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Powers, Donald E., Jill C. Burstein, Martin S. Chodorow, Mary E. Fowles, and Karen Kukich. "Comparing the Validity of Automated and Human Scoring of Essays." Journal of Educational Computing Research 26, no. 4 (2002): 407–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/cx92-7wkv-n7wc-jl0a.
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Automated, or computer-based, scoring represents one promising possibility for improving the cost effectiveness (and other features) of complex performance assessments (such as direct tests of writing skill) that require examinees to construct responses rather than select them from a set of multiple choices. Indeed, significant advances have been made in applying natural language processing techniques to the automatic scoring of essays. Thus far, most of the validation of automated scoring has focused appropriately (but too narrowly, we contend) on the correspondence between computer-generated scores and those assigned by human readers. Far less effort has been devoted to assessing the relation of automated scores to independent indicators of examinees' writing skills. This study examined the relationship of scores from a graduate level writing assessment to several independent, non-test indicators of examinees' writing skills—both for automated scores and for scores assigned by trained human readers. The extent to which automated and human scores exhibited similar relations with the non-test indicators was taken as evidence of the degree to which the two methods of scoring reflect similar aspects of writing proficiency. Analyses revealed significant, but modest, correlations between the non-test indicators and each of the two methods of scoring. These relations were somewhat weaker for automated scores than for scores awarded by human readers. Overall, however, the results provide some evidence of the validity of one specific procedure for automated scoring.
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Schnakenberg, Keith E., and Elizabeth Maggie Penn. "Scoring from Contests." Political Analysis 22, no. 1 (2014): 86–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpt018.
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This article presents a new model for scoring alternatives from “contest” outcomes. The model is a generalization of the method of paired comparison to accommodate comparisons between arbitrarily sized sets of alternatives in which outcomes are any division of a fixed prize. Our approach is also applicable to contests between varying quantities of alternatives. We prove that under a reasonable condition on the comparability of alternatives, there exists a unique collection of scores that produces accurate estimates of the overall performance of each alternative and satisfies a well-known axiom regarding choice probabilities. We apply the method to several problems in which varying choice sets and continuous outcomes may create problems for standard scoring methods. These problems include measuring centrality in network data and the scoring of political candidates via a “feeling thermometer.” In the latter case, we also use the method to uncover and solve a potential difficulty with common methods of rescaling thermometer data to account for issues of interpersonal comparability.
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Komarova, O. M., and V. G. Ezhkova. "REPUTATION SCORING IN INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL AND LABOR RELATIONS." Вестник Алтайской академии экономики и права 3, no. 10 2020 (2020): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17513/vaael.1377.
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Chusmir, Leonard H., and Ana Azevedo. "Motivation Needs of Sampled Fortune-500 Ceos: Relations to Organization Outcomes." Perceptual and Motor Skills 75, no. 2 (1992): 595–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.75.2.595.
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Motive scores (needs for Achievement, Affiliation, and Power) of the chief executive officers of the nation's 50 largest industrial firms were determined using content analysis of letters to stockholders contained in the firms' annual reports. The scoring method was a modification of the standard TAT scoring procedure. Results showed chat chief executive officers' high need Achievement was correlated with relative growth in sales, while high need Power was correlated with relative growth in profits. Effects of need Achievement and need Power also were examined for return on equity and return on sales. Implications are discussed.
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Sathiya, B., and T. V. Geetha. "Automatic Ontology Learning from Multiple Knowledge Sources of Text." International Journal of Intelligent Information Technologies 14, no. 2 (2018): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijiit.2018040101.
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The prime textual sources used for ontology learning are a domain corpus and dynamic large text from web pages. The first source is limited and possibly outdated, while the second is uncertain. To overcome these shortcomings, a novel ontology learning methodology is proposed to utilize the different sources of text such as a corpus, web pages and the massive probabilistic knowledge base, Probase, for an effective automated construction of ontology. Specifically, to discover taxonomical relations among the concept of the ontology, a new web page based two-level semantic query formation methodology using the lexical syntactic patterns (LSP) and a novel scoring measure: Fitness built on Probase are proposed. Also, a syntactic and statistical measure called COS (Co-occurrence Strength) scoring, and Domain and Range-NTRD (Non-Taxonomical Relation Discovery) algorithms are proposed to accurately identify non-taxonomical relations(NTR) among concepts, using evidence from the corpus and web pages.
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Medina, Rosa Puertas, and Maria Luisa Martí Selva. "Análisis del credit scoring." Revista de Administração de Empresas 53, no. 3 (2013): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-75902013000300007.
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El problema de la morosidad está cobrándose una gran importancia en los países desarrollados. En este trabajo realizamos un análisis de la capacidad predictiva de dos modelos paramétricos y uno no paramétrico abordando, en este último, el problema del sobreaprendizaje mediante la validación cruzada que, muy habitualmente, se obvia en este tipo de estudios. Además proponemos la distinción de tres tipos de solicitudes dependiendo de su probabilidad cumplimiento: conceder, no conceder (de forma automática), y dudoso y, por consiguiente, proceder a su estudio manual por parte del personal bancario.
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Schmitz, Florian, Dominik Rotter, and Oliver Wilhelm. "Scoring Alternatives for Mental Speed Tests: Measurement Issues and Validity for Working Memory Capacity and the Attentional Blink Effect." Journal of Intelligence 6, no. 4 (2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence6040047.
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Research suggests that the relation of mental speed with working memory capacity (WMC) depends on complexity and scoring methods of speed tasks and the type of task used to assess capacity limits in working memory. In the present study, we included conventional binding/updating measures of WMC as well as rapid serial visual presentation paradigms. The latter allowed for a computation of the attentional blink (AB) effect that was argued to measure capacity limitations at the encoding stage of working memory. Mental speed was assessed with a set of tasks and scored by diverse methods, including response time (RT) based scores, as well as ex-Gaussian and diffusion model parameterization. Relations of latent factors were investigated using structure equation modeling techniques. RT-based scores of mental speed yielded substantial correlations with WMC but only weak relations with the AB effect, while WMC and the AB magnitude were independent. The strength of the speed-WMC relation was shown to depend on task type. Additionally, the increase in predictive validity across RT quantiles changed across task types, suggesting that the worst performance rule (WPR) depends on task characteristics. In contrast to the latter, relations of speed with the AB effect did not change across RT quantiles. Relations of the model parameters were consistently found for the ex-Gaussian tau parameter and the diffusion model drift rate. However, depending on task type, other parameters showed plausible relations as well. The finding that characteristics of mental speed tasks determined the overall strength of relations with WMC, the occurrence of a WPR effect, and the specific pattern of relations of model parameters, implies that mental speed tasks are not exchangeable measurement tools. In spite of reflecting a general factor of mental speed, different speed tasks possess different requirements, supporting the notion of mental speed as a hierarchical construct.
