Academic literature on the topic 'Scrap metal industry United States'
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Journal articles on the topic "Scrap metal industry United States"
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Smirnov, V. V. "Recycling as a Strategic Direction to Improve Efficiency of Steel Industry in the Russian Federation." Accounting. Analysis. Auditing 5, no. 4 (September 14, 2018): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2408-9303-2018-5-4-30-39.
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The article discusses the issue of increasing the efficiency of the Russian steel industry taking into consideration the requirements of the concept of sustainable development. To solve this problem the author reviews the practices of metal scrap collection and recycling at the leading enterprises of the North America, Europe and the forecast of metal recycling development in the world economy up to the year 2050. This part of the survey shows that technologies of metal scrap and other types of industrial waste recycling could result in considerable economy of different types of resources. The great benefit of using metal scrap recycling technologies by the companies in the United States and the European Union is new jobs creation and improvement of environmental conditions. Taking into account the mentioned benefits of using recycling technologies in steel industry the author analyzes the forecast information and concludes that the further development of steel industry may lead to two times increase in metal scrap collection and recycling by the middle of the XXI century. Companies of the Chinese People Republic, countries members of NAFTA and Japan will prevail in the regional structure of metal scrap consumption. The article also states that the system of metal scrap collection and recycling in the Russian Federation will have to be recreated on the qualitatively new foundation. The most important distinctive feature of a new system still under creation from the former one is that before all the enterprises engaged into metal scrap collection had made part of a single concern and operated as a branch of steel industry. In this regard the Russian Federation faces the problem of re-creation of institutional foundation of metal scrap collection and recycling as well as creation of mechanisms to manage this industry efficiently. This in turn will require the development of legal, regulatory, organizational, economic and scientific support.
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Gheni, Ahmed, Xuesong Liu, Mohamed A. ElGawady, Honglan Shi, and Jianmin Wang. "Leaching Assessment of Eco-Friendly Rubberized Chip Seal Pavement." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 52 (April 17, 2018): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118758688.
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Companies in the United States need to mine billions of tons of raw natural aggregate each year. At the same time, billions of scrap tires are stockpiled every year. As a result, replacing the natural aggregate with recycled aggregate is beneficial to the construction industry and the environment. This paper is part of a comprehensive project that developed, and field implemented, a new eco-friendly rubberized chip seal where the mineral aggregate in chip seal is partially or totally replaced with crumb rubber made of recycled tires. This paper presents an extensive study of the environmental impact of using rubber aggregate in chip seal pavement in terms of leaching under different pH conditions, including simulated acid rain. The results are compared with those of conventional chip seal. Leaching from the constituents of chip seal, that is, rubber aggregate and emulsion, was investigated. Two types of rubber and two types of asphalt emulsions were studied. The leaching performance of rubberized chip seal was also investigated. This study revealed that the toxic heavy metals leached from the rubberized chip seal, for pH ranging from 4 to 10, were below that of the EPA drinking water standards. In addition, a significant reduction of heavy metal leaching was recorded when rubber was used with emulsion in the form of chip seal pavement under different pH conditions. Finally, the metal leaching in all types of samples (including rubber, asphalt emulsion, and chip seal) decreased with the increase in pH value.
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Lee, Chulhee. "Industrial Characteristics and Employment of Older Manufacturing Workers in the Early-Twentieth-Century United States." Social Science History 39, no. 4 (2015): 551–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2015.71.
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This study explores how industry-specific technological, organizational, and managerial features affected the employment of old male manufacturing workers in the early-twentieth-century United States. Industrial characteristics favorably related to the employment of old industrial workers include high labor productivity, less capital- and material-intensive production, short workdays, low intensity of work, high job flexibility, and formalized employment relationships. Results show that aged industrial workers were heavily concentrated in “unfavorable” industries, suggesting that the contemporary argument of “industrial scrap heap” was applicable for most of the manufacturing workers in the early-twentieth-century United States.
