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Journal articles on the topic 'Scots-English'
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1
Bailey, James. "Aggravated Damages or Additional Awards of Solatium: A Distinction without a Difference?" Edinburgh Law Review 22, no. 1 (January 2018): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.2018.0454.
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What are aggravated damages? Can they be recovered under Scots law? These are questions which might cross the mind of a Scots lawyer upon noticing the label in a tort textbook or the English case reports. This article seeks to address these two questions, in addition to critically examining whether aggravated damages ought to be recognised north of the border. The article will show that the Scots courts have granted additional awards of solatium in circumstances where the English courts would likely award aggravated damages. It will be argued that, despite their similarities, this traditional Scots approach is preferable to the English aggravated damages model. While the central focus is the right approach for Scots law, the article may still be of interest to English lawyers, since there are signs that English law might be moving closer to the Scots position.
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MAGUIRE, WARREN. "The origins of owld in Scots." English Language and Linguistics 24, no. 3 (May 5, 2020): 569–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674320000039.
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The usual development of OE [ɑld] in words such as old in Scots is to auld, reflecting the development of this sequence in northern dialects more generally. But in some Scots dialects other pronunciations of these words, reminiscent of dialects of English south of the Ribble–Humber Line, are found. These forms, of the type owld, are found across Lowland Scotland, with particular concentrations in the far north and southwest. Origins in Irish English and English in England have been suggested for this feature of Scots but these hypotheses have not been explored. Aitken & Macafee (2002: 61–2) instead argue for an endogenous origin of both auld and owld, but this proposed double endogenous development of OE [ɑld] is problematic in a number of ways. In this article, I examine the history of these developments in Scots in comparison to their development in dialects of English in England and Ireland. The lack of evidence for the owld development in Older Scots suggests that these forms are of relatively recent origin. Crucially, the Eighteenth-Century English Phonology Database (ECEP) reveals that the owld pronunciations were in fact a feature of early forms of Standard English. Furthermore, several characteristic features of Irish English have spread into southwest Scotland, and the distribution of owld forms in the area fits this pattern. Thus Scots forms such as owld are not the result of endogenous development, but have their origin in English, in the case of southwest Scotland at least in part from Irish English, and elsewhere in Scotland from early forms of Standard English. These owld forms have been ‘localised’ and reinterpreted as ‘Scots’, alongside or replacing original auld. The analysis of the origins of this feature highlights not only the role of contact with varieties of English in the development of Scots, but also the importance of sources such as the ECEP database for understanding the historical phonology of Scots and English.
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Maček, Dora. "Some Reflections on the Language of Contemporary Scottish Prose." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 2, no. 1-2 (June 22, 2005): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.2.1-2.45-56.
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A northern variety of Old English developed in Scotland into what has become known as Scots. This language of the Scottish court and literature prior to the Acts of Union was abandoned by both king and poets after the Union with England. English replaced Scots in public institutions, to schools and literature. The most fatal development was the change of attitude of the Scottish themselves, who came to regard Scots as an inferior variety of English. There have been repeated attempts by Scottish writers, to revive Scots as a national language of Scotland. Since the 1970s a number of projects have been launched to study the present state of Scots with the aim of initiating a language policy which would reintroduce Scots into public life as one of the national languages of Scotland. A number of Scottish authors have used Scots in their works. This paper will examine the language of some contemporary prose texts seeking to establish the density of Scots elements and estimate their place on the scale between Standard Scottish English and Scots, which may be one of the means of establishing an acceptable standard variety.
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Fitzgerald, Colleen M. "Vowel harmony in Buchan Scots English." English Language and Linguistics 6, no. 1 (May 2002): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674302001041.
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In this article, I discuss vowel reduction, stress, and vowel harmony in Buchan Scots English, a dialect spoken in Aberdeenshire in northern Scotland. Work by Wölck (1965) describes Buchan Scots English as having vowel harmony. This article explores the conditions that restrict the distribution of vowels in those syllables that do not receive a primary stress. Such syllables allow a smaller range of contrasts, and vowel height in these syllables is at least partially predictable from a preceding stressed vowel. These facts show that both vowel reduction and vowel harmony operate in Buchan Scots English.
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Rodríguez Ledesma, Maía nieves. "Scits-english interaction in older scots." Pragmalinguistica, no. 5 (1997): 361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25267/pragmalinguistica.1997.i5.15.
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Sayers, William. "Pest: Interaction in English and Scots." Notes and Queries 55, no. 4 (October 7, 2008): 406–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/notesj/gjn171.
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Hancock, Ian F. "Scots English and the English-lexifier creole relativizer we." English World-Wide 29, no. 1 (January 25, 2008): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.29.1.02han.
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We (wey, whey, way) as relativizer occurs in the English-lexifier creoles on both sides of the Atlantic, and has been assumed to originate in English what (e.g. by Cassidy and Le Page 1967: 459). Instances of this word as a relativizer in English, however, date only from the beginning of the 19th century — too late by over a century to have provided the widespread creole form. This essay examines alternative possibilities for its origin, and concludes that it must be sought in Scottish and/or northern English who. Determining its ultimate origin may shed light upon the age and development of these particular languages.
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Marr, Andrew. "Labour Dilemmas: English nationalists and silent Scots." Scottish Affairs 1 (First Series, no. 1 (November 1992): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/scot.1992.0004.
