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Journal articles on the topic 'Scottish 19th century'
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1
Young, Richard Fox. "The ‘Scotch Metaphysics’ in 19th Century Benares." Journal of Scottish Philosophy 4, no. 2 (2006): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jsp.2006.4.2.139.
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That India once had a sustained ‘dialogue’ with Scottish Philosophy is not gener- ally known, or that the exchange occurred in the medium of Sanskrit, not English. The essay explores an important cross-cultural encounter in the colonial context of mid 19th-century Benares where two Scots, John Muir and James Ballantyne, served as principals of a Sanskrit college established by the East India Company. Educated toward the end of the Scottish Enlightenment, they endeavoured to translate such distinctive concepts of ‘Scotch Metaphysics’ as Externalism into Indian philosophical categories. The ensuing ‘dialogue’ with Brahmin interlocutors shows that the prob- lems they faced were less terminological than conceptual, having to do with contras- tive ways of understanding ‘mind’ and ‘man’. Between the two Scots, there were also signifi cant differences, although both had gone to India as Scottish Calvinists. While Muir remained largely impervious to Indian infl uence, Ballantyne was profoundly changed, becoming, in effect, a ‘Vedantic Calvinist’.
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Withers, Charles W. J. "Landscape, memory, history:Gloomy memoriesand the 19th‐century Scottish highlands." Scottish Geographical Journal 121, no. 1 (2005): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00369220518737219.
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Paterson, Lindsay. "Scottish higher education and the Scottish parliament: the consequences of mistaken national identity." European Review 6, no. 4 (1998): 459–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700003616.
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The creation of a Scottish parliament in 1999 will crystallize a cultural crisis for Scottish higher education. Scottish universities retained their autonomy after the 18th-century union between Scotland and England because the union was about high politics rather than the affairs of civil society and culture. Unlike in England, the universities developed in close relationship with Scottish agencies of the state during the 19th century, and these agencies also built up a system of non-university higher education colleges. In the 20th century, the universities (and later some of the colleges) sought to detach themselves from Scottish culture and politics, favouring instead a common British academic network. So the new constitutional settlement faces Scottish higher education institutions with an enforced allegiance to the Scottish nation that will sharply disrupt their 80-year interlude as outposts of the British polity.
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Craik, Alex D. D. "Science and technology in 19th century Japan: The Scottish connection." Fluid Dynamics Research 39, no. 1-3 (2007): 24–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluiddyn.2006.04.005.
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Velilaeva, Lilia R. "AMERICAN AND SCOTTISH TOPOSES IN SCOTTISH EMIGRATIONAL POETRY OF THE 19th CENTURY USA: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS." Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University (Russian philology), no. 3 (2020): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18384/2310-7278-2020-3-79-84.
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Boucher, David. "The Late 19th Century Scottish Idealists and the Problem of Philosophy." Journal of Scottish Philosophy 2, no. 2 (2004): 176–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jsp.2004.2.2.176.
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Photos-Jones, Effie, B. Barrett, and G. Christidis. "Stevenson at Vulcano in the late 19th century." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 147 (November 21, 2018): 303–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.147.1255.
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This project seeks to recover and record the archaeological evidence associated with the extraction of sulfur (and perhaps other minerals as well) by James Stevenson, a Glasgow industrialist, from the volcanic island of Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy, in the second half of the 19th century. This short preliminary report sets the scene by linking archival material with present conditions and by carrying out select mineralogical analyses of the type of the mineral resource Stevenson may have explored. New 3D digital recording tools (structure-from-Motion photogrammetry) have been introduced to aid future multidisciplinary research. This is a long-term project which aims to examine a 19th-century Scottish mining venture in a southern European context and its legacy on the communities involved. It also aims to view Stevenson’s activities in a diachronic framework, namely as an integral part of a tradition of minerals exploration in southern Italy from the Roman period or earlier.
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Stępkowski, Aleksander. "KSZTAŁTOWANIE SIĘ MIESZANEGO SYSTEMU SZKOCKIEGO PRAWA PRYWATNEGO W XIX I XX WIEKU." Zeszyty Prawnicze 2, no. 1 (2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2012.2.1.02.
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FORMATION OF THE MIXED SYSTEM OF SCOTTISH PRIVATE LAW DURING 19™AND 20™ CENTURIES(Summary) This paper présents development of Scots law as a mixed jurisdiction in 19th and 20th centuries. This spécifie mixture of légal cultures which is Scots law, owes most of its peculiarity to, variable in its character, relationships with England and its precedent based legal culture. English influence on Scottish private law become predominant in 19th century, as an effect of advancement of internal integration within United Kingdome.Scots law - as described in 18th century classical legal treaties - was in general based on continental ius commune, as presented in French and Roman-Dutch legal thought. Political and social consequences of the Union of 1707 allowed extremely intensive influence of English law in Scotland since second quarter of 19th century. This impact had miscellaneous character and was performed in a various ways. The easiest one was legislative activity of British Parliament, whose statutes in 19th century started to be progressively more and more important source of English law. Statutory influence was the easiest as the number of Scots in British Parliament never exceeded ten percent, so there was no problem in ignoring their objections, until the establishment of the Scottish Law Commission in 1965, which started to supervise legislation touching Scotland.Except statutory influence, considerable changes took place in the way of administering justice in Scodand. The most spectacular was decision of the House of Lords which in the beginning of 18th century had recognised its authority to revise judgements of the Court of Session – Scottish supreme court. In effect House of Lords started - regardless differences existing between Scots law and English law - to apply English rules in reviewing judgements of the Court of Session. Further influence of English rules into Scots law was provoked by the reform of the Court of Session, whose organisation and proceedings became considerably anglicised. It provoked that its decisions started to be regarded as a primary source of law by progressive acceptance of English stare decisis rule - which was not the part of Scottish legal system before.A kind of reaction for this process of Anglicisation was the interest of Scottish lawyers in studies of Roman law, as performed on continent in Netherlands and Germany. This interest subsequently was manifested in following ideas of German historical school. In consequence they started to underline the unique - domestic - character of Scots law, independent as well from English law as from continental tradition of civil law.The article is finishing with considerations upon possible consequences for Scots law of the process of devolution in Scodand which took place in 1998. It presents different opinions of Scottish lawyers, as to the future development of Scots law.
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McEwen, Ron. "The Northern Lads :." Sibbaldia: the International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, no. 11 (October 29, 2013): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/sibbaldia.2013.55.
