Relevant bibliographies by topics / SCR reaction

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Academic literature on the topic 'SCR reaction'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "SCR reaction"

1

Lee, Tsungyu, and Hsunling Bai. "Byproduct Analysis of SO2 Poisoning on NH3-SCR over MnFe/TiO2 Catalysts at Medium to Low Temperatures." Catalysts 9, no. 3 (March 15, 2019): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9030265.

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The byproducts of ammonia-selective catalytic reduction (NH3-SCR) process over MnFe/TiO2 catalysts under the conditions of both with and without SO2 poisoning were analyzed. In addition to the NH3-SCR reaction, the NH3 oxidation and the NO oxidation reactions were also evaluated at temperatures of 100–300 °C to clarify the reactions occurred during the SCR process. The results indicated that major byproducts for the NH3 oxidation and NO oxidation tests were N2O and NO2, respectively, and their concentrations increased as the reaction temperature increased. For the NH3-SCR test without the presence of SO2, it revealed that N2O was majorly from the NH3-SCR reaction instead of from NH3 oxidation reaction. The byproducts of N2O and NO2 for the NH3-SCR reaction also increased after increasing the reaction temperature, which caused the decreasing of N2-selectivity and NO consumption. For the NH3-SCR test with SO2 at 150 °C, there were two decay stages during SO2 poisoning. The first decay was due to a certain amount of NH3 preferably reacted with SO2 instead of with NO or O2. Then the catalysts were accumulated with metal sulfates and ammonium salts, which caused the second decay of NO conversion. The effluent N2O increased as poisoning time increased, which was majorly from oxidation of unreacted NH3. On the other hand, for the NH3-SCR test with SO2 at 300 °C, the NO conversion was not decreased after increasing the poisoning time, but the N2O byproduct concentration was high. However, the SO2 led to the formation of metal sulfates, which might inhibit NO oxidation reactions and cause the concentration of N2O gradually decreased as well as the N2-selectivity increased.
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Wang, Zhanguang, Yuanqing Zhu, Song Zhou, and Yongming Feng. "Reaction mechanism and chemical kinetics of NH3-NO/NO2-SCR system with vanadium-based catalyst under marine diesel exhaust conditions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 234, no. 3 (June 24, 2019): 342–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650919857618.

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As one of the most effective NOx emission removing technologies to meet the Tier III limitation by International Maritime Organization, urea-selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology is starting to be used in two-stroke marine diesel engines. Based on the two-cycle catalytic mechanism proposed by Topsoe, in combination with the exhaust characteristics of the marine diesel, expansion studies on detailed SCR reaction model were carried out in this paper. According to the temperature dependence of reaction pathway, SCR reaction model was divided into three parts: low temperature reaction pathway, standard SCR reaction pathway, and high temperature oxidation pathways, and an expanded NH3-NO/NO2-SCR reaction model for V2O5 catalyst was proposed in the paper. In order to verify the accuracy of the expanded SCR reaction model, simulating and testing studies of SCR reaction under marine diesel conditions were carried out with a commercial extruded V2O5/TiO2 catalyst. The simulation values are agreed well with experimental values at 150–500 ℃, and kinetics characteristics of SCR reaction process under V2O5/TiO2 catalyst can be predicted accurately with the expanded NH3-NO/NO2-SCR reaction model.
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Li, Songfeng, Chunhua Zhang, Ao Zhou, Yangyang Li, Peng Yin, Chunfang Mu, and Jinyuan Xu. "Experimental and kinetic modeling study for N2O formation of NH3-SCR over commercial Cu-zeolite catalyst." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 13, no. 4 (April 2021): 168781402110106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878140211010648.

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In this paper, a systematic experimental and kinetic model investigation was conducted over Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst to study the DeNOx efficiency and N2O formation for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 (NH3-SCR). The kinetic model was developed for various reactions to take place in the NH3-SCR system, including NH3 adsorption/desorption, NH3 oxidation, NO oxidation, standard SCR, fast SCR, slow SCR and N2O formation reactions. In addition, the reaction of N2O formation from NH3 non-selective oxidation was taken into account. All the experiments were performed in a flow reactor with a feed stream near to the real application of diesel engine vehicles exhaust. The current model can satisfactorily predict the steady state conversion rate of various species at the reactor outlet and the effect of gas hourly space velocities and ammonia nitrogen ratio on N2O formation. The results show that the kinetic model can simulate the reaction process of the Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst well. This is significant for the optimization of NH3-SCR system for achieving the higher DeNOx efficiency and the lower N2O emission.
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MAUNULA, Teuvo. "Combination of LNT and SCR for NOx reduction in passenger car applications." Combustion Engines 157, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-116945.

