Journal articles: 'Scots pine – Fertilizers'

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Zarubina, Liliya V., and Renat S. Khamitov. "Seasonal Growth of Scots Pine under the Conditions of Water-Logged Soils of the North." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 3 (May 20, 2021): 86–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2021-3-86-100.

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The seasonal rhythm of height growth of young shoots of Scots pine growing in a 33-year-old shrubby-sphagnum pine forest of the northern taiga natural-climatic zone has been studied in a complex with the main physiological processes. The possibility of regulating their intensity by additional introduction of nitrogen fertilizer has been determined. It has been found that on hydromorphic excessively wet soils of the North, seasonal height growth of pine occurs with a maximum rate in late June and early July, when air temperature rises and the root system is released from excessive moisture. Unlike lichen pine forests, in which pine roots are not affected by flooding, on hydromorphic peat soils pine grows much slower and during the growing season has less intensive physiological processes. The low rate of shoot growth and physiological processes in pine in sphagnum forest site conditions is explained by dysfunction of its root system as a result of soil anoxia caused by flooding, as well as by insufficient supply of growing shoots with acronutrients from the crown as a result of violation of their normal outflow and movement in the tree. Nitrogen fertilizers positively affect growth and physiological processes in pine trees in sphagnum forest types. However, their effect in these forest site conditions is much weaker than in the dry lichen forests of the Far North. On water-logged peat soils under the influence of nitrogen fertilizer seasonal height growth of pine trees increases by 20 %, the duration of seasonal shoot growth increases by 8–10 days, the intensity of photosynthesis increases significantly, and, as a result of reduced water onsumption for transpiration, the tree water regime normalizes and the transpiration productivity increases. These positive nitrogen-induced changes ultimately improve the viability and productivity of sphagnum pine forests. For citation: Zarubina L.V., Khamitov R.S. Seasonal Growth of Scots Pine under the Conditions of Water-Logged Soils of the North. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 3, pp. 86–100. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-3-86-100

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Kabanova, Svetlana Anatolyevna, Valery Anatolyevich Bortsov, and Matvey Anatolyevich Danchenko. "Adaptation of foreign technologies of intensive cultivation of scots pine planting material in Kazakhstan." RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries 15, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-797x-2020-15-1-40-50.

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The purpose of the research was the adaptation of foreign technologies for intensive and accelerated cultivation of Scots pine planting material in Kazakhstan. Objects of research were annual seedlings of scots pine in forest nurseries of Pavlodar, Akmola, and North Kazakhstan regions. The experiments were established in 4 directions: application of dry growth regulators to soil, pre-sowing seed treatment with growth regulators, soaking seeds in stimulants and fungicide, pre-sowing watering of the soil with growth regulators. It was established that seed quality decreased significantly compared to the last year, only seeds from Pavlodar region had high indicators. Seeds from the nursery ‘Ertic Ormany’ had the highest average indicators of soil germination (58.7…67.8%). In ‘Bukhpa’, the highest germination was observed in seeds soaked with Zircon + Trichocin (3 + 2 hours). Baikal growth regulator and AridGrow slightly increased germination in the nursery of Arykbalyk branch of ‘Kokshetau’. In the forest nursery ‘Ertis Ormany’, the highest annual seedlings were obtained in variants with presowing treatment of scots pine seeds with stimulants and watering the soil with growth substances. The average height of experimental seedlings was 4.32 and 4.64 cm, respectively. The combined use of Zircon and Trichocin increased seedling growth in ‘Bukpa’ nursery to 1.42 cm, which was the highest value. It was revealed that the technologies used in neighboring countries for intensive cultivation of scots pine seedlings showed a positive effect only when using Citovit. According to other experiments, it was determined that seedlings of scots pine grown from seeds with pre-sowing treatment in Gumat+7 for 12 hours had the best growth indicators in height. Increased soil fertility through applying nitrogen, phosphorus fertilizers, soil activator AridGrow and KZ Cultury significantly accelerated growth of scots pine seedlings.

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Arnold, G., I. L. Sweers, and A. Van Diest. "Response of a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stand to application of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and lime. 2. Soil solution composition." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 41, no. 4 (December 1, 1993): 267–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v41i4.635.

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In 1985-88, a 25-yr-old Scots pine forest in Netherlands was limed (5 levels) and fertilized with P, K and Mg in a factorial design. This paper discusses the influence of P, K and Mg addition (as one treatment) and liming, on solute concentrations at depths of 30 cm, i.e. in the root zone (monitored September 1989 - April 1992) and 100-150 cm, i.e. below the root zone (April 1991). Liming increased NO3 concentrations at both depths. At 30 cm this effect of liming gradually vanished during the study period, concurrently with declining soil solution pH, while an increasing effect of PKMg on NO3 developed. Probably it took several years for nitrifying microflora to adapt to improved nutrient availability, while the effect of liming was instantaneous. These data show that besides liming, fertilization may increase NO3 leaching. NH4 was not affected by any treatment. Applied K and Mg compounds were easily soluble, and their soil solution concentrations were increased at both depths in PKMg-amended plots. Probably slow-release fertilizers would allow for a more efficient incorporation of K and Mg into the system's biomass. Reducing effects of liming on soluble Al were weak (30 cm) or absent (100-150 cm). Al at 30 cm did not reach concentrations known to be harmful to Scots pine, but Ca:Al ratios were critical in unlimed plots. No evidence was found for enhanced cation leaching caused by increased formation of nitric acid in limed plots.

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Romanov, Evgeny, Dmitry Mukhortov, and Tatiana Nureeva. "Application of organic waste composts when producing forest planting material." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 113 (2016): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf1613133r.

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Most seedlings and saplings of woody plants in the Russian Federation are produced in the open ground in forest nurseries. In order to produce high quality planting material it is necessary to support and preserve soil fertility, which can be obtained by using organic wastes and organic-based fertilizers. Our research is aimed at the assessment of the influence of non-conventional organic fertilizers on fertility of podzols and on the growth rate of seedlings and saplings of woody plants in forest nurseries. Our research shows, that the application of non-conventional organic fertilizers does not result in any accumulation of heavy metal salts in podzols, but optimizes hydro physical and agrochemical properties of the ploughed horizon. The efficiency of non-conventional organic fertilizers depends on their composition, physical and chemical characteristics of the original components, their doses applied and original fertility of soils. A combined application of non-conventional organic fertilizers and sand results in the optimization of practically all soil fertility parameters in middle clay-loam soils, while application of non-conventional organic fertilizers and clay is optimal for application on light soils. The optimal application dose of non-conventional fertilizers depends on soil texture, woody species and the fertilizer composition. An optimal application dose for Norway spruce on a light clay-loam soil is 50-80 tons/ha, and on a middle clay-loam soil is 149-182 tons/ha. It is 50 tons/ha for Scots pine growing on a sandy loam soil, and 100 tons/ha for the same species growing on a sandy soil or a light clay-loam. For Siberian larch growing on a light clay-loam soil the dose of fertilizer applied should be 150 tons/ha. It is recommended to apply composts containing over 50% (by weight) of Category II wastes (substrate) for the amelioration of light soils, and composts containing over 40% (by weight) of Category I wastes (filler) for the amelioration of heavy soils. It would allow for the optimization of soil properties and production of better quality planting material in forest nurseries.