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Soderland, Stephen, Brendan Roof, Bo Qin, Shi Xu, Mausam, and Oren Etzioni. "Adapting Open Information Extraction to Domain-Specific Relations." AI Magazine 31, no. 3 (2010): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v31i3.2305.
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Information extraction (IE) can identify a set of relations from free text to support question answering (QA). Until recently, IE systems were domain-specific and needed a combination of manual engineering and supervised learning to adapt to each target domain. A new paradigm, Open IE operates on large text corpora without any manual tagging of relations, and indeed without any pre-specified relations. Due to its open-domain and open-relation nature, Open IE is purely textual and is unable to relate the surface forms to an ontology, if known in advance. We explore the steps needed to adapt Open IE to a domain-specific ontology and demonstrate our approach of mapping domain-independent tuples to an ontology using domains from DARPA’s Machine Reading Project. Our system achieves precision over 0.90 from as few as 8 training examples for an NFL-scoring domain.
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Eggen, Theo J. H. M., and Tecla T. M. Lampe. "Comparison of the reliability of scoring methods of multiple-response items, matching items, and sequencing items." CADMO, no. 2 (January 2012): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/cad2011-002008.
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Multiple-response items, sequencing items, and matching items are three innovative item types often included in systems for computer-based assessment that offer the benefit of polytomous scoring and the possibility to measure partial knowledge. In the present study, different scoring methods of these three item types were compared. Based on the assumption that different response patterns to these item types represent different knowledge levels, these knowledge levels are described. Features of different scoring methods were studied to select the scoring methods included in this study. Subsequently, a probability distribution of scoring results for each knowledge level was derived and computed. Based on classical test theory, a measure for the reliability of the different scoring methods on the level of a single item was derived. To compare the results of the scoring methods selected, reliabilities were computed for several distributions of knowledge levels in a population. For a multiple-response item, when an examinee must select all the right options, the dichotomous scoring method resulted in higher reliabilities than scoring the response patterns polytomously. For matching items and for multiple-response items, when an examinee is asked to select fewer options than the total number of right options given, polytomous scoring methods gave higher reliabilities than the dichotomous scoring method. Simple polytomous scoring by counting the selected right options or relations is recommended instead of more complex polytomous scoring methods, for instance, using a correction for wrong answers or a so-called "floor". The results of scoring sequencing items were not as conclusive as for the other two item types explored.
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Junge, Alexander, and Lars Juhl Jensen. "CoCoScore: context-aware co-occurrence scoring for text mining applications using distant supervision." Bioinformatics 36, no. 1 (2019): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz490.
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Abstract Motivation Information extraction by mining the scientific literature is key to uncovering relations between biomedical entities. Most existing approaches based on natural language processing extract relations from single sentence-level co-mentions, ignoring co-occurrence statistics over the whole corpus. Existing approaches counting entity co-occurrences ignore the textual context of each co-occurrence. Results We propose a novel corpus-wide co-occurrence scoring approach to relation extraction that takes the textual context of each co-mention into account. Our method, called CoCoScore, scores the certainty of stating an association for each sentence that co-mentions two entities. CoCoScore is trained using distant supervision based on a gold-standard set of associations between entities of interest. Instead of requiring a manually annotated training corpus, co-mentions are labeled as positives/negatives according to their presence/absence in the gold standard. We show that CoCoScore outperforms previous approaches in identifying human disease–gene and tissue–gene associations as well as in identifying physical and functional protein–protein associations in different species. CoCoScore is a versatile text mining tool to uncover pairwise associations via co-occurrence mining, within and beyond biomedical applications. Availability and implementation CoCoScore is available at: https://github.com/JungeAlexander/cocoscore. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Cerda, Joaquin, Javier Sanchez-Sanchez, David Viejo-Romero, et al. "Characterisation of Goal Scoring Patterns during Open Play Related to Zone Pitch Division and Number of Players Involved in the 2018 FIFA World Cup." Sensors 21, no. 16 (2021): 5601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165601.
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The aim of this study was to characterise all the goal scoring patterns during open play (elaborate attacks versus counterattacks) related to zone pitch division and the number of players involved in the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. An Iterative Dichotomiser 3 (ID3) decision tree algorithm was used to classify all the goal scoring patterns (94 goals in 64 matches). The results did not show statistical differences between the type of scoring goal during the 2018 FIFA World Cup (p > 0.05; ES = Moderate). According to the result of the patterns of how the goals were achieved, an ID3 algorithm decision tree with seven classification decision nodes was calculated. Consequently, this study may aid national team coaches for the next World Cup to establish notational analyses and spatial-temporal relations to understand how scoring patterns during open play are related to zone pitch division and the number of players involved.
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Lumpkin, Vicki G., Roger J. Pasternak, G. David Cooper, and Robert Pasnak. "Prediction of Differences in Rorschach Protocols from the Personality Assessment System." Perceptual and Motor Skills 63, no. 1 (1986): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.63.1.175.
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The Personality Assessment System (PAS) is derived from certain subtest scores on any Wechsler test by rather simple calculations. It purports to measure, among other personality attributes, developmental changes in the Internalized-Externalized (I-E) dimension of personality, which is akin to the Introversion-Extroversion construct reflected by some Rorschach measures. PAS scores from a tightly defined sample of normal adults were contrasted with Experience Balance (EB) and Body-image (B) scores derived from Rorschach protocols by “blind” scorers. Significant relations were found between EB ratios produced via the Exner and Klopfer scoring systems and the primitive (early childhood) I-E scores from the PAS. The B scores produced by the Body Image scoring system were related to the basic (adolescent) I-E PAS scores. Although significant, the PAS-Rorschach correlations were relatively poor, in part because it was difficult to define the center of the internalization-externalization continuum in terms of the Rorschach protocols. It is, nevertheless, provocative that traditional scorings of the Rorschach responses of adults assess differences not only in this personality trait, but also in its development, as determined from scaled scores on Wechsler subtests.
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Bayraktar, Mehmet Emre, and Makarand Hastak. "Scoring Approach to Construction Bond Underwriting." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 136, no. 9 (2010): 957–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0000217.