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Aitken, A. J. "Is Scots a Language?" English Today 1, no. 3 (July 1985): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078400001292.
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Some consider that Scots is simply a northerly dialect of English. Others assert that it is a language in its own right, as distinct from English as Dutch is distinct from German, with its own oral and literary heritage. What is the truth of the matter?
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STEWART, LAURA A. M. "ENGLISH FUNDING OF THE SCOTTISH ARMIES IN ENGLAND AND IRELAND, 1640–1648." Historical Journal 52, no. 3 (August 4, 2009): 573–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x09007468.
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ABSTRACTThe rebellion against Charles I's authority that began in Edinburgh in 1637 involved the Scots in successive invasions of England and armed intervention in Ireland. Historians have almost universally taken a negative view of Scottish involvement in these wars, because it has been assumed that the Scottish political leadership sacrificed all other considerations in order to pursue an unrealistic religious crusade. This article suggests that aspects of the Anglo-Scottish relationship need to be reappraised. Using estimates of English payments to the Scots during the 1640s, it will be argued that the Scottish leadership made pragmatic political decisions based on a practical appreciation of the country's military and fiscal capacity. Substantial payouts from the English parliament enabled the Scottish parliamentary regime to engage in military and diplomatic activities that the country could not otherwise have afforded. The 1643 treaty that brought the Scots into the English Civil War on the side of parliament contrasts favourably with the 1647 Engagement in support of the king. It will be shown that, although the English parliament did not honour all of its obligations to the Scots, it does not automatically follow that the alliance was a failure in financial terms.
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Snapp, J. Russell. "An Enlightened Empire: Scottish and Irish Imperial Reformers in the Age of the American Revolution." Albion 33, no. 3 (2001): 388–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4053197.
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In January 1773, Lord Dartmouth, the Secretary of State for the colonies, received a letter urging him to appoint no more Scots or Irishmen to offices in America. While the author claimed that, as a “Cosmopolite” he had no vulgar “national Prejudices,” he declared that “the English, particularly the Americans,” had conceived such Prejudices against the Scots and Irish, that it is great Impolicy to nominate them for governors or for any Employ in America….” One cannot know exactly what public relations disasters might have inspired this strong advice. Nevertheless, recent changes in both the United Kingdom and the empire at large had clearly heightened age-old English prejudices against these “alien” groups. Never before had so many Scots and Irishmen held public office in Britain and its colonies, and Scottish merchants were making considerable inroads in imperial trade at the expense of their English counterparts. However, jealousy on account of this new-found power does not completely explain the widespread animus against these groups. Many Englishmen and Anglo-Americans also perceived that Scots and Irishmen approached imperial government in ways that threatened English liberty. While it would be going too far to accept the contemporary English notion that Scots, and indeed most non-Englishmen, were “tinctured with notions of despotism,” this stereotype points toward the reality that officials from the fringes of the British Isles took a new approach to imperial government: they emphasized metropolitan authority while, at the same time, regarding the Crown's diverse subjects from a cosmopolitan perspective.
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Stępkowski, Aleksander. "KSZTAŁTOWANIE SIĘ MIESZANEGO SYSTEMU SZKOCKIEGO PRAWA PRYWATNEGO W XIX I XX WIEKU." Zeszyty Prawnicze 2, no. 1 (March 19, 2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2012.2.1.02.
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FORMATION OF THE MIXED SYSTEM OF SCOTTISH PRIVATE LAW DURING 19™AND 20™ CENTURIES(Summary) This paper présents development of Scots law as a mixed jurisdiction in 19th and 20th centuries. This spécifie mixture of légal cultures which is Scots law, owes most of its peculiarity to, variable in its character, relationships with England and its precedent based legal culture. English influence on Scottish private law become predominant in 19th century, as an effect of advancement of internal integration within United Kingdome.Scots law - as described in 18th century classical legal treaties - was in general based on continental ius commune, as presented in French and Roman-Dutch legal thought. Political and social consequences of the Union of 1707 allowed extremely intensive influence of English law in Scotland since second quarter of 19th century. This impact had miscellaneous character and was performed in a various ways. The easiest one was legislative activity of British Parliament, whose statutes in 19th century started to be progressively more and more important source of English law. Statutory influence was the easiest as the number of Scots in British Parliament never exceeded ten percent, so there was no problem in ignoring their objections, until the establishment of the Scottish Law Commission in 1965, which started to supervise legislation touching Scotland.Except statutory influence, considerable changes took place in the way of administering justice in Scodand. The most spectacular was decision of the House of Lords which in the beginning of 18th century had recognised its authority to revise judgements of the Court of Session – Scottish supreme court. In effect House of Lords started - regardless differences existing between Scots law and English law - to apply English rules in reviewing judgements of the Court of Session. Further influence of English rules into Scots law was provoked by the reform of the Court of Session, whose organisation and proceedings became considerably anglicised. It provoked that its decisions started to be regarded as a primary source of law by progressive acceptance of English stare decisis rule - which was not the part of Scottish legal system before.A kind of reaction for this process of Anglicisation was the interest of Scottish lawyers in studies of Roman law, as performed on continent in Netherlands and Germany. This interest subsequently was manifested in following ideas of German historical school. In consequence they started to underline the unique - domestic - character of Scots law, independent as well from English law as from continental tradition of civil law.The article is finishing with considerations upon possible consequences for Scots law of the process of devolution in Scodand which took place in 1998. It presents different opinions of Scottish lawyers, as to the future development of Scots law.
