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Journal articles on the topic 'SCR reaction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Lee, Tsungyu, and Hsunling Bai. "Byproduct Analysis of SO2 Poisoning on NH3-SCR over MnFe/TiO2 Catalysts at Medium to Low Temperatures." Catalysts 9, no. 3 (March 15, 2019): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9030265.

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The byproducts of ammonia-selective catalytic reduction (NH3-SCR) process over MnFe/TiO2 catalysts under the conditions of both with and without SO2 poisoning were analyzed. In addition to the NH3-SCR reaction, the NH3 oxidation and the NO oxidation reactions were also evaluated at temperatures of 100–300 °C to clarify the reactions occurred during the SCR process. The results indicated that major byproducts for the NH3 oxidation and NO oxidation tests were N2O and NO2, respectively, and their concentrations increased as the reaction temperature increased. For the NH3-SCR test without the presence of SO2, it revealed that N2O was majorly from the NH3-SCR reaction instead of from NH3 oxidation reaction. The byproducts of N2O and NO2 for the NH3-SCR reaction also increased after increasing the reaction temperature, which caused the decreasing of N2-selectivity and NO consumption. For the NH3-SCR test with SO2 at 150 °C, there were two decay stages during SO2 poisoning. The first decay was due to a certain amount of NH3 preferably reacted with SO2 instead of with NO or O2. Then the catalysts were accumulated with metal sulfates and ammonium salts, which caused the second decay of NO conversion. The effluent N2O increased as poisoning time increased, which was majorly from oxidation of unreacted NH3. On the other hand, for the NH3-SCR test with SO2 at 300 °C, the NO conversion was not decreased after increasing the poisoning time, but the N2O byproduct concentration was high. However, the SO2 led to the formation of metal sulfates, which might inhibit NO oxidation reactions and cause the concentration of N2O gradually decreased as well as the N2-selectivity increased.

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2

Wang, Zhanguang, Yuanqing Zhu, Song Zhou, and Yongming Feng. "Reaction mechanism and chemical kinetics of NH3-NO/NO2-SCR system with vanadium-based catalyst under marine diesel exhaust conditions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 234, no. 3 (June 24, 2019): 342–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650919857618.

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As one of the most effective NOx emission removing technologies to meet the Tier III limitation by International Maritime Organization, urea-selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology is starting to be used in two-stroke marine diesel engines. Based on the two-cycle catalytic mechanism proposed by Topsoe, in combination with the exhaust characteristics of the marine diesel, expansion studies on detailed SCR reaction model were carried out in this paper. According to the temperature dependence of reaction pathway, SCR reaction model was divided into three parts: low temperature reaction pathway, standard SCR reaction pathway, and high temperature oxidation pathways, and an expanded NH3-NO/NO2-SCR reaction model for V2O5 catalyst was proposed in the paper. In order to verify the accuracy of the expanded SCR reaction model, simulating and testing studies of SCR reaction under marine diesel conditions were carried out with a commercial extruded V2O5/TiO2 catalyst. The simulation values are agreed well with experimental values at 150–500 ℃, and kinetics characteristics of SCR reaction process under V2O5/TiO2 catalyst can be predicted accurately with the expanded NH3-NO/NO2-SCR reaction model.

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3

Li, Songfeng, Chunhua Zhang, Ao Zhou, Yangyang Li, Peng Yin, Chunfang Mu, and Jinyuan Xu. "Experimental and kinetic modeling study for N2O formation of NH3-SCR over commercial Cu-zeolite catalyst." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 13, no. 4 (April 2021): 168781402110106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878140211010648.

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In this paper, a systematic experimental and kinetic model investigation was conducted over Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst to study the DeNOx efficiency and N2O formation for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 (NH3-SCR). The kinetic model was developed for various reactions to take place in the NH3-SCR system, including NH3 adsorption/desorption, NH3 oxidation, NO oxidation, standard SCR, fast SCR, slow SCR and N2O formation reactions. In addition, the reaction of N2O formation from NH3 non-selective oxidation was taken into account. All the experiments were performed in a flow reactor with a feed stream near to the real application of diesel engine vehicles exhaust. The current model can satisfactorily predict the steady state conversion rate of various species at the reactor outlet and the effect of gas hourly space velocities and ammonia nitrogen ratio on N2O formation. The results show that the kinetic model can simulate the reaction process of the Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst well. This is significant for the optimization of NH3-SCR system for achieving the higher DeNOx efficiency and the lower N2O emission.

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4

MAUNULA, Teuvo. "Combination of LNT and SCR for NOx reduction in passenger car applications." Combustion Engines 157, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-116945.

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The removal of NOx and particulate emissions in light-duty diesel vehicles will require the use of aftertreatment methods like Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) with urea and Lean NOx Trap (LNT) (Euro 6 and beyond). A new concept is the combination of LNT + SCR, which enables on-board synthesis of ammonia (NH3), which reacts with NOx on the SCR catalyst. The main application for this kind system will be lighter passenger cars, where LNTs may be used instead of full urea-SCR system. That particular combinatory system was investigated by developing platinum (Pt) and rhodium (Rh) containing LNTs and SCR catalysts in this study. In the use conditions, the maximum temperature may reach temperatures up to 800 °C and NOx reduction reactions should proceed without NO2 assistance in the SCR position after LNT and DPF. PtRh/LNT with the total loadings of 85 g/cft (2.8 g/L) and higher resulted in a high NOx efficiency above 80–90% with a broad operation window in the laboratory simulations. In the experimental conditions, a higher NH3 concentration after LNT was essential to simulate well the operation of SCR catalysts. The developed Cu-SCR catalyst showed a high hydrothermal durability up to the ageing temperature of 800 °C and a wide operation window without the NO2 assistance (NO only in feed). Fe-SCR and V-SCR catalysts were more dependent on NO2. A studied concept had an air injection after LNT to keep SCR condition always in lean side, where the SCR reaction was promoted by oxygen resulting in high reduction selectivity to nitrogen (N2) without NH3 emissions. The simulations in reaction conditions and system design resulted in the proposals for the optimal design and main reaction mechanism in DOC + DPF + LNT + SCR systems.

