesale energy market integrity and transparency, REMIT, which incorporated into an anti-manipulation rule, specifically designed to prohibit and prosecute manipulative practices in EU wholesale energy markets. Nevertheless, as EU case law on market manipulation has yet to develop and there are uncertainties with respect to the concept of market manipulation. Furthermore REMIT does not preclude the jurisdiction of EU competition law, questions arise as to the scope and the extent of the application of this prohibition. Throughout its chapters, this book explores the scope of and the case law on market manipulation to determine what types of market practices are regarded as manipulative and thus prohibited under anti-manipulation rules. It also focuses on the interplay between REMIT and EU competition law and evaluates factors and circumstances that determine when and what market misconduct can be subject to enforcement proceedings under both anti-manipulation and antitrust rules. As the development of a single, coherent, rulebook that can be relied upon by market participant is fundamental for the functioning of EU wholesale energy markets, the book, finally, provides proposals and measures that can mitigate and resolve the legal uncertainties regarding the regulatory framework REMIT established.
6
Rondu, Julie. "L'individu, sujet du droit de l'Union européenne." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAA015.
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Cette thèse vise à analyser l’émergence de l’individu comme un sujet du droit de l’Union européenne s’affirmant face à l’État membre. Elle défend l’idée selon laquelle le droit de l’Union connaît un processus de « subjectivisation fonctionnelle », de source essentiellement juridictionnelle, qui se manifeste par la reconnaissance des droits, des intérêts et de la situation subjective de l’individu, de façon à placer ce dernier au service de la réalisation du projet d’intégration européenne. Prenant une portée constitutionnelle, ce mouvement s’inscrit dans une double logique de protection et d’instrumentalisation de l’individu par l’Union, dialectique inhérente à l’ordre juridique incomplet que constitue l’UnionThis dissertation aims at describing the emergence of the individuals as subjects of European Union law, asserting themselves against the Member State. It upholds the idea that European Union law undergoes a “functional subjectivation” process, mostly based on case-law, materialized by the recognition of the individuals’ rights, interests and subjective situation, in order to make them agents of the European integration project realization. This movement, taking on a constitutional dimension, is part of both a protective and instrumental approach of the individual by the European Union, dialectic inherent to the European Union incomplete legal order
7
Rydén, Erik. "Exploring the Scope of Article 19(1) TEU: A New Horizon for the Enforcement of the Rule of Law in EU Member States?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-431684.
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8
Bilal, Muhammad. "An enquiry into the application of EU anti-dumping law, with particular reference to Pakistan." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/622102.
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Dumping is to unfairly sell goods at a lower price (at foreign market) as compared to their normal value at domestic market of the manufacturing country, thus causing material injury to the local industry of the importing country. Other researchers have explored the global (WTO Agreement) and the European Union’s (EU) Anti-Dumping law mostly with a commercial perspective. At doctoral level EU-China, EU-Japan and EU-Korea trade relations with reference to the application of protective measures have been studied. This dissertation is, however, the very first aimed to examine the application of EU Anti-Dumping law relating to Pakistan. This is a complete health check of EU-Pakistan trade relations with reference to the application of Anti-dumping duties on Pakistan. This study is a combination of doctrinal research and empirical research, whereby it critically evaluates the Commission’s investigation and the judgements of the EU Courts related to Pakistan and thus establish their consistency or inconsistency; it also studies the voting patterns within the Council and the impact of AD duties on Pakistani imports. It is a qualitative exploratory study based upon an inductive approach. Contradictions are found in the calculations of normal value and export price, constructed normal value, the comparison of normal value and export price, the calculation of dumping margin, and the calculation of injury. Suggestions are made as to the extent to which Unions’ anti-dumping rules need to be reviewed to moderate their tilt that unequivocally favours Union manufacturers. Moreover, this dissertation identifies many provisions of the basic regulation, which being too vague offers multiple interpretations, which are thus recommended to be amended. In the empirical part of this research the voting style of EU member states for or against the adoption of AD measures against Pakistan has been studied. Thereafter, the content analysis of stated reasons for specific voting styles reveals that the member states vote on the basis of the findings and conclusions of investigation as done by the Commission, thus trade partner loyalty is not the reason for their voting. Furthermore, application of the ADDs is found to be reason of import decline from Pakistan to the EU.
9
Nilsson, Andreas. "Application of National Identity in EU law : A case-law analysis of the Court of Justice’s application of national identity in the fields of fundamental rights, internal structures and the free movements." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-389674.
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10
Petersson, Sofie. "Svensk domstols hantering av EU-rätten : domstolens skyldigheter gentemot EU och faktiska genomförande av dessa." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Management and Economics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-447.
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Sveriges inträde i EU 1995 har lett till många förändringar i det svenska rättssystemet. Svenska domstolar har därmed fått en ny arbetssituation och nya skyldigheter. Flera förändringar har skett i svensk processrätt, och grundläggande EU-rättsliga principer som de om direkt effekt och EU-rättens företräde framför nationell rätt, har ställt de nationella domstolarna inför flera utmaningar.