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It is well known that a disproportionate number of plant collectors for the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in the late 18th and 19th centuries were Scottish gardeners. Another important source of plants for Kew in its early days were the specialist London plant nurseries that were run by Scots. Less well known is the preponderance of Scots found in other areas of Kew’s work – gardeners in charge of the botanic garden, curators of various departments and gardeners who transferred to colonial botanic gardens. This Scottish phenomenon was not unique to Kew: it was found in other botanical and non-botanical institutions in London and the provinces. This paper charts the extent of the phenomenon and, on the basis of 18th- and 19th-century sources, analyses its causes.
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Ellis, Harold. "Academic surgery in the UK and the Surgical Research Society 50 years ago." British Journal of Hospital Medicine 81, no. 10 (2020): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2020.0385.
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Fifty years ago, in 1970, academic surgical units had finally been established throughout the universities in the UK. Such departments had been created in the Scottish university cities in the 19th century; some medical schools in London had resisted this custom, but by now these bastions of the old system had surrendered!
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Young, Liz. "Paupers, Property, and Place: A Geographical Analysis of the English, Irish, and Scottish Poor Laws in the Mid-19th Century." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12, no. 3 (1994): 325–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d120325.
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The diversity of poor law policy and practice in Britain in the mid-19th century is examined. Primary sources consulted include contemporary literature and the minute books of five poor law unions in Scotland. The discussion is set in the context of the existing literature on the New English Poor Law and the debate about the nature of British state formation. It is argued that by broadening the geographical scope of analysis to include consideration of the Irish and Scottish Poor Laws a more nuanced account of the processes and patterns of state formation emerges. Analysis of the ‘poverty question’ and attempts at its resolution through poor law policy illustrates the contradiction between 19th-century economic and political discourses. Poverty in Britain in the mid-19th century was structural and consequent upon economic processes which were geographically extensive, and debates about its resolution emphasised individual responsibility and reinforced national identities. Practice within each national territory was diverse and the new poor law machinery offered existing local political and economic interests a novel vehicle through which to exercise power.
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Marten, Michael. "Imperialism and Evangelisation: Scottish Missionary Methods in Late 19th and Early 20th Century Palestine." Holy Land Studies 5, no. 2 (2006): 155–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/hls.2007.0006.
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The article examines Scottish missionary methods in Palestine from the 1880s until World War One. Missionary activity in this context was aimed primarily at the conversion of Jews to (Protestant) Christianity. The methods employed consisted primarily of direct confrontation, provision of education, and the off ering of medical facilities. The article looks at how and why these approaches were taken and the general ineff ectiveness of each method in producing converts. The article also outlines the reaction of local populations and concludes by describing some of the consequences of the Scots' missionary efforts.
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Barber, J. W., and B. A. Crone. "Crannogs; a diminishing resource? A survey of the crannogs of southwest Scotland and excavations at Buiston Crannog." Antiquity 67, no. 256 (1993): 520–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00045737.
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Investigations in the 19th century demonstrated that Scottish crannogs, the distinctive waterlogged settlements in the shallow waters at the edge of lochs, were very rich in organic remains of all types. Have the crannogs survived, years after so many of the lakes were drained? Are there organic remains left? A new survey and new excavations at the Buiston crannog shows how much has gone, and the great value of what remains.
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Scigliano, Marisa. "Nineteenth Century Literary Society: The John Murray Publishing Archive." Charleston Advisor 22, no. 2 (2020): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5260/chara.22.2.39.
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Nineteenth Century Literary Society is drawn from archive of the House of John Murray publishing company, held by the National Library of Scotland. The family-run firm, with Scottish roots, spanned seven generations and flourished in London from 1768 until 2002. John Murray is especially remarkable for publishing seminal English-language works of the 19th century, including those by Charles Darwin, David Livingstone, Charles Lyell, and Samuel Smiles, the father of self-help. The largest collection of Lord Byron’s private writings and manuscripts, assembled by the publisher, form a large part of the resource. Women writers feature prominently in the John Murray’s collection, including Jane Austen, Isabella Bird, Elizabeth Eastlake, and Caroline Lamb.
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Lee, Thomas A. "A LETTER FROM A TEENAGE ACCOUNTING CLERK IN 1846: A HIDDEN VOICE IN A MICRO-HISTORY OF MODERN PUBLIC ACCOUNTANCY." Accounting Historians Journal 35, no. 2 (2008): 43–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.35.2.43.
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The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate use of archival material to access a hidden voice in accounting history and provide social context in the form of a biographical micro-history of public accountancy. The archival material is a letter written in 1846 by a Scottish teenage public accountancy clerk. An analysis of the letter gives insight to the employment and social life of the clerk in mid-19th century Scotland and also identifies a notorious character in Scottish public accountancy. The paper reveals the importance of social connections, religion, communication, and transport to middle-class Victorian Scots and, more generally, reminds accounting historians of the value of hidden voices and micro-histories.
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Connaughton, Brian. "Embracing Hugh Blair. Rhetoric, Faith and Citizenship in 19th Century Mexico." Anuario de Historia de América Latina 56 (December 19, 2019): 319–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/jbla.56.149.
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This is a study of the key role of Hugh Blair, a Scottish Enlightened scholar and minister, in the understanding and teaching of rhetoric in a quarrelsome 19th-Century Mexico. His role as a master of multiple rhetorical forms, including legal prose, literary production and the sermon, emphasized effective communication to a broadening public audience in an age of expanding citizenship. First his Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, and then several selections of his sermons, were introduced in Spanish to the Mexican public. Somewhat surprisingly, his works were highly celebrated and widely recommended, by persons on the whole political spectrum, with virtually no discussion of Blair’s political concerns or religious faith. His approach was useful, it was made clear, in a more fluid society aimed at modernization, but simultaneously contained a top-down view of life in society which seriously restricted sensitivity to the voice of common people. This article discusses his general acclaim and those limitations within the context of local and Atlantic history, taking into account the critical views of some of the numerous authors who have studied Blair’s work and his enormous influence during the 19th century. In the perspectives offered, his impact can be judged more critically in terms of an undoubtedly changing Mexican political culture, but one simultaneously opening and closing admission to effective citizenship.
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Dahrendorf, Marianna, and Ilya Kolesnikov. "From the history of the settlements of European colonists in the region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters (XIX — early XX centuries)." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 12-1 (2020): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202012statyi18.