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5

Hongjuan, Ren, Lou Diming, Zhu Jian, and Luo Yiping. "Dynamic Model Parameter Identification and Simulation of SCR Based on Genetic Algorithm§." Open Chemical Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (July 31, 2015): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874123101509010062.

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The Selective Catalytic Reduce (SCR) is studied. The unknown parameters of the SCR kinetic model equations are fitted based on the Genetic Algorithm (GA), which is in the range of the allowable error, compared to the experimental data. Then in AVL Boost software, the simulation results of SCR reaction are obtained. Compared to the test data, the simulation results prove that the parameter identification is effective. At last, the SCR reaction is simulated in AVL Boost, and at the same exhaust temperature, the effect of GHSV and NSR on the SCR reaction is studied.

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6

Casanova, Marzia, Sara Colussi, and Alessandro Trovarelli. "Investigation of Iron Vanadates for Simultaneous Carbon Soot Abatement and NH3-SCR." Catalysts 8, no. 4 (March 26, 2018): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8040130.

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FeVO4 and Fe0.5Er0.5VO4 were prepared and loaded over standard Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) supports based on TiO2-WO3-SiO2 (TWS) and redox active supports like CeO2 and CeZrO2 with the aim of finding a suitable formulation for simultaneous soot abatement and NH3-SCR and to understand the level of interaction between the two reactions. A suitable bi-functional material was identified in the composition FeVO4/CeZrO2 where an SCR active component is added over a redox active support, to increase carbon oxidation properties. The influence of the presence of ammonia in soot oxidation and the effect of the presence of soot on SCR reaction have been addressed. It is found that the addition of NO and NO/NH3 mixtures decreases at different levels the oxidation temperature of carbon soot, while the presence of carbon adversely affects the NH3-SCR reaction by increasing the oxidation of NH3 to NO, thus lowering the NO removal efficiency.

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7

Offei, S. K., M. Owuna-Kwakye, and G. Thottappilly. "First Report of East African Cassava Mosaic Begomovirus in Ghana." Plant Disease 83, no. 9 (September 1999): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.9.877c.

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Virus species causing cassava mosaic disease have been categorized into three classes based on their reaction with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and their distribution (2). These viruses have different, scarcely overlapping distribution: African cassava mosaic begomovirus (ACMV) occurs in Africa west of the Rift Valley and in South Africa; East African cassava mosaic (EACMV) occurs in Africa east of the Rift Valley and in Madagascar; and Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV) occurs in India and Sri Lanka (2). During 1998, surveys were conducted in farmers' fields in Ghana to assess the incidence and reaction of local cassava cultivars to cassava mosaic disease. Leaf samples from symptomatic plants were indexed by triple antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with crude extracts and monoclonal antibodies obtained from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Each sample was assayed with monoclonal antibody SCR 23, which detects ACMV and EACMV, SCR 33, which detects ACMV, and SCR 58, which detects ICMV. None of the samples reacted with SCR 58. Two of the samples collected from the western region of Ghana produced strong reactions with MAb SCR23 but did not react with ACMV-specific MAb SCR 33. This result was consistent in three separate experiments conducted on the samples, confirming that the virus was EACMV and not ACMV. The results extend the work by Ogbe et al. (1) and provide further evidence of the occurrence of EACMV in west Africa. References: (1) F. O. Ogbe et al. Plant Dis 83:398, 1999. (2) M. M. Swanson and B. D. Harrison. Trop. Sci. 34:15, 1994.

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8

Wang, Qian, Duo Zhang, Jing Wang, and Shuo Li. "Simulation and Optimization of Urea-SCR System in Diesel Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 316-317 (April 2013): 1156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.316-317.1156.

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A three-dimensional Urea-SCR catalytic converter model was simulated with the method of CFD coupled with chemical reaction dynamic in this paper. With the modeling of urea solution injection and spray, the urea spray angle was optimized to reduce the urea wallfilm on the pipe wall. The flow fields and component distributions of a full scale Urea-SCR catalyst system were obtained to analyze the flow and chemical reaction characteristic of SCR system. Finally, an SCR system with a simple blade SCR mixer was simulated, the results indicated that the mixer can accelerate the evaporation and thermolysis of urea solution, and improve reductant uniformity and NOx conversion efficiency of Urea-SCR system.

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9

Xiao, You Hong, Wei Zheng, Yu Shan Jin, and Xin Na Tian. "Investigation on the Simulation of Control Strategy for a SCR System." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 770–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.770.

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In this paper, the model of SCR after-treatment system is established by the software MATLAB and the control strategy for the system is studied also. Based on Eley-rideal mechanism, four major chemical reactions including the adsorption of ammonia, desorption of ammonia, selective catalytic reduction and oxidation of adsorbed ammonia are selected to study the SCR control strategy. Based on the energy conservation law, the equation calculating the temperature of the layered model is derived. Combined with the equations of chemical reaction process, a mathematical model of SCR catalytic converter is established. To achieve a high NOXreduction efficiency of SCR system, the reasonable and efficacious control strategies for the micro-element models of SCR catalytic is simulated, which including the feedback control strategy based on the feed-forward controller and the PID control strategy.