Den mest grundläggande skyldigheten de svenska domstolarna har gentemot EU är förpliktelsen att inhämta förhandsavgörande från EU-domstolen. Sistainstansrätterna är skyldiga att göra detta närhelst de är osäkra på tolkningen och/eller tillämpningen av en EU-rättslig bestämmelse. Detta är en långtgående förpliktelse som endast har två undantag: det första är i de fall EU-domstolen redan dömt i ett identiskt fall (acte éclairé); det andra är då den nationella domstolen anser att den EU-rättsliga bestämmelsen är tillräckligt klar och tydligt för att den självständigt ska kunna tillämpa den (acte clair).
Dessa skyldigheter har lett till ett flertal problem för de svenska domstolarna. Sverige har fått skarp kritik från Kommissionen för sistainstansrätternas obenägenhet att inhämta förhandsavgörande.
Huruvida EU borde ta hårdare tag mot medlemsstaternas nationella domstolar eller om kriterierna för när skyldigheten att inhämta förhandsavgörande borde mjukas upp diskuteras flitigt i nuläget. Det finns företeelser som talar för en utveckling åt både det ena och det andra hållet, vilket gör detta till ett väldigt spännande ämne att studera.
Since Sweden joined EU in 1995 many things has changed in the Swedish legal order. This has led to several new obligations for the Swedish courts. There have been a number of changes in Swedish law of procedure, and fundamental principles of law set down by EU, like the principle of direct effect of EU law and its precedence over national law, has presented many challenges before the national courts.
The most fundamental obligation of the Swedish courts to EU is the duty to make a reference for a preliminary ruling to the European Court of Justice (ECJ). The courts of last instance are obligated to do this in any case where they are insecure of the appropriate application of EU-law. There are only two exceptions to this rule, namely when the ECJ already has ruled in an identical matter (acte éclairé) and in cases where the national court feels that the correct interpretation of the rule of law in question is obvious (acte clair).
These obligations have lead to a number of problems for the Swedish courts. The Commission has criticized Sweden because of the national courts of last instance unwillingness to request preliminary rulings.
Whether EU should toughen up and take action against the national courts disobedience or if the criteria for when an obligation to make a reference for a preliminary ruling should get more flexible is constantly discussed at this time. There are several things that speaks for both of these developments and that makes this a very interesting topic to study.
11
Taka, Anni-Maria. "Cross-Border Application of EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - A private international law study on third state implications." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-326633.
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Nasibyan, Svetlana Sergeyevna. "Treatment and assessment of dominance and monopoly in the EU and US : the application of 'size' and 'bigness'." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7953/.
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This thesis is an examination of the way dominance and monopoly are assessed in the EU and US antitrust law. In particular, it focuses on the two main factors which, in the view of this thesis, may play an important role in the application of antitrust rules. These factors are a firm’s size and bigness. With the main focus on these two factors, this thesis assesses whether the EU Commission holds an antagonistic approach to dominant firms as a way to promote consumer welfare and economic efficiency which are the main aims of antitrust law. As a matter of comparison, this thesis similarly considers the US approach to firms in a monopolistic position. This research is inclined to believe that ‘size’ and ‘bigness’ make a firm large in the context of antitrust law. Size is defined by the number of market shares a firm has in a relevant market. Bigness, on the other hand, is defined by a non-exhaustive list of all commercial and technological advantages a firm has over its rivals. Both elements, therefore, constitute dominance and monopoly, and place a firm into a privileged position over its competitors. The belief that dominant firms are inherently detrimental to the primary goals of antitrust may itself harm consumer welfare and economic efficiencies. This is explained by the fact that large firms have access to more resources which may be necessary for some industries. The obstacles for their growth may lead to the stagnation in the progression of markets which, in turn, will be reflected on the consumers and economy. Despite this being a common concern of various stakeholders, the Commission and the EU courts set low market share thresholds in order to measure a firm’s size and admit all firm’s privileges into the definition of a dominant position. It creates an impression that dominant firms are not welcomed in the EU internal market. US antitrust law, on the other hand, appears to have a less strict approach to firms in a monopolistic position by allowing firms to grow as long as there is no illegality behind it. The US market share threshold is much higher than in the EU and it has an almost complete disregard of a firm’s privileges and advantages. This thesis, therefore, came to the conclusion that EU competition law has a strong distrust toward dominant firms, whilst US antitrust law holds a neutral position. This research then proceeds to find an explanation of such a disparity between two leading antitrust regimes.
13
De, Stadler Elizabeth Briers. "The scope of the application of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 in the context of the sale of defective goods in comparative perspective." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27809.
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The Consumer Protection Act 68 ('the CPA') came into effect on 31 March 2011. In broad terms, the purpose of the CPA is to promote the social and economic welfare of consumers. Specific reference is made to reducing disadvantages suffered by vulnerable consumers. The question posed in this thesis is whether the scope of the application of the CPA in relation to transactions for goods is consistent with the purpose of the Act, but also how it compares to the approaches taken in the European Union, United Kingdom and Australia. It is argued that the application provisions are not always fair, rational, clear, efficient and consistent with reasonable expectations. The following issues relating to the application of the Act are addressed: the approach to the protection of small juristic persons, the omission of a exclusion based on the purposes for which the transaction is concluded, the onus of proof, the exclusion of transactions outside the ordinary course of business, the definition of 'supplier', whether transactions should be 'for consideration' in order for the consumer to qualify for protection, whether the whole supply chain should be liable and whether all goods should fall within the scope of the Act. Recommendations on these issues are made in light of rationales for consumer protection legislation, proposed criteria for evaluating such legislation (namely whether the legislation is fair, rational, clear, efficient and consistent with reasonable expectations) and comparative research. Suggested amendments to the wording of relevant sections in the Act are made in the final chapter.