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WU, WEI-WEN. "IMPROVING CLASSIFICATION ACCURACY AND CAUSAL KNOWLEDGE FOR BETTER CREDIT DECISIONS." International Journal of Neural Systems 21, no. 04 (2011): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065711002845.
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Numerous studies have contributed to efforts to boost the accuracy of the credit scoring model. Especially interesting are recent studies which have successfully developed the hybrid approach, which advances classification accuracy by combining different machine learning techniques. However, to achieve better credit decisions, it is not enough merely to increase the accuracy of the credit scoring model. It is necessary to conduct meaningful supplementary analyses in order to obtain knowledge of causal relations, particularly in terms of significant conceptual patterns or structures involving attributes used in the credit scoring model. This paper proposes a solution of integrating data preprocessing strategies and the Bayesian network classifier with the tree augmented Na"ıve Bayes search algorithm, in order to improve classification accuracy and to obtain improved knowledge of causal patterns, thus enhancing the validity of credit decisions.
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Kamwa, Eric, and Fabrice Valognes. "Scoring Rules and Preference Restrictions: The Strong Borda Paradox Revisited." Revue d'économie politique 127, no. 3 (2017): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/redp.273.0375.
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Hanson, Robin. "LOGARITHMIC MARKETS CORING RULES FOR MODULAR COMBINATORIAL INFORMATION AGGREGATION." Journal of Prediction Markets 1, no. 1 (2012): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jpm.v1i1.417.
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In practice, scoring rules elicit good probability estimates from individuals, while betting markets elicit good consensus estimates from groups. Market scoring rules combine these features, eliciting estimates from individuals or groups, with groups costing no more than individuals. Regarding a bet on one event given another event, only logarithmic versions preserve the probability of the given event. Logarithmic versions also preserve the conditional probabilities of other events, and so preserve conditional independence relations. Given logarithmic rules that elicit relative probabilities of base event pairs, it costs no more to elicit estimates on all combinations of these base events.
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Barbosa, Daniele Castro, Francisca Georgina Macedo de Sousa, and Joséte Luzia Leite. "Scoring interventions in family relations regarding the care for the child with a chronic condition." Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem 24, no. 1 (2015): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072015001820013.
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The study aimed to reveal intervening conditions towards the care of children with chronic condition. The Complex Thought was used as theoretical framework and the Grounded Theory as methodological. Data were collected from January to August 2012, through semi-structured interviews in two follow-up services for children with chronic conditions and in the homes of participants. Participated 16 relatives of children with chronic conditions, divided into three sample groups. The category "Scoring the intervening conditions towards care of the child with chronic condition" reveals that multiple events experienced by the family in the care of children with chronic conditions are determined by the relationships and interactions of family members and influence the forms of organization for the care of child. Highlights the importance of the nurse to know and understand the multiple family experiences in order to encompass child and their family members as care units.
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STOYKOVA, VELISLAVA, and DANIELA MAJCHRAKOVA. "Query Expansion for Slovak to Bulgarian Language Machine Translation using Parallel Search." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS AND CONTROL 16 (June 21, 2021): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23203.2021.16.30.
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The paper presents results of the application of a statistical approach for Slovak to Bulgarian language machine translation. It uses Information Retrieval inspired search techniques and employs sever alalgorithmic steps of parallel statistical search with query expansion in Slovak-Bulgarian EUROPARL 7 Corpus using the Sketch Engine software and its scoring. The search includes the generation of concordances,collocations, word sketch differences, word sketches, and thesauri of the studied keyword (query) by using a statistical scoring, which is regarded as intermediate (inter-lingual) semantic standard presentation by means of which the studied keyword (from the source language) is mapped together with its possible translation equivalents (onto the target language. The results present the study of adjectival collocabillity in both Slovak and Bulgarian language from the corpus of political speech texts outlining the standard semantic relations based on the evaluation of statistical scoring. Finally, the advantages and shortcomings of the approach are discussed.
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Czajkowski, Marcin, and Marek Kretowski. "Evolutionary Approach for Relative Gene Expression Algorithms." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/593503.
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A Relative Expression Analysis (RXA) uses ordering relationships in a small collection of genes and is successfully applied to classiffication using microarray data. As checking all possible subsets of genes is computationally infeasible, the RXA algorithms require feature selection and multiple restrictive assumptions. Our main contribution is a specialized evolutionary algorithm (EA) for top-scoring pairs called EvoTSP which allows finding more advanced gene relations. We managed to unify the major variants of relative expression algorithms through EA and introduce weights to the top-scoring pairs. Experimental validation of EvoTSP on public available microarray datasets showed that the proposed solution significantly outperforms in terms of accuracy other relative expression algorithms and allows exploring much larger solution space.
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Felt, John M., Sarah A. Depaoli, Alberto M. Pereira, Nienke R. Biermasz, and Jitske Tiemensma. "Total score or subscales in scoring the acromegaly quality of life questionnaire: using novel confirmatory methods to compare scoring options." European Journal of Endocrinology 173, no. 1 (2015): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-15-0228.
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ContextImpaired quality of life (QoL) is common in patients after long-term remission of acromegaly. The acromegaly QoL (AcroQoL) is a disease-specific QoL questionnaire for patients diagnosed with acromegaly. The summed total score is the most frequently used scoring method of the AcroQoL. However, the total score does not capture all of the aspects of QoL that are outlined by the World Health Organization (WHO).ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to use novel and sophisticated confirmatory methods to identify the optimal number of subscales for the AcroQoL.Design and patientsPatients in remission from acromegaly were recruited from the Leiden University Medical Center and were asked to complete the AcroQoL (Dutch version) questionnaire (n=72).ResultsThe three-subscale version of the AcroQoL consisted of subscales reflecting Physical Complaints, Appearance Issues, and Personal Relations Issues related to QoL. Model fit indices (i.e., comparative fit index and root mean square error of approximation) indicated that the three-subscale version represented the data better than the total score and two-subscale models did. A χ2 difference test indicated that the three-subscale model was a significantly better fit than the total score and two-subscale models were (P<0.05).ConclusionModel fit and comparison statistics indicate that the three-subscale model is a better scoring method than the total score and two-subscale versions of the AcroQoL are. The three-subscale version also better reflected the WHO's recommendation of using a multidimensional measure of QoL than the total score and two-subscale methods did. Therefore, it is recommended that values from the three-subscales of the AcroQoL be reported in future research.
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Bakhoum, Emad S., and David C. Brown. "Developed Sustainable Scoring System for Structural Materials Evaluation." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 138, no. 1 (2012): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0000412.