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10

Zhu, Yuanqing, Qichen Hou, Majed Shreka, Lu Yuan, Song Zhou, Yongming Feng, and Chong Xia. "Ammonium-Salt Formation and Catalyst Deactivation in the SCR System for a Marine Diesel Engine." Catalysts 9, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9010021.

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Due to the low temperature and complex composition of the exhaust gas of the marine diesel engine, the working requirements of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst cannot be met directly. Moreover, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and other ammonium deposits are formed at low temperatures, which block the surface or the pore channels of the SCR catalyst, thereby resulting in its reduction or even its loss of activity. Considering the difficulty of the marine diesel engine bench test and the limitation of the catalyst sample test, a one-dimensional simulation model of the SCR system was built in this paper. In addition, the deactivation reaction process of the ammonium salt in the SCR system and its influencing factors were studied. Based on the gas phase and the surface reaction kinetics, the models of the urea decomposition, the surface denitrification, the nitrate deactivation, and the sulfate deactivation were both constructed and verified in terms of accuracy. Moreover, the formation/decomposition reaction pathway and the catalytic deactivation of ammonium nitrate and ammonium bisulfate, as well as the composition concentration and the exhaust gas temperature range were correspondingly clarified. The results showed that within a certain range, the increase of the NO2/NOx ratio was conducive to the fast SCR reaction and the NH4NO3 formation’s reaction. Increasing the exhaust gas temperature also raised the NO2/NOx ratio, which was beneficial to both the fast SCR reaction and the NH4NO3 decomposition reaction, respectively. Furthermore, the influence of the SO2 concentration on the denitrification efficiency decreased with the increase of the exhaust gas temperature because of increasing SCR reaction rate and reversibility of ammonia sulfate formation, and when the temperature of the exhaust gas was higher than 350 °C, the activity of the catalyst was almost unaffected by ammonia sulfate.

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11

Simons, Thomas, and Ulrich Simon. "Zeolites as nanoporous, gas-sensitive materials for in situ monitoring of DeNOx-SCR." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 3 (September 26, 2012): 667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.3.76.

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In a proof-of-concept study we demonstrate in situ reaction monitoring of DeNOx-SCR on proton-conducting zeolites serving as catalyst and gas sensor at the same time. By means of temperature-dependent impedance spectroscopy we found that the thermally induced NH3 desorption in H-form and in Fe-loaded zeolite H-ZSM-5 follow the same process, while a remarkable difference under DeNOx-SCR reaction conditions was found. The Fe-loaded catalyst shows a significantly lower onset temperature, and time-dependent measurements suggest different SCR reaction mechanisms for the two catalysts tested. These results may help in the development of catalysts for the reduction of NOx emissions and ammonia consumption, and provide insight into the elementary catalytic process promoting a full description of the NH3-SCR reaction system.

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12

Fu, Guangying, Junwen Chen, Yuqian Liang, Rui Li, Xiaobo Yang, and Jiuxing Jiang. "Cu-IM-5 as the Catalyst for Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with NH3: Role of Cu Species and Reaction Mechanism." Catalysts 11, no. 2 (February 7, 2021): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11020221.

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The role of Cu species in Cu ion-exchanged IM-5 zeolite (Cu-IM-5) regarding the performance in selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3 (NH3-SCR) and the reaction mechanism was studied. Based on H2 temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results, Cu–O–Cu and isolated Cu species are suggested as main Cu species existing in Cu-IM-5 and are active for SCR reaction. Cu–O–Cu species show a good NH3-SCR activity at temperatures below 250 °C, whereas their NH3 oxidation activity at higher temperatures hinders the SCR performance. At low temperatures, NH4NO3 and NH4NO2 are key reaction intermediates. In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) suggests a mixed Eley–Rideal (E–R) and Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) mechanism over Cu-IM-5 at low temperatures.

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13

Liu, Zhi Lin. "Study on 3D Modeling and Flow Field Simulation of Urea-SCR Catalytic Converter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 509 (February 2014): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.509.129.

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In this paper, the study on 3D modeling and flow field simulation of Urea-SCR system which installed on the tested diesel engine. After the research of Urea-SCR reaction theory and the time scale of each physical and chemical reaction process, the numerical model of SCR system was established. Through the analysis of the factors such as velocity, temperature and pressure of flow field at characteristic operating points, verifying the reliability of the model, which has important guiding significance to the structure design of Urea-SCR system.

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14

Yu, Yanke, Jiali Zhang, Changwei Chen, Mudi Ma, Chi He, Jifa Miao, Huirong Li, and Jinsheng Chen. "Selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 over TiO2 supported metal sulfate catalysts prepared via a sol–gel protocol." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 32 (2020): 13598–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj02647f.

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Metal sulfate catalysts exhibited high SO₂ tolerance in the NH₃-SCR reaction. The NH₃-SCR reaction mechanism on metal sulfate catalysts should follow the Eley–Rideal mechanism.

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15

Lin, Beilong, Jiawei Zhang, Haifeng Shi, Ziying Chen, and Boqiong Jiang. "Mechanism of the hydrocarbon resistance of selective catalytic reduction catalysts supported on different zeolites." Catalysis Science & Technology 11, no. 5 (2021): 1758–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cy02132f.

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Cu–Mn/SAPO-34 demonstrated excellent HC resistance, NOx complexes and NH₃ species could be formed and SCR reaction proceed. While on Cu–Mn/ZSM-5, the active site was occupied by acrylate leading to SCR reaction blocked.

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16

Wang, Wei, You Hong Xiao, and Xin Na Tian. "Investigation on the Simulation of SCR Chemical Reaction." Advanced Materials Research 569 (September 2012): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.569.193.