14
Apostolakis, Ioannis. "Resale price maintenance and the limits of Article 101 TFEU : reconsidering the application of EU competition law to vertical price restraints." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7101/.
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The public policy towards minimum resale price maintenance (‘RPM’), or vertical price fixing, namely the practice whereby a manufacturer stipulates a retail price floor below which its products are not to be resold, has traditionally been one of the most contentious antitrust issues on both sides of the Atlantic. Economic theory suggests that RPM is capable of producing ambivalent welfare consequences, thus obscuring the intellectual debate as to the optimal antitrust response to the practice. This normative uncertainty is best reflected in the divergent approach taken to RPM under the relevant laws of the United States and the European Union, arguably the world’s two most mature antitrust jurisdictions. In 2007, in its seminal Leegin judgment, the United States Supreme Court abolished the century-old per se ban on vertical price fixing. At the same time, under the European Commission’s recent Guidelines on Vertical Restraints price floors remain subject to a quasi-conclusive presumption of illegality. The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether a more consistent approach through the relaxation of the European Commission’s blanket prohibition on price floors would be feasible and, in effect, desirable. Based on insights from new institutional economics, it will be argued that RPM may on certain occasions be a substitute – however imperfect – for vertical integration, where a merger would be prohibitively costly for the parties, in which case the hierarchical form of organisation will have to be replaced by a hybrid governance structure. Under certain circumstances, a fixed retail profit margin may enhance the self-enforcing range of long-term partnerships governed by relational norms, as well as the manufacturer’s control over distribution by reducing substantially the transaction costs associated with monitoring dealer performance. At the same time, however, the analysis will take into account the various objections to the practice, most notably the horizontal collusion theory, in order to argue that the approach to RPM should in principle be cautious. The discussion will culminate in the proposal for a new, workable analytical framework for the substantive assessment of vertical price fixing under EU competition law, which will be based on a – genuinely – rebuttable presumption of anti-competitive object under Article 101(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.
15
Cohen, Geraldine T. "Barriers to marketing within professional service firms : a study of the understanding and application of marketing within accountancy and law firms." Thesis, Brunel University, 2006. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/395.
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We live in a world of rapid change. Nowadays, there are virtually no organisations that haven’t been affected in one form or another by changes in their environment. The professions, which have for centuries been sheltered against change, are under increasing and complex environmental pressures and as a consequence are experiencing considerable change and uncertainty. The overall pressures have been increased competition, more demanding and sophisticated clients, succession issues, deregulation, technological advancement and globalisation. These have acted upon sectors, which are encumbered with conflicts of interests caused by the nature of the partnership organisational structure and a compromised self-regulation based on the traditional professional culture. Marketing has an important role to play as the organisation’s interface with the environment. It is a “boundary-spanning organisational function through its constant interface with the external environment at large and with customers, competitors and channel members in particular” (Varadarajan, 1992, p.340), as well as with the various groups within the organisation. The key role attributed to the marketing function is as a tool designed to maximise efficiency. Marketing has been very reluctantly adopted as a management tool by the professions. This thesis addresses the barriers to acceptance and implementation of marketing within professional service firms, given the intensity and complexity of environmental pressures they have been subjected. The research has focused on two of the traditional liberal professions, accountancy and law, through the study of the way marketing is perceived, understood and practiced within the organisation of seven accountancy and seven law firms. A theoretical model has been developed and refined providing the explanation for the barriers to marketing within the professional service organisation. The findings based on analysis of the professionals’ perceptions have demonstrated that these barriers can be seen as a result of an organisational conflict between the need for response to contingency pressures and the internal and external institutional isomorphic pressures of maintaining professional legitimacy with the implications of forfeiting organisational efficiency. The findings indicate that change within the professional organisation only takes place if subjected to contingency pressures and, in general, it is slowed down due to the institutional barriers of the professional partnership. The study has revealed that professionals are torn between the pressures of change and the need for respectability and maintenance of the status quo, which is evidence of the conflicting contingency and institutional pressures at play. The Marketing Champion has been proven to be a powerful driver for change in terms of initiating and leading the process. The review of perceptions of the concept and role of marketing within professional service firms has revealed generational differences, misconceptions and outright conflict leading to resistance in its introduction and application, although professionals have individually practiced a wide variety of marketing activities in their pursuit of gaining and maintaining clients. There has been conspicuous resistance to the acceptance of marketing as a management tool across the professional organisation. The main barriers to implementation have been identified as the professional partnership structure and the professional culture. Understanding on how marketing has being practiced within the professional organisation researched has been considered important in establishing the nature of the response to contingency and institutional forces. The research has been focused on the level of importance given to marketing as a strategic tool as opposed to the traditional tactical, communications mainly tool. The research has again shown that those firms who had a Marketing Champion, used marketing in a far more strategic manner.
16
Lundstedt, Lydia. "Territoriality in Intellectual Property Law : A comparative study of the interpretation and operation of the territoriality principle in the resolution of transborder intellectual property infringement disputes with respect to international civil jurisdiction, applicable law and the territorial scope of application of substantive intellectual property law in the European Union and United States." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-133470.
