Academic literature on the topic 'Scorias spongiosa'

Pre-hospital treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) with co-existing polytrauma is complicated by requirements for intravenous fluid volume vs. hypotensive resuscitation. A low volume, small particle-size-oxygen-carrier perfluorocarbon emulsion NVX-428 (dodecafluoropentane emulsion; 2% w/v) could improve brain tissue with minimal additional fluid volume. This study examined whether the oxygen-carrier NVX-428 shows safety and efficacy for pre-hospital treatment of TBI. Anesthetized swine underwent fluid percussion injury TBI and received 1 mL/kg IV NVX-428 (TBI-NVX) at 15 min (T15) or normal saline (no-treatment) (TBI-NON). Similarly, uninjured swine received NVX-428 (SHAM-NVX) or normal saline (SHAM-NON). Animals were monitored and measurements were taken for physiological and neurological parameters before euthanasia at the six-hour mark (T360). Histopathological analysis was performed on paraffin embedded tissues. Physiological, biochemical and blood gas parameters were not different, with the exception of a significant but transient increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure observed in the TBI-experimental group immediately after drug administration. There were no initial differences in brain oxygenation at baseline, but over time oxygen decreased ~50% in both TBI groups. Histological brain injury scores were similar between TBI-NVX and TBI-NON, although a number of subcategories (spongiosis-ischemic/dead neurons-hemorrhage-edema) in TBI-NVX had a tendency for lower scores. The cerebellum showed significantly lower spongiosis and ischemic/dead neuron injury scores and a lower number of Fluoro-Jade-B-positive cerebellar-Purkinje-cells after NVX-428 treatment compared to controls. NVX-428 may assist in mitigating secondary cellular brain damage.

Abstract Aim The aim of the present study was to compare the healing of bone defects created using an Er:YAG laser with those defects created using a surgical bone drill. Methods and Materials Fourteen Wistar rats were used for this study. Femurs were perforated with a surgical bone drill, coupled to a micromotor (bur group) to create a bone defect. Another defect was created using a 2940 nm wavelength Er:YAG laser on the same femur (Er:YAG Group). The Er:YAG laser was used with a energy density of 1.5 W in noncontact mode under a water coolant. Incisions were then sutured with polyglycolic acid sutures. Seven rats were sacrificed at day ten and the other seven at day 20 to compare the status of bone repair of each group at those post-surgical intervals. The femurs were fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin and decalcified in 10% EDTA. The specimens were embedded in paraffin and sectioned at a 5 micron thickness and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. The specimens were examined at a magnification of X100 and scored using a standardized histologic scoring system. Results Stages of bone healing including union, spongioza, cortex, and bone marrow development were evaluated and no significant difference between groups were found at days ten and 20 of healing. There was also no significant difference among the two groups in sum of histologic scores on day ten. Conclusions Bone can be ablated effectively and precisely using a Er:YAG laser without the vibration associated with steel surgical burs, but it is a slower process than when burs are used. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of bone repair at ten and 20 day intervals of healing. Clinical Significance Within the limits of this study a 2940 nm Er:YAG laser at 1.5 W can be used with confidence in cases requiring effective bone ablation. Citation Akyol UK, Güngörmüs M, Gündogdu C, Erdem H. Histologic Evaluation of the Effects of Er:YAG Laser on Bone Ablation. J Contemp Dent Pract [Internet]. 2009 Sept; 10(5). Available from: http://www.thejcdp.com/journal/view/histologicevaluation- of-the-effectsof-eryag-laser-on-boneablation.

Prion diseases affect both animals and humans. Research in the natural animal model of the disease could help in the understanding of neuropathological mechanisms and in the development of biomarkers for human pathologies. For this purpose, we studied the expression of 10 genes involved in prion propagation in vitro in the central nervous system of scrapie-infected sheep. Dysregulated genes (BAMBI and CHGA) were further analysed in a transgenic murine model (Tg338) of scrapie, and their protein distribution was determined using immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Their potential as biomarkers was finally assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of scrapie sheep and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) patients. Protein BAMBI was upregulated in highly affected brain areas and CHGA was overexpressed along the brain in both models. Moreover, BAMBI and CHGA immunostaining scores strongly correlated with spongiosis and microgliosis in mice. Finally, levels of BAMBI were significantly higher in the CSF of clinical sheep and CJD patients. In addition to their potential as biomarkers, our work confirms the role of BAMBI and CHGA in prion neuropathology in vivo, but besides prion replication, they seem to be involved in the characteristic neuroinflammatory response associated to prion infection.