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Ozolincius, R., K. Armolaitis, A. Raguotis, I. Varnagiryte, and J. Zenkovaite. "Influence of wood ash recycling on chemical and biological condition of forest Arenosols." Journal of Forest Science 52, Special Issue (January 1, 2006): S79—S86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10164-jfs.

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The investigations were conducted in the frame of EU Research project Wood for Energy – a Contribution to the Development of Sustainable Forest Management (2001–2005). The integrated wood ash experiment was set up in a 38-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand on Arenosols in SW part of Lithuania. Raw (not hardened) wood ash and nitrogen fertilizers were applied in 6 variants: 1.25 t ash/ha; 2.5 t ash/ha; 5.0 t ash/ha; 180 kg N/ha; 2.5 t ash + 180 kg N/ha and control (no treatment). The changes of soil pH, the content of some nutrients, heavy metals in Arenosols and soil solution, the abundance of ammonifiers, nitrifiers and denitrifiers in forest floor and mineral topsoil after the application of wood ash are presented and discussed in this paper.

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Arnold, G., and A. Van Diest. "Response of a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stand to application of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and lime. 1. Soil data." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 41, no. 4 (December 1, 1993): 247–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v41i4.634.

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In 1985-1988, a 25-yr-old Scots pine forest in Netherlands was limed and fertilized with P, K and Mg in a 24 factorial design and in an experiment with 5 liming levels, in order to alleviate potential nutrient deficiencies as a result of high N depositions (ca. 40 kg ha-1 yr-1). In this paper, effects of fertilization and liming on nutrients in forest floor and mineral soil are discussed as a basis for explanation of foliar nutrient concentrations and tree performance. Of all treatments, liming showed the widest array of effects, especially in forest floor: raised pH and lowered extractable Al in forest floor, and after 4 yr those in 0-50 cm mineral soil. These effects, except for that on forest floor pH, were stronger with increasing lime dosages. Liming showed transient effects on amounts of soil inorganic N (Ni). Until 1989, Ni in forest floor was lowered and that in mineral soil was raised by liming. This could be attributed to the formation of NO3, which is more mobile than NH4. Plots limed with 3 t lime/ha appeared to have higher Ni concentrations in the whole sampled profile than those limed with >3 t/ha or unlimed plots, the reason for which is unclear. Liming removed extractable K and Mg from forest floor probably by exchange against Ca. Residence time of added P and possibly Mg in forest floor was increased by liming, probably by solubility of added fertilizers. Added K was poorly retained in forest floor and probably quickly leached to soil layers deeper than 50 cm.

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Aarnio, T., and P. J. Martikainen. "Mineralization of carbon and nitrogen, and nitrification in Scots pine forest soil treated with fast- and slow-release nitrogen fertilizers." Biology and Fertility of Soils 22, no. 3 (May 1996): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00382515.

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Aarnio, T., and P. J. Martikainen. "Mineralization of carbon and nitrogen, and nitrification in Scots pine forest soil treated with fast- and slow-release nitrogen fertilizers." Biology and Fertility of Soils 22, no. 3 (May 1, 1996): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050101.

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Чернобровкина (Chernobrovkina), Надежда (Nadezhda) Петровна (Petrovna), Елена (Elena) Вильямовна (Vil'yamovna) Робонен (Robonen), Андрей (Аndrej) Владимирович (Vladimirovich) Репин (Repin), and Тамара (Tamara) Николаевна (Nikolaevna) Макарова (Makarova). "SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF ARGININE CONTENT IN PINUS SYLVESTRIS L. NEEDLES DEPENDING ON THE TIM-ING OF NITROGEN AND BORON APPLICATION." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 2 (December 2, 2017): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2018022862.

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The annual cycle of arginine content in young and 1-year-old needles of 10-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was studied as related to various periods of nitrogen deposition into the soil at a high dose (300 kg/ha) and boron deposition in the optimal dose (3 kg/ha). Fertilizers were applied once, in June, July or August. The amino acid levels in young and 1-year-old needles of control plants remained similar throughout the study period (0.7±0.1 – 1.3±0.1 µmol/g absolute dry matter), with the peak in May. The placement of the fertilizers in the soil at three instances considerably augmented arginine content in young and 1-year-old needles during the first annual cycle following the impact. Nitrogen and boron application to the soil in June had the highest effect on arginine accumulation, primarily in young needles. The maximum amino acid levels were 618 ± 60 and 152 ± 15 μmol/g DM, 256 ± 24 and 154 ± 14 μmol/g DM, 132 ± 13 and 76 ± 7 μmol/g DM at the June, July and August fertilization in the young and 1-year-old needles, respectively. The seasonal patterns of arginine accumulation in coniferous plants, as well as the mechanisms through which nitrogen and boron influence this process are discussed.

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Cedro, Anna, and Bernard Cedro. "Influence of climatic conditions and air pollution on radial growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Szczecin’s city forests." Forest Research Papers 79, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/frp-2018-0011.

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Abstract The aim of the present work was to characterize the growth – climate relationship of pines growing in the Szczecin city forests in intensively used recreational areas and to identify the effect of air pollutants emitted by a nearby chemical factory on tree-ring width. Our research area was located in the Głębokie forest complex, which is one of the most frequently visited. The chemical factory Police that produces fertilizers is located at a distance 11 km away from the study plot. The largest emissions of pollutants from the factory in terms of volume occurred in the 1980s and early 1990s. Wood samples were collected from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) with the Pressler borer from 30 trees and examined using standard dendrochronological methodology. The result was a local chronology of 169 years from 1848–2016. Dendroclimatological analyses indicated that the weather conditions at the turn from winter to spring are the dominant factors influencing radial growth. For example, higher than average temperatures in February, March and April result in a wide tree-ring in the upcoming growth season. Following Nowacki and Abram’s method, we also determined the relative growth change in order to delimit the timeframe when air pollution potentially alters tree-ring width. Due to the lack of data for the period 1848–1945, the increasing and decreasing relative growth could not be linked to specific events. For the period 1944–1972 however, we observed and increase in the tree-ring width, which in this case can be attributed to favorable weather conditions. The final period, 1973–1991, on the other hand showed the strongest decline in annual growth throughout our chronology and this was largely due to the nearby chemical factories, which released huge amounts of pollution into the atmosphere during this period. At present, despite new technologies and a decrease in overall production by the nearby chemical factory, we found a negative trend in ring width dynamics indicating a need for pollutant monitoring and further research.