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The principle of territoriality is a truism in intellectual property (IP) law. A premise underlying the principle is the right of each state to determine the extent to which IP rights exist and are protected within its own territory to fulfil its own economic, social and cultural policy goals. This is done by giving a right to prevent others from doing within the protected territory any of the acts that are exclusively reserved to the right holder under the IP statute that granted or protects the IP right. The principle of territoriality informs that IP rights granted or protected by a state are independent from those granted or protected by other states, and that the rights conferred under each state’s IP law are limited to the territory of that state. As the principle of territoriality neatly allocated jurisdiction among states on a territorial basis, it purportedly obviated the need for private international law. Each state exercised jurisdiction over the infringement of its own rights and applied its own domestic IP law, which served the interests of the states and of the parties. With the increase in the protection and exploitation of IP rights across national borders, infringements do not remain within hermetically sealed national territories. Acts taken in one state can have effects in other states and impair the policies that the rights were designed to fulfil. This raises questions concerning the territorial scope of application of the domestic IP law, that is, whether it is interpreted with respect to a domestic tangible act, effects on a domestic policy goal or both. In addition, the transborder exploitation of IP rights raises questions of private international law with respect to whether states exercise jurisdiction and apply national law to disputes concerning infringements of their domestic rights or whether states exercise jurisdiction and apply national law to disputes arising from acts committed in their territories (or both). These determinations may depend on different factors such as the different interests taken into consideration (e.g. state or party interests), the different legal traditions upon which the legal systems are based and the characteristics and functions of the IP rights themselves. This dissertation compares the interpretation and operation of the principle of territoriality of IP law in the private law resolution of transborder IP infringement disputes in the legal systems of the European Union and the United States, two distinctly different legal systems that have significant trade and investment relations with each other. The comparison shows that while the systems are functionally similar, the principle of territoriality is interpreted and operates somewhat differently in the two legal systems.
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Botshinda, Amelia. "Implementeringen av koldioxidsnåla och klimatpositiva benchmarks samt ESG-relaterad transparens i BMR : en kritisk granskning av kommissionens föreslagna ändringar av Benchmarkförordningen och dess förenlighet med de åsyftade ändamålen." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-165454.
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Vi lever i en tid präglad av drastiska klimatförändringar och ökade utsläpp av växthusgaser, där klimatångest har kommit att bli ett problem som tycks drabba såväl privatpersoner som företag. Allteftersom vår medvetenhet för samtidens klimathot ökar, har även hållbarhet fått en allt större betydelse för europeiska investerare. En tydlig konsekvens härav är den kraftiga ökningen av antalet hållbarhetsindex som identifierats på finansmarknaden. Hållbarhetsindex används ofta som komponent i passiva investeringsstrategier eller som verktyg för att mäta prestationen av olika värdepapper i en portfölj, och får på så vis funktionen av ett benchmark. Metoden för att utveckla såväl hållbara index som benchmarks kan emellertid variera, vilket ofta beror på att klimatrelaterad information kan vara extremt komplex att omvandla till finansiellt relaterbara värden. Svårigheterna härom har således minskat marknadens förtroende för sådana investeringsalternativ, trots den ökade benägenheten hos investerare att ta hänsyn till hållbarhet även i finansiella sammanhang. Bristande lagstiftning inom området föranledde Europeiska kommissionen att upprätta ett förslag om ändring av Benchmarkförordningen år 2018, som en del av sin handlingsplan för finansiering av hållbar tillväxt. Förordningen reglerar i dagsläget främst administratörer av benchmarks, vilka innehar det övergripande juridiska ansvaret för ett benchmark. Med förslaget införs nya kategorier för koldioxidsnåla och klimatpositiva benchmarks samt en reviderad transparensreglering som förpliktigar administratörer att offentliggöra hur de beaktar hållbarhet i sin metod och referensvärdesdeklaration. Även om förslaget välkomnats av flertalet aktörer, föreligger anledning att ifrågasätta huruvida marknaden kommer kunna förhålla sig till de ambitiösa ändringarna, samt om effekten av reglerna blir den som kommissionen eftersträvat. I uppsatsen identifieras och diskuteras de potentiella utmaningarna med förslagets ikraftträdande, vilka sedermera analyseras i förhållande till de åsyftade ändamålen med reglerna. Kritik riktas i uppsatsen främst mot förordningens bristande möjligheter att hålla andra aktörer ansvariga, eftersom uppfyllandet av de nya reglerna inte enbart är beroende av administratörernas eget agerande. Vidare konstateras att marknaden inledningsvis kommer att få stora svårigheter med insamling och verifiering av den klimatrelaterade information som är avgörande för användningen av miljövänliga benchmarks. Sett ur ett långsiktigt perspektiv tros emellertid ändringarna kunna skapa goda förutsättningar för en bättre inkludering av hållbarhet på finansmarknaden, utan kompromiss av ett konsument- eller investerarskydd.
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von, Ameln Felix. "Grenzen der Dienstleistungsfreiheit im Bereich des Gesundheitswesens unter Berücksichtigung der Patientenrichtlinie 2011/24/EU." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-171223.