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Abstract. With the global environment worsening and the consciousness of protecting environment strengthening, the limitation of noxious gas from diesel engines is becoming more and more strictly. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) aftertreatment system has been applied to reduce Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) as a key technology. The urea solution injected into the tailpipe decomposes to ammonia, which will react with NOx on the surface of SCR catalyst. The main purpose of this paper is to study the effect of different concentrations of NO, NO2 and NH3 on the reactions taking place with SCR catalyst by simulation. Based on mass transfer equations and chemical kinetics the simulation results predict the concentrations of NO, NO2 and NH3 accurately. The mass conservation equations of species are solved by the software MATLAB. Some regulations can be revealed to improve the NOx conversion efficiency and reduced the NH3 slip.

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17

Damma, Devaiah, Padmanabha Ettireddy, Benjaram Reddy, and Panagiotis Smirniotis. "A Review of Low Temperature NH3-SCR for Removal of NOx." Catalysts 9, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9040349.

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The importance of the low-temperature selective catalytic reduction (LT-SCR) of NOx by NH3 is increasing due to the recent severe pollution regulations being imposed around the world. Supported and mixed transition metal oxides have been widely investigated for LT-SCR technology. However, these catalytic materials have some drawbacks, especially in terms of catalyst poisoning by H2O or/and SO2. Hence, the development of catalysts for the LT-SCR process is still under active investigation throughout seeking better performance. Extensive research efforts have been made to develop new advanced materials for this technology. This article critically reviews the recent research progress on supported transition and mixed transition metal oxide catalysts for the LT-SCR reaction. The review covered the description of the influence of operating conditions and promoters on the LT-SCR performance. The reaction mechanism, reaction intermediates, and active sites are also discussed in detail using isotopic labelling and in situ FT-IR studies.

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18

You, Kun Kun, Xiao Cheng Ma, Jian Tao Liu, Xian Ping Zeng, and Jian Xing Ren. "Characteristic Analysis of SCR Flue Gas Denitrification Catalyst in Power Plant." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 2423–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.2423.

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SCR is the main denitrification technology in thermal power plant at moment. The catalysts whose performance directly influences the effect of the De- NOX are the key to SCR flue gas De-NOX system. The principle of SCR system, the effect factors of process, the types of SCR catalysts and their characteristics in reaction are introduced. The characteristics and application of different SCR catalysts are compared and analyzed.

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19

Aditya Wardana, Muhammad Khristamto, and Ocktaeck Lim. "A study effects of injection pressure and wall temperature on the mixing process of NOx and NH3 in Selective Catalytic Reduction system." Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology 11, no. 1 (July 30, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/j.mev.2020.v11.45-54.

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Diesel engines are commonly used for public transportation on-road and off-road applications. Growth production of the diesel engine is very significant from year to year. Nitride Oxide (NOx) from diesel engine was one of the major sources of air pollution. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) has been successfully used to reduce NOx from a diesel engine with a chemical reaction from ammonia (NH3). The mixing reaction between NOx and NH3 reaction can produce steam (H2O) and Nitrogen (N2). However, ammonia uniformity pattern usually not homogenization and the ammonia was difficult to mix with NOx. The constant air flows incomplete to assist the spray injector to spread NH3 to all corners of SCR. The impact study of turbulent phenomena and standard k-epsilon Low-Reynolds Number model to the mixing process in the SCR system using STARCCM+. The simulation studies are conducted under different pressure (4 to 6 bars), the injection rate (0.04 g/s) and temperature (338 K – 553 K) and the high pressure and high velocity magnitude creating turbulent swirl flow. The ammonia decomposition process and mixing process with NOx were investigated using a box with optical access. The simulation and numerical study results validated using back pressure value and the distribution of NOx concentration value from the catalyst outlet. The wall temperature will increase the urea evaporation to generate ammonia and gas pressure will increase the mixing process and chemical process in the SCR system. These reactions enable to optimize the SCR system technology which eventually able to reduce the NOx quantity from a diesel engine.

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20

Xu, Hang, Fang Yin Tu, Zhi Xia He, Jun Ma, and Qian Wang. "Modelling of the Selective Catalytic NOx Reduction for Diesel Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 2098–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.2098.

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As Future emission limits of diesel engines is more stringent, model-based control strategy of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is becoming necessary. Therefore, a catalytic converter mathematical model for simulating selective catalytic deNOx reaction is very important. In this paper, a one dimension catalytic converter mathematical model that consists of thermal energy model, SCR reaction model and NH3storage model for simulating urea-SCR reaction process is presented. Based on this model, the impact of temperature and gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) on NOx conversion efficiency has been researched. According to the results of simulation, it shows good agreement with experimental data.

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21

Gao, Ying, Wei Chen, Jun Li, Hong Qi Liu, and Zhen Huo. "Study on Identification Method of Chemical Reaction Kinetic Parameters in Heavy Duty Diesel's SCR Catalytic Converter." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.271.

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Chemical reaction kinetic parameters are key factors to influence the NOx conversion in heavy duty diesel's SCR catalytic converter. Therefore the identification method of SCR chemical reaction kinetic parameters is studied in this paper. Based on the software AVL BOOST , SCR catalytic reaction model and its transient rate equations are established according to Eley-rideal mechanism. The identification method of kinetic parameters is studied applying AVL Design Explorer. The simulation model shows good agreement with experiment after identification. The result shows that the identification method is reasonable and feasible to ensure the reliability of catalytic converter model.

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22

Lietti, Luca, Isabella Nova, Enrico Tronconi, and Pio Forzatti. "Transient kinetic study of the SCR-DeNOx reaction." Catalysis Today 45, no. 1-4 (October 1998): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(98)00253-3.

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23

Yang, Xinfang, Bo Zhao, Yuqun Zhuo, Changhe Chen, and Xuchang Xu. "The investigation of SCR reaction on sulfated CaO." Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 7, no. 1 (August 4, 2010): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.491.