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Hardman, Jonathan. "Further Legal Determinants of External Finance in Scotland: An Intra-UK Market for Incorporation?" Edinburgh Law Review 25, no. 2 (May 2021): 192–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.2021.0694.
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Previously in this journal the author reviewed Scots law's corporate debt finance rules from a transaction cost perspective. Recent research has identified that use of the Scottish corporate vehicle has significantly dropped for companies listing on the London Stock Exchange, even for those companies with headquarters in Scotland. This article explores whether this could be said to be caused by differences in company law rules between English and Scots law. It identifies that there are low transaction cost differences when it comes to known differences, but that Scots law is at a disadvantage when it comes to implicit differences (for example, the nature of a share) and uncertain company law differences from English law (for example, whether the Duomatic principle, or any other equity-based English company law principle, applies under Scots law). The framework for a market for company law exists intra-UK. As such, it seems possible that the reduction in use of the Scottish form arises because of higher transaction costs when using the Scottish form. This represents a methodological development for company law more generally – an atomisation approach, distilling company law into its component private law aspects.
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Cameron, Gordon D. L. "Scots and English Nuisance … Much the Same Thing?" Edinburgh Law Review 9, no. 1 (January 2005): 98–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.2005.9.1.98.
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MacQueen, H. L. "Scots and English Law: The Case of Contract." Current Legal Problems 54, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 205–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clp/54.1.205.
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Maguire, Warren, Rhona Alcorn, Benjamin Molineaux, Joanna Kopaczyk, Vasilios Karaiskos, and Bettelou Los. "Charting the rise and demise of a phonotactically motivated change in Scots." Folia Linguistica 40, no. 1 (July 26, 2019): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flih-2019-0003.
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Abstract Although Old English [f] and [v] are represented unambiguously in Older Scots orthography by <f> and <v> (or <u>) in initial and morpheme-internal position, in morpheme-final position <f> and <v>/<u> appear to be used interchangeably for both of these Old English sounds. As a result, there is often a mismatch between the spellings and the etymologically expected consonant. This paper explores these spellings using a substantial database of Older Scots texts, which have been grapho-phonologically parsed as part of the From Inglis to Scots (FITS) project. Three explanations are explored for this apparent mismatch: (1) it was a spelling-only change; (2) there was a near merger of /f/ and /v/ in Older Scots; (3) final [v] devoiced in (pre-)Older Scots but this has subsequently been reversed. A close analysis of the data suggests that the Old English phonotactic constraint against final voiced fricatives survived into the pre-Literary Scots period, leading to automatic devoicing of any fricative that appeared in word-final position (a version of Hypothesis 3), and this, interacting with final schwa loss, gave rise to the complex patterns of variation we see in the Older Scots data. Thus, the devoicing of [v] in final position was not just a phonetically natural sound change, but also one driven by a pre-existing phonotactic constraint in the language. This paper provides evidence for the active role of phonotactic constraints in the development of sound changes, suggesting that phonotactic constraints are not necessarily at the mercy of the changes which conflict with them, but can be involved in the direction of sound change themselves.
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Farmer, Lindsay. "Debatable Land: An Essay on the Relationship Between English and Scottish Criminal Law." Edinburgh Law Review 3, no. 1 (January 1999): 32–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.1999.3.1.32.
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This article proposes that a better understanding of the identity of Scots criminallaw can be developed through an analysis of the similarities between English and Scots law rather than by concentrating on the differences. It argues that historically there are striking similarities between the two laws which have been overlooked or ignoredfor various reasons. It goes on to argue that many ofthe current differences between the two laws can be explained in terms of contemporary academic and institutional conditions, and that these offer a betterfoundation on which to construct a principled theoretical understanding of Scots criminal law.
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Krygier, Marcin. "Review: Transforming Early English. The Reinvention of Early English and Older Scots." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 55, s2 (December 1, 2020): 561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stap-2020-0032.
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Leith, Murray Stewart, and Duncan Sim. "‘Brexit’ and the Scots in England: A diaspora facing uncertainty?" Scottish Affairs 29, no. 3 (August 2020): 354–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/scot.2020.0328.
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Brexit has brought many uncertainties, including the future position of UK-based EU migrants. Our concern is with a much less studied group, albeit one of the largest socio-political sub-groups within England – the Scots. These are migrants who live in a different country but within the same state and recent constitutional decision making has not been kind to them. In 2014, English based Scots had no vote in the independence referendum and in the EU referendum they witnessed Scotland voting significantly differently to England, resulting in ongoing tensions between the UK and Scottish Governments. If Brexit leads to another independence referendum, what are the implications for Scots in England, in terms of their citizenship, identity, and residence in a very different (r)UK? We explore their status in a (r)UK outside the EU, we speculate on whether some might move back or whether, if they remain, they would experience hostility within post-Brexit England. Might the current position of the English Scots tell us something about the future relationship between England and Scotland?
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Montgomery, Michael. "The morphology and syntax of Ulster Scots." English World-Wide 27, no. 3 (October 12, 2006): 295–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.27.3.05mon.