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Ausgangspunkt dieser Studie stellt die sog. „Patientenrichtlinie“ 2011/24/EU dar. Diese beruht auf der Rspr. des EuGH, wonach für die Inanspruchnahme grenzüberschreitender Gesundheitsleistungen die Dienstleistungsfreiheit Anwendung findet. Bezogen auf den Bereich des Gesundheitswesens steht die Dienstleistungsfreiheit jedoch in einem Spannungsverhältnis zu der Organisationshoheit der Mitgliedstaaten für ihre Gesundheitssysteme. Diese Arbeit widmet sich daher zunächst dem Begriff der Gesundheitsleistungen und führt das Bestehen des Spannungsverhältnisses auf die historische Entwicklung der Sozialregelungen in den Verträgen zurück. In einem weiteren Schritt wird dann die tatsächliche Anwendbarkeit der Dienstleistungsfreiheit für den Bereich der Gesundheitsleistungen untersucht. Im Anschluss daran erfolgt eine Analyse der Rechtsprechung des EuGH. Dieser versucht das Spannungsverhältnis auf der Ebene der „Rechtfertigung“ zu lösen. Letztlich führt jedoch dieser Ansatz nicht zur Lösung dieses Spannungsverhältnisses, da durch die Auslegungsbedürftigkeit des Primärrechts rechtliche Unsicherheiten entstehen. Auch die Patientenrichtlinie, welche auf der Rechtsprechung des EuGH beruht, kann daher nur bedingt zur Beseitigung der bestehenden Unsicherheiten bei grenzüberschreitenden Gesundheitsleistungen beitragen. Ebenso können weitere in der Literatur vorgestellte Alternativen das Grundproblem nicht lösen. Notwendig wäre vielmehr eine klarere Abgrenzung der Regelungszuständigkeiten im Primärrecht selbstThe starting point for this study is the so-called „Patient Directive“ 2011/24/EU. This is based on the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice, according to which when using cross-border healthcare services the free movement of services finds application. Referring to the area of healthcare the free movement of services however is in a relationship of tension with the organisational sovereignty of member states for their healthcare systems. For this reason this work addresses itself firstly to the concept of healthcare services and leads the existence of a relationship of tension back to the historical development of social regulations in the contracts. In a further step then the actual applicability of the free movement of services for the area healthcare services is examined. Following this an analysis of the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice takes place. This attempts to solve the relationship of tension at the level of „justification“. In the end however this starting-point does not lead to solving this tension relationship, for through the need for interpretation of primary law legal uncertainties arise. Also the patient directive, which is based on the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice, can for this reason only partially contribute to the removal of uncertainties existing with cross-border healthcare services. Equally further alternatives presented in literature cannot solve the basic problem. Rather a clearer delimitation in the primary law itself would be required
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von, Ameln Felix. "Grenzen der Dienstleistungsfreiheit im Bereich des Gesundheitswesens unter Berücksichtigung der Patientenrichtlinie 2011/24/EU." Universitätsverlag Chemnitz, 2014. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A20264.
Full textAbstract:
Ausgangspunkt dieser Studie stellt die sog. „Patientenrichtlinie“ 2011/24/EU dar. Diese beruht auf der Rspr. des EuGH, wonach für die Inanspruchnahme grenzüberschreitender Gesundheitsleistungen die Dienstleistungsfreiheit Anwendung findet. Bezogen auf den Bereich des Gesundheitswesens steht die Dienstleistungsfreiheit jedoch in einem Spannungsverhältnis zu der Organisationshoheit der Mitgliedstaaten für ihre Gesundheitssysteme. Diese Arbeit widmet sich daher zunächst dem Begriff der Gesundheitsleistungen und führt das Bestehen des Spannungsverhältnisses auf die historische Entwicklung der Sozialregelungen in den Verträgen zurück. In einem weiteren Schritt wird dann die tatsächliche Anwendbarkeit der Dienstleistungsfreiheit für den Bereich der Gesundheitsleistungen untersucht. Im Anschluss daran erfolgt eine Analyse der Rechtsprechung des EuGH. Dieser versucht das Spannungsverhältnis auf der Ebene der „Rechtfertigung“ zu lösen. Letztlich führt jedoch dieser Ansatz nicht zur Lösung dieses Spannungsverhältnisses, da durch die Auslegungsbedürftigkeit des Primärrechts rechtliche Unsicherheiten entstehen. Auch die Patientenrichtlinie, welche auf der Rechtsprechung des EuGH beruht, kann daher nur bedingt zur Beseitigung der bestehenden Unsicherheiten bei grenzüberschreitenden Gesundheitsleistungen beitragen. Ebenso können weitere in der Literatur vorgestellte Alternativen das Grundproblem nicht lösen. Notwendig wäre vielmehr eine klarere Abgrenzung der Regelungszuständigkeiten im Primärrecht selbst.The starting point for this study is the so-called „Patient Directive“ 2011/24/EU. This is based on the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice, according to which when using cross-border healthcare services the free movement of services finds application. Referring to the area of healthcare the free movement of services however is in a relationship of tension with the organisational sovereignty of member states for their healthcare systems. For this reason this work addresses itself firstly to the concept of healthcare services and leads the existence of a relationship of tension back to the historical development of social regulations in the contracts. In a further step then the actual applicability of the free movement of services for the area healthcare services is examined. Following this an analysis of the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice takes place. This attempts to solve the relationship of tension at the level of „justification“. In the end however this starting-point does not lead to solving this tension relationship, for through the need for interpretation of primary law legal uncertainties arise. Also the patient directive, which is based on the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice, can for this reason only partially contribute to the removal of uncertainties existing with cross-border healthcare services. Equally further alternatives presented in literature cannot solve the basic problem. Rather a clearer delimitation in the primary law itself would be required.