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Rodwell, Ed, Chester S. Ehrman, Yoji Maeno, George B. Sigal, and Gerard J. Womack. "EPRI Contribution to International Utility Industry Seismic Isolation Development Program." Earthquake Spectra 6, no. 2 (May 1990): 419–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585578.
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Seismic isolation was selected as a potential method of increasing the structural integrity margins for liquid metal reactor power plants. Analyses indicated that seismic isolation would reduce by 90 to 95% the acceleration experienced by the reactor vessel at its fundamental frequency. A cooperative development program was established by electric utility organizations in Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. Alternative seismic isolator concepts were compared and the laminated elastomer/steel with lead plug concept was selected to be the first concept tested. Sixteen half-sized units were tested, the results compared with predictions and potential isolator design improvements inferred. The cooperative program is continuing through testing of other isolator concepts.
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Wang, Xueyan, Weidong Meng, Chunyang Wang, Bo Huang, and Yuyu Li. "Export trade structure transformation and countermeasures in the context of reverse globalization." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 24, 2022): e0270390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270390.
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With the development of economic globalization, the problem of unequal distribution of globalization dividends among and within countries has become increasingly serious, and reverse globalization has a great impact on the national economy and export trade. This paper uses the KOF Globalization Index and the world input-output tables in World Input-Output Database (WIOD), and empirically studies the transformation of a country’s export trade and export structure in the context of reverse globalization from the perspectives of world, country, industry, subdivided manufacturing and service industry. The results show that reverse globalization has a significant non-linear negative effect on economic development and export trade. Compared with developed and European Union (EU) countries, the exports of developing and non-EU countries are more affected by reverse globalization shocks. Reverse globalization has the greatest inhibition on the secondary industry exports, followed by the tertiary industry. The suppressive effects on the exports of 12 subdivided manufacturing and 14 subdivided service in China are significantly greater than that of the United States, but most of sub-industry exports in the United States are more sensitive. Besides, China’s exports of high-product-complexity industry such as metal products, medicinal chemicals, electrical and optical products and mechanical equipments are greatly affected by reverse globalization, while the exports of water transportation, construction, land transportation are relatively less restrained.
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Kvasnicka, J. "THE TOTAL MANAGEMENT OF NORM IN THE OFFSHORE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY." APPEA Journal 38, no. 2 (1998): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj97087.
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Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORMs) in the offshore petroleum industry are generally associated with the formation of scale in pipes and vessels. As scale and sludge contain radioactive isotopes of radium they are in the category of Low Specific Activity (LSA) NORMs. Handling of NORMs creates issues involving occupational health and safety, environmental protection and radioactive waste management and waste disposal. Barium(Radium)Sulfate scale is highly insoluble and can create serious production problems by clogging pipes and valves.The paper discusses the external gamma radiation monitoring at the external surfaces of well and oil production pipes which assists in establishing the scale thickness patterns in pipes and in identifying the optimum location of a scale inhibitor injection point.To minimise radiation doses received by workers special NORM handling Work Procedures and Instructions supported by radiation protection training need to be developed. If facility personnel are trained in radiation protection and Work Procedures and Instructions are adopted it is possible to effectively manage personal radiation exposures below the public limit of 1 millisievert per year. Under such conditions no personal radiation monitoring during routine operations is required and the assessment of routine annual external radiation doses may be carried out through yearly external gamma radiation surveys of of fshore petroleum production facilities.The NORM waste cannot be disposed of onshore within the same disposal sites used for general non-radioactive waste. In Australia only the NORM waste generated in Western Australia can be disposed of onshore in an official low level radioactive waste disposal facility. It is important that Governments of other States and Territories address the onshore NORM waste disposal option. Regulations should also address a screening method for scrap metal contaminated by NORMs to be released for smelting.
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Selikoff, Irving J., and Ruth Lilis. "Radiological Abnormalities among Sheet-Metal Workers in the Construction Industry in the United States and Canada: Relationship to Asbestos Exposure." Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal 46, no. 1 (February 1991): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1991.9937426.
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Scharvogel, Matthias. "Titanium Metal Injection Molding - A Commercial Overview." Key Engineering Materials 704 (August 2016): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.704.107.