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FIELD, NIGEL P., SHEILA E. STURGEON, RICHARD PURYEAR, STEVEN HIBBARD, and MARDI J. HOROWITZ. "Object relations as a predictor of adjustment in conjugal bereavement." Development and Psychopathology 13, no. 2 (2001): 399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579401002115.
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The impact of object relations on adjustment in conjugal bereavement was examined. At approximately 6 months postbereavement, 46 midlife bereaved participants engaged in a narrative interview in which they were asked to discuss their past relationship with their deceased spouse. The Westen et al. object relations scoring system was applied to these narratives. Participants also completed depression and grief-specific symptom measures at 6 months and again at 14 and 25 months postbereavement. Object relations correlated differently with grief-specific symptoms and depression; it was more strongly negatively associated with 6 month postloss grief-specific symptoms while more strongly negatively correlated with depression at 25 month postloss. In a growth curve analysis, more mature object relations was also predictive of a faster rate of decrease in depression over time. The results were discussed in terms of current theoretical perspectives on what is required in successful adaptation to conjugal bereavement.
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Singh, Sachil Flores. "Social sorting as ‘social transformation’: Credit scoring and the reproduction of populations as risks in South Africa." Security Dialogue 46, no. 4 (2015): 365–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010615582125.
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In this article, I show that credit scoring, although not explicitly designed as a security device, enacts (in)security in South Africa. By paying attention to a brief history of state-implemented social categories, we see how the dawn of political democracy in 1994 marked an embrace of – not opposition to – their inheritance by the African National Congress. The argument is placed within a theoretical framework that dovetails David Lyon’s popularization of ‘social sorting’ with an extension of Harold Wolpe’s understanding of apartheid and capitalism. This bridging between Lyon and Wolpe is developed to advance the view that apartheid is a social condition whose historical social categories of rule have been reproduced since 1994 in the framing of credit legislation, policy and scoring. These categories are framed in the ‘new’ South Africa as indicators of ‘social transformation’. Through the lens of credit scoring, in particular, it is demonstrated that ‘social transformation’ not only influences, shapes and reproduces historical forms of social categories, but also serves the state’s attempt to create and maintain populations as risks.
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Chang, Lei, Catherine Mcbride-Chang, Sunita M. Stewart, and Ernest Au. "Life satisfaction, self-concept, and family relations in Chinese adolescents and children." International Journal of Behavioral Development 27, no. 2 (2003): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250244000182.
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Subjective well-being across the life span may be affected by both age-specific and age-general factors within a cultural context. Thus, this study explored both developmentally invariant and variable predictors of life satisfaction among 115 second-graders and 74 eighth-graders from Hong Kong. In a regression model, general self-concept and ratings of parental warmth and autonomy/detachment predicted life satisfaction equally across the two age groups. However, social self-concept was a strong predictor of life satisfaction among adolescents only, whereas actual academic test scores predicted life satisfaction only among the children. Mean group differences emerged as well, with adolescents scoring significantly lower in life satisfaction and self-concept and higher in emotional detachment than children. Results are explained in relation to both development and culture.
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Luo, Cuicui. "A comprehensive decision support approach for credit scoring." Industrial Management & Data Systems 120, no. 2 (2019): 280–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-03-2019-0182.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive decision support approach in credit risk assessment. Design/methodology/approach A comprehensive decision support approach is proposed for credit scoring and prediction. The predictive performance of the new approach has been investigated by using data including number and text. Findings The results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves better and more stable classification accuracy than the single classifiers in most cases. Meanwhile, the prediction accuracy of individual classifiers is also improved by the proposed approach. Originality/value This study provides a comprehensive model for credit risk scoring and provides valuable information to the existing literature on credit scoring by using artificial intelligence.
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Mazzeschi, Claudia, and Adriana Lis. "The Bender-Gestalt Test in an Italian Sample: An Analysis of Koppitz's Developmental Bender Scoring System Deviations." Perceptual and Motor Skills 90, no. 2 (2000): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2000.90.2.373.
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This study extended the research of the psychometric characteristics of Koppitz's 1963/1975 Developmental Scoring System of the Bender-Gestalt test. Attention was paid to relations among the 7 deviations. The test was administered by licensed psychologists to 1,065 white children, aged from 3 yr., 6 mo. to 11 yr., 5 mo., enrolled in the regular education track of kindergarten and elementary school in Italy.
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Chen, Hong Chao, Jin Jin Wang, and Xin Hua Zhu. "Automatic Scoring Algorithm of Chinese Subjective Questions Based on Domain Ontology and Sentence Framework." Applied Mechanics and Materials 373-375 (August 2013): 1780–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.373-375.1780.
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This paper constructs domain ontology for Data Structure Course and standard (student) answer sentence framework, then proposes a new approach to automatic marking Chinese subjective questions based on them. This method deals with the standard (student) answer in word segmentation, part-of-speech tagging, pronouns digestion, extracting framework, calculating word similarity. Compared with the traditional ones, this means allows the computer to understand the semantic information as much as possible, keeps the semantic relations between standard answer and the students, improves scoring accuracy.
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Hussein, Mohamed Abdellatif, Hesham Hassan, and Mohammad Nassef. "Automated language essay scoring systems: a literature review." PeerJ Computer Science 5 (August 12, 2019): e208. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.208.
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Background Writing composition is a significant factor for measuring test-takers’ ability in any language exam. However, the assessment (scoring) of these writing compositions or essays is a very challenging process in terms of reliability and time. The need for objective and quick scores has raised the need for a computer system that can automatically grade essay questions targeting specific prompts. Automated Essay Scoring (AES) systems are used to overcome the challenges of scoring writing tasks by using Natural Language Processing (NLP) and machine learning techniques. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature for the AES systems used for grading the essay questions. Methodology We have reviewed the existing literature using Google Scholar, EBSCO and ERIC to search for the terms “AES”, “Automated Essay Scoring”, “Automated Essay Grading”, or “Automatic Essay” for essays written in English language. Two categories have been identified: handcrafted features and automatically featured AES systems. The systems of the former category are closely bonded to the quality of the designed features. On the other hand, the systems of the latter category are based on the automatic learning of the features and relations between an essay and its score without any handcrafted features. We reviewed the systems of the two categories in terms of system primary focus, technique(s) used in the system, the need for training data, instructional application (feedback system), and the correlation between e-scores and human scores. The paper includes three main sections. First, we present a structured literature review of the available Handcrafted Features AES systems. Second, we present a structured literature review of the available Automatic Featuring AES systems. Finally, we draw a set of discussions and conclusions. Results AES models have been found to utilize a broad range of manually-tuned shallow and deep linguistic features. AES systems have many strengths in reducing labor-intensive marking activities, ensuring a consistent application of scoring criteria, and ensuring the objectivity of scoring. Although many techniques have been implemented to improve the AES systems, three primary challenges have been identified. The challenges are lacking of the sense of the rater as a person, the potential that the systems can be deceived into giving a lower or higher score to an essay than it deserves, and the limited ability to assess the creativity of the ideas and propositions and evaluate their practicality. Many techniques have only been used to address the first two challenges.