Human prion and non-prion neurodegenerative diseases share pathogenic mechanisms and neuropathological features. The lesion profile of a particular entity results from specific involvement of vulnerable neuron populations and connectivity circuits by a pathogenic protein isoform with strain-like properties. The lesion profile of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) was studied in postmortem tissue of 143 patients with human prion disease (HPD) including sporadic, genetic, and acquired forms. Most cases (90%) were classified according to PrPres type and/or PRNP codon 129 status, in addition to a full neuropathological profile. Mixed histotypes represented 29.4% of total sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) cases. An intensity score of involvement including spongiosis and astrogliosis was determined for the amygdala, presubiculum, subiculum, entorhinal cortex, CA1 to CA4 sectors of the hippocampal cortex, and dentate gyrus. Connectivity hubs within the MTL presented the highest scores. Diverse lesion profiles were obtained for different types and subtypes of HPD. Impact of mixed PrPres types on the MTL lesion profile was higher for sCJDMV2K cases than in other histotypes. Differences between MTL profiles was globally consistent with current evidence on specific strains in HPD. These results may be relevant for the analysis of possible strain effects in focal non-prion neurodegenerative conditions limited to the MTL.

Abstract In recent decades, survival in thalassemia patients has been prolonged; as a result, complications such as osteoporosis not previously observed will need earlier attention and better diagnostic tools. The diagnosis of osteoporosis is typically made by endocrine assessment and bone mineral density (BMD) measurements like dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). However, DXA may be insufficient to assess fracture risk in patients with thalassemia. We compared the microarchitecture and volumetric density of bone using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) with planar BMD (DXA). In 18 transfused patients (age: 13 – 43 y) with beta-thalassemia, BMD of the lumbar spine (LS) and total hip was measured by DXA resulting in 7/18 patients with calculated Z-scores < −2.0. In addition, we assessed the volumetric BMD and the bone microarchitecture of the non-dominant distal radius and tibia by HR-pQCT (XtremeCT®). BMD values by DXA, correlated with cortical thickness (Spearman rank correlation RS = 0.78, p=0.0001), cortical density (RS = 0.67, p=0.003), while LS Z-scores correlated best with total volumetric density (RS = 0.60, p=0.009) measured by HR-pQCT at the distal radius. Thus, a porous inner bone structure may appear masked by DXA measurements due to a massive corticalis. From the many different HR-pQCT parameters measured, those with the highest variability (COV) might be of greatest promise to predict defective bone architecture in thalassemia. These parameters were compared with reference data from Boutroy et al (J Clin Endocrinol Metab2005;90:6508–15) of normal and osteopenic women. Despite relative uniformity in DXA Z-scores, TbSp and TbSp SD parameters of the radius covered a broad range (COV, F-test) of high values in thalassemia compared to osteopenic women (Table I). The SD of the trabecular separation (TbSp SD) of radius and tibia, characterizing the porosity of the spongiosa, may become the most interesting parameter in thalassemia as it was significantly correlated with hip Z-score (RS = −0.49, p=0.044), osteocalcin (RS = −0.70, p=0.001), FSH (RS = −0.65, p=0.005) and with liver iron concentration (tibia: RS = 0.55, p=0.017), respectively. Patients with hypogonadism (n = 9/18) were significantly different (U-test) from normals with respect to TbSp (p=0.024) and TbSp SD (p=0.019), but not DXA Z-scores. Patients with fractures (n=5) had lower trabecular TbSp SD (p=0.02) at the tibia. For patients with hypogonadism, the measurement of bone microarchitecture by HR-pQCT of low radiation burden (3 μSv) may help to identify risk early and avoid or minimize future morbidity, especially, in the presence of still normal results from DXA measurements. Table I. Comparison of Z-scores and radial trabecular density (Dtrab), separation (TbSp), inhomogeneity (TbSp SD) with reference parameters from Boutroy et al (2005) of normal and osteopenic women (Fcritical > 3.0 for p < 0.001). Thalassemia (n = 18) Normal (n = 108) Osteopenic (n = 113) Parameter Mean ± SD COV Mean ± SD F-test Mean ± SD F-test LS-Zscore (DXA) −1.7 ± 1.3 80 % 0 NA −1.4 ± 0.6 4.9 Hip-Zscore (DXA) −1.3 ± 1.0 78 % 0 NA −1.6 ± 0.5 3.9 Dtrab [mg/cm3] 138 ± 71 51 % 160 ± 33 4.6 123 ± 36 3.9 TbSp [μm] 959 ± 1265 132 % 517 ± 88 207 656 ± 187 46 TbSp SD [μm] 600 ± 890 148 % 212 ± 58 236 342 ± 201 20

The odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) well-known for its aggressiveness and high recurrence rate, comprises approximately 11% of all jaw cysts. Due to its aggressive behavior it was placed into category of tumour in 2005 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the Ki-67 expression in Odontogenic Keratocysts to predict its proliferative potential. Study Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Department of Morbid Anatomy and Histopathology, UHS. Periods: June 2014- June 2018. Material & Methods: This is a descriptive study comprising of 39 cases of odontogenic cysts. These surgically removed samples were processed at University of Health Sciences (UHS) laboratory. Routine staining with Hematoxylin & Eosin stain along with immunohistochemistry (IHC) with Ki-67 antibody was performed. Immunohisto chemical scoring was done on the basis of percentage of the nuclear staining of Ki-67. Data was entered into SPSS 22 and descriptive statistics were measured in the form of percentage and frequency. Quantitative variables such as age of patient, size of the cyst, and Ki-67 score were also measured. P value <0.05 was taken as significant. Results: The mean age of the patients was 25.08 ±14.5 years. Significant association was observed between histological variables with odontogenic keratocyst such as parakeratinized epithelial lining (p = 0.00), epithelial hyperplasia both typical and atypical (p = 0.02) and focal spongiosis (p = 0.04). Foci having epithelial atypia demonstrated stronger staining intensity compared to adjacent normal epithelium. However, no significant association was observed between the histological variables and Ki-67 expression. Conclusion: OKC expressed low Ki-67 expression in most of the cases, however, foci of strong expression were also observed in few cases.

Background: Biological regeneration in an early stage of osteoarthritis (OA) is an important clinical challenge. An early-stage compartmentalized OA model was used to evaluate different biological regeneration techniques. Hypothesis: Biological regeneration in an early stage of compartmentalized OA is possible. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A 7-mm cartilage defect was surgically created in 24 sheep. After 3 months, by which time early OA had set in, the sheep were randomized into 4 different treatment groups and operated for the second time. One group (CONTROL) served as a long-term follow-up group for the further development of OA. The other 3 groups (regeneration groups) each underwent a different regeneration procedure after abrasion of the subchondral bone (defect size: 20 × 10 mm with a depth of 2.5 mm): spongialization alone (SPONGIO), spongialization followed by implantation of an unseeded hyaluronan matrix (MATRIX), or spongialization followed by implantation of a hyaluronan matrix seeded with autologous chondrocytes (MACT). Then, 12 months after the second operative procedure, the animals were euthanized and the defects subjected to macroscopic and histological grading. Historical 4-month data were compared with the 12-month results. Results: After 12 months of follow-up, advanced cartilage degeneration was observed in the CONTROL group. On the other hand, all regeneration groups improved significantly compared with the 4-month results using the Mankin score. Cartilage quality in the MACT group was significantly better than in the MATRIX group, as determined by the Mankin and the O’Driscoll scores. Conclusion: There are no existing clinical options for preventing early OA from progressing to a severe disease. This study provides important information on how a surgical intervention can forestall the development of OA. Clinical Relevance: OA of the knee is very common. Total joint replacement is not an acceptable option for active patients. Biological regeneration in OA is successful for focal cartilage defects; however, a long-term follow-up for biological regeneration in OA is missing. It is essential to have long-term results for a regenerative procedure involving cartilage, which is a tissue with a very slow turnover.