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Metal Injection Molding (MIM) of Titanium and its alloys has been the topic of many scientific research activities and presentations for many years. By now there are several companies that focus on applying the gained knowledge for producing Titanium MIM components in production quantities. This is only possible since Titanium powder in repeatable quality is available in production quantities and the specialized production equipment was developed over the recent years. Two ASTM standards for Titanium MIM implants have published and several Titanium MIM components have received approval around the globe, including approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the United States. Based on this foundation, several large Medical Technology companies started developing next generation implants using MIM as the preferred production method in order to use the design advantages and / or reduce costs. The aerospace industry also started recognizing the advantages of Titanium MIM. There are several Titanium MIM parts that are already being used in commercial airplanes in production quantities. Additional applications in order to replace other materials, reduce costs or use the design advantages of MIM are currently being developed. The cost reduction related to Titanium MIM allows the usage of this great material in other industries like for sporting goods, outdoor equipment or luxury products. The Titanium MIM industry is slowly maturing and large companies started applying the great advantages into the product portfolio. It will be imperative that the relatively small Titanium MIM companies perform according to the high expectations of the large potential customers that would like to use the technology for future products.
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Silchenko, O. B., M. V. Siluyanova, V. Е. Nizovtsev, D. A. Klimov, and A. A. Kornilov. "On the prospects of application of nanostructured heterophase polyfunctional composite materials inengine building industry." Voprosy Materialovedeniya, no. 1(93) (January 6, 2019): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2018-93-1-50-57.
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The paper gives a brief review of properties and applications of developed extra-hard nanostructured composite materials and coatings based on them. The presentresearch suggestsaerospace applications of nanostructured composite materials based on carbides, carbonitrides and diboridesof transition and refractory metals. To improve the technical and economic performance of gas turbine engines, it is advisable to use new composite structural materials whose basic physicomechanical properties are several times superior to traditional ones. The greatest progress in developing new composites should be expected in the area of materials created on the basis of polymer, metal, intermetallic and ceramic matrices. Currently components and assemblies of gas turbine engines and multiple lighting power units with long operation life and durability will vigorously develop. Next-generation composites are studied in all developed countries, primarily in the United States and Japan.
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Li, Ying, An Jian Wang, Qi Shen Chen, and Qun Yi Liu. "Influence Factors Analysis for the Next 20 Years of Chinese Copper Resources Demand." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.117.
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In order to analysis in the next 20 years, how many copper resources China has, when the peak demand peak comes, how great is the supply gap, and how to deal with that situation, this paper uses the authority of statistical data and material from the international copper research group, the world bureau of metal, growth and development center, the United States geological survey, China's national bureau of statistics, China nonferrous metals industry association, and in the system analysis of China's future economic and social development trend, to analyze the Chinese copper resources future demand, supply tendency, which has been clear about the China's future copper resources supply the challenge.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Scrap metal industry United States"
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Gendreau, Marc-Antoine. "Le heavy metal érigé en contre-culture dans le cadre du Record Labeling Hearing : une sous-culture en émergence entre stigmatisation et reconnaissance." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30973.
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La thèse analyse un document intitulé Record Labeling Hearing (RLH) (1985), qui reprend dans son intégralité une séance qui s’est tenue au Congrès des États-Unis à propos du contenu jugé problématique de certains albums de musique. Au cœur de cette séance, se retrouve le Parents Music Resource Centre (PMRC), un groupe de pression qui voit le jour en 1984. D’après le PMRC, les albums avec des paroles traitant de sexe, de violence, d’occulte, de drogues et d’alcool méritent l’autocollant du « Parental Advisory : Explicit Lyrics » afin d’avertir les parents des thématiques abordées. La séance réunit des sénateurs du Congrès américain, les membres du PMRC et des alliés de ces derniers, dont la National Parent/Teacher Association (NPTA), ainsi que des représentants de l’industrie de la musique et trois artistes. Nous verrons dans la thèse qu’en fait, c’est le heavy metal que le PMRC et ses alliés visaient lors du RLH et non par exemple certains contenus transversaux à divers types d’albums de musique. A cette époque, la sous-culture du heavy metal était encore en émergence et pour tout dire bien fragile. En 1985, elle était même menacée de fragmentation en raison de la popularité de certains de ses sous-genres. Or, en présentant le heavy metal comme une contre-culture, le RLH a aidé ce genre musical à se constituer en véritable sous-culture.