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The article is devoted to the topical problem of the history of settlements (colonies) of Europeans (Scots, Germans, Italians) in the region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters (XIX century - early XX century). The development of the system of colonies of Scots, Germans and Italians in the Kavminvod region is considered. Some socio -economic and cultural -ethnic processes of interaction and mutual influence of Scottish, German and Italian colonists are analyzed. The article emphasizes, in general, the positive (economic and cultural) significance of the existence of European settlements in the region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters in the 19th - early 20th centuries.
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Hancock, Ian F. "Scots English and the English-lexifier creole relativizer we." English World-Wide 29, no. 1 (2008): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.29.1.02han.
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We (wey, whey, way) as relativizer occurs in the English-lexifier creoles on both sides of the Atlantic, and has been assumed to originate in English what (e.g. by Cassidy and Le Page 1967: 459). Instances of this word as a relativizer in English, however, date only from the beginning of the 19th century — too late by over a century to have provided the widespread creole form. This essay examines alternative possibilities for its origin, and concludes that it must be sought in Scottish and/or northern English who. Determining its ultimate origin may shed light upon the age and development of these particular languages.
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Perkins, Pam. "“A Constellation of Scottish Genius”: Networks of Exchange in Late 18th- and early 19th-Century Edinburgh." Lumen: Selected Proceedings from the Canadian Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies 34 (2015): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1028510ar.
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Ruchinskaya, Tatiana. "The contribution of the Scottish architect Adam Menelaws to Moscow architecture in the early 19th century." Building Research & Information 24, no. 2 (1996): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613219608727505.
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Lee, Tom. "ECONOMIC CLASS, SOCIAL STATUS, AND EARLY SCOTTISH CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS." Accounting Historians Journal 31, no. 2 (2004): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.31.2.27.
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A recent study by Jacobs [2003] examines economic class bias in the contemporary recruitment practices of public accountancy firms. The study bases its argument on a historical review that suggests such bias has its origins in early Scottish chartered accountancy. This paper challenges the Jacobs thesis by examining the notion of economic class in relation to the social status of professions, and provides archival evidence of the effects of the recruitment practices of Scottish chartered accountants from mid 19th century until the beginning of the First World War. This evidence demonstrates a dual effect. The first is a considerable change during this period in the economic class origins of the general community of chartered accountants in Scotland and the second is relative stability in the economic class origins of their leadership. Scottish chartered accountancy immigrants to the US provide a clear example of the general community effect. They also reveal how economic class was not a significant factor in the success of their American professional careers. The data also highlight differences in these matters between chartered accountants from each of the three Scottish bodies and suggest generalizations about early Scottish chartered accountancy are inappropriate. Overall, therefore, and contrary to the argument of Jacobs, the early Scottish chartered accountancy bodies did not maintain their social status in terms of the economic class origins of their general memberships. Instead, they coped with the economics of a growing market for their services by increasingly recruiting men from lower middle class and working class backgrounds while maintaining their social respectability as a professional grouping with leaderships almost exclusively of upper class and upper middle class origins.
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Fomenko, V. A., and A. T. Dzhumagulova. "History of Karras Colony and Nearby Settlements of Europeans in 19th — First Half of 20th Centuries at Present Stage of Study." Nauchnyi dialog 1, no. 7 (2021): 496–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-7-496-512.
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The issues of the current stage of studying the history of the Karras colony and nearby European settlements in the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries are considered. A review and analysis of new sources and historiography from 2000 to 2020 has been carried out. The relevance of the study is due to the poorly studied and fragmentary coverage of the history of European settlements in the central part of the North Caucasus in the 19th — first half of the 20th centuries in Russian historiography. The authors dwell on terminology issues. It is emphasized that the terms-cliches ‘mountaineers’ and ‘Tatars’ are characteristic of the historical literature of the 19th century and are inaccurately used by some authors today. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that in this work the history of the Karras colony and neighboring settlements of Europeans in the 19th — first half of the 20th centuries is considered based on publications of 2000—2020. It is concluded that there is a possibility and a need for an independent review of the history of the Scottish mission, the center of which was originally located in Karras. The authors proceed from the fact that the history of the settlements of the colonists has a broader chronological framework and the main task of the colonists was not always missionary activity.
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Temperley, David. "Second-Position Syncopation in European and American Vocal Music." Empirical Musicology Review 14, no. 1-2 (2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/emr.v14i1-2.6986.
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I define a second-position syncopation as one involving a long note or accent on the second quarter of a half-note or quarter-note unit. I present a corpus analysis of second-position syncopation in 19th-century European and American vocal music. I argue that the analysis of syncopation requires consideration of other musical features besides note-onset patterns, including pitch contour, duration, and text-setting. The corpus analysis reveals that second-position syncopation was common in English, Scottish, Euro-American, and African-American vocal music, but rare in French, German, and Italian vocal music. This suggests that the prevalence of such syncopations in ragtime and later popular music was at least partly due to British influence.
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Becker, Karin. "Le Rayon vert de Jules Verne. La confrontation ironique des discours météorologiques." Studia Romanica Posnaniensia 48, no. 1 (2021): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/strop.2021.481.005.
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Jules Verne’s Le Rayon vert (1882) is at the same time a scientific novel and a love story, a repertory of knowledge and a criticism of clichés. Telling the amusing attempts of a little group of travelers that tries in vain to catch sight of the “green ray” – the last impression of sunset – on the horizon from the Scottish coast, the author confronts in an ironical way different stereotypical discourses about weather phenomena which coexist in the bourgeois society of the late 19th century. Verne mocks equally scientific, folkloristic and romantic ideas about meteorological observations and uses these opposite explications of the mysteries of nature to characterize his protagonists and to develop the suspense of the narration.
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Donaldson, K., WA Wallace, T. Elliott, and C. Henry. "James Craufurd Gregory, 19th century Scottish physicians, and the link between occupation as a coal miner and lung disease." Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 47, no. 3 (2018): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4997/jrcpe.2017.317.
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HOUSTON, R. A. "‘Lesser-used’ languages in historic Europe: models of change from the 16th to the 19th centuries." European Review 11, no. 3 (2003): 299–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798703000309.
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This article charts and tries to explain the changing use of ‘minority’ languages in Europe between the end of the Middle Ages and the 19th century. This period saw the beginnings of a decline in the use of certain dialects and separate languages, notably Irish and Scottish Gaelic, although some tongues such as Catalan and Welsh remained widely used. The article develops some models of the relationship between language and its social, economic and political context. That relationship was mediated through the availability of printed literature; the political (including military) relations between areas where different languages or dialects were spoken; the nature and relative level of economic development (including urbanization); the policy of the providers of formal education and that of the church on religious instruction and worship; and, finally, local social structures and power relationships. The focus is principally on western Europe, but material is also drawn from Scandinavia and from eastern and central Europe.