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Ivanouw, Jan. "The Rorschach Comprehensive System Scoring Conceptualized by a Phenomenological Metalanguage." Rorschachiana 24, no. 1 (2000): 127–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604.24.1.127.
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Le psychologue danois Edgar Rubin est bien connu pour ses expériences sur les rapports figure/fond. Son disciple Edgar Tranekjær Rasmussen a développé un métalangage phénoménologique applicable aux expériences sur la perception. Ce langage constitue aussi un outil d’intérêt général en psychologie et nous l’utilisons dans l’enseignement pour mieux comprendre les processus impliqués dans le Rorschach et résoudre les problèmes de la cotation. Le test du Rorschach nécessite de recueillir des informations sur l’expérience du sujet. Le recours au métalangage de Edgar Tranekjær Rasmussen nous aide dans ce processus. Le concept central de ce métalangage est celui de “phénomène.” Celui-ci désigne toute “chose” qui apparaît à une personne, y compris tous les aspects des autres phénomènes qui apparaissent, dont les relations entre phénomènes. Un phénomène apparaît à une personne à partir de traits médiateurs, ou formes apparentes qui changent selon le point de vue, tandis que le phénomène reste identique à lui-même. Un phénomène a un champ d’apparition dans la mesure où il apparaît en même temps que d’autres phénomènes, qui sont ses traits de champ. Parmi ces derniers, on distingue les traits propres, les traits étrangers et les traits périphériques. Lorsque l’on combine, d’une manière expérimentale, le phénomène A avec ses traits propres, le phénomène qui en résulte est identique à A. De même, lorsque l’on combine A avec ses traits étrangers, le phénomène qui en résulte est différent de A. Les traits périphériques sont indéterminés quant à leur qualité propre ou étrangère. Un phénomène comporte des traits déterminants. Pour qu’un phénomène garde son identité, certains traits déterminants doivent apparaître pour la personne dans différentes situations d’observation. Les traits propres du phénomène fonctionnent comme traits déterminants. Certains des traits étrangers peuvent aussi être des traits déterminants. Les traits périphériques peuvent changer, de telle sorte que le phénomène apparaît changé mais reste le même phénomène. Le concept d’identité tient donc une importance centrale dans le métalangage. Parfois, un phénomène apparaît comme un phénomène dont l’identité est encore à déterminer. Un phénomène peut apparaître d’une manière directe, immédiate, ou il peut apparaître d’une manière indirecte, médiate. Dans ce dernier cas, les traits médiateurs apparaissent d’une manière immédiate mais se réfèrent au phénomène qui est lui indirect. Il existe des phénomènes à différents niveaux. Au niveau supérieur, un phénomène possède tous les traits déterminants du niveau inférieur plus certains autres. Il est courant de confondre les différents niveaux de phénomènes lorsqu’ils portent le même nom. Un phénomène abstrait est formé à partir de certains traits déterminants d’un autre phénomène, mais pas de tous. La procédure d’identification intersubjective désigne ce qui se passe lorsque deux personnes utilisent le langage ou toute autre forme de communication (apparition anthropique) pour s’assurer que le phénomène qui leur apparaît est le même. Lorsqu’ils ont quelque doute, ils se réfèrent aux traits déterminants du phénomène, et s’ils doutent encore de ceux-ci, le processus continue jusqu’à ce qu’ils atteignent les phénomènes qui fonctionnent comme des bases de référence qui leur apparaissent à tous les deux comme identiques. Une relation peut apparaître comme un phénomène. Elle peut avoir comme champ d’apparition certains processus et quelques autres phénomènes qui participent à la relation. A l’inverse, le trait d’un phénomène peut être d’avoir une certaine relation avec d’autres phénomènes. Les phases de réponse et d’enquête au Rorschach sont caractérisées par ce métalangage. La nature même du Rorschach suscite beaucoup de phénomènes dont l’identité est encore à déterminer. Les caractéristiques des taches d’encre poussent le sujet à utiliser une identité de phénomène de manière moins stricte que ce qu’ils feraient dans la vie de tous les jours. Cela est dû au fait que les phénomènes apparaissant comme des réponses au test possèdent souvent beaucoup de traits périphériques, qui ne fonctionnent pas comme des traits déterminants mais qui permettent que les phénomènes apparaissent comme changés en comparaison avec leur apparence habituelle. Alors que, dans la phase de réponse, les phénomènes apparaissent souvent comme immédiats, dans la phase d’enquête ils apparaissent de manière plus indirecte, médiatisée par leurs formes d’apparition. A l’enquête, il va être important de formuler les traits déterminants des phénomènes qui ont apparus au sujet dans la phase de réponse de telle sorte que les phénomènes conservent l’identité et la forme d’apparition qu’ils avaient au départ. La procédure d’identification intersubjective peut être utile pour recueillir l’information pertinente. Le métalangage phénoménologique est utile pour éclairer les problèmes de détermination des localisations et pour distinguer entre une qualité de développement ordinaire ou de synthèse. Nous discutons dans cet article de la relation entre déterminants au Rorschach et le concept de “traits déterminants” propre au métalangage. Nous évoquons aussi le problème du type de causalité impliqué dans le concept de déterminant au Rorschach, c’est-à-dire ce qui “détermine” la réponse. Nous soulignons l’importance de recourir à l’équivalence phénoménologique dans la procédure d’extrapolation de la qualité formelle. Nous présentons les cotations spéciales critiques comme les produits d’une confusion entre traits propres et étrangers. Nous suggérons que différentes formes d’apparition des réponses dotées de cotations spéciales pourraient être interprétées de manières différentes. Il serait utile de poursuivre les recherches dans ce domaine, dans la mesure où la phase d’enquête a été peu étudiée. Quelques thèmes de recherche sont avancés en guise de conclusion.