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Balat, Nicolas. "Essai sur le droit commun." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020012/document.
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Le présent travail propose une étude d’ensemble sur le droit commun, notion fondamentale au coeur de la théorie et de la pratique quotidienne du droit. Contrairement à une première impression suivant laquelle il serait une notion à géométrie variable (droit civil ? théorie générale ? droit romain ? droit européen ? principes ?), le droit commun apparaît comme le concept technique désignant, pour une institution donnée, les règles juridiques dont le domaine d’application est indéfini. En outre, l’étude en révèle les deux applications pratiques fort distinctes que sont le droit commun territorial et le droit commun matériel. Le droit commun territorial d’abord, apparaît mal connu mais techniquement et historiquement premier ; c’est celui que l’on trouve par exemple à l’article 1393, alinéa 2, du code civil (qui vise le « droit commun de la France » des régimes matrimoniaux), ou dans un principe fondamental reconnu par les lois de la République dégagé par le Conseil constitutionnel en 2011. Le droit commun matériel ensuite, se révèle mieux connu mais appelle une synthèse ; c’est celui qui est visé, par exemple, dans la section contenant les articles 2333 et suivants du code civil (sur le « droit commun du gage ») tels qu’ils résultent de l’ordonnance du 23 mars 2006. Ces deux volets du droit commun expriment une "summa divisio", dans laquelle s’ordonnent toutes ses utilisations en droit positif. S’ils présentent des similitudes de régime, ils se distinguent néanmoins : ils ne renvoient pas aux mêmes règles – règles au domaine d’application "ratione loci" indéfini d’un côté, règles au domaine d’application "ratione materiæ et personæ" indéfini de l’autreThis work offers a comprehensive study on the “droit commun” (approximately translated into “general rules of law” or “ordinary law”), a fundamental concept at the core of the theory and daily practice of French law. Contrary to traditional approaches involving the impression of a changing and variable concept (civil law, general theory, Roman law, European law, principles?), “droit commun” is a technical concept referring, for a given institution, to the legal rules whose scope of application is indefinite. This study also reveals the two distinct applications of “droit commun”; “droit commun territorial” (“territorial general rules of law”) and “droit commun matériel” (“material general rules of law”). The first application, “droit commun territorial”, although lesser known, is technically and historically primal. Droit commun territorial is specifically mentioned for in article 1393 of the French civil code (regarding the matrimonial property regimes), and in a fundamental principle identified by the French Constitutional Council in 2011. The second application, “droit commun matériel”, is better known but needs an overview. In particular, the section of the French civil code which contains articles 2333 and following (on the “droit commun” of pledging of corporeal movables), refers to it. These two applications of “droit commun” are the expressions of a summa divisio. Although both applications have similarities, they remain fundamentally different. The respective applications of “droit commun” do not refer to the same rules of law: rules where territorial scope of application is unlimited versus rules where material and personal scope of application is unlimited
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Xenou, Lamprini. "Les principes généraux du droit de l'Union européenne et la jurisprudence administrative française." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020078.
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Dégagés de façon prétorienne par la Cour de justice, les principes généraux du droit de l’Union occupent dans la jurisprudence administrative française une place que peut expliquer la notion de dédoublement fonctionnel. D’une part, ce sont des normes obligatoirement appliquées par le juge national dans le champ du droit de l’Union.D’autre part, en dehors du champ, ils constituent une source d’inspiration pour le Conseil d’Etat dans la création et l’interprétation des principes généraux du droit français. Dans le premier cas, le juge administratif est garant du respect de ces principes.Fidèle aux exigences de la Cour de justice, il assume pleinement son rôle de juge de droit commun de l’application des principes du droit de l’Union. Dans le second cas, il devient acteur de la circulation des principes en Europe. Toutefois la coexistence des principes peut engendrer des tensions, accentuées par la difficulté à délimiter le champ du droit de l’Union, incertain et en pleine expansion. C’est pourquoi la thèse propose le déploiement d’une politique jurisprudentielle de convergence, dans laquelle le juge administratif affirmerait explicitement son souci de s’inspirer des principes du droit de l’Union. Ces derniers, combinés avec les principes issus de la Charte des droits fondamentaux, de la CEDH et des ordres nationaux, semblent donner naissance à une nouvelle catégorie de source matérielle : les principes européens communs. L’originalité de celle-ci, qui la différencie de toute autre source, est de constituer une oeuvre collective des juges en Europe, dans laquelle ces derniers puisent leur inspiration pour créer de nouveaux principes ou interpréter les principes existantsThe general principles of EU law, which are a judicial creation of the Court of Justice, play a role in French administrative case law that can be explained by the notion of functional duplication (“dédoublement fonctionnel”). On the one hand, the general principles of EU law are rules that are mandatorily applied by the national courts within the scope of EU law. On the other hand, beyond that scope, they constitute a source of inspiration for the Conseil d’Etat in creating and interpreting general principles of French administrative law. In the first case, the administrative courts are the primeguarantors of compliance with these principles. In line with the requirements of theCourt of Justice, they entirely fulfill their role as the ordinary courts applying principles of EU law. In the second case, they become one of the protagonists of the movement of principles in Europe. However, the coexistence of principles could trigger tensions,heightened by the difficulties in delineating the scope of principles of EU law, which is uncertain and rapidly expanding. That is why the thesis proposes the development of a judicial convergence policy, in which the administrative courts would more clearly affirm their concern to take inspiration from the general principles of EU law. These latter, combined with the principles stemming from the Charter of Fundamental Rights,the ECHR and the national orders, seem to give rise to a new category of material source: the common European principles. The originality of this category, which differentiates it from any other source, is that it constitutes a collective work of judges inEurope, from which they draw their inspiration to create new principles or interpret the existing ones
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Kang, Su-Ju, and 康夙如. "The Application of Proportionality in EU Law." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19130369754174435306.