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Dickson, Joshua. "Piping Sung: Women, Canntaireachd and the Role of the Tradition-Bearer." Scottish Studies 36 (December 31, 2013): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ss.v36.2705.
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Canntaireachd (pronounced ‘counter-achk’), Gaelic for ‘chanting’, is a complex oral notation used by Scottish pipers for centuries to teach repertoire and performance style in the courtly, ceremonial ceòl mór idiom. Its popular historiography since the 19th century suggests it was fixed and highly formulaic in structure and therefore formal (as befitting its connection to ceòl mór), its use the preserve of the studied elite. However, field recordings of pipers and other tradition-bearers collected and archived since the 1950s in the School of Scottish Studies present a vast trove of evidence suggesting that canntaireachd as a living, vocal medium was (and remains) a dynamic and flexible tool, adapted and refined to personal tastes by each musician; and that it was (is) widely used as well in the transmission of the vernacular ceòl beag idiom - pipe music for dancing and marching. In this paper, I offer some remarks on the nature of canntaireachd, followed by a review of the role of women in the transmission and performance of Highland, and specifically Hebridean, bagpipe music, including the use of canntaireachd as a surrogate performance practice. There follows a case study of Mary Morrison, a woman of twentieth century Barra upbringing, who specialised in performing canntaireachd; concluding with a discussion on what her singing of pipe music has to say about her knowledge of piping and the nature of her role as, arguably, a piping tradition-bearer.
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Leslie, Alick B., and John J. Hughes. "High-temperature slag formation in historic Scottish mortars: evidence for production dynamics in 18th–19th century lime production from Charlestown." Materials Characterization 53, no. 2-4 (2004): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2004.04.003.
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Bol'shakov, V. A., A. P. Kapitsa, and W. G. Rees. "James Croll: a scientist ahead of his time." Polar Record 48, no. 2 (2011): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247411000301.
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ABSTRACTJames Croll (1821–1890) was a Scottish scientist who made major, although still largely unrecognised, contributions to the theory of the effects of variations in the Earth's orbit on the global climate. He was the first to identify the importance of positive feedbacks in the climate system, especially the ice-albedo feedback, and he placed the astrochronological method on a sound footing. Croll's theory was the first to predict multiple ice ages. However, it was unable to place the end of the most recent glaciation more recently than 80,000 years ago, and as evidence accumulated throughout the 19th century for a much more recent date than this Croll's theory fell into neglect. We argue that this was particularly unfortunate since several of his key ideas were forgotten, and that this has delayed the development of the orbital theory of paleoclimate.
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Dasgupta, Soumit, Marco Mandala, and Enis Alpin Guneri. "Alexander Crum Brown: A Forgotten Pioneer in Vestibular Sciences." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 163, no. 3 (2020): 557–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599820937671.
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Although vestibular anatomy was described in the Renaissance period, research in vestibular physiology began in the 1820s and was spearheaded by Purkinje and Flourens. This was subsequently expanded by Ménière, Helmholtz, Goltz, Mach, Breuer, Ewald, and Hogyes, who are regarded as the early pioneers in research on vestibular physiology in the 19th century. The relationship of endolymphatic flow and semicircular canal function is termed the Mach-Breuer hypothesis. What is less well known is that a Scottish chemist, Alexander Crum Brown, arrived at similar conclusions as Mach and Breuer at the same time quite independently. In fact, he pioneered several concepts in vestibular physiology that included pairing of semicircular canals for function, the vestibular pathway, optic fixation elimination in vestibular experimentation, the theory of motion intolerance, and study in deaf mutes for insights into vestibular pathology and vestibular compensation. This article is a tribute to this forgotten pioneer in vestibular research.
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Beard, John A. S. "What motivated Dr David Livingstone (1813–73) in his work in Africa?" Journal of Medical Biography 17, no. 2 (2009): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jmb.2008.008011.
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Born of humble beginnings in a Scottish mill-town, David Livingstone would become one of the great explorers of the 19th century, traversing 30,000 miles of unknown Africa. His pioneering spirit and inquisitive mind brought knowledge and discoveries in the fields of tropical medicine, linguistics, botany, zoology, anthropology and geology. While it can be argued that Livingstone exhibited contradictions and shortcomings as a man, he nonetheless grasped the imagination of Victorian Britain and helped to change European attitudes towards Africa forever. His numerous endeavours were undertaken under the banner of divinely inspired missionary work – ‘If God has accepted my service, then my life is charmed till my work is done’ (Livingstone D. Livingstone's Private Journals, 1851–53. London: Chatto & Windus, 1960:108). Yet whether it was indeed religion that truly motivated Livingstone, or rather that he used it as a vehicle for his other passions, is less certain.
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Manchanda, Nivi. "The Imperial Sociology of the ‘Tribe’ in Afghanistan." Millennium: Journal of International Studies 46, no. 2 (2017): 165–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305829817741267.
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The ‘tribe’ is a notion intimately related to the study of Afghanistan, used as a generic signifier for all things Afghan, it is through this notion that the co-constitution of coloniser and colonised is crystallised and foregrounded in Afghanistan. By tracing the way in which the term ‘tribe’ has been deployed in the Afghan context, the article performs two kinds of intellectual labour. First, by following the evolution of a concept from its use in the early 19th century to the literature on Afghanistan in the 21st century, wherein the ‘tribes’ seem to have acquired a newfound importance, it undertakes a genealogy or intellectual history of the term. The Afghan ‘tribes’ as an object of study, follow an interesting trajectory: initially likened to Scottish clans, they were soon seen as brave and loyal men but fundamentally different from their British interlocutors, to a ‘problem’ that needed to be managed and finally, as indispensable to a long-term ‘Afghan strategy’. And second, it endeavours to describe how that intellectual history is intimately connected to the exigencies of imperialism and the colonial politics of knowledge production.
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Maximenko, Marina A. "Preparation of the Law on the Representation of the Scottish People in the 20-30 Years of the 19th Century and Its Influence on the Formation of the Political Needs of the Middle Class." IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, no. 1 (209) (March 30, 2021): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2021-1-72-77.