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Zhu, Tao, Xing Zhang, Wenjing Bian, Yiwei Han, Tongshen Liu, and Haibing Liu. "DeNOx of Nano-Catalyst of Selective Catalytic Reduction Using Active Carbon Loading MnOx-Cu at Low Temperature." Catalysts 10, no. 1 (January 18, 2020): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10010135.

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With the improvement of environmental protection standards, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has become the mainstream technology of flue gas deNOx. Especially, the low-temperature SCR nano-catalyst has attracted more and more attention at home and abroad because of its potential performance and economy in industrial applications. In this paper, low-temperature SCR catalysts were prepared using the activated carbon loading MnOx-Cu. Then, the catalysts were packed into the fiedbed stainless steel micro-reactor to evaluate the selective catalytic reduction of NO performance. The influence of reaction conditions was investigated on the catalytic reaction, including the MnOx-Cu loading amount, calcination and reaction temperature, etc. The experimental results indicate that SCR catalysts show the highest catalytic activity for NO conversion when the calcination temperature is 350 °C, MnOx loading amount is 5%, Cu loading amount is 3%, and reaction temperature is 200 °C. Under such conditions, the NO conversion arrives at 96.82% and the selectivity to N2 is almost 99%. It is of great significance to investigate the influence of reaction conditions in order to provide references for industrial application.

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Chen, Zhiqiang, Lei Guo, Hongxia Qu, Li Liu, Huifang Xie, and Qin Zhong. "Controllable positions of Cu2+ to enhance low-temperature SCR activity on novel Cu-Ce-La-SSZ-13 by a simple one-pot method." Chemical Communications 56, no. 15 (2020): 2360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc09734a.

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Wang, Qian, Xiao Jing Han, Ping Qi, and Jing Wang. "Simulation of Urea-SCR Catalytic Converter for Diesel Engine." Advanced Materials Research 354-355 (October 2011): 513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.354-355.513.

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A three-dimensional model of a diesel Urea-SCR（Selective Catalytic Reduction）catalytic converter system was set up with aid of CFD software AVL FIRE coupled with available knowledge of SCR chemical reaction kinetics. Basing on the validation of the spray injection model of Urea-water-solution, the numerical simulation was made to get the distribution of pressure, velocity, temperature and species concentration in the converter and NOxconversion in different conditions by considering the injection and evaporation of the urea-water-solution, the thermal decomposition and hydrolysis into ammonia and the surface catalytic reactions in the monolith. The simulated results have some reference meaning for improving NOxconversion efficiency and optimizing the diesel SCR catalytic converter.

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He, Guangzhi, Zhihua Lian, Yunbo Yu, Yang Yang, Kuo Liu, Xiaoyan Shi, Zidi Yan, Wenpo Shan, and Hong He. "Polymeric vanadyl species determine the low-temperature activity of V-based catalysts for the SCR of NOx with NH3." Science Advances 4, no. 11 (November 2018): eaau4637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau4637.

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The structure of dispersed vanadyl species plays a crucial role in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH3 over vanadia-based catalysts. Here, we demonstrate that the polymeric vanadyl species have a markedly higher NH3-SCR activity than the monomeric vanadyl species. The coupling effect of the polymeric structure not only shortens the reaction pathway for the regeneration of redox sites but also substantially reduces the overall reaction barrier of the catalytic cycle. Therefore, it is the polymeric vanadyl species, rather than the monomeric vanadyl species, that determine the NH3-SCR activity of vanadia-based catalysts, especially under low-temperature conditions. The polymeric vanadia-based SCR mechanism reported here advances the understanding of the working principle of vanadia-based catalysts and paves the way toward the development of low vanadium–loading SCR catalysts with excellent low-temperature activity.

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Zhang, Minhua, Kun Gu, Xuewei Huang, and Yifei Chen. "A DFT study on the effect of oxygen vacancies and H2O in Mn-MOF-74 on SCR reactions." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 35 (2019): 19226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp02640a.

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The carboxyl and hydroxyl oxygen vacancies in Mn-MOF-74 can not only activate the reaction species, but also promote the desorption of NO₂ molecules from metal sites for the subsequent rapid SCR reactions.

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29

Ling, Shao Hua, Chang Yong Jing, and Xiao Liang Li. "Research on the Main Influence Factors of SCR DeNOx for Glass Furnace Glue Gas." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 1556–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.1556.

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By SCR test device to study the main factors affecting the SCR DeNOx efficiency of flue gas for glass furnace,and analyzes the relationship between the main parameters and DeNOx efficiency, such as the reaction temperature, NH3/NOx, initial concentration of NOx, and space velocity.In the actual flue gas conditions of glass furnace,there was an optimum working range for the SCR test device. The reaction temperature is 340~400°C,NH3/NOx is 0.9~1.0,space velocity is 4000~5000 h-1. In this condition, the DeNOx efficiency can reach 80%.

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30

Chen, Ling Shan, Chen Sun, and Chen Xu Tang. "Influencing Factors for NOx Reduction by SCR." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 2418–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.2418.

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At all-state test of SCR system，the maximum NOx emission value occurs at 1100r/min and 50% of The throttle opening degree condition. The NOx emission value is 2611.08ppm. During simulation research, Influencing factors such as urea spray, reaction temperature, space velocity and NH3/NOx concentration proportion are elaborated. During 0.4s simulation cycle, it shows better atomize results and better homogeneity. The reaction temperature on catalyst is kept at 319oC value which is helpful for continuous SCR reaction. NH3/NO concentration proportion is kept from 0.2 to 0.3, which NOx reduction rate is from 65% to 75% in accordance with test results on the base of 1200r/min condition. The research can provide references for optimization on compact SCR system.