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Diss, Mostapha, Eric Kamwa, and Abdelmonaim Tlidi. "On Some k-scoring Rules for Committee Elections: Agreement and Condorcet Principle." Revue d'économie politique Vol. 130, no. 5 (2020): 699–725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/redp.305.0021.
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Toledo-Acosta, Mauricio, Talin Barreiro, Asela Reig-Alamillo, et al. "Cognitive Emotional Embedded Representations of Text to Predict Suicidal Ideation and Psychiatric Symptoms." Mathematics 8, no. 11 (2020): 2088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8112088.
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Mathematical modeling of language in Artificial Intelligence is of the utmost importance for many research areas and technological applications. Over the last decade, research on text representation has been directed towards the investigation of dense vectors popularly known as word embeddings. In this paper, we propose a cognitive-emotional scoring and representation framework for text based on word embeddings. This representation framework aims to mathematically model the emotional content of words in short free-form text messages, produced by adults in follow-up due to any mental health condition in the outpatient facilities within the Psychiatry Department of Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz in Madrid, Spain. Our contribution is a geometrical-topological framework for Sentiment Analysis, that includes a hybrid method that uses a cognitively-based lexicon together with word embeddings to generate graded sentiment scores for words, and a new topological method for clustering dense vector representations in high-dimensional spaces, where points are very sparsely distributed. Our framework is useful in detecting word association topics, emotional scoring patterns, and embedded vectors’ geometrical behavior, which might be useful in understanding language use in this kind of texts. Our proposed scoring system and representation framework might be helpful in studying relations between language and behavior and their use might have a predictive potential to prevent suicide.
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Domingo, Meera, Sharon Keppley, and Catherine Chambliss. "Relations of Early Maternal Employment and Attachment in Introvertive and Extraverttve Adults." Psychological Reports 81, no. 2 (1997): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.81.2.403.
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The present study examined attachment scores of adult children whose mothers were employed and how maternal employment varied as a function of children's personality styles. Children's extraversion was expected to moderate the effects of maternal employment on their attachment as adults. Responses of 106 undergraduates were obtained on 3 measures, the Eysenck Personality Inventory, the Adult Attachment Scale of Collins and Read, and the Adolescent Relationship Scales Questionnaire of Scharfe and Bartholomew. A median split was performed to divide subjects into those scoring High and Low on Extraversion. Subjects were then grouped on the basis of their mothers' employment status during the subjects' infancy (Full-time, Part-time, Nonemployed). Subjects high on Extraversion seemed to show more adverse attachment consequences in adulthood following full-time maternal employment during infancy. Adults who scored high on extraversion may have been more comfortable with continual maternal presence during infancy, while those more introverted as adults may have adapted better to the periods of separation associated with infant day care.
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Day, Stephanie L., and Carol McDonald Connor. "Examining the Relations Between Self-Regulation and Achievement in Third-Grade Students." Assessment for Effective Intervention 42, no. 2 (2016): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534508416670367.
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Children with stronger self-regulation skills generally demonstrate greater overall success in school both academically and socially. However, there are few valid and reliable measures of self-regulation in middle elementary school. Such a measure could help identify whether a child is truly having difficulties. Thus, the Remembering Rules and Regulation Picture Task (RRRP) was developed. The aim of this study was to develop scoring systems for the RRRP and then to examine the associations between RRRP and independent measures of self-regulation and academic achievement in mathematics and reading. Children ( N = 282) from 34 third-grade classrooms in Florida participated in this study. Results revealed that the RRRP captured three constructs: working memory, attentional flexibility, and inhibitory control. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) demonstrated that the RRRP was significantly and positively associated with other measures of self-regulation. The RRRP was significantly and positively associated with mathematics and reading as well. The RRRP appears to be a promising measure of children’s self-regulation skills.
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Ballesteros-Pérez, Pablo, Martin Skitmore, Eugenio Pellicer, and Xiaoling Zhang. "Scoring Rules and Competitive Behavior in Best-Value Construction Auctions." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 142, no. 9 (2016): 04016035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0001144.
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Xiong, Bo, Martin Skitmore, Paul Xia, Pablo Ballesteros-Pérez, Kunhui Ye, and Xiaoling Zhang. "Impact of Corporate Credit Scoring on Construction Contractors in China." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 145, no. 4 (2019): 05019002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0001631.
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Lee, Seung Eun, and Brenna L. Quinn. "Safety Culture and Patient Safety Outcomes in East Asia: A Literature Review." Western Journal of Nursing Research 42, no. 3 (2019): 220–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193945919848755.
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This review examined associations between safety culture aspects and patient safety outcomes in East Asian hospitals and identified relevant research priorities. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines, 16 articles were identified for review. Patient safety nursing activity was the most commonly investigated outcome in relation to safety culture aspects. Among safety culture aspects, feedback and communication, frequency of event reporting, teamwork within units, and managers’ support for patient safety were most significantly related to patient safety outcomes. Areas for further research include the use of theory or theoretical frameworks, consensus upon the scoring strategies for computation of safety culture scores, and selecting appropriate units of analysis and statistical analyses. Finally, researchers should examine relations between unit-specific and nation-specific safety culture and patient safety outcomes, given the influence of cultural attitudes and behaviors on patient safety.
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de Brabander, B., J. Hellemans, C. Boone, and P. Gerits. "Locus of Control, Sensation Seeking, and Stress." Psychological Reports 79, no. 3_suppl (1996): 1307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3f.1307.
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We explored the relations among locus of control, sensation seeking, and stress ( N = 68 students). Corroborating evidence was found that subjects with an external locus of control are more vulnerable to stress. Subjects scoring higher on the thrill and adventure seeking-dimension of sensation seeking reported less severe physical and psychological complaints thought to be associated with stress. These results suggest that high sensation seeking is associated with protective mechanisms against life-stress. Some possible intervening mechanisms are further discussed.
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Croyle, Robert T., John B. Jemmott, and Brian D. Carpenter. "Relations among Four Individual Difference Measures Associated with Cardiovascular Dysfunction and Anger Coping Style." Psychological Reports 63, no. 3 (1988): 779–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.63.3.779.