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Ulster differs from the other three historical provinces of Ireland in the presence of Ulster Scots, an off-shoot of Lowland Scots brought principally from the Western and Central Lowlands of Scotland in the 17th century through a plantation established by King James I and through periodic migrations, especially in times of economic duress in Scotland. Since that time Ulster Scots has been spoken in rural parts of Counties Antrim, Donegal, Down, and Londonderry/Derry, where it was mapped by Robert Gregg in the 1960s mainly on the basis of phonological features. The present article, based on eight years of fieldwork with native speakers in Antrim, analyzes a range of pronominal, verbal, and syntactic features, seeking to identify general patterns as well as variation within Ulster Scots. When possible, comparisons are made to Lowland Scots and Irish English in order to situate structural features of Ulster Scots within the larger linguistic landscape of the British Isles.
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Nevitt, Drew. "Language contact in Shetland Scots and Southern Irish English." English Today 31, no. 1 (February 17, 2015): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078414000534.
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English is a product of contact with other languages (Hickey, 2010a). This essay explains the major effects of language contact on the languages or dialects involved, using examples from Shetland Scots, which has been influenced by contact with Norn, and from Southern Irish English (S.I.E.), which has been influenced by contact with Irish Gaelic. The focus is on the borrowing of lexical items between Norn and Shetland Scots and of grammatical features between Irish Gaelic and S.I.E. The essay begins with a brief overview of language contact in general and then give examples of the effects of contact from each dialect. Throughout the essay the claim is made that language contact is an ongoing and fluid process and that the examples given merely illustrate the effects of contact necessitated by the particular situation in question, not universal effects of language contact.
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Cusine, D. J. "Adverse Possession of Land in Scots and English Law." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 45, no. 3 (July 1996): 667–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300059406.
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In Scotland, like England, possession plays a part in landownership. In Scotland a non-owner may acquire a title to land by the operation of prescription;1 in England the title of an owner may be lost by limitation2 but an easement can be acquired by prescription,3 as can a servitude in Scotland.4 Because the acquisition of ownership in Scots law is by the operation of prescription, both a title and possession are necessary,5 whereas in England only possession is required. Although the theory behind and the purpose of adverse possession are different in each jurisdiction, as are the periods of possession, the result in many cases will be similar. The purpose of this article is to look at the similarities and the differences, and to consider recent cases on possession in each jurisdiction to show to what extent, if at all, one jurisdiction may learn from the other. The Prescription & Limitation (Scotland) Act 1973 codified the law and, although it shortened the period of prescription, cases decided under the previous law, notably those on the requisites of possession, are still relevant.
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Sayers, William. "Middle English and Scots Bulwerk and Some Continental Reflexes." Notes and Queries 52, no. 2 (June 1, 2005): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/notesj/gji206.
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KIDD, COLIN. "RACE, EMPIRE, AND THE LIMITS OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY SCOTTISH NATIONHOOD." Historical Journal 46, no. 4 (December 2003): 873–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x03003339.
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Scotland's Unionist culture has already become a world we have lost, investigation of which is hampered by the misleading notion of a ‘Celtic fringe’. Nineteenth-century Lowland Scots were not classified as Celts; indeed they vociferously projected a Teutonic racial identity. Several Scots went so far as to claim not only that the Saxon Scots of the Lowlands were superior to the Celts of the Highlands, but that the people of the Lowlands came from a more purely Anglian stock than the population of southern England. For some Scots the glory of Scottish identity resided in the boast that Lowlanders were more authentically ‘English’ than the English themselves. Moreover, Scottish historians reinterpreted the nation's medieval War of Independence – otherwise a cynosure of patriotism – as an unfortunate civil war within the Saxon race. Curiously, racialism – which was far from monolithic – worked at times both to support and to subvert Scottish involvement in empire. The late nineteenth century also saw the formulation of Scottish proposals for an Anglo-Saxon racial empire including the United States; while Teutonic racialism inflected the nascent Scottish home rule movement as well as the Udal League in Orkney and Shetland.
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Waurechen, Sarah. "Imagined Polities, Failed Dreams, and the Beginnings of an Unacknowledged Britain: English Responses to James VI and I's Vision of Perfect Union." Journal of British Studies 52, no. 3 (July 2013): 575–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2013.116.
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AbstractThe regal union (and James VI and I's desire that it be perfected) produced varied responses to Scotland, not just hostile reactions. Plays, pamphlets, treatises, and manuscripts accompanied parliamentary debate in England and queried the precedents for, as well as the future potential of, something called Britain. They also engaged with the nature of sovereignty. Authors thus deployed both negative and positive descriptions of the Scots, and they were unified less by Scotophobia and more by a tendency to privilege a distinctly English narrative despite a specifically British problem. Such Anglocentric narratives circumvented the issue of the Anglo-Scottish relationship, postponing English engagement with the realities of their new context. This was possible only because the Scots occupied a position somewhere between sameness and difference in the English imagination.
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McCafferty, Kevin. "‘[T]hunder storms is verry dangese in this countrey they come in less than a minnits notice...’." English World-Wide 25, no. 1 (May 12, 2004): 51–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.25.1.04mcc.