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The removal of NOx and particulate emissions in light-duty diesel vehicles will require the use of aftertreatment methods like Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) with urea and Lean NOx Trap (LNT) (Euro 6 and beyond). A new concept is the combination of LNT + SCR, which enables on-board synthesis of ammonia (NH3), which reacts with NOx on the SCR catalyst. The main application for this kind system will be lighter passenger cars, where LNTs may be used instead of full urea-SCR system. That particular combinatory system was investigated by developing platinum (Pt) and rhodium (Rh) containing LNTs and SCR catalysts in this study. In the use conditions, the maximum temperature may reach temperatures up to 800 °C and NOx reduction reactions should proceed without NO2 assistance in the SCR position after LNT and DPF. PtRh/LNT with the total loadings of 85 g/cft (2.8 g/L) and higher resulted in a high NOx efficiency above 80–90% with a broad operation window in the laboratory simulations. In the experimental conditions, a higher NH3 concentration after LNT was essential to simulate well the operation of SCR catalysts. The developed Cu-SCR catalyst showed a high hydrothermal durability up to the ageing temperature of 800 °C and a wide operation window without the NO2 assistance (NO only in feed). Fe-SCR and V-SCR catalysts were more dependent on NO2. A studied concept had an air injection after LNT to keep SCR condition always in lean side, where the SCR reaction was promoted by oxygen resulting in high reduction selectivity to nitrogen (N2) without NH3 emissions. The simulations in reaction conditions and system design resulted in the proposals for the optimal design and main reaction mechanism in DOC + DPF + LNT + SCR systems.
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Hongjuan, Ren, Lou Diming, Zhu Jian, and Luo Yiping. "Dynamic Model Parameter Identification and Simulation of SCR Based on Genetic Algorithm§." Open Chemical Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (July 31, 2015): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874123101509010062.

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The Selective Catalytic Reduce (SCR) is studied. The unknown parameters of the SCR kinetic model equations are fitted based on the Genetic Algorithm (GA), which is in the range of the allowable error, compared to the experimental data. Then in AVL Boost software, the simulation results of SCR reaction are obtained. Compared to the test data, the simulation results prove that the parameter identification is effective. At last, the SCR reaction is simulated in AVL Boost, and at the same exhaust temperature, the effect of GHSV and NSR on the SCR reaction is studied.
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Casanova, Marzia, Sara Colussi, and Alessandro Trovarelli. "Investigation of Iron Vanadates for Simultaneous Carbon Soot Abatement and NH3-SCR." Catalysts 8, no. 4 (March 26, 2018): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8040130.

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FeVO4 and Fe0.5Er0.5VO4 were prepared and loaded over standard Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) supports based on TiO2-WO3-SiO2 (TWS) and redox active supports like CeO2 and CeZrO2 with the aim of finding a suitable formulation for simultaneous soot abatement and NH3-SCR and to understand the level of interaction between the two reactions. A suitable bi-functional material was identified in the composition FeVO4/CeZrO2 where an SCR active component is added over a redox active support, to increase carbon oxidation properties. The influence of the presence of ammonia in soot oxidation and the effect of the presence of soot on SCR reaction have been addressed. It is found that the addition of NO and NO/NH3 mixtures decreases at different levels the oxidation temperature of carbon soot, while the presence of carbon adversely affects the NH3-SCR reaction by increasing the oxidation of NH3 to NO, thus lowering the NO removal efficiency.
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Offei, S. K., M. Owuna-Kwakye, and G. Thottappilly. "First Report of East African Cassava Mosaic Begomovirus in Ghana." Plant Disease 83, no. 9 (September 1999): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.9.877c.

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Virus species causing cassava mosaic disease have been categorized into three classes based on their reaction with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and their distribution (2). These viruses have different, scarcely overlapping distribution: African cassava mosaic begomovirus (ACMV) occurs in Africa west of the Rift Valley and in South Africa; East African cassava mosaic (EACMV) occurs in Africa east of the Rift Valley and in Madagascar; and Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV) occurs in India and Sri Lanka (2). During 1998, surveys were conducted in farmers' fields in Ghana to assess the incidence and reaction of local cassava cultivars to cassava mosaic disease. Leaf samples from symptomatic plants were indexed by triple antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with crude extracts and monoclonal antibodies obtained from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Each sample was assayed with monoclonal antibody SCR 23, which detects ACMV and EACMV, SCR 33, which detects ACMV, and SCR 58, which detects ICMV. None of the samples reacted with SCR 58. Two of the samples collected from the western region of Ghana produced strong reactions with MAb SCR23 but did not react with ACMV-specific MAb SCR 33. This result was consistent in three separate experiments conducted on the samples, confirming that the virus was EACMV and not ACMV. The results extend the work by Ogbe et al. (1) and provide further evidence of the occurrence of EACMV in west Africa. References: (1) F. O. Ogbe et al. Plant Dis 83:398, 1999. (2) M. M. Swanson and B. D. Harrison. Trop. Sci. 34:15, 1994.
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Wang, Qian, Duo Zhang, Jing Wang, and Shuo Li. "Simulation and Optimization of Urea-SCR System in Diesel Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 316-317 (April 2013): 1156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.316-317.1156.

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A three-dimensional Urea-SCR catalytic converter model was simulated with the method of CFD coupled with chemical reaction dynamic in this paper. With the modeling of urea solution injection and spray, the urea spray angle was optimized to reduce the urea wallfilm on the pipe wall. The flow fields and component distributions of a full scale Urea-SCR catalyst system were obtained to analyze the flow and chemical reaction characteristic of SCR system. Finally, an SCR system with a simple blade SCR mixer was simulated, the results indicated that the mixer can accelerate the evaporation and thermolysis of urea solution, and improve reductant uniformity and NOx conversion efficiency of Urea-SCR system.
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Xiao, You Hong, Wei Zheng, Yu Shan Jin, and Xin Na Tian. "Investigation on the Simulation of Control Strategy for a SCR System." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 770–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.770.