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Hökkä, Hannu, Jaakko Repola, and Mikko Moilanen. "Modelling volume growth response of young Scots pine (Pinus sylvetris) stands to N, P, and K fertilization in drained peatland sites in Finland." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 7 (July 2012): 1359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-086.

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Fertilizers are applied in drained peatland forests to correct nutrient imbalances, but few models have been developed for predicting the stand growth response. We used 10- to 34-year-long stem growth increment data from 51 fertilization experiments involving ash, PK, and NPK treatments (doses of P, K, and N varying between 35 and 45, 60 and 80, and 80 and 90 kg·ha–1, respectively) and controls to model the volume growth response of young Scots pine (Pinus sylvetris L.) stands to fertilization in drained peatland sites of middle and northern Finland. We used the linear mixed models method to express the stand-level growth response as a function of time (5-year periods), site type group, location, and the fertilization treatment (ash–PK combined and NPK). Different growth responses were obtained for nitrogen-rich sites with PK treatment and nitrogen-poor sites with NPK treatment. The PK fertilization in nitrogen-rich sites resulted in the largest volume growth response and longest temporal effect (1.0–2.0 m3·ha–1·a–1 higher mean growth for at least 35 years), with quicker and stronger effects in more southern conditions where average temperature sums were greater than 1000 degree-days (°C). NPK fertilization in nitrogen-poor sites gave a modest response (0.4–0.8 m3·ha–1·a–1 in 35 years).

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Hunt, D. W. A., G. Lintereur, S. M. Salom, and K. F. Raffa. "PERFORMANCE AND PREFERENCE OF HYLOBIUS RADIUS BUCHANAN, AND H. PALES (HERBST) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) ON VARIOUS PINUS SPECIES." Canadian Entomologist 125, no. 6 (December 1993): 1003–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1251003-6.

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AbstractThe weevils Hylobius radicis Buchanan and Hylobius pales (Herbst) survived to adulthood more frequently, developed more rapidly, and weighed more as adults when reared on diet containing ground phloem from Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L., or red pine, Pinus resinosa Aiton, than from jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb., or eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L. In feeding tests, both weevils preferred Scots pine, although jack pine was preferred over red and white pine. When reared on diets containing phloem from red pines which had received various amounts of nitrogenous fertilizer, H. radicis and H. pales performed significantly better at elevated concentrations of nitrogen. Hylobius radicis adults exhibited a feeding preference for twigs from red pines containing elevated nitrogen concentrations.

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Aarnio, T., and P. J. Martikainen. "Mineralization of C and N and nitrification in scots pine forest soil treated with nitrogen fertilizers containing different proportions of urea and its slow-releasing derivative, ureaformaldehyde." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27, no. 10 (October 1995): 1325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(95)00066-n.

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Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė, I. "Complex study of foliage nutrient status in ash fertilized Scots pine stands in Lithuania." Journal of Forest Science 54, No. 5 (May 22, 2008): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/16/2008-jfs.

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In Lithuania, a typical Scots pine stand under the influence of wood ash and nitrogen fertilization, containing different treatments and the control, was analyzed. The study aim was to interpret the foliage and soil analyses, and to find possible indications in the soil-plant relation in the stand. The analyses of the foliage nutrient status in the Scots pine stand when wood ash with/without N was recycled to the forest showed that the significance analyses of changes in the nutrient composition in the soil and needles were the best initial tool for the response evaluation. The comparison of the nutrient concentrations with optimal amounts, critical levels of deficiency or target levels for ratios to N, and applied graphical analyses, could also provide possible indications in the soil-plant relation.

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Rolbiecki, Roman, Cezary Podsiadło, Andrzej Klimek, and Stanisław Rolbiecki. "Comparison of response of Scots pine seedlings to micro-irrigation and organic fertilization on a post-arable land at zoo-melioration treatment applied under rainfall-thermal conditions of Bydgoszcz and Stargard Szczeciński." Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Land Reclamation 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10060-008-0037-y.

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Comparison of response of Scots pine seedlings to micro-irrigation and organic fertilization on a post-arable land at zoo-melioration treatment applied under rainfall-thermal conditions of Bydgoszcz and Stargard Szczeciński Comparison of response of Scots pine seedlings to micro-irrigation and organic fertilization on a post-arable land at zoo-melioration treatment applied under rainfall-thermal conditions of Bydgoszcz and Stargard Szczeciński. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of microirrigation (microjet sprinkling and drip irrigation) and organic fertilization (compost prepared on the base of sewage sludge) on the growth of Scot pine seedlings (Pinus sylvestris L.), cultivated on a post-agricultural ground at zoo-melioration treatment applied, in two different regions. Field experiments were carried out in Kruszyn Krajeński (loose sandy soil of VI quality class) near Bydgoszcz and in Lipnik near Stargard Szczeciński (sandy soil of IVb quality class). Irrigation was used in three treatments: without irrigation (control), drip irrigation, microjet sprinkling. Fertilization was used in two variants: mineral fertilization (standard applied in forest nurseries), organic fertilization (compost). Weather conditions of vegetation periods were characterized using the following indices: air temperature (t), rainfall amount (P), Sielianinov's hydrothermic index (K), potential evapotranspiration according to Szarov's formula (Etp), rainfall deficiency (N = Etp - E), quotient Etp/P according to Drupka's proposal. Irrigation significantly increased the height and the diameter of Scot pine seedlings. There were no significant differences in the characters of the growth between the two irrigation systems. Fertilization of Scot pine seedlings with the compost increased significantly the height of seedlings. Interaction of irrigation with organic fertilization in shaping of Scot pine seedling height and diameter was noted. Pine seedlings grown on plots fertilized with compost under irrigation conditions were characterized by increased height and diameter. The better effects were obtained in Lipnik than in Kruszyn Krajeński. Joint effect of organic fertilization and microjet sprinkling positively influenced the density and the species number of Oribatida in Kruszyn Krajeński. Obtained results indicated that the amelioration measures used can positively influence on the growth of Scot pine seedlings on a post-agricultural ground.

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Varis, Saila, Arja Santanen, Anne Pakkanen, and Pertti Pulkkinen. "The importance of being the first pollen in the strobili of Scots pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 12 (December 2008): 2976–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-138.

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Timing of pollen arrival may affect the level of seeds fertilized by pollen from outside seed orchards, especially in seed orchards of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) established in southern Finland with stock from northern populations. We performed sequential pollination experiments with Scots pine pollen collected from seed orchard clones originating from southern and northern Finland and recipient strobili in clones originating from southern Finland. When southern pollen was introduced first, seeds were sired equally by northern and southern genotypes. When northern pollen was introduced first, northern genotypes were found in 75% of the resulting seeds. When both pollen types were introduced at the same time, the resulting seed crop was split almost equally between northern and southern genotypes. These results do not unconditionally support the idea that the first pollen grain in the pollen chamber always fertilizes the ovum; instead, they suggest a more complex way of competition between pollen grains.