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Tsai, Ya-Chen, and 蔡亞蓁. "A Trade Structure Analysis of Steel/ Metal Industry between Taiwan and United States." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/mq4396.
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碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
國際企業研究所
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This study aims to investigate the intra-industry trade (IIT) development; particularly, of the steel and metal industry based on a ten-digit HS code between Taiwan and United States trading in 1989, 2001 and 2013.The investigation conducts four types of G-L index, which is decomposed into Vertical IIT (VIIT) index ,Horizontal IIT (HIIT) index, High quality VIIT (H-VIIT) index, Low quality VIIT (L-VIIT) index, and TSC index to measure the steel and metal industry, and the relevance of the division of labor between the two countries, and further explore the factors that may affect the development of bilateral steel trade. The study found that the steel industry tends to vertical intra-industry trade (VIIT), while the 1989 and 2001 is high-quality VIIT, but in 2013 changed to the low-quality VIIT main result that transactions between the two countries by way of steel products trade patterns with the industry trend of heterogeneous products. After 20 years, index of intra-industry trade between Taiwan and United States are from intra-industry trade into inter-industry trade, which is close to one-way trade between the two countries, indicating that the steel industry increasingly international division of labor is getting more and more specialized.
Books on the topic "Scrap metal industry United States"
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Metal theft: Public hazard, law enforcement challenge : hearing before the Subcommittee on Crime and Drugs of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, July 22, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2010.
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Milgrom, Jack. Outlook for plastics recycling in the United States: Reality vs. hope. Waltham, MA: Decision Resources, 1993.
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Fuller, E. E. Degradable plastics: The impact on litter & solid waste. Norwalk, CT: Business Communications Co., 1989.
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Renaud, Frank. Degradable plastics: Impact on litter and solid waste disposal. Norwalk, CT: Business Communications Co., 1992.
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Establishing three centers for metal casting competitiveness research: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy Research and Development of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session, on S. 775 ... September 21, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.
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Canada. Dept. of External Affairs. Studies in Canadian export opportunities in the U.S. market. Ottawa: Dept. of External Affairs, 1988.
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Canada. Dept. of External Affairs. Studies in Canadian export opportunities in the U.S. market: Jewellery. Ottawa: External Affairs Canada, 1988.
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Canada. Dept. of External Affairs. Studies in Canadian export opportunities in the U.S. market: Auto parts for the original equipment market. Ottawa: Dept. of External Affairs, 1988.
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Canada. Dept. of External Affairs. Studies in canadian export opportunities in the U.S. market: Specialty chemicals, aromatic and odoriferous chemicals, and chemical products and preparations. Ottawa: Dept. of External Affairs, 1989.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Scrap metal industry United States"
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Gordon, Robert B., and Patrick M. Malone. "Scarce Metals and Petroleum." In The Texture of Industry. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195058857.003.0011.