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碩士淡江大學
歐洲研究所碩士班
95
The main objective of this thesis is to present a legal analysis of proportionality in EU law. The principle of proportionality has been recognized as the general principle of EU law. This principle derives from the fundamental values underlying the national legal systems and it also illustrates the character of Community law as well developed by the European Court of Justice. This principle has been applied widely by the European Court of Justice to review the legality of EC acts and national measures. The principle of proportionality is laid down in the Article 5 of EC treaty by the treaty of Maastricht: “Any action by the community shall not go beyond what is necessary to achieve the objectives of this Treaty.” The principle of proportionality requires that measures adopted by Community institutions and member states do not exceed the limits of what is appropriate and necessary in order to attain the objectives legitimately pursued by the legislation. The main purpose of this principle is to protect the fundamental rights and individual freedom from being infringed by inappropriate EC and national measure. The European Court of Justice has profoundly influenced the development of the legal order of the European Community through the elaboration of unwritten general principles of law. As many important general principles of law applied by the European Court of Justice have been borrowed from German and French law, a comparative study of the various forms which this principle has assumed in German, British and French public law is presented. This thesis will introduce the development and application of this principle by the European Court of Justice and in national legal systems. In addition, the study focuses on the judicial control of subsidiarity and proportionality in expecting to explain the reasonable division of EC and national competence as subsidiarity and proportionality can be applied as legal basis to justify the competence of European Union. In the final chapter, this thesis introduces the practical application of proportional in the filed of free movement of goods and common agricultural policy in the European Union.
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Hanák, Radek. "Působnost práva EU." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-266184.
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Scope of EU law This thesis deals with scope of EU law. Scope of EU law in concrete situation is defined by meeting conditions layed down for material, territorial, personal and temporal scope of EU law. The aim of the thesis is to define when those conditions are met and to analyse situations, where it's not clear which legal order to apply and to give the reader an insight into situations when union law applies. This thesis is divided into two parts - first part gives insight and definitions about fundametal terms used in second part of this thesis. Part two deals with topic of this thesis. First chapter of the second part analyses material scope of Union law, thus answers the question in which legal relations has Union law material scope and divides material scope of Union law into two categories: exlusive material scope of Union law and non-exlusive material scope of Union law. This thesis also analyses criteria, which are used to determine, if in specific legal relations has material scope Union law or national law. Second chapter of the second part describes territorial scope of EU law by defining in which territories specific EU legal act can by applied, in which territories Union law has full scope and in which limited scope, whereas it's needed to take into account provisions of specific...
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Sokołowski, Maciej Miłosz. "The impact of European energy packages on the scope of public law regulation of the electricity sector." Doctoral thesis, 2014. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/954.
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In the reality of the twenty-first century, electricity has become one of the key (strategic) determinants of the level of economic development of every country. Access to an uninterrupted supply of electricity at an acceptable price stabilises socio-economic relations, both at the national level and global level. Among factors encouraging the state to enter, remain or develop a position within the energy sector there is a nature of energy services (services provided by energy companies seen as essential to society, what is followed by state control over electricity prices), the strategic importance of the energy sector for the whole economy, or capital intensity and a high degree of technical complexity of investment in the energy sector. This situation results in the particular interest of the state towards the energy sector. The interest is reflected by the existence of available legal instruments dedicated to the sector.
Bearing in mind these considerations, I noticed the need to reflect on and analyse some of the primary issues related to the European energy sector. I address them in the framework of the following questions:
(i) What is a nature of the state’s presence in the electricity sector? Which legal form has it, and how does it change? Where is the place for public law regulation? How it is positioned with respect to the other ways of the state’s impact on the energy market?
(ii) How can public law regulation be defined? What are its essential elements? What is its range? How can this concept be classified?
(iii) What legal measures are used by the EU to determine the shape of the energy sector? What is the role of the legislative packages? How can the idea of legislative package be defined?
(iv) How the EU’s legislative packages influence the Member State’s public regulation? What is their impact on the national regulatory authorities? What are their aims and direction?
(v) What is the role of the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators for energy regulation in Europe? What is its legal status? Can it be qualified as an energy regulator?