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Berg, Björn. "Initial rates and limit values for decomposition of Scots pine and Norway spruce needle litter: a synthesis for N-fertilized forest stands." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-194.

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Nitrogen fertilization increased concentrations of N, P, S, and K in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needle litter, and in those of N, S, and Ca in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Lignin concentrations increased for both species. Initial rates and limit values for decomposition were estimated using a simple equation. For Scots pine litter, initial rates ranged between 0.0618 and 0.2986%/day with P, K, N, and Mg being positively related, but lignin and Ca negatively related. For Norway spruce, initial rates were low (0.0455-0.1007%/day) and positively related with initial concentrations of water solubles, K, and P but negatively with N, Ca, and lignin. Limit values for Scots pine litter ranged from 53.1 to 94.3% decomposition in fertilized plots and from 71.5 to 93.2% in controls. They were negatively related to N concentrations and positively to Mn and Ca. Limit values for Norway spruce litter ranged from 53.8 to 74.3% in controls and from 48 to 71.3% in fertilized plots and were positively correlated to Mn and Ca but not to N. The paper concludes that N fertilization will increase the fraction of Scots pine litter that accumulates as humus but not for Norway spruce.

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Осипенко, Р. А., Ю. В. Зарипов, Л. А. Белов, and А. Е. Морозов. "Experience of sand pit recultivation in the Northern taiga subzone." Леса России и хозяйство в них, no. 4(75) (December 21, 2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51318/fret.2020.40.90.002.

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На основании обследования рекультивированных сухоройных карьеров в Западно-Сибирском северотаежном равнинном лесном районе Ханты-Мансийского автономного округа – Югры предпринята попытка оценки эффективности рекультивации нарушенных земель. Установлено, что рекультивационные работы на территории выработанных карьеров проводятся в два этапа. При этом технический этап рекультивации выполняется после завершения работ по добыче песка и заключается в очистке территории от мусора, демонтаже временных сооружений, планировке территории и внесении торфопесчаной смеси. Биологический этап рекультивации выполняется после технического этапа и включает посев семян многолетних трав и внесение удобрений. Несмотря на устоявшуюся практику подобной рекультивации выработанных песчаных карьеров, ее нельзя признать экологически и хозяйственно правильной. Поскольку участки под карьеры изымались из лесного фонда, их рекультивация после завершения работ по добыче песка должна включать посадку сеянцев сосны обыкновенной (Pinus sylvestris L.) с последующим переводом участков в покрытую лесной растительностью площадь. Посев многолетних трав не обеспечивает формирование древесной растительности из-за недостатка семян хвойных пород, особенно на карьерах большой площади. An attempt was made to assess the effectiveness of disturbed lands reclamation by surveying rusk quarry in the western Siberian month taiga lowland forest region of Khanty-Mansiisk autonomous okrug – Jugra. At was established that on the territory of worked out quarries the recultivation works were carried out in two stages. At the same time, the technical stage of reclamation is carried out after the completion of sand extraction stage and consists in cleaning the territory from garbage, dismantling the temporary structures, planning the territory and peat and sand mixture introduction. Biologic stage of recultivation is carried out after technical one and includes sowing of perennial grasses and introducing of fertilizers. Despite of the well established practice application in worked out sand quarries it cannot be recognized as ecological and economic correct. Since the plots under the quarries were withdrawn from the forest fund their reclamation after the and extraction completion shoned include the planting of scots pine seedlings with the subsequent transfer of the site into an area covered with forest vegetation. Sowing of perennial grasses doesn’t provide for the formation of woody vegetation due to the lock of coniferous seeds, especially in open pits of a large area.

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Jansone, Baiba, Valters Samariks, Modris Okmanis, Dārta Kļaviņa, and Dagnija Lazdiņa. "Effect of High Concentrations of Wood Ash on Soil Properties and Development of Young Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 14, 2020): 9479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229479.

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Wood ash recycling can be a reasonable method for energy producers to decrease waste problems. Using wood ash as a fertilizer or liming material could improve soil macro and micronutrient content in peat soils. Therefore, the effect of wood ash on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) juvenile growth and nutrient content in the soil after spreading wood ash in medium to high doses before and after planting seedlings was investigated in peat forests in the Eastern part of Latvia. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of high doses of wood ash on soil properties and the growth of planted Norway spruce and Scots pine seedlings up to 10 years after experiment establishment. Wood ash was applied a year before planting seedlings in doses of 5 and 10 t ha−1 and right after planting in concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20 t ha−1. Changes in macronutrient content (i.e., phosphorus [P], and potassium [K]) and tree height and diameter at breast height were measured at one and 10 years after establishing the experiment. Fertilization one year prior to planting the seedlings exhibited a positive response on tree height and diameter growth compared to fertilization after the seedlings were planted. Soil samples from fertilized plots one year after establishment contained more P and K in the soil than the control plots. Wood ash application of the highest doses did not reach the overdose limit, as the tree growth (height and diameter at breast height) results of fertilized plots were similar to those of the control fields; therefore, no significant negative effect on tree growth was discovered.

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Lehtonen, Aleksi, Juha Heikkinen, Hans Petersson, Boris Ťupek, Eero Liski, and Annikki Mäkelä. "Scots pine and Norway spruce foliage biomass in Finland and Sweden — testing traditional models vs. the pipe model theory." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 50, no. 2 (February 2020): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2019-0211.

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The pipe model approach was compared with foliage biomass models by using the cross-sectional area at the tree crown base for predicting foliage biomass of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). We evaluated the impacts of site type, fertilization, and climate on the relationship between foliage biomass and cross-sectional area at the tree crown base, referred as to the pipe model ratio. Our hypotheses were that (i) the pipe model approach is a more precise and accurate method for foliage prediction than the traditional biomass models and (ii) the pipe model ratio for foliage does not explicitly depend on any single environmental driver. Data used here consisted of felled trees from Finnish and Swedish biomass studies. These data were analyzed by linear mixed models with different covariates, and the uncertainties of different modelling approaches were evaluated. The pipe model outperformed other models for Scots pine but not for Norway spruce. Results showed larger pipe model ratios for Scots pine in herb-rich forests compared with those of trees in subxeric heath forest. Results from fertilized trees indicated that the addition of nitrogen temporarily increased foliage biomass.

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Korhonen, J. F. J., M. Pihlatie, J. Pumpanen, H. Aaltonen, P. Hari, J. Levula, A. J. Kieloaho, E. Nikinmaa, T. Vesala, and H. Ilvesniemi. "Nitrogen balance of a boreal Scots pine forest." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 8 (August 20, 2012): 11201–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-11201-2012.