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Recently, issues related to the history of the middle class have become popular. On the other hand, the processes associated with the formation of this class are no less interesting: the emergence of new values and guidelines, the formation of identity, as well as the development of their own political ambitions. It is difficult to overestimate the significance of the 1832 act, since many historians associate it with the granting of political freedom to the middle class. Indeed, thanks to the Scottish Representation Act, Scotland's electorate has been greatly increased; but, in addition to civil liberties, in the struggle for political rights, the middle class was able to understand their own political needs, which had a significant impact on identity formation. The article examined the preparation of the bill itself, the process of its discussion, as well as the impact the adoption of this law had on representatives of the Scottish middle class. Moreover, the text gives various historiographic concepts for the act of 1832, which were systematized according to a problematic principle.
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Danytė, Milda. "Changes in identity in Alice Munro’s stories: a sociopsychological analysis." Literatūra 56, no. 4 (2015): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/litera.2014.4.7692.
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Alice Munro’s winning of the 2013 Nobel Prize for literature was a surprise only in the sense that no one who writes only short stories has ever won it before. Otherwise, among writers and literary specialists she has long been considered a leading candidate, as she is one of the masters of this complex literary genre, known especially for her probing into the small-town communities of the southern part of the province of Ontario. This is an Anglo-Celtic (English, Scottish, and Irish) society which formed through waves of immigration from the early 19th century as a farmland interspersed with small towns. These apparently dull communities are, as Munro reveals, rich in subtle class distinctions and spoken and unspoken social norms of behavior. Munro has explained how she only gradually understood the richness of the material that her home country had given her, “full of events and emotions and amazing things going on all the time”.
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Holmes, Sarah A., Sandra T. Welch, and Laura R. Knudson. "THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTING PRACTICES IN THE DISEMPOWERMENT OF THE COAHUILTECAN INDIANS." Accounting Historians Journal 32, no. 2 (2005): 105–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.32.2.105.
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This paper argues that a complex of accounting measures — account books, inventories of accumulated wealth, and detailed instructions for production performance — were used to inculcate Western values into the native population located at five Franciscan missions along the San Antonio River in New Spain (present-day Texas) from 1718 to 1794. Bolstered by the need to alleviate communications problems caused by extreme isolation, the missionaries constructed detailed mission documents that described the acquisition of scarce resources, reported the aggregation of material and spiritual mission wealth, and controlled daily production performance of the native population. In short, the resulting mission economic system, which held the Indians to certain notions of accountability, primarily by restricting their choices, nourished the Western view of income distribution based on effort. We propose that these procedures ultimately caused the Coahuiltecans to abandon their native beliefs, and gradually, to be absorbed into Spanish society. The 150 Coahuiltecan tribes ceased to exist as a distinct culture by the early 19th century. The exploitation and ultimate subjugation of the Coahuiltecan Indians parallels strikingly subsequent developments in Canada, Australia, and the Scottish Highlands.
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Hansen, Werner. "Naturwissenschaft als Naturpoesie: Eine Stellungnahme Christoph Wilhelm Hufelands (1762–1832) gegen die naturphilosophische Medizin." DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 144, no. 25 (2019): 1784–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0855-2592.
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AbstractAt the turn to the 19th century, medicine in Germany became strongly influenced by the teachings of John Brown, who was a scottish physician. He had advocated a theory which regards and treats disorders as caused by defective or excessive excitation. His teachings were welcomed by natural philosophers like Schelling or Hegel. They modified it and integrated it into their systems of thinking. On the other hand Hufeland, who was one of the foremost physicians at that time, heavily opposed Brunonian System. This becomes evident in a fragmentary text that had been found only recently. In it he criticizes that these teachings were based on pure speculation and not on sound science as executed by Albrecht von Haller. It was meant ironically when he concluded that it thus resembled natural poetry. As viewed from today, evidence based medicine eventually established our modern ways for successfully diagnosing and treating disease. However, Hufelands disapproval appears to be still relevant. There are many people that even now advocate alternative ways and who consult quacks, healers etc.
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Coletes-Blanco, Agustín. "A Forgotten ‘Romantic’ Excursion: Joseph Blanco White's A Journey to the Trosacks in 1816." Romanticism 27, no. 2 (2021): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/rom.2021.0510.
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In 1816 Joseph Blanco White visited the Trossachs, having travelled to Edinburgh as a member of the household of Lord and Lady Holland. Soon afterwards he wrote A Journey to the Trosacks in 1816, a short but fascinating account of his trip which has remained unpublished until now. Lucidly penned, this autograph text shows admiration for the Scottish wilderness and interest in technological feats such as the steamboat that he takes on the Firth of Forth, an absolute novelty at the time. Observations on Highlands customs and language, and literary allusions to Sterne, Scott, Johnson and Boswell add to the interest of this forgotten piece, as do remarks about John Murray the publisher and Dugald Stewart the philosopher. The aim of this article is to present for the first time this work as a document of literary and cultural importance, given the renewed interest of Romantic era scholarship in travel writing and in Blanco White, the most important Spanish cultural mediator in Britain during the first decades of the 19th century.
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Sutherland, Liam T. "Unity in Diversity." Journal of the British Association for the Study of Religion (JBASR) 20 (September 21, 2018): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.18792/jbasr.v20i0.34.
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Interfaith Scotland (IFS) represents a substantial number of religious bodies in Scotland and the representation of non-Christian religious minorities is fundamental to the interfaith movement. In a country in which religious minorities make up a tiny fraction of the population, in comparison with England and other European countries, narratives of diversity have become more prominent in the public sphere. Interfaith Scotland has depended on the world religions paradigm to promote its version of religious pluralism as embodied in its structure and represented in its literature, reinforcing the equivalency and paramount importance of the ‘major traditions’, while groups which do not fit neatly into one of these traditions have no representation on the organisation’s governing board. On the other hand, the world religions approach means that religious groups like the Scottish Pagan Federation are re-made according to that mould in Interfaith literature, with stress on an overarching intellectualised tradition constructed from disparate sources. This closely parallels the processes out of which the world religions paradigm arose in the 19th century with the construction of ‘Hinduism’, ‘Buddhism’ and other world religions as discrete intellectualised traditions.
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Burrow, Carole J., Susan Turner, John G. Maisey, Sylvain Desbiens, and Randall F. Miller. "Spines of the stem chondrichthyan Doliodus latispinosus (Whiteaves) comb. nov. from the Lower Devonian of eastern Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 54, no. 12 (2017): 1248–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2017-0059.