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In this paper, the model of SCR after-treatment system is established by the software MATLAB and the control strategy for the system is studied also. Based on Eley-rideal mechanism, four major chemical reactions including the adsorption of ammonia, desorption of ammonia, selective catalytic reduction and oxidation of adsorbed ammonia are selected to study the SCR control strategy. Based on the energy conservation law, the equation calculating the temperature of the layered model is derived. Combined with the equations of chemical reaction process, a mathematical model of SCR catalytic converter is established. To achieve a high NOXreduction efficiency of SCR system, the reasonable and efficacious control strategies for the micro-element models of SCR catalytic is simulated, which including the feedback control strategy based on the feed-forward controller and the PID control strategy.
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Zhu, Yuanqing, Qichen Hou, Majed Shreka, Lu Yuan, Song Zhou, Yongming Feng, and Chong Xia. "Ammonium-Salt Formation and Catalyst Deactivation in the SCR System for a Marine Diesel Engine." Catalysts 9, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9010021.

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Due to the low temperature and complex composition of the exhaust gas of the marine diesel engine, the working requirements of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst cannot be met directly. Moreover, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and other ammonium deposits are formed at low temperatures, which block the surface or the pore channels of the SCR catalyst, thereby resulting in its reduction or even its loss of activity. Considering the difficulty of the marine diesel engine bench test and the limitation of the catalyst sample test, a one-dimensional simulation model of the SCR system was built in this paper. In addition, the deactivation reaction process of the ammonium salt in the SCR system and its influencing factors were studied. Based on the gas phase and the surface reaction kinetics, the models of the urea decomposition, the surface denitrification, the nitrate deactivation, and the sulfate deactivation were both constructed and verified in terms of accuracy. Moreover, the formation/decomposition reaction pathway and the catalytic deactivation of ammonium nitrate and ammonium bisulfate, as well as the composition concentration and the exhaust gas temperature range were correspondingly clarified. The results showed that within a certain range, the increase of the NO2/NOx ratio was conducive to the fast SCR reaction and the NH4NO3 formation’s reaction. Increasing the exhaust gas temperature also raised the NO2/NOx ratio, which was beneficial to both the fast SCR reaction and the NH4NO3 decomposition reaction, respectively. Furthermore, the influence of the SO2 concentration on the denitrification efficiency decreased with the increase of the exhaust gas temperature because of increasing SCR reaction rate and reversibility of ammonia sulfate formation, and when the temperature of the exhaust gas was higher than 350 °C, the activity of the catalyst was almost unaffected by ammonia sulfate.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "SCR reaction"

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Uzun, Alper. "Quantum Chemical Simulation Of No Reduction By Ammonia (scr Reaction) On V2o5 Catalyst Surface." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/4/1090430/index.pdf.

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The reaction mechanism for the Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) of NO by NH3 on V2O5 surface was simulated by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations performed at B3LYP/6-31G** level. As the initiation reaction, ammonia activation on V2O5 was investigated. Coordinate driving calculations showed that ammonia is adsorbed on Brø
nsted acidic V-OH site as NH4 + species by a nonactivated process with a relative energy of -23.6kcal/mol. Vibration frequencies were calculated as 1421, 1650, 2857 and 2900cm-1 for the optimized geometry, in agreement with the experimental literature. Transition state with a relative energy of -17.1kcal/mol was also obtained. At the end of the Lewis acidic ammonia interaction calculations, it was observed that ammonia is hardly adsorbed on the surface. Therefore, it is concluded that the SCR reaction is initiated more favorably by the Brø
nsted acidic ammonia adsorption. As the second step of the SCR reaction, NO interaction with the preadsorbed NH4 + species was investigated. Accordingly, NO interaction results in the formation of gas phase NH2NO molecule with a relative energy difference of 6.4kcal/mol. For the rest of the reaction sequence, gas phase decomposition of NH2NO was considered. Firstly, one of the hydrogen atoms of NH2NO migrates to oxygen. It then isomerizes in the second step. After that, the reaction proceeds with the isomerization of the other hydrogen. Finally, a second hydrogen atom migration to the oxygen leads to the formation of N2 and H2O. Total relative energy for this reaction series was obtained as -60.12kcal/mol, in agreement with the literature.
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Soyer, Sezen. "Quantum Chemical Simulation Of Nitric Oxide Reduction By Ammonia (scr Reaction) On V2o5 / Tio2 Catalyst Surface." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606632/index.pdf.

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The reaction mechanism for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide by ammonia on (010) V2O5 surface represented by a V2O9H8 cluster was simulated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The computations indicated that SCR reaction consisted of three main parts. In the first part ammonia activation on Brø
nsted acidic V-OH site as NH4+ species by a nonactivated process takes place. The second part includes the interaction of NO with pre-adsorbed NH4 + species to eventually form nitrosamide (NH2NO). The rate limiting step for this part as well as for the total SCR reaction is identified as NH3NHO formation reaction. The last part consists of the decomposition of NH2NO on the cluster which takes advantage of a hydrogen transfer mechanism between the active V=O and V-OH groups. Water and ammonia adsorption and dissociation are investigated on (101) and (001) anatase surfaces both represented by totally fixed and partially relaxed Ti2O9H10 clusters. Adsorption of H2O and NH3 by H-bonding on previously H2O and NH3 dissociated systems are also considered. By use of a (001) relaxed Ti2O9H10 cluster, the role of anatase support on SCR reaction is investigated. Since NH2NO formation on Ti2O9H10 cluster requires lower activation barriers than on V2O5 surface, it is proposed that the role of titanium dioxide on SCR reaction could be forming NH2NO. The role of vanadium oxide is crucial in terms of dissociating this product into H2O and N2. Finally, NH3 adsorption is studied on a V2TiO14H14 cluster which represents a model for vanadia/titania surface.
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Easterling, Vencon G. "The Effects of Ceria Addition on Aging and Sulfation of Lean NOx Traps for Stand Alone and LNT-SCR Applications." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/cme_etds/17.