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Lured by the potential for substantial wealth, Americans have focused a disproportionate share of their industrial effort on extracting and processing resources that are both scarce and in high demand. Gold and silver were always valuable and eagerly sought, but in the nineteenth century, the demand tor other nonferrous metals and (or petroleum rose to unprecedented levels. Obtaining these scarce, nonrenewable resources brought new patterns of industrial land use and new environmental consequences. The continuing effects on our land, water, and air are serious concerns in American society today. The hope of finding gold and silver, the metals of wealth and display, drew numerous adventurers to North America in the seventeenth century. In the East, those hoping to repeat the Spanish experience in South America and Mexico were disappointed. Although colonial prospectors did discover small deposits of nonferrous-metal ores on the east coast and in the Appalachians, most of the metals were not in the precious category. There was a demand for utilitarian metals as well: English colonists depended on lead for pipes, window carries, and shot; they cooked with copper kettles, drank the products of copper stills, and set their tables with pewter (a tin alloy) tableware. Nevertheless, Americans generally found it cheaper and easier to use imported nonferrous metals until the mineral resources of the center of the continent were exploited in the nineteenth century. Iron was the only metal extensively mined in the English colonies. One of the few relicts of pre-Revolutionary nonferrous metallurgy is the Simsbury Copper Mine in East Granby, Connecticut. This mining enterprise obtained its charter in 1706. The state now preserves the site, not as an industrial monument but because the mine served for a time as the state prison. Visitors can enter the underground workings. Physical evidence of the first gold discovery in the United States, in 1799, exists at the Reed Gold Mine, a state historic site near Georgiaville, North Carolina. Most of the milling survivals are from later development at the mining site in 1854 and 1896. North Carolina led the nation in gold production until the California gold rush of 1849.
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Gordon, Robert B., and Patrick M. Malone. "The Factory." In The Texture of Industry. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195058857.003.0015.
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With Samuel Slater’s textile mill (1793, in Pawtucket, Rhode Island) and Eli Whitney’s armory (1798, in Whitneyville, Connecticut), American entrepreneurs began to make in factories products that had formerly been made in homes or craft shops. Another new concept in manufacturing, the principle of uniformity (sometimes described as “interchangeability”), was also winning converts in America. Factories making uniform products increasingly used power-driven machinery in the production process. However, it is a mistake to conflate mechanization, factories, and uniformity. Mechanization was used in colonial craft shops as well as in nineteenth-century factories. Until the late nineteenth century, factory managers achieved uniformity primarily through improved handwork skills and gauging rather than with machinery. Chapter 9 will cover the mechanization of work in factories as well as efforts to achieve uniformity in machine parts. Many of the best examples of early American factories are in New England, where there was a serendipitous combination of water power, entrepreneurial capital, and the artisanal skills necessary to build mills and machinery. The textile mills erected there had a powerful influence on the evolution of American factory architecture. As we look closely at a number of New England mills, remember that similar patterns of structural development can be found in other regions of the United States and that the basic forms of the textile factory were readily adapted for other types of industry, including the manufacture of wood, metal, and paper products. Factories were not the first industrial buildings in America, nor did they represent more capital expenditure than some of the early and costly ironworks. Two processes of textile manufacturing and finishing, the carding of fibers and the fulling of woven cloth, had been powered by waterwheels (and occasionally by draft animals) before the first successful factory was built in Pawtucket in 1793. Proprietors of shops and country mills usually operated their enterprises directly with little of the managerial hierarchy and division of labor that would appear in the full-blown factory system. Shops lacked the factory’s sequential organization of powered machinery and its extensive mechanization through multiple stages of production.
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Craig, Norman C. "Early History of Aluminum Metallurgy." In Encyclopedia of Aluminum and Its Alloys. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351045636-140000246.
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Prior to the mid-1880s aluminum was known as a metallic substance but was too costly to be used for other than jewelry-type applications. In 1886, Charles Hall in the United States and Paul Héroult in France discovered an economical electrolysis process for reducing aluminum from its abundant ore, alumina (Al2O3). This method, known today as the Hall–Héroult process, was a direct application of the then-new development of dynamos and principally of waterpower to generate huge amounts of electricity. Within a few years, aluminum was being produced at a low enough price that this metal played a growing role in everyday life. As a lustrous and lightweight metal, aluminum transformed human expectations for the appearance and uses of metals. This paper traces the stories of Hall and Héroult in their historic paths from concept to industrialization for refining aluminum metal. The essentials of the Hall–Héroult process remain fundamental in the aluminum industry today.
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Link, Stefan J. "The Populist Roots of Mass Production." In Forging Global Fordism, 19–50. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691177540.003.0002.