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It has been suggested that use of the Northern Subject Rule (NSR) in Southern Irish English (SIrE) is the result of diffusion from Ulster-Scots dialects of the North of Ireland, where many Scots settled in the 17th century. 19th-century Irish-Australian emigrant letters show the main NSR constraint — which permits plural verbal -s with noun phrase subjects but prohibits it with an adjacent third plural pronoun — to have been as robust in varieties of SIrE as it was in Northern Irish English (NIrE) of the same period. Before British colonisation of Ireland, the NSR was present in dialects of Northern England and the North Midlands, regions which contributed substantially to English settlement in the South of Ireland. It is therefore suggested here that the NSR in SIrE might be a retention of a vernacular feature of NSR dialects that were taken to Ireland from the English North and North Midlands rather than a feature that diffused southwards in Ireland after 1600.
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Raitt, Fiona E. "The Evidential Use of “Similar Facts” in Scots Criminal Law." Edinburgh Law Review 7, no. 2 (May 2003): 174–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.2003.7.2.174.
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This article traces the development of the similar fact rule in Scots law and explores its relative underdevelopment compared to English law and the law of other Commonwealth jurisdictions. Drawing on the recent House of Lords decision in R v Z1 the article suggests that the operation of a similar fact rule is considerably more limited in Scotland than elsewhere. The article acknowledges that the existence of the rule of mutual corroboration arising from the Moorov doctrine partly explains and compensates for this lack of a fully developed similar fact rule in Scots law. However, the article argues that the restricted opportunities for prosecution based on previous misconduct evidence are disadvantageous to Scots law.
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Stuart-Smith, Jane, Claire Timmins, and Fiona Tweedie. "Conservation and innovation in a traditional dialect." English World-Wide 27, no. 1 (March 23, 2006): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.27.1.05stu.
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Johnston (1997) suggests that, if defined in terms of phonology, Scots as a traditional dialect in Britain has a “rosy future”. Glaswegian is known to continue Scots L‑vocalization in words such as ball and all. L‑vocalization of a different type, similar to that found in Cockney, is one feature which has been observed to be diffusing rapidly across accents of English. This paper considers the evidence for these two distinct processes of L‑vocalization in Glaswegian, drawing on empirical evidence from two corpora of Glaswegian collected in the early 1980s and late 1990s. The results from the later corpus confirm the vigorous maintenance of the Scots l‑vocalization, but at the same time provide clear indications of the incorporation of innovative L‑vocalization. Our findings confirm that at the phonological level at least, the Urban Scots of Glaswegian youngsters is both conservative and innovative.
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Hewer, Stephen. "Scots in ‘English Ireland’ in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries." Scottish Historical Review 97, no. 2 (October 2018): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2018.0365.
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Надеина, Л. В., Г. П. Поздеева, and Е. В. Швагрукова. "METAPHORICAL IMAGES OF WALKING IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE DIALECT SCOTS." НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЕ И МЕТОДИКО-ДИДАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ, no. 1(49) (March 17, 2021): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2021.98.78.004.
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Постановка задачи. В статье предпринимается попытка исследовать семантику глаголов, обозначающих поступательное движение, в диалекте Scots и выявить способы метафорического моделирования семантики пешего перемещения в шотландской диалектной лексической метафоре. В задачи исследования входило определить группу диалектных метафорических глаголов, выявить параметры, по которым происходит создание метафорического образа поступательного типа движения, а также описать сферы аксиологической направленности метафорических образов данного типа движения в шотландском диалекте. Результаты исследования. Результаты исследования показали, что класс глаголов поступательного движения является самым многочисленным и наиболее дифференцированным из всех классов глаголов движения. В работе показано не просто изучение определенной формы движения, а выявление тех компонентов семантики в диалектной глагольной лексике, которые являются основой метафорического уподобления процессов и явлений разных сфер деятельности. При анализе глаголов, которые в исходном номинативном значении представляют движение, была не только исследована связь диалектных глаголов движения с оценкой, но и выявлено то, какие дополнительные оценочные смыслы они отражают. Выводы. В рамках проведенного исследования авторы пришли к выводу, что поскольку были проанализированы глаголы, представляющие движение/перемещение по твёрдой поверхности, то одним из основных признаков, на основе которого строился метафорический перенос, выступает компонент «скорость». Поэтому через образ медленного движения метафорически осмысляются физиологическая, эмоциональная, психологическая сферы человека, а быстрое перемещение, представленное не только быстрой ходьбой, но и бегом, образно осмысляется как характеристика социальных явлений, действий, поступков и поведения человека. Statement of the problem. The article attempts to explore the semantics of verbs denoting progressive movement in the Scots dialect and to identify the ways of metaphorical modeling of the semantics of walking in the Scottish dialect lexical metaphor. The objectives of the study include the definition of such a group of the dialectical verb metaphorical vocabulary, identification of the parameters by which the creation of a metaphorical image of the progressive type of movement takes place, as well as the description of the sphere of axiological orientation of metaphorical images of this type of movement in the Scottish dialect. Results of the study. The results of the study showed that the class of verbs of progressive motion is the most numerous and most differentiated of all classes of verbs of motion. The work shows not just the study of a certain form of movement, but the identification of those components of semantics in the dialectical verb vocabulary, which are the basis of metaphorical likening of processes and phenomena of different spheres of activity. In the analysis of the verb vocabulary, which in its original nominative meaning represents movement, we not only did the relationship of dialectic verbs of motion with the assessment be investigated, but also determined what additional appraisal meanings they reflect. Conclusion. As part of the study, the authors concluded that since the verbs representing movement on a hard surface were analyzed, the "speed" component is one of the main traits on which metaphorical transfer was based. Therefore, through the image of slow motion metaphorically understands the physiological, emotional, psychological spheres of the person, and the rapid movement, represented not only by fast walking, but also by running, figuratively understands as a characteristic of social phenomena, actions and behavior of a person.