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THE EFFECTS OF CERIA ADDITION ON AGING AND SULFATION OF LEAN NOx TRAPS FOR STAND ALONE AND LNT-SCR APPLICATIONS Model powder and fully formulated monolithic lean NOx trap (LNT) catalysts were used to investigate the effect of ceria on desulfation behavior. Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) experiments (model catalysts) showed each of the oxide phases present is able to store sulfur and possesses distinct behavior (temperature at which desulfation occurs). La-CeO2 or CeO2-ZrO2-containing samples (monoliths) showed a greater resistance to deactivation during sulfation and required lower temperatures to restore the NOx storage efficiency to its pre-sulfation value. Fully formulated monolithic LNT catalysts containing varying amounts of Pt, Rh and BaO were subjected to accelerated aging to elucidate the effect of washcoat composition on LNT aging. Elemental analysis revealed that residual sulfur, associated with the Ba phase, decreased catalyst NOx storage capacity and that sintering of the precious metals resulted in decreased contact between the Pt and Ba phases. Spatially-resolved inlet capillary mass spectrometry (SpaciMS) was employed to understand the factors influencing the selectivity of NOx reduction in LNT catalysts degreened and thermally aged) containing Pt, Rh, BaO and Al2O3, and contained La-stabilized CeO2. Stretching of the NOx storage and reduction zone (NSR) zone resulted in increased selectivity to NH3 due to the fact that less catalyst was available to consume NH3 by either the NH3-NOx SCR reaction or the NH3-O2 reaction. Additionally, the loss of oxygen storage capacity (OSC) and NOx storage sites, along with the decreased rate of NOx diffusion to Pt/Rh sites, led to an increase in the rate of propagation of the reductant front after aging, in turn, resulting in increased H2:NOx ratios at the Pt/Rh sites and consequently increased selectivity to NH3. Finally, a crystallite scale model was used to predict selectivity to NH3 from the LNT catalysts during rich conditions after a fixed amount of NOx was stored during lean conditions. Both the experimental and model predicted data showed that the production of NH3 is limited by the rate of diffusion from the Ba storage sites to the Pt particles at 200 °C. At 300 °C, the process is limited by the rate at which H2 is fed to the reactor.
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Yang, Terris Tianxue. "A novel fluidized bed reactor for integrated NOx adsorption-reduction with hydrocarbons." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2360.

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An integrated NOx adsorption-reduction process has been proposed in this study for the treatment of flue gases under lean-burn conditions by decoupling the adsorption and reduction into two different zones. The hypothesis has then been validated in a novel internal circulating fluidized bed. The adsorption and reaction performance of Fe/ZSM-5 for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with propylene was investigated in a fixed bed reactor. The fine Fe/ZSM-5(Albemarle) catalyst showed reasonable NOx adsorption capacity, and the adsorption performance of the catalyst was closely related to the particle size and other catalyst properties. Fe/ZSM-5 catalyst was sensitive to the reaction temperature and space velocity, and exhibited acceptable activity when O₂ concentration was controlled at a low level. Water in the flue gas was found to slightly enhance the reactivity of Fe/ZSM-5(Albemarle), while the presence of CO₂ showed little effect. SO₂ severely inhibited the reactivity of Fe/ZSM-5(Albemarle), and the deactivated catalyst could be only partially regenerated. Configurations of the reactor influenced the hydrodynamic performance significantly in a cold model internal circulating fluidized bed (ICFB) reactor. For all configurations investigated, the high gas bypass ratio from the annulus to draft tube (RAD) and low draft tube to annulus gas bypass ratio (RDA) were observed, with the highest RDA associated with the conical distributor which showed the flexible and stable operation over a wide range of gas velocities. Solids circulation rates increased with the increase of gas velocities both in the annulus and the draft tube. Gas bypass was also studied in a hot model ICFB reactor. The results showed that the orientation of perforated holes on the conical distributor could be adjusted to reduce RAD and/or enhance RDA. Coarse Fe/ZSM-5(PUC) and fine Fe/ZSM-5(Albemarle) catalysts were used in an ICFB and a conventional bubbling fluidized bed to test the NOx reduction performance. Coarse Fe/ZSM-5(PUC) catalyst showed poor catalytic activity, while fine Fe/ZSM-5(Albemarle) catalyst exhibited promising NOx reduction performance and strong inhibiting ability to the negative impact of excessive O₂ in the ICFB reactor, proving that the adsorption-reduction two-zone reactor is effective for the NOx removal from oxygen-rich combustion flue gases.
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Trigell, Emelie. "CFD-simulations of urea-waterspray in an after-treatment systemusing Star-CCM+." Thesis, KTH, Mekanik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-250015.