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The higher taxonomic affinities of fin spines from the Lower Devonian (Emsian) Atholville beds, Campbellton Formation, near Campbellton, New Brunswick, Canada, originally identified as Ctenacanthus latispinosus, have been uncertain since they were first described by Whiteaves in the late 19th century. Woodward subsequently referred the species to Climatius, because the isolated Canadian fin spines were similar to those preserved in articulated specimens of Climatius reticulatus from the Lower Old Red Sandstone (Lochkovian) of Scotland. Spines of the same form as the Atholville beds specimens are also found in Emsian mudstones on the Gaspé Peninsula, Québec. One of the fin spine forms appears identical to the pectoral fin spines on an articulated specimen from the Campbellton Formation that has been assigned to the stem chondrichthyan Doliodus problematicus, a taxon erected for isolated diplodont teeth. By comparison with median and paired fin spine morphology on the climatiiform Climatius reticulatus from the Scottish Lower Old Red Sandstone and the spines preserved on the articulated Doliodus, isolated fin spines from Campbellton and several localities on the Gaspé Peninsula are now identified as belonging to Doliodus latispinosus comb. nov. The variety of spine morphotypes recognized—pectoral, prepelvic, prepectoral, and median—support a phylogenetic position within the “acanthodians” rather than “conventionally defined chondrichthyans”.
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Trewin, N. H., and R. G. Davidson. "An Early Devonian lake and its associated biota in the Midland Valley of Scotland." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 86, no. 4 (1995): 233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300007641.
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ABSTRACTThe Tillywhandland fish bed of the Lower Old Red Sandstone in the Strathmore area of the Scottish Midland Valley accumulated in a lake, here called Lake Forfar, which was created suddenly following a period of fluvial deposition. Lake creation may have been due to basin faulting or the disruption of drainage patterns by contemporaneous volcanic activity. The fish bed laminites accumulated in a hydrologically open lake under a seasonal climatic regime. When fully developed, laminites comprise repeated quadruplets of clastic silt/carbonate/organic/green clay–shale laminae averaging 0·5 mm in thickness. Following 2000 years of laminite deposition an increasingly silty succession with thin current-rippled sandstones provided the lake-fill.The fish fauna is dominated by Mesacanthus and Ischnacanthus with rare Euthacanthus, Parexus, Climatius, Vernicomacanthus and Cephalaspis. Most fish carcasses were partially decayed before deposition in the laminites on the poorly oxygenated lake floor. Abundant coprolites are the result of predation on Mesacanthus and small Ischnacanthus, probably by larger Ischnacanthus. Arthropods present include eurypterids (Pterygotus), washed in as near complete exuviae and fragments, and millipeds which were washed in from surrounding terrestrial environments along with plants, of which Parka and Zosterophyllum are common. Bioturbation indicates that conditions were not permanently anoxic during deposition of the laminites.Comparison of our collections with the Mitchell Collection accumulated in the 19th century indicates that Tillywhandland Quarry was the main source of specimens in laminite lithologies labelled ‘Turin Hill’.
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Panneels. "Mapping the Sea on Scotland’s Peripheries." Arts 8, no. 4 (2019): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts8040123.
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This paper examines the use of mapping methodologies in some recent examples of contemporary art that chart the layered seascapes of the remote coastlines on North West Scotland as seen through the lens of visual culture in the Anthropocene. The art projects interrogate conflicting perspectives on landscape and nature in the North. The case studies demonstrate, both directly and indirectly, the political and cultural tensions made evident by the mapping of the micro and macro undercurrents at work in the region, and examine how mapping has been used as a methodology to visualise those intractable material relationships, often using the map as a trope to do so. These mappings make visible the enmeshments of these remote locations into a global ecosystem. The concept of the Anthropocene provides a useful framework to describe the contemporary context of climate change, ecological decline, biodiversity loss and recent discourses on land use within which the artworks by two artists, Julia Barton and Stephen Hurrel, will be discussed. The significance of Kester’s concept of Littoral Art were explored through the eponymous art project by Barton, which maps the human debris brought by the northern sea currents to the shores of the Western and Northern coasts, and Stephen Hurrel’s cultural mapping of the island of Barra on the West Coast. These projects were further considered in the context of Timothy Morton and Tim Ingold’s meshwork theory and the concept of the 19th century Scottish town planner and environmentalist Patrick Geddes, whose urging to ‘think global, act local’ is implicit in the multi-layered understanding of the Anthropocene.
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Kolosova, Ekaterina I. "Walter Scott and Washington Irving: On the History of Personal and Professional Relationship." Literature of the Americas, no. 10 (2021): 8–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2021-10-8-24.
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Walter Scott and Washington Irving are prominent representatives of the Romantic era who were bound by both professional and friendly relations. Their friendship is a remarkable episode in the history of transatlantic literary contacts. In 1817, in Abbotsford, their personal meeting took place, which positively influenced Irving's career. Scott introduced his colleague to his friend John Murray, who was one of the most influential Scottish publishers of his day. Through this meeting, Irving became the first American writer to gain recognition in the UK. An idea of the relationship between Scott and Irving is given by their personal correspondence. Despite the fact that some letters have been lost or are currently in the hands of private collectors, there is enough published material to outline the main topics and interests that united these two writers. In an addendum to the article there are four letters in Russian translation, written in October–December 1819. They are especially noteworthy because they touch on a number of important aspects for Irving's career. In 1819, the American writer took the first steps towards publication in Great Britain and turned to Scott for help. From the master he received a professional assessment of his American editions of The Sketch Book. Scott gave advice on what books are best to publish for an English reader, as well as offered to take the editor post of an anti-Jacobin magazine. In addition, in these letters Scott introduced his American colleague to the intricacies of 19thcentury Scotland book-making and offered the most beneficial ways to communicate with publishers, which is also of interest from the point of view of the history of publishing in the 19th century Great Britain.
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Pavlova, Maria V. "O. CHYUMINA, THE TRANSLATOR OF W. SCOTT’S POETRY (LATE 19TH CENTURY)." Imagologiya i komparativistika, no. 4(2) (December 1, 2015): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/24099554/4/8.
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Kizelbach, Urszula. "Влияниe Вальтера Скотта на историческую прозу А.С. Пушкина: „Роб Рой” и „Капитанская дочка”". Studia Rossica Posnaniensia, № 41 (20 червня 2018): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/strp.2016.41.9.