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This chapter traces mass production to its beginnings in the United States, where it emerged from the distinctive ideology of Midwestern populism. Why did Detroit, of all places, pioneer the industry that would shape the twentieth century like no other? Was Detroit simply lucky, as it were, to count a Henry Ford and a Ransom Olds among its citizens — incarnations of the American genius for innovation and entrepreneurship? Figures like Ford and Olds acted within the political economy of the Midwest and shared the characteristic populist commitments that suffused the region. These two factors — political economy and political ideology — go a long way toward explaining why, at the turn of the twentieth century, southeastern Michigan was in an auspicious position to get ahead of rapid technological developments and to spread its fruits widely. Experts with machines and metal, Midwestern mechanics gave their producerism a characteristic technological spin. This kind of producer populism permeated Detroit politics. The chapter then looks at a series of very different conflicts which honed Henry Ford's conviction that automotive mass production should reflect a producer-populist orientation.
Conference papers on the topic "Scrap metal industry United States"
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Pope, Ronald B., Deborah Kopsick, Shih-Yew Chen, Ray Turner, and Martin Magold. "Addressing the Monitoring and Transport of Radioactively Contaminated Scrap Metal: An International Approach." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93668.
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The international metal processing industries are very concerned about the importation of scrap metal contaminated by radioactivity. Many of the problems are being identified while these materials, either unprocessed scrap, or processed materials, are being transported in the public domain. Because of this concern, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), with the support of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) circulated a survey to various countries and interested groups. Following assessment of the survey, a meeting was convened in April 2004 to discuss and evaluate the issues. Three major issues were identified at the initial meeting. • First, an internationally acceptable scrap metal radiation monitoring and response protocol is needed. • Second, international training programs are needed to address multiple areas, almost all having emphasis on the transport mode; these include addressing such topics as protocol implementation, optimum location of monitors, acceptable detector sensitivities, calibration and maintenance needs, incident reporting, handling radioactive materials after detection. • Third, international information exchange within the scrap metal industry is needed to share data and experiences on contaminated scrap incidents, especially those occurring at international borders during the transport of these materials. The “open border” policy of the European Union makes the collection and dissemination of this information sharing particularly time critical. The paper reviews the results of the initial meeting, and elaborates on the efforts undertaken since that meeting.
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Scott, L. Max. "A Successful Remediation Project." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16400.
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As part of a program to visit formerly licensed sites to determine if they meet current uncontrolled release conditions, a United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) inspection was conducted in the fall of 1993 at a site that had possessed a radioactive material license from about 1955 to 1970. While the license was in force, the plant processed magnesium scrap containing up to 4 percent thorium. The source of the scrap is believed to be the aircraft manufacturing industry. The scrap was placed in furnaces and heated to the melting point of magnesium, and the molten magnesium was drawn off, leaving the thorium with the residue (dross). Under the regulation in existence at that time, the thorium dross was buried on site in an approximate 14 acre field. In 1993 the inspector found readings up to 900uR/h. Early in 1994 an informal grid survey of most of the 14 acre site was conducted. Based on that survey, it was concluded that the thorium was widespread and extended beyond the property lines. The preliminary findings were reported to the USNRC, and in 1994 the site was designated as a Site Decommissioning Management Plan (SMPD) site. A remediation team was formed which included the following disciplines: remediation health physics, geology, hydrology, engineering, law, public relations, and project management. This remediation team planned, participated in selecting vendors, and provided project over site for all activities from site characterization through the final status survey. In 2006 the site was released for uncontrolled access. A chronology of activities with lessons learned will be presented.
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Vohnout, Vincent J. "The Impact of Sheet Metal Stamping on Manufacturing and Economic Growth of the United States in the Early 20th Century." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33270.
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A vast array of manufactured articles containing metal components utilize power press methods in their production. The common aspect of these methods is the use of specialized dies and the mechanical energy of the press machine to impart the required finished shape with a minimum of time and material loss. The innovation of power press metal forming methods in conjunction with advances in sheet rolling technology can be credited with a significant portion of the United States economic growth from manufacturing between 1890 and 1940. Of the many variations of power press metal forming processes that now exist, sheet stamping is found to be the most significant to the economic development of the U.S. as a synergetic partner of the new automobile industry. Data from the 1929 Census of Manufactures is used to generate a Social Savings metric which estimates the effect of the use of sheet stamping in terms productivity gained. The estimated Social Savings of this very small sector of manufacturing represents a tenth of one percent of the total Value Added by all U.S. industries in 1929.