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The legislation has forced the vehicle industry to reduce tail-end emissions. The air pollutant nitrogen oxide (NOX) has been shown to have a negative impact on human health and the environment. One of the key technologies to reduce the levels of NOX emitted from a vehicle is by implementing an after-treatment system. The after-treatment system includes catalysts, a particle filter and an evaporation system. In the evaporation system a liquid jet containing a urea-water solution known as AdBlue is injected into the hot exhaust gases to evaporate into gaseous ammonia NH3 and water H2O. Then NH3 enters the Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) catalyst where it chemically reacts with NOX to form N2 and H2O. Problems can arise if an excessive amount of AdBlue is injected and a fluid film is formed on evaporation surfaces. At certain operating conditions the fluid film can crystallise and form solid deposits. The solid deposits can cause high back-pressure, material deterioration and ammonia slip. This project is done in collaboration with Scania CV AB. Scania is a world-leading manufacturer of heavy-duty vehicles, busses and engines. Scania works continuously to develop new simulation methods to capture the complex phenomena of AdBlue spray, wall film dynamics and risk of solid deposits, to use in the development process of new components. The aim of this project is to implement and evaluate a new method to predict the risk of crystallisation of urea (AdBlue) using the software Star-CCM+. Two different geometries are studied, a test rig and a Scania silencer. Different operating conditions, parameter settings and a speed-up method are analysed. During the project a base-line model has been created and the results have been compared with measurement results and the software AVL Fire. The results on the test rig show the effect of altering the mesh and important model parameters. Injected particles are grouped into parcels with the same properties. The number of parcels is a crucial factor for the wall film formation and should be sufficiently high to get a statistical representation of the droplet size distribution. The results from the real silencer show strong evaporation and thin wall film formation with the suggested method. The method is shown to be stable and the software is user-friendly. A speed-up method was investigated to decrease the computational time. The computational time was reduced by a factor 20. The outcome of this project is a guide for set-up of AdBlue spray and wall film simulations. Recommendations to future work includes further validation of the settings, investigation of the evaporation rate and droplet size distribution and the application to other cases. The next step is also to tune the critical thresholds for deposit risk assessment.
Lagstiftning har tvingat fordonstillverkare att minska avgasutsläppen. Luftföroreningen kväveoxid (NOX) har visat sig ha en negativ inverkan på människors hälsa och på miljön. En viktig teknik för att minska utsläppen av NOX ¨ar att implementera ett efterbehandlingssystem. Efterbehandlingssystemet tar hand om avgaserna genom substrat, filter och ett förångningssystem. I förångningssystemet sprutas en urea-vattenlösning, som kallas AdBlue, in i de heta avgaserna där den förångas till ammoniak NH3 och vatten H2O. Ammoniakgasen leds därefter in till SCR katalysatorn där den kemiskt reagerar med NOX och bildar kvävgas N2 och vattenånga. Problem kan uppstå om fel mängd AdBlue sprutas in, då kan vätska byggas upp på förångsningsytor, kristallisera och bilda avlagringar. Avlagringarna kan bygga upp en solid klump som kan orsaka ett högt mottryck, nedbrytning av material och ammoniakslip. Detta arbete är ett samarbete med Scania CV AB som är en världsledande producent av lastbilar, bussar och motorer. Scania arbetar kontinuerligt med att utveckla nya simuleringsvertyg för att beskriva uppkomsten av Urea avlagringar för att använda i utvecklingen av nya komponenter. Syftet med detta arbete är att implementera och utvärdera en ny metod för att prediktera klump mha simuleringsverktyget Star-CCM+. Två olika geometrier är använd i arbetet: en testrigg och en av Scanias ljuddämpare. Olika driftspunkter, parametrar och en uppsnabbad metod är studerade. Under projektets gång har en modell byggts upp och jämförts med mätningar och simuleringar från programvaran AVL Fire. Resultatet från simuleringarna på testriggen visar effekten av att variera olika parametrar. Partiklarna som sprutas in i systemet är grupperade i paket med liknande egenskaper. Antalet paket påverkar uppbyggnaden av väggfilm och det rekommenderas att denna parameter hålls hög för att statistiskt beskriva droppfördelningen av partiklar. Resultaten på ljuddämparen visar en stark förångning och en tunn väggfilm för samtliga driftspunkter. Den implementerade metoden har visat sig vara stabil och användarvänlig. En uppsnabbad metod har utvärderats för att minska beräkningstiden. Beräkningstiden kunde minskas med en faktor 20. Resultatet av arbetet är en guide för hur metoden implementeras och bör användas. Rekommendationer till framtida arbete är en fortsatt undersökning av parametrar, utvärdering av förångningsmodellen, validering av droppstorleksfördelningen och tillämpningen på andra geometrier. Nästa steg i utvecklingen skulle vara att kalibrera tröskelvärden för prediktering av klump.
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Lutz, Heather Scholz. "Evaluation and selection of supply chain initiatives model including customer utilities and competitive reaction /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Wang, Bo. "Studies toward the synthesis of forskolin and phomactin A using the dihydropyrone Diels-Alder reaction." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Roser, Joseph E. Vidali Gianfranco. "Laboratory simulations of chemical reactions on dust grains in the interstellar medium." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Morling, Stig. "SBR-technology - use and potential applications for treatment of cold wastewater." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10550.