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This article analyses the influence of Sir Walter Scott’s historical fiction (Rob Roy) on the development of the historical novel in Russia in the first half of the 19th century, based on the example of Pushkin’s The Captain’s Daughter. The author argues that both Scott and Pushkin had a similar approach to their national and local history and collected historical material in the same way (through archival research and by contacting local people who had witnessed the events of the Jacobite Rebellion, 1715, and the Pugachev Rebellion, 1773–1775). A close analysis of both texts presents examples of a similar poetics of the narration, dialectal use of language and dialogue, and the use of local colour and folk elements, such as folk songs or old sayings, which serve as mottos for particular chapters in the novels.
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López-Ulloa, Fabián. "The Theory and Practice of Restoration in England in the Second Half of the 19th Century: The Work of George E. Street." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 1045–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.1045.
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The Romantic vision of ancient architecture, together with the evaluation of the said architecture as historical legacy, have contributed to the extensive path followed by the discipline of architectural restoration towards its consolidation as a scientific method along the 19th and the 20th century. During the Renaissance, when attention was turned to Classic Architecture, the study of the construction methods became the first germ for recognising the value of ancient architecture, in its many styles, as historical heritage. The scientific analysis that then took place in the 19th century, framed in the philosophical trend of Positivism, was also be reflected in architectural restoration: an appropriate intervention had to begin with learning about of the history of the construction. This can easily be understood considering that the term restoration includes many medieval constructions being completed or reconstructed introducing large additions or extensions, which were done taking as reference the use of traditional construction materials with their corresponding traditional technology and the study of agreements and manuscripts. These documents were unveiled by research, in parallel to the development of the formulation of a theoretical structural model, bearing in mind that, initially, masonry, timber and cast iron were the main construction materials, and their properties dictated the nature of structural forms (Charlton 1982). The debate about architectural restoration begun in the 19th century has gone on to history mainly thanks to names like Viollet-le-Duc, Ruskin, Morris or Pugin. However, behind these names, a series of prominent figures can be recognized. The group was comprised of individuals of all filiations who were developing and bringing together the theory and the scientific practice originated in the twilights of the 18th century in the newly established French Republic. The innumerable positions, schools, trends and declarations that have developed since then, have today a point in common: the valuation and the respect for ancient architectural monuments, a living testimony for learning about the societies who constructed them. The present work focuses on the figure of the Englishman George Edmund Street (1824-81), whose work is not as well known as that of some of his contemporaries named above, but is not less important for that reason. Street contributed to the restoration of many architectural monuments; his experience allowed him to device certain approaches to this discipline that yielded numerous restoration interventions, both inside and outside England. His work has not received as much attention as that of Butterfield, and his name is certainly not as well known as Scott's. Yet he has hardly been altogether forgotten (Hitchcock 1960).
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Wang, Duangui. "Re-semantization of A. Pushkin’s poetry in the creative work of V. Kosenko (on the example of “The Five Romances”, op. 20)." Problems of Interaction Between Arts, Pedagogy and the Theory and Practice of Education 50, no. 50 (2018): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum1-50.07.
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Formulation of the problem. In the chamber-vocal genre, the composer exists in two images: he is both the interpreter of the poetic composition and the author of a new synthetic music and poetic composition. The experience of the style analysis of one of the best examples of Ukrainian vocal lyrics of the first third of the 20th century shows that the cycle op. 20 characterizes the mature style of the composer, which was formed, on the one hand, under the influence of European Romanticism. On the other hand, the essence of the Ukrainian “branch” of the Western European song-romance (“solo-singing”) is revealed by the prominent national song-romance intonation, filled with not only a romantic worldview, but also with some personal sincerity, chastity, intimate involvement with the great in depth and simplicity poetry line, read from the individual position of the musician. The paradox is as follows. Although Pushkin’s poetry is embodied in a “holistic adequacy” (A. Khutorskaya), and the composer found the fullest semantic analogue of the poetic source, however, in terms of translating the text into the Ukrainian language, the musical semantics changes its intonation immanence, which naturally leads to inconsistency of the listeners’ position and ideas about the style of Russian romance. We are dealing with inter-specific literary translation: Pushkin’s discourse creates the Ukrainian romance style and system of figurative thinking. The purpose of the article is to reveal the principle of re-semantization of the intonation-figurative concept of the vocal composition by V. Kosenko (in the context of translating Pushkin’s poetry into the Ukrainian language) in light of the theory of interspecific art translation. Analysis of recent publications on the topic. Among the most recent studies of Ukrainian musicology, one should point out the dissertation by G. Khafizova (Kyiv, 2017), in which the theory of modelling of the stylistic system of the vocal composition as an expression of Pushkin’s discourse is described. The basis for the further stylistic analysis of V. Kosenko’s compositions is the points from A. Hutorska’s candidate’s thesis; she develops the theory of interspecific art translation. The types of translation of poetry into music are classified according to two parameters. The exact translation creates integral adequacy, which involves the composer’s finding a maximally full semantic analogue of the poetic source. The free translation is characterized by compensatory, fragmentary, generalized-genre adequacy. Presenting the main material. The Zhitomir period for Viktor Kosenko was the time of the formation of his creative style. Alongside the lyrical imagery line, the composer acquired one more – dramatic, after his mother’s death. It is possible that the romances on the poems of A. Pushkin are more late reflection of this tragic experience (op. 20 was created in 1930). “I Loved You” opens the vocal cycle and has been dedicated by A. V. Kosenko. The short piano introduction contains the intonation emblem of the love-feeling wave. The form of the composition is a two part reprising (А А1) with the piano Introduction and Postlude. The semantic culmination is emphasized by the change of metro-rhythmic organization 5/4 (instead of 4) and the plastic phrase “as I wish, that the other will love you” sounding in the text. Due to these melodies (with national segments in melo-types, rhythm formulas and harmony) V. Kosenko should be considered as “Ukrainian Glinka”, the composer who introduced new forms and “figures” of the love language into the romantic “intonation dictionary”. In general, V. Kosenko’s solo-singing represents the Ukrainian analogue of Pushkin’s discourse – the theme of love. The melos of vocal piece “I Lived through My Desires” is remembered by the broad breath, bright expression of the syntactic deployment of emotion. On the background of bass ostinato, the song intonation acquires a noble courage. This solo-singing most intermediately appeal to the typical examples of the urban romance of Russian culture of the 19th century. “The Raven to the Raven” – a Scottish folk ballad in the translation by A. Pushkin. V. Kosenko as a profound psychologist, delicately transmits the techniques of versification, following each movement of a poetic phrase, builds stages of the musical drama by purely intonation means. The semantics of a death is embodied through the sound imaging of a black bird: a marching-like tempo and rhythm of the accompaniment, with a characteristic dotted pattern in a descending motion (like a raven is beating its wings). The middle section is dominated by a slow-motion perception of time space (Andante), meditative “freeze” (size 6/4). The melody contrasts with the previous section, its profile is built on the principle of descending move: from “h1” to “h” of the small octave (with a stop on S-harmony), which creates a psychologically immersed state, filled by premonition of an unexpected tragedy. In general, the Ukrainian melodic intonation intensified the tragic content of the ballad by Pushkin. The musical semantics of V. Kosenko’s romances is marked by the dependence on the romantic “musical vocabulary”, however, it is possible to indicate and national characteristics (ascending little-sixth and fifth intervals, which is filled with a gradual anti-movement; syllabic tonic versification, and other). Conclusion. The romances (“solo-singings”) by V. Kosenko belongs to the type of a free art translation with generalized-genre adequacy. There is a re-semantization of poetic images due to the national-mental intonation. Melos, rhythm, textural presentation (repetitions), stylization of different genre formulas testify to the rare beauty of Kosenko’s vocal style, spiritual strength and maturity of the master of Ukrainian vocal culture. Entering the “Slavic song area”, the style of Ukrainian romance, however, is differenced from the Russian and common European style system of figurative and intonation thinking (the picture of the world).