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Meyer, Ryan M., Aimee E. Holmes, Romarie Morales, Iikka Virkkunen, Thiago Seuaciuc-Osorio, and Bruce Lin. "Results of a Virtual Round Robin Study to Estimate Probability of Detection for Dissimilar Metal Welds." In 2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/qnde2021-75055.
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Abstract This paper presents efforts to overcome challenges with empirical probability of detection (POD) estimations in the nuclear power industry through the utilization of a novel virtual flaw method. A virtual round robin (VRR) study was conducted under the Program for Investigation Of NDE by International Collaboration (PIONIC), organized by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) utilizing data generated by the virtual flaw method. Analysis of results from the VRR was performed by teams from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and Aalto University. Empirically derived POD estimations are presented, and challenges associated with obtaining these estimations are discussed. The virtual flaw method is introduced and some details of its implementation for the VRR activity are described. Results from POD analysis of the VRR data by PNNL, EPRI, and Aalto University are presented and a discussion regarding differences in analysis results is provided. Finally, potential future efforts to improve the application of the virtual flaw method and its estimation of POD are discussed.
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Jackson, Deborah A. "Stress Corrosion Cracking and Non-Destructive Examination of Dissimilar Metal Welds and Alloy 600." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22740.
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The United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) has conducted research since 1977 in the areas of environmentally assisted cracking and assessment and reliability of non-destructive examination (NDE). Recent occurrences of cracking in Alloy 82/182 welds and Alloy 600 base metal at several domestic and overseas plants have raised several issues relating to both of these areas of NRC research. The occurrences of cracking were identified by the discovery of boric acid deposits resulting from through-wall cracking in the primary system pressure boundary. Analyses indicate that the cracking has occurred due to primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) in Alloy 82/182 welds. This cracking has occurred in two different locations: in hot leg nozzle-to-safe end welds and in control rod drive mechanism (CRDM) nozzle welds. The cracking associated with safe-end welds is important due to the potential for a large loss of reactor coolant inventory, and the cracking of CRDM nozzle base metal and welds, particularly circumferential cracking of CRDM nozzle base metal, is important due to the potential for a control rod to eject resulting in a loss of coolant accident. The industry response in the U.S. to this cracking is being coordinated through the Electric Power Research Institute’s Materials Reliability Project (EPRI-MRP) in a comprehensive, multifaceted effort. Although the industry program is addressing many of the issues raised by these cracking occurrences, confirmatory research is necessary for the staff to evaluate the work conducted by industry groups. Several issues requiring additional consideration regarding the generic implications of these isolated events have been identified. This paper will discuss the recent events of significant cracking in domestic and foreign plants, discuss the limitations of NDE in detecting SCC, identify deficiencies in information available in this area, discuss the USNRC approach to address these issues, and discuss the development of an international cooperative effort.
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Yang, Jianfeng, and Paul O’Brien. "Evaluation of Fatigue Life of Pressurized Water Reactor Internals Considering Light-Water Reactor Coolant Environmental Effect for Aging Management Program." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-31169.