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Biological nutrient removal is used as an indicator of SBR performance at nine different SBRplants operated for a long period at low water temperatures (5 – 10oC). Typically needed aeratedSRT (Solids Residence Time) for complete nitrification is found to be in the range of 6 – 10 days.Biological phosphorus removal has been found to take place at 5oC. The specific nitrification and denitrification rates (g N/kg VSS/h) have been found to besubstantially higher than those found in design recommendations. At temperatures < 10 oC thenitrification rates have been found up to 4 g Nox/kg VSS/h. It has also been possible to establish a relation between the COD/N ratio and the nitrificationrate, showing that the rate increases to high rates when the ratio decreases. Enhanced biological phosphorus removal has been demonstrated at two different plants even atlow water temperatures 5 – 7 oC. Efficient biological nitrogen removal and phosphorus removal has been demonstrated at bothlow water temperatures and in presence of very high Chromium concentrations in inlet water, upto 20 mg Cr/l. The plants operated with a short fill time in comparison with the total cycle time for the SBRprocess have all demonstrated good sludge settling properties, suggesting that the SBR processmay incorporate a good sludge selection performance. Once a flexible operation strategy has been installed (in most cases through PLC systems) it hasbeen possible to meet load variations to maintain good treatment results. This has been found tobe true for most of the plants included in the thesis. Finally, a modified way to assess the energy efficiency for the system is analysed and suggested.Instead of using the traditional ratio kWh/kg BODremoved the use of kWh/kg OCPremoved as a basisfor energy efficiency is used as a far more relevant efficiency measurement.
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Guo, Changning Nafie Laurence A. Freedman Teresa B. "Enantiomeric excess determination and reaction monitoring of chiral molecules using near-infrared and mid-infrared vibrational circular dichroism." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Books on the topic "SCR reaction"

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Haggerty, Kenneth Allen. The use of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for the removal of organics and nutrients when subjected to intermittent loading. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999.

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Drug-induced immune diseases. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1990.

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Briggs, Gerald G. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: A reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1990.

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1935-, Freeman Roger K., and Yaffe Sumner J. 1923-, eds. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. 7th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.

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1935-, Freeman Roger K., and Yaffe Sumner J. 1923-, eds. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: A reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.

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Briggs, Gerald G. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: A reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk on CD-ROM. [Philadelphia, Pa.]: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 1999.

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Innes, Martin, and Helen Innes. Signal Crimes, Social Reactions, and the Future of Environmental Criminology. Edited by Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.11.

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This chapter examines the precepts associated with the signal crimes perspective (SCP). It begins by setting out that a signal is something that transmits messages to an audience. Thinking in terms of signals and “signaling” opens up new ways of seeing crime, disorder, and social control. In particular, it keys into an event-based unit of analysis, as opposed to measuring impacts in an aggregated form. Having laid out the conceptual apparatus of the SCP, the discussion proceeds on to briefly consider how SCP compares with more established criminological frameworks for studying reactions to and consequences of crime. The latter sections of the chapter focus on the ways that changes to the information environment, associated with an era of “big data” and social media, are altering the incidents that signal and how their impacts travel across space and time.
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Kraus, Alfred. Reaction and development of manic and melancholic-depressive patients. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609253.003.0018.

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The significance of Jaspers’ differentiation of the notions of reaction and development in his General Psychopathology is shown by clinical examples of manic and melancholic as well as bipolar disturbances. Supplemented by his concepts of “situation” and “comprehensibility” the relevance of all these concepts for diagnostic classification, development and symptomatology of these states is demonstrated and discussed. These issues are compared with extended modern empirical and psychopathological research, in particular that on the personality structure of these patients. The results are brought in connection with Jaspers’ important concepts of the antinomic structure of human being, borderline situation and sc. “Gehäuse” in order to deepen our understanding of the clinical states of melancholia and mania on the background of the identity structure of these patients.
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Kennedy, Paul. Session 1: Introduction to Stress and Coping. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195339734.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 outlines the first session of coping effectiveness training (CET) for spinal cord injury (SCI). This session introduces stress, common reactions to stress, and the influencers of stress, as well as the stressful effects of SCI in particular. The cognitive theory of stress and coping is also explored.
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Kennedy, Paul. Session 3: Problem Solving. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195339734.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 discusses the third CET session for SCI. This session focuses on problem solving, and uses example scenarios to illustrate steps that can be taken to effective problem-solving (including relationship scenarios, wheelchair-access situations, and the reactions of others to your disability).
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Book chapters on the topic "SCR reaction"

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Wei, Lu, Suping Cui, Hongxia Guo, Xiaoyu Ma, and Boxue Sun. "Mechanism of SO2 Influence on Mn/TiO2 for Low Temperature SCR Reaction." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 789–96. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0158-2_81.

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Nova, Isabella, and Enrico Tronconi. "Kinetics of NH3-SCR Reactions Over V2O5–WO3/TiO2 Catalyst." In Urea-SCR Technology for deNOx After Treatment of Diesel Exhausts, 273–310. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8071-7_10.

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Karamitros, Dimitrios, and Grigorios Koltsakis. "SCR Reactor Models for Flow-Through and Wall-Flow Converters." In Urea-SCR Technology for deNOx After Treatment of Diesel Exhausts, 385–424. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8071-7_13.

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Xingxing, Cheng, and Jin Baosheng. "Numerical Investigation of the Entire Boiler System with SCR De-NOx Reactor." In Electrostatic Precipitation, 567–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89251-9_115.