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Scores on four individual difference instruments used in investigations of hypertension and coronary heart disease were compared. 112 college undergraduates completed a Thematic Apperception Test to assess power motivation, the student form of the Jenkins Activity Survey to assess Type A behavior pattern, a version of the Harburg Anger-out Scale, and a new instrument, the Anger Expression Scale. Analyses yielded modest but significant correlations among some of the scales. Students scoring higher on anger-out coping style, as indexed by the anger-out subscale of the Anger Expression Scale and the Harburg Anger-out Scale, had higher scores on power motivation, global Type A, and the Speed and Impatience subscale of the Jenkins Activity Survey. Neither power motivation nor inhibited power motivation was significantly associated with Type A behavior pattern. Implications of the results are discussed within the context of recent findings in personality assessment and health psychology.
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Kaur, Wandeep, and Vimala Balakrishnan. "Improving sentiment scoring mechanism: a case study on airline services." Industrial Management & Data Systems 118, no. 8 (2018): 1578–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-07-2017-0300.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of including letter repetition commonly found within social media text and its impact in determining the sentiment scores for two major airlines in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach A Sentiment Intensity Calculator (SentI-Cal) was developed by assigning individual weights to each letter repetition, and tested it using data collected from official Facebook pages of the airlines. Findings Evaluation metrics indicate that SentI-Cal outperforms the baseline tool Semantic Orientation Calculator (SO-CAL), with an accuracy of 90.7 percent compared to 58.33 percent for SO-CAL. Practical implications A more accurate sentiment score allows airline services to easily obtain a better understanding of the sentiments of their customers, hence providing opportunities in improving their airline services. Originality/value Proposed mechanism calculates sentiment intensity of social media text by assigning individual weightage to each repeated letter and exclamation mark thus producing a more accurate sentiment score.
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Thal, Donna J., Scott Miller, Janna Carlson, and Martha Moreno Vega. "Nonword Repetition and Language Development in 4-Year-Old Children With and Without a History of Early Language Delay." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 48, no. 6 (2005): 1481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2005/103).
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Purpose: This study examined the usefulness of the Nonword Repetition Test (NRT; C. Dollaghan & T. F. Campbell, 1998) with 4-year-old children and the relationship among the NRT, language, and other aspects of mental processing. Method: The NRT was administered to 64 children at 4 years of age; 44 had a history of typical language development (HTD), and 20 had a history of language delay (HLD) at 16 months of age. Study 1 compared methods of scoring phoneme errors to determine whether the NRT was appropriate for this age group. Study 2 examined whether the NRT differentiated HTD from HLD. Study 3 examined the relations among scores on the NRT and standardized tests of language and mental processing. Results: The NRT was found to be appropriate for 4-year-old children. Although all children had normal language abilities at the time of the study, the NRT (and several aspects of language and mental processing) differentiated between HTD and HLD. Relations among the NRT and other measures of language and mental processing were different from those previously reported, an unexpected finding that is inconsistent with traditional accounts of working memory and its relation to language development. Potential explanations are explored, and some directions for future research are suggested.
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Murphy, Kimberly A., and Laura M. Justice. "Lexical-Level Predictors of Reading Comprehension in Third Grade: Is Spelling a Unique Contributor?" American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 28, no. 4 (2019): 1597–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_ajslp-18-0299.
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Purpose Considerable research effort has focused on understanding reading comprehension and reading comprehension difficulties. The purpose of this correlational study was to add to the small but growing body of literature on the role that spelling may play in reading comprehension, by investigating the full range of lexical-level literacy skills and whether spelling makes a unique contribution. This study also explored whether these relations vary with the spelling scoring metric. Method Data were collected from 63 children attending Grade 3 in a Midwestern state. In addition to measuring reading comprehension, word recognition, and vocabulary, 4 spelling scoring metrics were examined: the number of words spelled correctly, the number of correct letter sequences (CLS), and Spelling Sensitivity Scores for elements and for words. Results All spelling metrics were significantly correlated with reading comprehension. Results of hierarchical regressions showed that spelling was a significant, unique predictor of reading comprehension when the CLS metric was used. The scoring metrics were differentially related to reading comprehension. Metrics that gave credit based on orthographic precision only (number of words spelled correctly and CLS) were more highly related to reading comprehension than metrics that scored not only on orthographic accuracy but also on phonological and morphological accuracy (Spelling Sensitivity Scores for elements and for words). Conclusion These results indicate that spelling is related to reading comprehension and have theoretical and clinical implications for the use of spelling assessment. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.9947216
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Jensen, Larry C., Janet Jensen, and Terrie Wiederhold. "Religiosity, Denomination, and Mental Health among Young Men and Women." Psychological Reports 72, no. 3_suppl (1993): 1157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.72.3c.1157.
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The relations among religiosity, denomination, and mental health were studied. Comparisons of groups high, medium, and low in religiosity were made possible by extracting data from a large data set for three denominational groups and gender in a three-way analysis of variance design. There were significant main effects, with higher scores on three mental health measures for high religious groups, Mormons, and men. There were interactions resulting from highly religious Mormon women, but not highly religious Mormon men scoring higher. The three scores were self-esteem, emotional maturity, and nondepression.
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Breitbarth, Tim, Gregor Hovemann, and Stefan Walzel. "Scoring strategy goals: Measuring corporate social responsibility in professional European football." Thunderbird International Business Review 53, no. 6 (2011): 721–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tie.20448.
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Kucharska, Justyna. "Feminist Identity Styles, Sexual and Non-Sexual Traumatic Events, and Psychological Well-Being in a Sample of Polish Women." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 1 (2015): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515600163.
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The aim of the study was to investigate the relations between the development of a feminist identity and effects of traumatic stress in a sample of Polish women. The distinction between non-sexual and sexual traumatic events was made. It was hypothesized that individuals scoring high on the Synthesis and Active Commitment scales of the Feminist Identity Development Model would present a higher self-esteem and lower level of depression as compared with individuals having low scores on those scales and high scores on the Passive Acceptance scale. It was also assumed that the relation between the feminist identity styles and self-esteem and depression would be stronger in women who had experienced sexual traumatic events as compared with those who had experienced other kinds of trauma. A total of 273 women participated in the questionnaire research. Regression analyses were performed to test the interaction model, and the obtained results support all of the hypotheses.
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Suedfeld, Peter, and Philip E. Tetlock. "Integrative Complexity at Forty: Steps Toward Resolving the Scoring Dilemma." Political Psychology 35, no. 5 (2014): 597–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pops.12206.
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Kohli, Anirudh, Tanya Jha, and Amal Babu Pazhayattil. "The value of AI based CT severity scoring system in triage of patients with Covid-19 pneumonia as regards oxygen requirement and place of admission." Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging 31, S 01 (2021): S61—S69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijri.ijri_965_20.