(vi) Is the regulatory model of the European internal energy market complete? Will it be in the further EU’s? Would this result in an adoption of the new legal acts determining the dimension of public law regulation of the Member States? If so, will it take the form of a legislative package, i.e. the Fourth Energy Package?
The aforementioned conditions were the basis for conducting be me a legal analysis of the issue of the impact of the European legislation – included in the framework of the legislative packages – on the scope of public law regulation of the electricity sector.W realiach XXI wieku energia elektryczna staje się jednym z kluczowych (strategicznych) determinant poziomie rozwoju gospodarczego każdego kraju. Dostęp do nieprzerwanych dostaw energii elektrycznej po akceptowalnej cenie stabilizuje stosunki społeczno-gospodarcze, zarówno na poziomie krajowym jak i globalnym. Wśród czynników zachęcających państwo do wejścia, pozostania i wzmacniania swojej pozycji w sektorze energetycznym wymienić można charakter usług energetycznych (usługi świadczone przez przedsiębiorstwa energetyczne postrzegane są jako istotne dla społeczeństwa, co determinuje państwowy wpływ na cenę energii elektrycznej), strategiczne znaczenie sektora energetycznego dla całej gospodarki, lub kapitałochłonność i wysoki stopień złożoności technicznej inwestycji w sektorze energetycznym. Taka sytuacja powoduje szczególne zainteresowanie państwa sektorem energetycznym .Zainteresowanie to jest odzwierciedlone poprzez dostępność instrumentów prawnych właściwych dla tego sektora branży. Mając na uwadze te ustalenia, zauważyłem potrzebę rozważenia i przeanalizowania niektórych podstawowych kwestii związanych z europejskim sektorem energetycznym. Ująć je można w ramach następujących pytań: (i) jaki charakter ma obecności państwa w sektorze energii elektrycznej? Jaką przybiera formę prawną, jak się zmienia? Gdzie w tym zakresie można znaleźć miejsce dla regulacji publicznoprawnej? Jaki stosunek ma ona względem innych sposobów oddziaływania państwa na rynku energii? (ii) w jaki sposób można zdefiniować regulację publicznoprawną? Jakie są jej podstawowe elementy? Jaki jest jej zakres? W jaki sposób można sklasyfikować to pojęcie? (iii) jakie środki prawne są wykorzystywane w ramach Unii Europejskiej w celu ustalenia kształtu sektora energetycznego? Jaka jest w tym rola pakietów legislacyjnych? Jak można zdefiniować pakiet legislacyjny? (iv) jak pakiety legislacyjne UE wpływają na regulację publicznoprawną danego państwa członkowskiego? Jaki jest ich wpływ na krajowe organy regulacyjne? Jakie są ich cele i zadania? (v) jaką rolę w regulacji energetyki w Europie pełni Agencja ds. Współpracy Organów Regulacji Energetyki? Jaki jest jej status prawny? Czy można określić ją mianem regulatora energetyki? (vi) czy model regulacji europejskiego rynku energii jest modelem kompletnym? Czy model ten będzie dalej funkcjonował w Unii Europejskiej? Czy nastąpi przyjęcie nowych aktów prawnych determinujących wymiar regulacji publicznoprawnej na poziomie państw członkowskich? Jeśli tak, to czy przybierze ono formę pakietu legislacyjnego – czwartego pakietu energetycznego? Przedstawione uwarunkowania stały się podstawą do podjęcia przez autora rozprawy zagadnienia analizy prawnej problemu wpływu europejskich aktów prawnych ujętych w ramy pakietów legislacyjnych na zakres regulacji publicznoprawnej sektora elektroenergetycznego.
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"CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA CONTRACT UNDER QATARI MARITIME LAW: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE SCOPE OF APPLICATION, CARRIER’S OBLIGATIONS AND LIABILITIES: N/A." Tulane University, 2017.
Find full textAbstract:
acase@tulane.eduThe Qatari Maritime Law No. 15 was enacted in 1980. Since then, no amendment has been made to it. It is recommended that this law be revisited in view of the developments that have taken place in the maritime industry. At the national level, the Qatari maritime sector has undergone substantial changes. More importantly, the introduction of a new International Convention on Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partially by Sea (“The Rotterdam Rules”) in 2008 is a second reason for revisiting the Qatari Maritime Law. This is because, such a convention reflects recent advancements in the international shipping industry. This dissertation compares the Qatari Maritime Law provisions of the contract of the carriage of goods by sea to those of international seaborne carriage conventions namely the Hague Rules, the Hamburg Rules, and the Rotterdam Rules. Where relevant, the perspectives of the U.S. and the U.K. will also be examined. There are four major topics analyzed within this dissertation: 1) background information about the State of Qatar in order to set the context, 2) the scope of the application of the rules involved in the comparison, 3) the carrier’s obligations, and 4) liabilities. The main objective of the dissertation is to examine how the Qatari maritime law should be developed in light of the international conventions on carriage of goods by sea. The investigation ends by making some recommendations to the Qatari legislature on how to reform the Qatari Maritime Law so that it is sufficiently robust to cope with modern maritime practice.
1
Muna Al-Marzouqi
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Almeida, Joana Freire Pais de. "An approach to the application of EU law to the sports sector the special case of the collective sale of rights to broadcast sorts events under article 101(1) TFEU." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/10333.
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