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Rambaldi, Pier Francesco. "Follow-Up of Pulmonary Cancer After Surgery: Granulomatous Reaction on Scar." In Whole-Body FDG PET Imaging in Oncology, 293–96. Milano: Springer Milan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5295-6_67.

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Wagemans, J., E. Malambu, and L. Borms. "The Neutron Standard Fields at the BR1 Reactor at SCK•CEN." In Reactor Dosimetry: 14th International Symposium, 512–20. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp155020120039.

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Wagemans, J., E. Malambu, and L. Borms. "The Neutron Standard Fields at the BR1 Reactor at SCK•CEN." In Reactor Dosimetry: 14th International Symposium, 512–20. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp49636t.

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Ulrich, Magda M. W. "Fetal Wound Healing." In Textbook on Scar Management, 3–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44766-3_1.

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AbstractFirst- and second-trimester fetal skin wounds are known to heal without scarring.Research has excluded factors like the sterile uterine environment as the cause of scarless repair, and it is believed that scarless healing is an intrinsic property of early fetal skin. However, increasing wound size and induction of the inflammatory reaction can evoke a scar response in the fetus.For decades, research is performed to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for scarless healing in fetuses. Much research has been performed in animal studies, and several mechanisms have been proposed to be involved such as the microenvironment and the extracellular matrix, a reduced inflammatory response, differences in growth factor profile, and differences in fibroblast phenotype.It is clear that the wound healing process leading to scarless healing cannot be attributed to just one factor or mechanism but will be the result of a complex of interconnected processes.This chapter describes some of the possible mechanisms which may play a role in scarless healing.
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Iwasaki, Masaoki. "Mechanistic Aspect of NO–NH3–O2 Reacting System." In Urea-SCR Technology for deNOx After Treatment of Diesel Exhausts, 221–46. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8071-7_8.

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Haifeng, Chen. "Research and Application of Numerical Calculation methods in SCR DeNOx Reactor & Duct Design." In Electrostatic Precipitation, 611–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89251-9_126.

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Conference papers on the topic "SCR reaction"

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Song, Xiaobo, Gordon Parker, John H. Johnson, Jeffrey Naber, and Josh Pihl. "A Modeling Study of SCR Reaction Kinetics from Reactor Experiments." In SAE 2013 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-1576.

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Smith, Michael A., Christopher D. Depcik, Stefan Klinkert, John W. Hoard, Stanislav V. Bohac, and Dionissios N. Assanis. "NO2 Reaction Pathways With NH3 on an Fe-Zeolite SCR Catalyst." In ASME 2011 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2011-60114.

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One approach for nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission control of medium duty diesel engines is through the use of a combination Lean NOx Trap and Selective Catalytic Reduction (LNT-SCR) catalyst system. In this system, part of the NOx conversion occurs via an NH3 SCR catalyst that is dependent on the NO2 to NOx ratio of the feed gas with NO2 being a more advantageous oxidizer. One benefit of using this system is the conversion of NO to NO2 over the LNT which increases the NO2:NOx ratio of the feed gas to the SCR catalyst. An experimental study has been performed to investigate the NO2-NH3 reaction for an Fe-based zeolite SCR catalyst using a bench top flow reactor. The increase in NO2 concentration at the inlet of the SCR results in the formation of large quantities of N2O from 200°C to 400°C. Further experiments determined that N2O and NH3 react above 350°C. This has led to a hypothesis that one primary SCR reaction (Slow SCR) can be replaced with two reaction steps featuring NH3, NO2, and N2O. As a result, this paper proposes five NOx reduction reactions as part of a global mechanism, which would account for the observed experimental behavior.
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Uchiumi, Naoko, Hiroshi Hirabayashi, Shinya Sato, and Takafumi Yamauchi. "Numerical Study of Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms of Urea SCR." In WCX™ 17: SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-0973.

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Kawaguchi, Munemichi, Shinya Miyahara, and Masayoshi Uno. "Discussion About Sodium-Concrete Reaction in Presence of Internal Heater." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-82233.

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Sodium-concrete reaction (SCR) is one of the important phenomena during severe accidents in sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFRs) owing to the generation of large sources of hydrogen and aerosols in the containment vessel [1–3]. In this study, SCR experiments were performed to investigate the chemical reaction beneath the internal heater (800 °C), which was used to simulate the obstacle and heating effect for SCR. Furthermore, the effects of the internal heater on the self-termination mechanism were discussed. The internal heater on the concrete seemed to hinder the transport of Na into the concrete. Therefore, Na could react with the concrete at the periphery of the internal heater. The concrete ablation depth at the periphery was larger than under the internal heater. However, the Na concentration around the reaction front was about 30 wt.% despite the position of the internal heater. The Na concentration was similar to that of Na2SiO3, which was almost same as that in our past study [4–5]. It was found that the Na concentration condition was one of the dominant parameters for the self-termination of SCR, even in the presence of the internal heater.
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Devarakonda, Maruthi, Russell Tonkyn, Diana Tran, Jong Lee, and Darrell Herling. "Modeling Species Inhibition of NO Oxidation in Urea-SCR Catalysts for Diesel Engine NOx Control." In ASME 2010 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2010-35054.