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Anderson, Wendy. "‘Absolutely, totally, filled to the brim with the Famous Grouse’." English Today 22, no. 3 (July 2006): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078406003038.
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The Scottish Corpus of Texts and Speech (SCOTS for short) has been available online since November 2004. It currently contains over 2.3 million words of texts in varieties of Broad Scots and Scottish English. Regular additions are made to the textual content of the corpus and the integrated search and analysis software is continually undergoing improvement. Over the next year, the corpus will grow to around 4 million words, 20% of which will comprise spoken language in the form of conversations and interviews.
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Braber, Natalie. "Language variation in the West Midlands." English Today 31, no. 2 (May 28, 2015): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078414000583.
Full textAbstract:
West Midlands English: Birmingham and The Black Country forms part of the series Dialects of English which has so far included volumes on varieties such as: Urban North-Eastern English, Hong Kong English, Newfoundland and Labrador English, Irish English, Indian English, New Zealand English, Singapore English and Northern and Insular Scots. As such, it follows the general format of the series which covers the history and geography of a region, chapters on phonetics and phonology, grammar, lexis and a survey of previous works and bibliography. This contribution to the series follows this same general format and makes it applicable to the West Midlands region of the UK.
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Salvesen, Abigail. "Investigating Linguistic Prestige in Scotland: An Acoustic Study of Accommodation between Speakers of Two Varieties of Scottish Standard English." Lifespans and Styles 2, no. 1 (March 21, 2016): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ls.v2i1.2016.1429.
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This paper investigates the attachment of overt and covert prestige to different varieties of Scottish Standard English (SSE), namely, Scots-SSE and Anglo-SSE. SSE itself encompasses wide linguistic variation and is often described as an accent continuum: at one pole are the typically “Scottish-sounding” speakers, who use a high proportion of traditional Scottish phonological features (and who are referred to as speakers of “Scots-SSE” for the purposes of this study), and at the other end of the spectrum are those who more closely emulate Southern Standard British English, using more anglicised features than Scottish (referred to here as speakers of “Anglo-SSE”). Although both varieties are broadly viewed as high prestige in Scotland, there has been little research to investigate the subtler social nuances attached to Anglo-SSE and Scots-SSE. In order to explore this, the study observes interactions between female lower-middle class speakers — a group for whom linguistic variation due to social pressure should be particularly pronounced — of Anglo-SSE and Scots-SSE. The systematic linguistic changes made by the speakers during interaction with one another are analysed with reference to the principles of Communication Accommodation Theory (Giles et al. 1991) to reveal the possible social implications of their behaviour. The study analyses realisations of the vowels /e/ and /o/, which are typically monophthongal in quality for Scots-SSE speakers and diphthongal for Anglo-SSE speakers. To determine the extent to which speech accommodation occurs, the variants produced by speakers in interaction with others using the same speech variety are compared to those that are produced when they talk to speakers who use the contrasting variety. There are salient patterns to the distribution of /e/ and /o/ variants in the speech of the Anglo-SSE and Scots-SSE speakers, suggesting that these are socially stratified within the given context. The Anglo-SSE group showed more evidence of convergence to the contrasting variety than the Scots-SSE group, who generally maintained their own speech style throughout the interactions. The patterns of variation appear to reflect the association of overt and covert prestige with the different varieties. The general avoidance of anglicised variants across the experiment might suggest that the speakers assigned a higher level of overt prestige to Anglo-SSE, which might have been viewed as an inappropriately formal speech style given the informality of the context. In turn, the adoption of Scots-SSE features by Anglo-SSE speakers seems to indicate that these are assigned covert prestige, perhaps as a result of their strong connotations with Scottish national identity. In general, the accommodative strategies used by the speakers during interaction with each other seem to reflect an effort to decrease the sense of an “in-group/out-group” distinction, likely perceived as a result of their different speech styles.
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Häcker, Martina. "An Englishman’s Vindication of Scots." New Approaches to the Study of Later Modern English 33, no. 1-2 (July 17, 2006): 85–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.33.1.07hac.
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Summary This article investigates the linguistic work of the English Jesuit James Adams (1737–1802). It places Adams’ work in the socio-cultural context of 18th-century linguistic writing, in particular with respect to two ongoing debates: (1) on a monogenetic vs. a polygenetic origin of language and (2) on the origins of Scots. Both of these were highly ideological debates, in the first case between a biblical and a scientific world view, and in the latter between those who were content with the political state of affairs (the Union of Scotland and England), and those who would rather have had an independent Scotland. Adams manages to reconcile linguistic evidence with monogenism, while his views on language and dialects are guided by ‘Christian philanthropy’. They contrast sharply with those of many of his contemporaries. In his “Vindication of the Dialect of Scotland”, which is the central part of the “Appendix” of his Pronunciation of the English Language (published in 1799), Adams strongly votes for Scottish linguistic independence, though not for political independence, even advocating a separate Scots spelling. The analysis of this work shows that his attitude to dialects is informed by his education and life as a Jesuit in the 18th century, his belief that all people are created as equals, his didactic concerns as a teacher, and the personal experience of an extended stay in Scotland.