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Abstract. The productivity of boreal forests is considered to be limited by low nitrogen (N) availability. Increased atmospheric N deposition has altered the functioning and N cycling of these N-sensitive ecosystems. The most important components of N pools and fluxes were measured in a boreal Scots pine stand in Hyytiälä, Southern Finland. The measurement at the site allowed direct estimations of nutrient pools in the soil and biomass, inputs from the atmosphere and outputs as drainage flow and gaseous losses from two micro-catchments. N was accumulating to the system with a rate of 7 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Nitrogen input as atmospheric deposition was 7.4 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Dry deposition and organic N in wet deposition contributed over half of the input in deposition. Total outputs were 0.4 kg N ha−1 yr−1, the most important outputs being N2O emission to the atmosphere and organic N flux in drainage flow. Nitrogen uptake and retranslocation were as important sources of N for plant growth. Most of the uptaken N originated from decomposition of organic matter, and the fraction of N that could originate directly from deposition was about 30%. In conclusion, atmospheric N deposition fertilizes the site considerably.

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Troeng, Erik, and Lennart Ackzell. "Growth regulation of Scots pine seedlings with different fertilizer compositions and regimes." New Forests 2, no. 2 (1988): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00027763.

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Armolaitis, Kestutis, and Vidas Stakenas. "The Recovery of Damaged Pine Forests in an Area Formerly Polluted by Nitrogen." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 384–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.451.

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An area in Lithuania containing coniferous stands of Scots pine and Norway spruce that were dead or damaged due to nitrogen pollution by a nitrogen fertilizer plant (JV Achema) was found to have expanded between 1974 and 1989 to a distance of 20 to 25 km northeast of the plant in the direction of prevailing winds. Over the last 10 years, when nitrogen pollution by the plant had decreased, a clear process of recovery of the damaged ecosystems could be observed. The following features of this process as it occurred in damaged Scots pine stands are discussed: (1) refoliation (or decreased defoliation) of damaged trees, where a clear positive trend could be observed; (2) changes in the species composition and in the covering by ground vegetation, where small changes and indication of less-nitrophilous species coverage could be detected; and (3) chemical and acidity changes in Luvisols and Arenosols, where a significant decrease could be seen especially concerning nitrate concentrations.

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Korhonen, J. F. J., M. Pihlatie, J. Pumpanen, H. Aaltonen, P. Hari, J. Levula, A. J. Kieloaho, E. Nikinmaa, T. Vesala, and H. Ilvesniemi. "Nitrogen balance of a boreal Scots pine forest." Biogeosciences 10, no. 2 (February 15, 2013): 1083–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1083-2013.

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Abstract. The productivity of boreal forests is considered to be limited by low nitrogen (N) availability. Increased atmospheric N deposition has altered the functioning and N cycling of these N-sensitive ecosystems by increasing the availability of reactive nitrogen. The most important components of N pools and fluxes were measured in a boreal Scots pine stand in Hyytiälä, Southern Finland. The measurements at the site allowed direct estimations of nutrient pools in the soil and biomass, inputs from the atmosphere and outputs as drainage flow and gaseous losses from two micro-catchments. N was accumulating in the system, mainly in woody biomass, at a rate of 7 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Nitrogen input as atmospheric deposition was 7.4 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Dry deposition and organic N in wet deposition contributed over half of the inputs in deposition. Total outputs were 0.4 kg N ha−1 yr−1, the most important outputs being N2O emission to the atmosphere and organic N flux in drainage flow. Nitrogen uptake and retranslocation were equally important sources of N for plant growth. Most of the assimilated N originated from decomposition of organic matter, and the fraction of N that could originate directly from deposition was about 30%. In conclusion, atmospheric N deposition fertilizes the site considerably, but there are no signs of N saturation. Further research is needed to estimate soil N2 fluxes (emission and fixation), which may amount up to several kg N ha−1 yr−1.

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Mejnartowicz, Leon, and Andrzej Lewandowski. "Effects of fluorides and sulphur dioxide on pollen germination and growth of the pollen tube." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 54, no. 2 (2014): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1985.012.

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The action of fluorides and sulphur dioxides from emissions from a phosphate fertilizer factory significantly reduced the germination of Scots pine pollen grains. The pollen tube length indicated that its growth is uninhibited even though the pollen was collected under conditions of air-pollution. There are statistically significant differences showing longer tubes in the sensitive trees pollen grains. l he ageing of pollen from the sensitive trees occurs probably more rapidly than in the tolerant trees.

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Kupsinskiene, Eugenija. "Nitrogen Fertilizer Factory Effects on the Amino Acid and Nitrogen Content in the Needles of Scots Pine." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.386.

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The aim of the research was to evaluate the content of amino acids in the needles of Pinus sylvestris growing in the area affected by a nitrogen fertilizer factory and to compare them with other parameters of needles, trees, and sites. Three young-age stands of Scots pine were selected at a distance of 0.5 km, 5 km, and 17 km from the factory. Examination of the current-year needles in winter of the year 2000 revealed significant (p

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Taulavuori, Erja, Kari Taulavuori, Tytti Sarjala, and Kari Laine. "Polyamines and Glutathione Metabolism in N Fertilized Scots pine Seedlings during Cold Hardening." Journal of Plant Physiology 154, no. 2 (February 1999): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-1617(99)80207-7.

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Chojnacka-Ożga, Longina, and Wojciech Ożga. "Impact of Air Pollution on Scots Pine Stands Growing in Poland on the Basis of Dendrochronological Analysis." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 3, no. 1 (November 12, 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecf2020-07999.

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Air pollution and climate change are two key factors comprising the global change threat to forest health and sustainability. The intensive development of industry in the second half of the 20th century brought significant changes in the level of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere in Poland. Dry and wet deposition of toxic pollutants (mainly SO2, NOx, and NH3), continuing over more than 40 years, has caused serious damage to forest stands. One of the ways for describing the effect of industrial emissions on forests is tree-rings (dendrochronological) analysis, which has been used in our research. We present a brief description of the studies on the impact of air pollution on the growth of forests growing in the most polluted areas of Poland. The main aim is to evaluate Scots pine stand degradation caused by the pollutants emitted from one of biggest polluters of the environment in Poland for over 25 years (1966–1990). We found that pollutant emission caused disturbances of incremental dynamics and long-term strong reduction of growth. Scots pine growing in the vicinity of the nitrogen fertilizer factory showed a dramatic growth reduction after the beginning of the pollution period. Significant decrease in growth was observed for the majority of investigated trees (75%) to the end of the 1990s. The zone of destruction extends primarily in easterly and southern directions, from the pollution source, associated with the prevailing winds of the region. At the end of the 1990s, the decreasing trend stopped and the wider tree-rings could be observed. This situation was related to a radical reduction in ammonia emissions and an improvement in environmental conditions. However, the growth of damaged trees due to the weakened health condition is lower than the growth of Scots pine on the reference plot and trees are more sensitive to stressful climatic conditions, especially to drought.

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Moilanen, Mikko, Klaus Silfverberg, Hannu Hökkä, and Jorma Issakainen. "Wood ash as a fertilizer on drained mires growth and foliar nutrients of Scots pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 2734–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-179.