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Abstract Context: CT scan is a quick and effective method to triage patients in the Covid-19 pandemic to prevent the heathcare facilities from getting overwhelmed. Aims: To find whether an initial HRCT chest can help triage patient by determining their oxygen requirement, place of treatment, laboratory parameters and risk of mortality and to compare 3 CT scoring systems (0-20, 0-25 and percentage of involved lung models) to find if one is a better predictor of prognosis than the other. Settings and Design: This was a prospective observational study conducted at a Tertiary care hospital in Mumbai, Patients undergoing CT scan were included by complete enumeration method. Methods and Material: Data collected included demographics, days from swab positivity to CT scan, comorbidities, place of treatment, laboratory parameters, oxygen requirement and mortality. We divided the patients into mild, moderate and severe based on 3 criteria - 20 point CT score (OS1), 25 point CT score (OS2) and opacity percentage (OP). CT scans were analysed using CT pneumonia analysis prototype software (Siemens Healthcare version 2.5.2, Erlangen, Germany). Statistical Analysis: ROC curve and Youden’s index were used to determine cut off points. Multinomial logistic regression used to study the relations with oxygen requirement and place of admission. Hosmer-Lemeshow test was done to test the goodness of fit of our models. Results: A total of 740 patients were included in our study. All the 3 scoring systems showed a significant positive correlation with oxygen requirement, place of admission and death. Based on ROC analysis a score of 4 for OS1, 9 for OS2 and 12.7% for OP was determined as the cut off for oxygen requirement. Conclusions: CT severity scoring using an automated deep learning software programme is a boon for determining oxygen requirement and triage. As the score increases, the chances of requirement of higher oxygen and intubation increase. All the three scoring systems are predictive of oxygen requirement.
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Von Guenthner, Shannon, and Jon Hammermeister. "Exploring Relations of Wellness and Athletic Coping Skills of Collegiate Athletes: Implications for Sport Performance." Psychological Reports 101, no. 3_suppl (2007): 1043–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.101.4.1043-1049.
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In exploring the relationship between wellness and athletic performance, this study assessed the link between wellness, as defined by a high score on five wellness dimensions of emotional, social, spiritual, intellectual, and physical well-being, with psychological variables thought to be related to athletic performance as measured by athletes' self-report of specific athletic coping skills. 142 collegiate athletes completed a survey composed of the Optimal Living Profile to measure wellness dimensions and the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory to measure specific psychological variables. Analysis indicated that athletes scoring higher on the dimensions of wellness also scored significantly higher on athletic coping skills. Specifically, male athletes who scored higher on wellness also reported higher scores on coachability, concentration, goal setting/mental preparation, and peaking under pressure, and female athletes who scored higher on wellness also reported higher scores in coping with adversity, coachability, concentration, goal setting/mental preparation, and freedom from worry. Various dimensions of wellness seem related to better performance by involving the athletic coping skills of intercollegiate athletes. Implications for coaches and sport psychologists are also discussed.
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Bitetti, Dana, Carol Scheffner Hammer, and Lisa M. López. "The narrative macrostructure production of Spanish–English bilingual preschoolers: Within- and cross-language relations." Applied Psycholinguistics 41, no. 1 (2019): 79–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716419000419.
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AbstractDespite the importance of understanding the narrative abilities of bilingual children, minimal research has focused on Spanish–English bilingual preschoolers. Therefore, this study examined the cross-language macrostructure and within-language microstructure relations in the English and Spanish narratives of bilingual preschoolers and examined whether language dominance impacted these relations. Narratives were elicited from 200 preschool-aged children of Latino heritage. Microstructure measures included the number of different words, the mean length of utterance in words, and the subordination index. The narrative scoring scheme measured macrostructure (Heilmann, Miller, Nockerts, & Dunaway, 2010). Using standardized language testing of expressive vocabulary and sentence comprehension, the children were classified into two groups: balanced dominance and Spanish dominant. Results revealed that English macrostructure and Spanish macrostructure were not related after controlling for microstructure measures within languages. Children’s microstructure abilities in each language were strongly related to their macrostructure abilities within that language. Dominance did not moderate these relations. Consistent with previous research on school-age children, vocabulary was a unique predictor of macrostructure production. This study highlights the additional importance of utterance length within both languages to macrostructure during the preschool years. The absence of unique cross-language macrostructure relations and the absence of dominance group moderation may have been due to the immaturity of the children’s narratives.
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Adame, Daniel D., Thomas C. Johnson, and Steven P. Cole. "Physical Fitness, Body Image, and Locus of Control in College Freshman Men and Women." Perceptual and Motor Skills 68, no. 2 (1989): 400–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.68.2.400.
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This study examined the relations among physical fitness, body image, and locus of control. The Hall Physical Fitness Test Profile, the Winstead and Cash Body Self-relations Questionnaire (BSRQ) and the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale were administered to 243 freshmen. Women were significantly more positive about their physical appearance than men. Men were more positive about their physical fitness than women. Men were more physically fit than women. Men and women scoring in the internal direction viewed the physical fitness domain of their body image positively. Unlike men, internally oriented women had more positive perceptions of the health aspect of their body image. Physically fit men and women had positive attitudes toward the physical fitness component of their body image. Physically fit men differed from physically fit women in that men were more internal and held more positive attitudes toward the physical health dimension of their body images.
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Huang, Becky H., Mingxia Zhi, and Yangting Wang. "Investigating the Validity of a University-Level ESL Speaking Placement Test via Mixed Methods Research." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 6 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n6p1.
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The current study investigated the validity of a locally-developed university-level English as a Second Language (ESL) speaking placement test using a mixed-methods design. We adapted Messick&rsquo;s integrative view of validity (1996) and Kane&rsquo;s interpretation argument framework (2013) and focused on two sources of validity evidence: relations to other variables, and consequences of testing (AERA, APA, and NCME, 2014). We collected survey data from 41 student examinees and eight teacher examiners, and we also interviewed the teacher examiners about their perceived validity of the test. Results from the study provided positive evidence for the validity of the speaking test. There were significant associations between student examinees&rsquo; speaking test scores, their self-ratings of speaking skills, and their instructors&rsquo; end-of-semester ratings of student examinees&rsquo; English language proficiency. Both the examinees and examiners also perceived the format and questions to be appropriate and effective. However, the results also revealed some potential issues with the clarity of the rubric and the lack of training for test administration and scoring. These results highlighted the importance of norming and calibration in scoring for the speaking test and entailed practical implications for university-level ESL placement tests.