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McCafferty, Kevin. "Victories fastened in grammar: historical documentation of Irish English." English Today 27, no. 2 (June 2011): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078411000162.
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In ‘Murdering the language’ Moya Cannon imagines Ireland as a shore washed over by human tides. Each invasion added fresh layers to landscape, community and language, until:[…] we spoke our book of invasions –an unruly wash of Victorian pedantry,Cromwellian English, Scots,the jetsam and the beached bones of Irish –a grammarian's nightmare. (Cannon, 2007: 88)
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MacPherson, Alisdair D. J. "Registration of Company Charges Revisited: New and Familiar Problems." Edinburgh Law Review 23, no. 2 (May 2019): 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.2019.0547.
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The law of registration of company charges is of considerable importance for corporate finance transactions throughout the UK. This article analyses the current regime that came into force on 6 April 2013. It examines various aspects of the regime, principally from a Scots law perspective, including what is meant by a “charge”, when charges are created, the extent to which unregistered charges are effective, and the rules regarding registration of charges over acquired property. The article demonstrates that, although the new regime is a general improvement on the previous one, there are a number of new and familiar problems concerning its applicability and operation in relation to Scots law. There are also some implications involving the uniformity of Scots law and English law in the area that arise from the fact that the regime is now UK-wide.
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Rico, Monica. "British Buckeyes: The English, Scots, and Welsh in Ohio, 1700–1900." Annals of Iowa 66, no. 1 (January 2007): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.1096.
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Hurt, R. D. "British Buckeyes: The English, Scots, and Welsh in Ohio, 1700-1900." Journal of American History 93, no. 3 (December 1, 2006): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4486453.
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Williams, Jeffrey P. "Ecky-becky: Evidence of Scots echo word morphology in Barbadian English." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 19, no. 1 (May 19, 2004): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.19.1.08wil.
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Keener, Robert Lee. "British Buckeyes: The English, Scots, and Welsh in Ohio, 1700–1900." History: Reviews of New Books 34, no. 3 (March 2006): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2006.10526869.
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Anderson, W., and J. Corbett. "Teaching English as a friendly language: lessons from the SCOTS corpus." ELT Journal 64, no. 4 (November 25, 2009): 414–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccp085.
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Brown, Keith M., Allan Kennedy, and Siobhan Talbott. "‘Scots and Scabs from North-by-Tweed’: Undesirable Scottish Migrants in Seventeenth- and Early Eighteenth-Century England." Scottish Historical Review 98, no. 2 (October 2019): 241–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2019.0402.
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While very prominent in the contemporary world, anxiety about the potentially negative impact that immigrants might have on their host communities has deep historical roots. In a British context, such fears were particularly heightened following the regal union of 1603 when large numbers of Scots began settling in England. This article offers a fresh perspective on these issues by exploring the experiences and reception of poor, deviant or otherwise ‘undesirable’ Scottish migrants to England during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Focusing in particular on chapmen, vagrants and criminals, it suggests that, while in general Scots were able to integrate relatively easily into English society, there existed an unwelcome subset surviving by dubious means. Though not usually attracting unduly severe treatment on account of their nationality, these unwelcome migrants had a disproportionate effect on English perceptions of and attitudes towards the broader cohort of Scottish migrants in their midst.
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Sellar, WDH. "Scots Law: Mixed from the Very Beginning? A Tale of Two Receptions." Edinburgh Law Review 4, no. 1 (January 2000): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.2000.4.1.3.
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This article is the revised text of the lecture delivered to the Stair Society at its Annual General Meeting in November 1997. It defends the proposition that Scots law, from the time of its emergence in the Middle Ages, has been a “mixed” system, open to the influence of both the English Common Law and the Civilian tradition. It also compares and contrasts the Reception of the Anglo-Norman law with that of Roman law. The former was quite specific as regards both time and substantive legal content. The Reception of Roman law, on the other hand, took place over a considerable period of time, and its effects were complex and diffuse. Above all, the Civilian tradition and the wider ius commune provided an intellectual framework against which to measure Scots law. Both Receptions exercised a profound influence on the continuing development of Scots law.
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McIntosh, Ian, Duncan Sim, and Douglas Robertson. "“It's as if you're some alien…’ Exploring Anti-English Attitudes in Scotland. ‘." Sociological Research Online 9, no. 2 (May 2004): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.922.
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English people are the largest national or ethnic minority within Scotland but remain under-researched. This is despite a view taken by many writers, and by the popular press, that anti-English attitudes within Scotland are a major social problem. Via 30 in-depth interviews, this paper explores the experiences of a group of English people living in Scotland and the extent and nature of any anti-Englishness they have encountered. The paper also focuses on the ways in which notions of race, ethnicity and essential differences between Scots and English people are regularly encountered by English people living in Scotland. The ‘racialisation’ of the English minority in Scotland is also discussed in this context.
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Sundkvist, Peter. "The Shetland Islands: globalisation and the changing status of Standard English." English Today 27, no. 4 (November 8, 2011): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078411000496.