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Lunning, Frenchy. "Cyberpunk Redux: Dérives in the Rich Sight of Post-Anthropocentric Visuality." Arts 7, no. 3 (2018): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts7030038.
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Our future effects on the earth, in light of the Anthropocene, are all dire expressions of a depleted world left in piles of detritus and toxic ruin—including the diminished human as an assemblage of impoverished existence, yet adumbrating that handicapped existence with an ersatz advanced technology. In the cyberpunk films, these expressions are primarily visual expressions—whether through written prose thick with densely dark adjectives describing the world of cyberpunk, or more widely known, the comic books and films of cyberpunk, whose representations have become classically understood as SF canon. The new films of the cyberpunk redux however, represent an evolution in cyberpunk visuality. Despite these debatable issues around this term, it will provide this paper with its primary object of visuality, that of the “rich sight”, a further term that arose from the allure created in the late 19th century development of department stores that innovated the display of the goods laid out in a spectacular view, presenting the shopper with a fantasy of wealth and fetishized objects which excited shoppers to purchase, but more paradoxically, creating the desire to see a fantasy that was at the same time also a reality. This particular and enframed view—so deeply embedded and beloved in our commodity-obsessed culture—is what I suggest so profoundly typifies the initial cyberpunk postmodern representation in the Blade Runner films, and its continuing popularity in the early part of the 21st century. Both films are influenced by Ridley Scott’s initial vision of the cinematic cyberpunk universe and organized as sequential narratives. Consequently, they serve as excellent examples of the evolution of this visual spectacular.
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Chalcraft, John. "ENGAGING THE STATE: PEASANTS AND PETITIONS IN EGYPT ON THE EVE OF COLONIAL RULE." International Journal of Middle East Studies 37, no. 3 (2005): 303–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743805052098.
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In spite of many competing views on peasants, their politics, and the state in 19th-century Egypt, the historiography contains certain striking continuities in its understanding of peasant–state political relations. Historians influenced by Marxism, modernization theory, and nationalism alike have usually seen state and peasantry as sharply distinct and conflicting. Peasants have often been depicted as locked in a struggle against the penetration of state agency into a previously autonomous rural domain. Whether seen as a force for benevolent modernization or for the predatory extraction of conscripts and taxes, the state has regularly been viewed as self-propelled and sui generis, reforming or invading the world of an either passive, silently subversive, or violently revolutionary peasantry. The figure of the tradition-bound, submissive, or apathetic peasant simply marks out a terrain for state agency, albeit an agency obstructed by peasant hostility, irrationality, or resentment. The silently subversive peasant, further, who uses James C. Scott's “weapons of the weak,” merely undermines in antagonistic and wordless fashion projects emanating from above. The revolutionary peasant, finally, becomes the self-generating locus of the nationalist or socialist modern and seeks the violent overthrow of the predatory state, transforming the latter into only the negative—albeit treacherous—terrain on which the positive historical agency of peasants and their allies can work. In short, the existing historiography, while varying the historical role, value, and meaning of peasant and state, preserves both as radically distinct, self-creating, and self-defining collective agents involved in zero-sum and often violent antagonism.
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Velilaeva, Lilia R. "Women in the 19th century Scottish emigration poetry of the USA." Research result. Theoretical and Applied Linguistics 7, no. 2 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.18413/2313-8912-2021-7-2-0-12.
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Pan, Subhashis. "Negotiating Scottish ‘distinctiveness’ (?): Unmasking the British Conquest and the Construction of Empire in the 19th Century Indian Subcontinent." Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 12, no. 5 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v12n5.rioc1s5n2.
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India in the 19th century encapsulates a very different and contesting Scottish dimension to the expansion of British Empire. The Scottish legacy in the field of British colonial enterprise has been blurred over the time. Scotland, which was once a colony of the English, was incorporated in the Great Britain in the Union Act of 1707. But distinction between Scottish and English was never made. Thus, in the field of literature we do not find distinct Scottish identity of the contributors like- Walter Scott, R. L. Stevenson, Adam Smith, Thomas Carlyle- to name a few. They are placed in the ‘English literature’ without due emphasis on Scottish background and influence. Similarly, the common notion of the British imperial enterprise has masked the contribution of the Scottish administrators working under the British. Now, in the context of India when we talk about ‘Scottish Orientalism’, we need to focus on the already blurred identity of being ‘Scottish’ in the dominant English field. The Union Act (1707) between England and Scotland produced a space for the Scottish people to participate in the British imperial enterprise. This paper focuses to unmask the role of some of the Scottish scholar-administrators working under the British for a distinctively Scottish contribution to the expansion of the British imperial activities that helps to explore the nature of the intellectual and religious engagement. The study offers a distinctive Scottish Orientalist school as Scottish participation of empire remains open ended and it argues for a complex assessment of Scottish individuals who though shared some philological and philosophical interests and assumptions, nevertheless diverged in many other respects.