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31

Jankowska, Aleksandra, Agata Chłopek, Andrzej Kowalczyk, Małgorzata Rutkowska, Marek Michalik, Shiquan Liu, and Lucjan Chmielarz. "Catalytic Performance of Spherical MCM-41 Modified with Copper and Iron as Catalysts of NH3-SCR Process." Molecules 25, no. 23 (November 30, 2020): 5651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235651.

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Spherical MCM-41 with various copper and iron loadings was prepared by surfactant directed co-condensation method. The obtained samples were characterized with respect to their structure (X-ray diffraction, XRD), texture (N2 sorption), morphology (scanning electron microscopy, SEM), chemical composition (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, ICP-OES), surface acidity (temperature programmed desorption of ammonia, NH3-TPD), form, and aggregation of iron and copper species (diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectroscopy, UV-Vis DRS) as well as their reducibility (temperature programmed reduction with hydrogen, H2-TPR). The spherical MCM-41 samples modified with transition metals were tested as catalysts of selective catalytic reduction of NO with ammonia (NH3-SCR). Copper containing catalysts presented high catalytic activity at low-temperature NH3-SCR with a very high selectivity to nitrogen, which is desired reaction products. Similar results were obtained for iron containing catalysts, however in this case the loadings and forms of iron incorporated into silica samples very strongly influenced catalytic performance of the studied samples. The efficiency of the NH3-SCR process at higher temperatures was significantly limited by the side reaction of direct ammonia oxidation. The reactivity of ammonia molecules chemisorbed on the catalysts surface in NO reduction (NH3-SCR) and their selective oxidation (NH3-SCO) was verified by temperature-programmed surface reactions.

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32

Li, Ruo Han, and Song Zhou. "The Preparation of Honeycomb Cordierite Mn-Ce/TiO₂ Catalyst and Denitration Performance." Advanced Materials Research 744 (August 2013): 370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.744.370.

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SCR catalyst is the core of SCR technology. More attention to manganese oxide-based catalysts has been paid due to their excellent catalytic activities in low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of NOx by NH3 (NH3-SCR) in recent years. In this paper, the preparation method of honeycomb cordierite Mn-Ce/TiO2 catalyst and denitration performance is studied. Different amount of TiO2, Mn and Ce are supported on the cordierite ceramic and the SCR catalytic tests are conducted. In the tests, the influence of Mn/Ti molar ratio on the denitration performance and the effect of reaction temperature, inlet NO concentration, volumetric space velocity and ammonia nitrogen ratio on the denitration performance are found. The results show: (1) Mn/TiO2 catalyst has the highest catalytic activity when the Mn/Ti molar ratio is 0.4. (2) The optimum reaction condition of honeycomb cordierite Mn-Ce/TiO2 catalyst denitration reaction is the inlet NO concentration is 0.075%, volumetric space velocity is 4000 h 1 and ammonia nitrogen ratio is 1.05.

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33

Liu, Fudong, Yunbo Yu, and Hong He. "Environmentally-benign catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NOxfrom diesel engines: structure–activity relationship and reaction mechanism aspects." Chem. Commun. 50, no. 62 (2014): 8445–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc01098a.

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34

Xiang, Jinyao, Xuesen Du, Yuyi Wan, Yanrong Chen, Jingyu Ran, and Li Zhang. "Alkali-driven active site shift of fast SCR with NH3 on V2O5–WO3/TiO2 catalyst via a novel Eley–Rideal mechanism." Catalysis Science & Technology 9, no. 21 (2019): 6085–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cy01565e.

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The heterogeneous SCR reaction obeys the well-known Eley–Rideal mechanism or Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism, while fast SCR over alkali-doping catalysts follows the another “E–R” mechanism with adsorbed NO₂.

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35

Zhang, Li, Di Wang, Yong Liu, Krishna Kamasamudram, Junhui Li, and William Epling. "SO2 poisoning impact on the NH3-SCR reaction over a commercial Cu-SAPO-34 SCR catalyst." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 156-157 (September 2014): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.03.030.

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36

Forzatti, Pio, Isabella Nova, and Enrico Tronconi. "New “Enhanced NH3-SCR” Reaction for NOx Emission Control." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 49, no. 21 (November 3, 2010): 10386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie100600v.

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37

Marchitti, F., I. Nova, P. Forzatti, E. Tronconi, S. Adelberg, and V. Strots. "A System Simulation Study of the Enhanced-SCR Reaction." Topics in Catalysis 59, no. 10-12 (May 19, 2016): 913–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-016-0568-0.

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38

Du, Huan, Zhitao Han, Xitian Wu, Chenglong Li, Yu Gao, Shaolong Yang, Liguo Song, Jingming Dong, and Xinxiang Pan. "Insight into the Promoting Role of Er Modification on SO2 Resistance for NH3-SCR at Low Temperature over FeMn/TiO2 Catalysts." Catalysts 11, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11050618.

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Er-modified FeMn/TiO2 catalysts were prepared through the wet impregnation method, and their NH3-SCR activities were tested. The results showed that Er modification could obviously promote SO2 resistance of FeMn/TiO2 catalysts at a low temperature. The promoting effect and mechanism were explored in detail using various techniques, such as BET, XRD, H2-TPR, XPS, TG, and in-situ DRIFTS. The characterization results indicated that Er modification on FeMn/TiO2 catalysts could increase the Mn4+ concentration and surface chemisorbed labile oxygen ratio, which was favorable for NO oxidation to NO2, further accelerating low-temperature SCR activity through the “fast SCR” reaction. As fast SCR reaction could accelerate the consumption of adsorbed NH3 species, it would benefit to restrain the competitive adsorption of SO2 and limit the reaction between adsorbed SO2 and NH3 species. XPS results indicated that ammonium sulfates and Mn sulfates formed were found on Er-modified FeMn/TiO2 catalyst surface seemed much less than those on FeMn/TiO2 catalyst surface, suggested that Er modification was helpful for reducing the generation or deposition of sulfate salts on the catalyst surface. According to in-situ DRIFTS the results of, the presence of SO2 in feeding gas imposed a stronger impact on the NO adsorption than NH3 adsorption on Lewis acid sites of Er-modified FeMn/TiO2 catalysts, gradually making NH3-SCR reaction to proceed in E–R mechanism rather than L–H mechanism.