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This article serves as a commentary on the current position of ‘Standard English’ in the Shetland Islands, the northernmost part of the British Isles. Experience gained during linguistic fieldwork over a ten-year period suggests that there is a need to re-examine this issue, not least in view of societal changes. It will be argued that Shetland is by now a locality of relevance for those with an interest in standards of English, as well as Scots, and suggestions will also be made regarding potential future directions for research into Shetland English.
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Holt, Geoffrey. "Fr. Sir Alexander Strachan S.J. Bart 1727–1793." Recusant History 29, no. 2 (October 2008): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034193200012000.
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The Scottish Mission of the Jesuits was until the end of the eighteenth century entirely separate from the English Province with its own superior, houses on the continent and funds. Scottish candidates for the Society were educated at various houses in Europe. In the year 1729, for example, there were twelve missionaries in Scotland (plus one travelling and one in England), there were seven priests in the Scots College at Douai, two in Paris, three in the Scots College at Valladolid and one in Prague. About five were studying in preparation for ordination to the priesthood in the houses of various provinces of the Society, as were four novices. It was not a large mission—there were only thirty-nine members in that year. The last member of the old Scottish Jesuit mission, Fr. John Pepper, died in 1810. Occasionally, individual Scottish Jesuits worked in England or lived in the houses of the English Jesuits on the continent. One among these was Alexander Strachan.
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Wormald, Patrick. "Anglo-Saxon Law and Scots Law." Scottish Historical Review 88, no. 2 (October 2009): 192–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0036924109000857.
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Patrick Wormald used legal material buried deep in volume i of the Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland to argue for a comparatively maximalist view of early Scottish royal government. The paper compares this Scottish legal material to two Old English codes to show that there existed in Scotland structures of social organisation similar to that in Anglo-Saxon England and a comparable level of royal control over crime by the early eleventh century. The model of a strong judicial regime in the Anglo-Saxon kingdom, put forward fully by Wormald in volume i of The Making of English Law, suggests that the kingdom of the Scots could have been inspired by (or followed a parallel trajectory to) its Anglo-Saxon neighbour in its government's assumption of rights of amendment previously controlled by kin-groups. English influence on Scottish legal and constitutional development can therefore be seen in the tenth and eleventh centuries as much as it can in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The paper also suggests methods of examining the legal material in volume i of the Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland and effectively clears the way for further study of this neglected corpus of evidence.
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McBryde, William W. "The Scots Law of Breach of Contract: A Mixed System in Operation." Edinburgh Law Review 6, no. 1 (January 2002): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.2002.6.1.5.
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This is a revised version of a paper delivered in the University of Poitiers on 29 April 2000 at a European Colloquium organised by the Academy of European Law. It examines the history of the Scots law of breach of contract and, in particular, the influence of English law.
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Corrigan, Karen P. "Grammatical variation in Irish English." English Today 27, no. 2 (June 2011): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078411000198.
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Irish English (IrE) was initially learned as a second language as a result of the successive colonizations of Ireland by speakers of English and Scots dialects that began in the Middle Ages and reached a peak during what is termed ‘The Plantation Period’ of Irish history. The scheme persuaded English and Scottish settlers to colonize the island of Ireland, hailing from urban centres like London as well as more rural areas like Norfolk and Galloway. This intensive colonization process created the possibility that a novel type of English could emerge. This new variety is characterized by: (i) innovative forms; (ii) the incorporation of features drawn from Irish, the indigenous language prior to colonization, and (iii) other characteristics caused by the mixing of Irish with the regional Scots and English vernaculars of the new settlers. Interestingly (and not uncommonly when migratory movements of these kinds arise), modern varieties of IrE still retain this mixed heritage. Moreover, the colonization is preserved culturally – particularly in the north of Ireland – by ethnic divisions between the descendants of the migrant and indigenous populations. Thus, Catholics, who reflect the latter group, celebrate events like ‘St Patrick's Day’ while their Protestant neighbours commemorate ‘The Glorious Twelfth’ each July, celebrating the day in 1690 when King William III's victory at the Battle of the Boyne ensured the ultimate success of the Plantation scheme in which their forefathers participated. The linguistic consequences of this contact permeate all aspects of the speech used within these communities (accent, grammar and vocabulary). Moreover, some of the grammatical features that are the focus of this article have travelled to regions that have been intensively settled by Irish migrants. Hence, these features also have important implications for the study of transported dialects, which has recently become very topical and is the focus of a new strand of research in English variation studies typified by the publication of Hickey (ed. 2004).
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Gellera, Giovanni. "English Philosophers and Scottish Academic Philosophy (1660–1700)." Journal of Scottish Philosophy 15, no. 2 (June 2017): 213–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jsp.2017.0165.
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This paper investigates the little-known reception of Thomas Hobbes, Henry More, Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle, Isaac Newton, and John Locke in the Scottish universities in the period 1660–1700.The fortune of the English philosophers in the Scottish universities rested on whether their philosophies were consonant with the Scots’ own philosophical agenda. Within the established Cartesian curriculum, the Scottish regents eagerly taught what they thought best in English philosophy (natural philosophy and experimentalism) and criticised what they thought wrong (materialism, contractualism, anti-innatism).The paper also suggests new sources and perspectives for the broader discussion of the ‘origins’ of the Scottish Enlightenment.