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The availability of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) commonly limits tree growth on drained peatlands. The nutritional status and volume growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) after varying doses of wood ash fertilization were investigated in seven field experiments located on deep-peated sites in Finland between latitudes 63°N and 67°N. Needle samples were taken 1420 years after fertilization and trees measured 15 years after fertilization. Annual growth rates and differences in foliar nutrients were analyzed with a two-way ANOVA model. A regression model was used in the analysis of periodic relative volume growth. High doses of wood ash (100265 kg P·ha1, 225450 kg K·ha1) resulted in greater changes in foliar nutrient concentrations and in a stronger growth response than low doses (550 kg P·ha1, 14210 kg K·ha1). Significant increases in needle mass and concentrations of P, K, and B were observed in the ash-fertilized stands, with a good status for these elements 20 years after fertilization. Depending on the ash dose, the mean annual volume growth was 0.51.4 m3·ha1 higher than in the control plots during the 15 year postfertilization period.

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30

Groves, Kelly M., Stuart L. Warren, and Ted E. Bilderback. "Irrigation Volume, Application, and Controlled-release Fertilizers: I. Effect on Plant Growth and Mineral Nutrient Content in Containerized Plant Production." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 16, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-16.3.176.

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Abstract An experiment with four volumes of irrigation and five controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) was conducted to evaluate effects on plant growth and mineral nutrient content. Rooted cuttings of Cotoneaster dammeri ‘Skogholm’ and seedlings of Rudbeckia fulgida ‘Goldsturm’ were grown in 3.8 liter (4 qt) containers in a pine bark:sand substrate (8:1, by vol) incorporated with 3.5 g (0.12 oz) N per container with one of the following five CRFs: Meister 21N–3.5P–11.1K (21–7–14), Osmocote 24N–2.0P–5.6K (24–4–7), Scotts 23N–2.0P–6.4K (23–4–8), Sustane 5N–0.9P–3.3K (5–2–4) or Woodace 21N–3.0P–9.5K (21–6–12). Irrigation volumes of 200 ml (0.3 in), 400 ml (0.6 in), 800 ml (1.1 in), or 1200 ml (1.7 in) were applied once daily (single) or in two equal applications with a two hr interval between irrigation allotments (cyclic). All measured variables were unaffected by irrigation application (cyclic or single). Top dry weight of cotoneaster increased quadratically with increasing irrigation volume for all CRFs. Maximum top dry weight was obtained with 612 ml (0.8 in), 921 ml (1.3 in), 928 ml (1.3 in), 300 ml (0.6 in), or 909 ml (1.3 in) for plants fertilized with Meister, Osmocote, Scotts, Sustane, and Woodace, respectively. Osmocote, Scotts, and Woodace produced 90% of maximum top weight over a wide range of irrigation volumes [≈ 550 ml (0.8 in) to 1200 ml (1.5 in)]. Stomatal conductance of cotoneaster fertilized with Osmocote 24–4–7 increased linearly with increasing volume of irrigation, whereas net photosynthetic rate increased quadratically and was highest at 800 ml (1.1 in). All CRFs, excluding Sustane, had similar dry weights when irrigated with 200 ml (0.3 in). At 800 ml (1.1 in) and 1200 ml (1.7 in), cotoneaster fertilized with Osmocote 24–4–7 and Scotts 23–4–8 produced greater top dry weight compared to Meister, Sustane, and Woodace. Top dry weight of rudbeckia increased quadratically with increasing irrigation volume regardless of CRFs. Maximum dry weight was produced with 1160 ml, 931 ml, 959 ml, 1091 ml, or 1009 ml for plants grown with Meister, Osmocote, Scotts, Sustane, or Woodace, respectively. Ninety percent of the maximum top dry weight of both species within each CRF could be obtained with a 40% reduction in irrigation volume. Nitrogen content of cotoneaster and rudbeckia were unaffected by irrigation volume, whereas P and K content, depending upon CRF and plant, was reduced at low irrigation volumes.

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Pukacki, Paweł M. "The effect of industrial air pollution on membrane lipid composition of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 73, no. 3 (2011): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2004.025.

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This work was undertaken to determine lipids changes in needles of Scots pine (<em>Pinus sylvestris </em>L.) populations growning on polluted stands near a phosphate fertilizer factory in Luboń, and copper smelter in Głogów and in a control area in Kórnik. Needles from polluted areas had a lower content of total phospholipids than samples from the unpolluted site. Greater changes were detected in membranes of needles collected in October and January. In comparison with the control total phospholipid in needles of populations from polluted areas were 14 to 33% lower. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglicerol (PG) were the dominant phospholipids. The analysis of fatty acids in phospholipid fraction showed a decrease of linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) contents. The level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in needles of three populations from polluted areas was up to 40% lower as compared with the control. Moreover, phospholipids and their fatty acids showed seasonal fluctuations. The contents of PC, PG and PE increased in autumn and in winter, during the process of cold acclimation. In July, current-year needles did not show significant differences in membrane lipid composition between the polluted areas of Scots pine populations. The results suggest that the lipid changes of needles could be associated with disturbances in phohospholipid metabolism, caused by environmental pollution.

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Arnebrant, Kristina, and Bengt Söderström. "Effects of different fertilizer treatments on ectomycorrhizal colonization potential in two Scots pine forests in Sweden." Forest Ecology and Management 53, no. 1-4 (October 1992): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(92)90035-8.

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Berg, Björn, Håkan Staaf, and Bengt Wessen. "Decomposition and nutrient release in needle litter from nitrogen‐fertilized scots pine (pinus sylvestris) stands." Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 2, no. 1-4 (January 1987): 399–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827588709382478.

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Haigh, Martin, Heather Reed, Margaret D’Aucourt, Chris Bull, Mike Cullis, Frances Farrugia, Allison Flege, et al. "Reclaiming Open Coal Spoils by Mixed Woodland: Varteg (Wales), 10 Year Results." Minerals 11, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11060624.

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Many reclaimed opencast coal-lands in Wales are now seriously degraded. This study explores the 10-year growth of native trees planted on compacted coal spoil. It compares the relative benefits of planting with spent mushroom compost (SMC) or well-rotted farmyard manure (FYM), both with and without supplementary fertilizer. Four main tree species—Common Alder, Oak, Scots Pine and Silver Birch—are considered. The survival of SMC-planted trees (77%) was significantly higher than for FYM-planted (72%). In Year 10, SMC-planted trees were significantly taller than those planted with FYM (4.75 vs. 4.57 m, respectively). Similarly, basal diameter (measured above the root collar) was larger among the SMC-planted trees. Discriminant analysis showed that the key discriminating variable between SMC-planted and FYM-planted trees was the type of fertilizer applied during planting. Adding slow-release fertilizer (SRF) and SRF plus superphosphate (SRF + P2O5) was beneficial to FYM-planted trees. Fertilizer supplements often favor the growth of FYM-planted trees in the early years, but later SMC-planted trees take the lead. The only species that benefited long term from FYM or fertilizer supplements was Alder. Overall, SMC-planted trees perform better than FYM-planted trees, but some of the difference can be mitigated by supplementary fertilization. Overall, SMC-planted trees perform better than FYM-planted trees.