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Urea-selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts are regarded as the leading NOx aftertreatment technology to meet the 2010 NOx emission standards for on-highway vehicles running on heavy-duty diesel engines. However, issues such as low NOx conversion at low temperature conditions still exist due to various factors, including incomplete urea thermolysis, inhibition of SCR reactions by hydrocarbons and H2O. We have observed a noticeable reduction in the standard SCR reaction efficiency at low temperature with increasing water content. We observed a similar effect when hydrocarbons are present in the stream. This effect is absent under fast SCR conditions where NO ∼ NO2 in the feed gas. As a first step in understanding the effects of such inhibition on SCR reaction steps, kinetic models that predict the inhibition behavior of H2O and hydrocarbons on NO oxidation are presented in the paper. A one-dimensional SCR model was developed based on conservation of species equations and was coded as a C-language S-function and implemented in Matlab/Simulink environment. NO oxidation and NO2 dissociation kinetics were defined as a function of the respective adsorbate’s storage in the SCR catalyst. The corresponding kinetic models were then validated on temperature ramp tests that showed good match with the test data.
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Matsuoka, Masahiro, Takaaki Kitamura, Akira Obuchi, Jun Tsuchida, Satoshi Sakaida, Kotaro Tanaka, and Mitsuru Konno. "Isocyanic acid hydrolysis and ammonia-SCR reaction over hydrothermally aged Cu-ZSM5." In 2019 JSAE/SAE Powertrains, Fuels and Lubricants. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-2234.

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Ido, Takahiko, Masafumi Kunieda, Yuki Miwa, Ken Yoshimura, Yasuki Tamura, and Kazushige Ohno. "The NH3-SCR Reaction Performance with Fe/Zeolite Based Catalytic Honeycomb Substrate." In SAE World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-0906.

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Seki, Keiichiro, Rikuto Ueyama, Yoshihisa Tsukamoto, Kenya Ogawa, Kohei Oka, Ratnak Sok, and Jin Kusaka. "Reaction Analysis and Modeling of Fast SCR in a Cu-Chabazite SCR Catalyst Considering Generation and Decomposition of Ammonium Nitrate." In 15th International Conference on Engines & Vehicles. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2021-24-0073.

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Jeong, Soo-Jin, Woo-Seung Kim, Jung-Kwon Park, Ho-Kil Lee, and Se-Doo Oh. "The Development and Implementation of Model-Based Control Algorithm of Urea-SCR Dosing System for Improving De-NOx Performance and Reducing NH3-Slip." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2011 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajk2011-23011.

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The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system is a highly-effective aftertreatment device for NOx reduction of diesel engines. Generally, the ammonia (NH3) was generated from reaction mechanism of SCR in the SCR system using the liquid urea as the reluctant. Therefore, the precise urea dosing control is a very important key for NOx and NH3 slip reduction in the SCR system. This paper investigated NOx and NH3 emission characteristics of urea-SCR dosing system based on model-based control algorithm in order to reduce NOx. In the map-based control algorithm, target amount of urea solution was determined by mass flow rate of exhaust gas obtained from engine rpm, torque and O2 for feed-back control NOx concentration should be measured by NOx sensor. Moreover, this algorithm cannot estimate NH3 absorbed on the catalyst Hence, the urea injection can be too rich or too lean. In this study, the model-based control algorithm was developed and evaluated based on the analytic model for SCR system. The channel thermo-fluid model coupled with finely tuned chemical reaction model was applied to this control algorithm. The vehicle test was carried out by using map-based and model-based control algorithms in the NEDC mode in order to evaluate the performance of the model based control algorithm.
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Tsukamoto, Yoshihisa, Shun Utaki, Wencong Zhang, Takao Fukuma, and Jin Kusaka. "Effects of Soot Deposition on NOx Purification Reaction and Mass Transfer in a SCR/DPF Catalyst." In International Powertrains, Fuels & Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-1707.

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Reports on the topic "SCR reaction"

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Mark Crocker. Development of Nitric Oxide Oxidation Catalysts for the Fast SCR Reaction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/892753.

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Gleicher, Frederick, Ryan Stewart, Nicolas Martin, and Samuel Bays. Misuse Detection for a Generalized SFR Test Reactor. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1785379.

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Bernard A. Toseland, Ph D. ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF SLURRY BUBBLE COLUMN REACTOR (SBCR)TECHNOLOGY. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/783047.

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Bernard A. Toseland, Ph D. ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF SLURRY BUBBLE COLUMN REACTOR (SBCR) TECHNOLOGY. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/783049.

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Toseland, B. A. Engineering Development of Slurry Bubble Column Reactor (SBCR) Technology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1304.

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Hanush, R. G., S. F. Rice, T. B. Hunter, and J. D. Aiken. Operation and performance of the Supercritical Fluids Reactor (SFR). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/135106.

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Suo-Anttila, Ahti Jorma. Dynamic reactor modeling with applications to SPR and ZEDNA. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1177062.

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Bernard A. Toseland. ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF SLURRY BUBBLE COLUMN REACTOR (SBCR) TECHNOLOGY. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/822929.

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Bernard A. Toseland. ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF SLURRY BUBBLE COLUMN REACTOR (SBCR) TECHNOLOGY. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/823766.

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Bernard A. Toseland. ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF SLURRY BUBBLE COLUMN REACTOR (SBCR) TECHNOLOGY. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/823767.

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