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39

Zhao, Yujie, and Junxiao Feng. "Numerical simulation of NO emission reduction in coke oven regenerator with synergistic SNCR/SCR process." E3S Web of Conferences 267 (2021): 02053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126702053.

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According to the temperature gradient distribution characteristics of the regenerator of the coke oven, a method of synergistic the SNCR/SCR process inside the regenerator to achieve NO emission reduction was proposed in this work. Based on the verification of SNCR and SCR models, the NH3/NO concentration field and the spatial distribution characteristics of NO in the process of SNCR, SCR, and SNCR+SCR were studied. The conclusion shows that the synergistic SNCR and SCR processes had achieved NO reduction by 64.3% and 37.1%, respectively. However, the increase in reaction temperature caused by the change of injection position resulted in a 0.4% decrease in SNCR+SCR compared to SNCR. It was also found that temperature dramatically influences the SNCR process and the reductant injection position. Limited by the structure of the regenerator and the catalyst coating area, the SCR process exhibited a low NO reduction ability. The SNCR+SCR process should focus on improving the efficiency of the SCR process.

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40

Liu, Zhi, and Yunqi Liu. "Effects of Ce over TiO2 supported MnOx-based Catalyst for NOx Reduction by Ammonia." E3S Web of Conferences 185 (2020): 04026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018504026.

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Ce modified MnOx-based catalysts have attracted much attention due to its high activity for selective catalytic reduction of NOx by NH3 (NH3-SCR) at low-temperatures. However, the most important role of Ce on the NH3-SCR performance of MnOx-based catalysts has not been confirmed. Herein, the typical Ce-Mn/TiO2 catalyst was synthesized through incipient-wetness impregnation method, the positive role of Ce on Ce-Mn/TiO2 catalyst in the NH3-SCR process was revealed by combining different activity tests (including NO oxidation and NH3 oxidation) and characterizations (including XRD, XPS and He-TPDMS experiments). It was found that the introduction of Ce can promote the dispersion of MnOx on TiO2 support. Meanwhile, the doping of Ce in MnOx can also increase the content of Mn4+ species. The Mn4+ species plays a crucial role in NO oxidation reaction, which can trigger the “Fast SCR” reaction and promote the conversion of NOx. This work provides insight into the catalyst design for NH3-SCR process at low-temperature.

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41

Ren, Lin Lin, Wei Ding, Zhe Zhang, Tao Chen, Ming Xin Bi, and Ying Chao Zhang. "Internal Flow Analysis of SCR-Exhaust Aftertreatment System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 574 (July 2014): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.574.96.

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Selective Catalytic Reduction system (SCR) has made great contributions to diesel engine NOx control technology. The gas flow condition in exhaust pipe has a great effect on catalytic reduction reaction of SCR, especially the airflow through carriers. In this paper, CFD technology was used to simulate the internal flow field, and analyze the gas flow uniformity, which would give us reasonable suggestions to optimize the structure of SCR-Exhaust aftertreatment system.

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42

Zhang, Wenjie, Guofu Liu, Jie Jiang, Yuchen Tan, Qi Wang, Chenghong Gong, Dekui Shen, and Chunfei Wu. "Sulfation effect of Ce/TiO2 catalyst for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3: mechanism and kinetic studies." RSC Advances 9, no. 55 (2019): 32110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra06985b.

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43

Gao, Erhao, Hua Pan, Li Wang, Yao Shi, and Jun Chen. "Identification of Main Active Sites and the Role of NO2 on NOx Reduction with CH4 over In/BEA Catalyst: A Computational Study." Catalysts 10, no. 5 (May 19, 2020): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10050572.

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The main active sites and the catalytic process in selective catalytic reduction of NOx by CH4 (CH4-SCR) on In/BEA catalyst were investigated by density functional theory (DFT) using a periodic model. The [InO]+ and [InOH]2+ moieties were constructed in the channel of periodic BEA zeolite representing the Lewis and Brønsted acid sites. The electronic structures [InO]+ and [InOH]2+ were analyzed, and it was found that the [InO]+ group were the main active sites for CH4 activation and NO/NO2 adsorption in the CH4-SCR process. CH4 molecules could be activated on the O site of the [InO]+ group in In/BEA, which was resulted from the strong interactions between the C-p orbital of the CH4 molecule and the O-p orbital of the [InO]+ group. CH4 activation was the initial step in CH4-SCR on In/BEA catalyst. NO2 molecules were essential in the SCR process, and they could be produced by NO reacting with gaseous O2 or the O atom of the [InO]+ group. The presence of NO2 could facilitate the key intermediate nitromethane (CH3NO2) formation and lower the reaction barrier in the SCR process.

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44

Zabihi, Vahid, Mohammad Hasan Eikani, Mehdi Ardjmand, Seyed Mahdi Latifi, and Alireza Salehirad. "Selective catalytic reduction of NO by Co-Mn based nanocatalysts." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 19, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2020-0240.