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Nasholm, T., and A. Ericsson. "Seasonal changes in amino acids, protein and total nitrogen in needles of fertilized Scots pine trees." Tree Physiology 6, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/6.3.267.

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36

Rudawska, M., B. Kieliszewska-Rokicka, T. Leski, and J. Oleksyn. "Mycorrhizal status of a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) plantation affected by pollution from a phosphate fertilizer plant." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 85, no. 3 (1995): 1281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00477158.

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37

Kontunen-Soppela, Sari, Kari Taulavuori, Erja Taulavuori, Pekka Lähdesmäki, and Kari Laine. "Soluble proteins and dehydrins in nitrogen-fertilized Scots pine seedlings during deacclimation and the onset of growth." Physiologia Plantarum 109, no. 4 (August 2000): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2000.100406.x.

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Kieliszewska-Rokicka, B. "Acid phosphatase activity in roots of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings fertilized with different nitrogen sources." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 28, no. 1-4 (February 1990): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(90)90045-f.

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Mikola, Jouni. "Effects of fertilizer and herbicide application on the growth and cone production of Scots pine seed orchards in Finland." Forest Ecology and Management 19, no. 1-4 (June 1987): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(87)90025-9.

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40

Oleksyn, J., W. Prus-Glowacki, M. Giertych, and P. B. Reich. "Relation between genetic diversity and pollution impact in a 1912 experiment with East European Pinussylvestris provenances." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 12 (December 1, 1994): 2390–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-308.

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Results are presented of genetic variation and growth decline due to pollution for 11 European populations, 1 Turkish population, and 1 Siberian population of Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) growing in a provenance experiment established in 1912 in Pulawy, southeastern Poland. Since 1966 this area has been subjected to acute pollution from a nitrogen-fertilizer factory emitting high levels of SO2, NOx, NH3, and other toxic compounds. A significant negative correlation was found between genotype polymorphism indices and radial growth decline since 1966 assessed using tree-ring analysis (r = −0.58, P = 0.04). Populations with the highest values for genotype polymorphism index, numbers of alleles per locus, and numbers of genotypes per locus exhibited less of a decline in radial growth than those populations with lower values for these parameters. The results provide experimental support for the hypothesis that genetically richer populations are better adapted to changing conditions and suggest that such populations are less sensitive to air pollution in terms of growth reduction.

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Edfast, Ann-Britt, Torgny N�sholm, Aron Aronsson, and Anders Ericsson. "Applications of mineral nutrients to heavily N-fertilized Scots pine trees: Effects on arginine and mineral nutrient concentrations." Plant and Soil 184, no. 1 (1996): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00029274.

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42

Judzentiene, Asta, Aida Stikliene, and Eugenija Kupcinskiene. "Changes in the Essential Oil Composition in the Needles of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) Under Anthropogenic Stress." Scientific World JOURNAL 7 (2007): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2007.36.

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Unfavorable anthropogenic factors, such as air pollution, lead to biochemical responses in trees. Changes in the amounts of secondary metabolites may be early indicators of invisible injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate composition of the essential oils in the needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) growing in the areas affected by pollutant emissions of main factories in Lithuania: a nitrogen fertilizer factory (NFF), a cement factory (CF), and an oil refinery (OR). Totally, 14 pine stands were examined along transects from the factories (July 2005). Volatile components of the needles were extracted and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Over 70 components of the essential oils were identified in current-year and 1-year-old needles.Along the CF transect for current-year needles, the percentage of diterpenes was decreasing with the increasing pH of the pine bark (r = -0.582;p< 0.05) or with the increasing concentration of SO2(r = -0.573;p< 0.05); for 1-year-old needles, the percentage of diterpenes was decreasing with the increasing pH of the bark (r = -0.534; p < 0.05). Along the OR transect, in both the current-year and 1-year-old needles, the percentage of diterpenes was decreasing with the increasing SO2(respectively, r = -0.773;p< 0.01; r = -0.486;p< 0.05); an opposite relation was true for sesquiterpenes (respectively, r = -0.751;p< 0.01; r = 0.785;p< 0.01). The view was different along the NFF transect. For current-year needles, the percentage of monoterpenes was decreasing with the increasing NH3(r = -0.669;p< 0.01); while the percentage of sesquiterpenes or oxysesquiterpenes was increasing with the increasing NH3(respectively, r = 0.540;p< 0.05 and r = 0.688;p< 0.01). For each transect, cluster analysis of the percentages of components of essential oils in the needles allowed us to distinguish the most contrasting stands according to the concentration of air pollutants. Current-year needles were more effective as indicators of the effects of pollution than 1-year-old needles in the case of the NFF and the OR transects, and both-aged needles were equally valuable in the case of the CF transect. The changes detected in the proportions of components of the essential oils in the needles of the trees affected by the industrial emissions may play a significant role in modifying the susceptibility of the pine stands to the biotic factors, and also may alter emissions of terpenes from the stands to the atmosphere.

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Stravinskienè, V., E. Bartkevičius, and E. Plaušinytè. "Impact of industrial pollution on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) radial growth in the areas of mineral fertilizer factory “Achema”." Russian Journal of Ecology 45, no. 6 (November 2014): 525–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1067413614060137.

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ŻÓŁKOŚ, Katarzyna, Martin KUKWA, and Renata AFRANOWICZ-CIEŚLAK. "Changes in the epiphytic lichen biota in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stands affected by a colony of grey heron (Ardea cinerea): a case study from northern Poland." Lichenologist 45, no. 6 (October 31, 2013): 815–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282913000558.

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AbstractBird colonies affect all elements of inhabited ecosystems, such as the soil, floristic composition and phytocoenosis structure, including the lichen biota. To date, the few papers focusing on changes in the composition of lichen vegetation caused by bird colonies are concerned with saxicolous ornithocoprophilous communities. The aim of this study was to define the impact of the grey heron in two breeding colonies on epiphytic lichens on Scots pines presently inhabited by birds, as well as those recently abandoned. Analysis of the lichen biota showed that the species composition and number of lichens were significantly modified in the functioning colony and the post-colony areas when compared with the control plots never inhabited by grey heron. Within the functioning and post-colony areas, mainly species with a wide ecological amplitude and those characteristic of fertile habitats dominated, while acidophilous and ubiquitous taxa occurred in the control plots. Multivariate analyses (for species abundance and ecological characteristics) showed that lichens growing within the functioning colony and post-colony areas differed significantly from those in the control area in their habitat requirements, as they demanded nutrient-rich, low or moderately moist and deacidified bark. Within the control plots, lichens preferring a relatively acidic and slightly nitrified substratum occurred. The direct impact of bird excrement and the fertilized bark could cause significant modifications in qualitative and quantitative species composition compared to the epiphytic lichen biota usually occurring on Scots pines.

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Pérez-Soba, M., and L. J. M. Van der Eerden. "Nitrogen uptake in needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) when exposed to gaseous ammonia and ammonium fertilizer in the soil." Plant and Soil 153, no. 2 (June 1993): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00012996.

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Arnold, G., and A. Van Diest. "Response of a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stand to application of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and lime. 3. Foliar nutrient concentrations and stand development." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 41, no. 4 (December 1, 1993): 291–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v41i4.636.

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In 1985-88, a 25-yr-old Scots pine forest in Netherlands was limed and fertilized with P, K and Mg in a factoral design. This paper addresses effects of these treatments on foliar nutrient concentrations and tree growth. Stem volume increments of individual trees were measured. Average annual volume growth was estimated to be about 16 msuperscript 3/ha, which may be a slight underestimation. P and K showed increased foliar concentrations immediately after treatment and were the only elements that significantly increased volume growth in 1988-91. Additional annual volume growth of individual trees brought about by P and K corresponded with 0.9 and 2.2 msuperscript 3/ha, respectively. Foliar Mg and Ca increased later and insignificantly reduced and increased volume growth, respectively. Lime and Mg applications tended to lower foliar N. When absolute foliar concentrations and element ratios were compared to Dutch and German standards, it appeared that application of some of these standards in present research would not always have given a fully correct prediction of growth responses to nutrient additions.

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Seniczak, Stanisław, Janusz Dabrowski, Andrzej Klimek, and Sławomir Kaczmarek. "Effects of air pollution produced by a nitrogen fertilizer factory on the mites (Acari) associated with young Scots pine forests in Poland." Applied Soil Ecology 9, no. 1-3 (September 1998): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0929-1393(98)00104-8.

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Fernández-Alonso, María José, Eugenio Díaz-Pinés, and Agustín Rubio. "Drivers of soil respiration in response to nitrogen addition in a Mediterranean mountain forest." Biogeochemistry 155, no. 3 (July 13, 2021): 305–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-021-00827-2.

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AbstractAtmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition rates affect soil N dynamics, influencing soil respiration (RS) rates. However, for the Mediterranean region, the effect of changes in atmospheric N deposition on RS are not well constrained yet. We investigated the interplay between increased N deposition and tree species composition on RS at a Scots pine—Pyrenean oak ecotone in Central Spain, and whether the observed responses were mediated by changes on selected soil properties. Throughout 3 years, we simulated two N deposition rates—10 (medium) and 40 kg N ha−1 a−1 (high)—over the background deposition (control) in neighbouring stands in which tree species composition (pine or oak) shapes soil stoichiometry and microbial communities. We monitored RS on a monthly basis during 3 years; in addition, we performed targeted measurements 24 h after the N fertilization events to assess short-term soil responses. During winter and summer, RS did not respond to enhanced N deposition rates. In spring and autumn, higher RS rates were observed in the medium-fertilization, but the size and duration of this effect was tree species dependent. We suggest that climate seasonality modulates the response of RS to N availability, with tree species effects becoming relevant only when environmental conditions are adequate. RS in fertilized plots was larger from February to May and in September under pine, while under oak a response was observed only in April, probably due to differences in native soil stoichiometry under each tree species. Overall, RS showed high stability during 3 years of N enrichment in this Mediterranean ecotone area. However, we observed short-term soil responses after N fertilization events—loss of base cations, soil acidification and reduced microbial biomass—which emphasize the need to investigate consequences for the belowground C and N cycles if chronic N enrichment persists in the long run.

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Laitinen, K., E. M. Luomala, S. Kellomaki, and E. Vapaavuori. "Carbon assimilation and nitrogen in needles of fertilized and unfertilized field-grown Scots pine at natural and elevated concentrations of CO2." Tree Physiology 20, no. 13 (July 1, 2000): 881–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/20.13.881.

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Tripepi, Robert R., Mary W. George, K. Amanda Linskey, John E. Lloyd, and Jennifer L. Van Wagoner. "Nutrient Treatments Used on Field-harvested Colorado Spruce Trees to Maintain Postharvest Quality." HortScience 42, no. 7 (December 2007): 1705–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.7.1705.

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Holding practices for balled and burlapped conifers may inadvertently impact nutrient availability and tree growth. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of several nutrient treatments to maintain or enhance the growth and foliar nutrition of Colorado spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.) trees while they were in a mulch-holding bed. Sixty 1.5 to 1.8-m tall Colorado spruce trees with 61-cm (24 inch) diameter root balls were heeled into a holding bed of fresh pine bark mulch during 2002 and 2003. The treatments applied to the root balls were a control (pine bark without fertilizer), 114.2 g Osmocote (Scotts, Marysville, OH) 15N–3.9P–10K distributed over the top of the ball, one Ross Gro-Stake (Easy Gardener, Waco, TX) 10N–4.3P–8.3K Evergreen fertilizer spike (113 g) per ball, one-half cartridge (≈8.5 g) of Ross Root Feeder (Weatherly Consumer Products, Lexington, KY) 10N–5.2P–10K evergreen fertilizer injected into the root ball at four points, or a 1:1 biosolids-based compost:pine bark mixture (by volume). Trunk diameters and tree heights were measured and foliar samples for nutrient analyses were collected before applying these treatments and at the end of the growing season 20 or 17 weeks later. The 2003 trees were transplanted to a landscape site in 2004, and the height growth of their terminal leaders were measured at the end of the next two growing seasons. Overall, Colorado spruce trees appeared normal while they were held in the mulch beds the first season after nursery harvest. Changes in tree height and trunk diameter by the end of the first season after harvest were unaffected by the nutrient treatments. By fall of both years, needles from trees treated with the mixture of 1:1 compost:bark had the highest levels of foliar N, Mg, Ca, S, and B. Trees treated with the fertilizer spike in 2002 had similar levels of N and S in their needles compared with compost:bark-treated trees, whereas in 2003, spike-treated trees had the second highest levels of foliar N and S, and these levels were significantly higher than those of trees receiving the control or other fertilizer treatments with the exception of N in needles from fertilizer-injected trees in 2002. Plant-available N, however, was highest in the root balls of Osmocote- and fertilizer spike-treated trees only in 2003. Leaders on the 2003 trees that received the compost:bark or fertilizer spike treatments grew at least 70% or 36% taller, respectively, than those trees receiving the other treatments by the end of the second growing season in a managed landscape. Although all nutrient treatments failed to promote increases in tree heights and trunk diameters while the trees were held in a mulch bed for the first growing season after digging, the compost:bark mixture and, to some extent, the fertilizer spike improved foliar nutrition during this time.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Scots pine – Fertilizers'

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