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Abstract One of the most significant aspects in selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxides (NOx) is developing suitable catalysts by which the process occurs in a favorable way. At the present work SCR reaction by ammonia (NH3-SCR) was conducted using Co-Mn spinel and its composite with Fe-Mn spinel, as nanocatalysts. The nanocatalysts were fabricated through liquid routes and then their physicochemical properties such as phase composition, degree of agglomeration, particle size distribution, specific surface area and also surface acidic sites have been investigated by X-ray diffraction, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy mapping, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR) and temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD) analysis techniques. The catalytic activity tests in a temperature window of 150–400 °C and gas hourly space velocities of 10,000, 18,000 and 30,000 h−1 revealed that almost in all studied conditions, CoMn2O4/FeMn2O4 nanocomposite exhibited better performance in SCR reaction than CoMn2O4 spinel.

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45

Jiao, Yunjing, and Qingping Zheng. "Urea Injection and Uniformity of Ammonia Distribution in SCR System of Diesel Engine." Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences 5, no. 2 (May 8, 2020): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amns.2020.2.00004.

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AbstractThe kinetic mechanism of chemical reaction was used to calculate the coupling of the fluid kinetics with the urea decomposition reaction and the SCR reaction kinetics. Combined with the engine test and simulation, the distribution uniformity of the urea injection and ammonia gas was studied. Through numerical simulation on urea spray and exhaust flow in Urea-SCR system, the flow field characteristics in whole after-treatment system are gotten. By using numerical calculation in different urea injection angle and orifice sizes, the urea-crystallization and ammonia distribution have been studied and the optimal urea spray angle and nozzle size are given.

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46

Liu, Min, Ruining Yan, Xuteng Zhao, Yinan Wang, Reggie Zhan, and He Lin. "Synthesis of Pd0.01FexCe(1−x)/2Zr(1−x)/2Oy catalysts and their catalytic performance for ammonia production by passive SCR reaction." New Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 11 (2021): 5002–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj05745b.

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47

Tanod, Wendy Alexander, Uun Yanuhar, Maftuch, Masteria Yunovilsa Putra, and Yenny Risjani. "Screening of NO Inhibitor Release Activity from Soft Coral Extracts Origin Palu Bay, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia." Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 18, no. 2 (July 24, 2019): 126–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871523018666190222115034.

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Background: As a marine organism, soft corals can be utilized to be various bioactive substances, especially terpenoids and steroids. The soft corals family which produces bioactive generally come from clavulariidae, alcyoniidae, nephtheidae and xeniidae family. Objective: To investigate the bioactivity of Nitric Oxide (NO) inhibitor release from soft coral crude extracts of Sinularia sp. (SCA), Nephthea sp. (SCB), Sarcophyton sp. (SCC), Sarcophyton sp. (SCD), Sinularia sp. (SCE) and Sinularia sp. (SCF). Materials and Methods: Soft coral is collected from Palu Bay (Central Sulawesi). NO inhibitory release activity measured according to the Griess reaction. Soft corals sample macerated with 1:2 (w/v). Then, Soft coral extracts with the best NO Inhibitor activity partitioned with Dichloromethane, Ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. The bioactive of all crude extracts were identified by GC-MS to find compounds with anti-inflammatory potential. Results: Sarcophyton sp. (SCC) and Sinularia sp. (SCF) are able to inhibit NO concentrations of 0.22 ± 0.04 and 0.20 ± 0.04 µM at 20 mg/mL, respectively. The chemical constituents determined and showed the potential as anti-inflammatory in the crude of Sinularia sp. (SCA) were Octacosane (3.25%). In Nephthea sp., (SCB) were Cyclohexene, 6-ethenyl-6- methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-(1-methylethylidene)-,(S)- (0.55%); Azulene, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8- octahydro-1,4-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethylidene)-, (1S-cis)- (0.53%); and 1,7,7-Trimethyl- 2-vinylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (4.72%). In Sarcophyton sp, (SCC) were Eicosane (0.12%); Nonacosane (10.7%); 14(β)-Pregnane (0.87%); Octacosane 6.39%); and Tricosane (1.53%). In Sarcophyton sp. (SCD) were 14(β)-Pregnane (2.69%); and Octadecane (27.43%). In crude of Sinularia sp. (SCE) were Oleic Acid (0.63%); 7,10-Hexadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (0.54%); 14(β)-Pregnane (1.07%); 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid, ethyl ester, (all-Z)- (4.60%); Octacosane (7.75%); and 1,2-Benzisothiazole, 3-(hexahydro-1Hazepin- 1-yl)-, 1,1-dioxide (1.23%). In the crude of Sinularia sp., (SCF) were Oxirane, decyl- (1.38%); Nonacosane (0.57%); Cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)- (0.61%); 14B-Pregnane (0.76%); and Tetratriacontane (1.02%). Conclusion: The extract of Sarcophyton sp. (SCC) and Sinularia sp. (SCF) showed the best NO inhibitory release activity. This study is making soft corals from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia can become a potential organism in the discovery and development of bioactive substances anti-inflammatory.

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48

Li, Landong, and Naijia Guan. "HC-SCR reaction pathways on ion exchanged ZSM-5 catalysts." Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 117, no. 1-2 (January 2009): 450–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2008.07.021.

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49

Brosius, Roald, and Johan A. Martens. "Reaction Mechanisms of Lean-Burn Hydrocarbon SCR over Zeolite Catalysts." Topics in Catalysis 28, no. 1-4 (April 2004): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:toca.0000024341.19779.82.

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50

Yang, Yingju, Jing Liu, Feng Liu, Zhen Wang, Junyan Ding, and Hao Huang. "Reaction mechanism for NH3-SCR of NOx over CuMn2O4 catalyst." Chemical Engineering Journal 361 (April 2019): 578–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.12.103.

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