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Most of the current operating nuclear power plants in the United States were designed using the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, for fatigue design curves. These design curves were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. They were often referred to as “air curves” because they were based on tests conducted in laboratory air environments at ambient temperatures. In recent years, laboratory fatigue test data showed that the light-water reactor environment could have significant impact on the fatigue life of carbon and low-alloy steels, austenitic stainless steel, and nickel-chromium-iron (Ni-Cr-Fe) alloys. United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Regulatory Guide 1.207 provides a guideline for evaluating fatigue analyses incorporating the life reduction of metal components due to the effects of the light-water reactor environment for new reactors. It recommend following the method developed in NUREG/CR-6909 [3] when designing reactor coolant pressure boundary components. The industry has invested a lot of effort in developing methods and rules for applying environmental fatigue evaluations for ASME Class 1 components and piping. However, the industry experience in applying the environmental fatigue evaluation for reactor core support structures and internal structures has been very limited. During the recent aging management programs, reactor internal component environmental fatigue evaluations for several pressurized water reactors were evaluated. The analyses calculated the cumulative fatigue usage using the recorded plant-specific transient cycles and the projected cycles for 60 years of plant life. The study concludes that the actual fatigue usages of the components are substantially lower than the specified original design conditions. Even assuming the most severe light-water reactor coolant environmental effects, fatigue will not be a concern for 60 years of plant life. The experiences with environmental fatigue evaluation for reactor internals are still very limited. This study shall provide the industry with beneficial information to develop the approaches and rules addressing the environmental effect on the fatigue life of reactor internals.
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Adamonis, Donald C., Robert P. Vestovich, Fred G. Whytsell, Filippo D’Annucci, Eric Loehlein, Les Spain, Russel S. Devlin, Mark W. Kirby, John P. Lareau, and Per Sjoberg. "Advanced Nondestructive Examination Technologies for Alloy 600 Components." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2555.
Full textAbstract:
Several pressurized water reactors have experienced primary coolant leaks as a result of degradation in the tubes and J-groove welds of reactor vessel head penetrations. Leakage has been attributed to primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) of the Alloy 600 nozzle material and Alloy 182/82 weld materials. More recently, other Alloy 600 components including reactor vessel bottom mounted instrumentation nozzles, dissimilar metal pipe welds, hot leg instrument penetrations, and pressurizer heater sleeves have exhibited degradation. Westinghouse has been actively involved in the development of a comprehensive Alloy 600 degradation management program including investigation of root cause, establishing a safety position, and developing inspection and repair/replacement strategies to address Alloy 600 degradation issues. Personnel from Germany, Sweden and the United States have cooperatively developed equipment and nondestructive examination technologies for identification and characterization of degradation that might exist in these Alloy 600 components and attachment welds. These developments represent significant enhancements to technologies and equipment previously available in the industry and are driven by the need to meet new inspection applications and industry requirements which have continued to evolve over the last several years. This paper describes the inspection capabilities available to support Alloy 600 degradation management programs, field experience with those inspection technologies, and the status of ongoing NDE development efforts to enhance future Alloy 600 inspection programs.
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Winter, Daniel T. "An Examination of the Alternative Methods Used by the Investment Casting Industry to Produce Sacrificial Patterns: Have All of the Available Options Been Considered?" In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12880.
Full textAbstract:
The investment casting (IC) process has remained relatively unchanged throughout recorded history [1]. Indeed, there have been refinements to the individual processes required to produce castings; pattern making, the ceramic materials used to create the molds, foundry equipment, and post-cast processing of the castings. All have undergone numerous improvements. Yet, with the innovations that IC foundries have enjoyed, the casting process still requires a one-to-one ratio to produce an IC component from a sacrificial master pattern [2]. It is the alternative technologies used to produce the sacrificial master pattern that are the focus of this paper. New product development and introduction (NPDI) of an IC component requires the expertise of several engineering disciplines. Communications between the various engineering disciplines are critical to assure that cost effective decisions during product design and process development are made. With that in mind, several of the options available to the engineering teams responsible for NPDI are explored in the subsequent text. Rapid prototype (RP) technologies have played a crucial role during NPDI. The patterns produced using the various forms of RP technologies have allowed the IC industry to be considered by design engineers as a viable manufacturing option for their products. A more recent development in the United States is rapid tooling (RT). RT is an additive process, using metal to build the individual layers of the cavity block or the cavity insert. The finished component can then be used as a wax pattern cavity. Engineering teams should also consider a combination of RT and traditional wax pattern tooling. The complex pattern cavities are produced using RT while the more simple components are produced using traditional tooling. For IC foundries to be competitive all available pattern making options must be considered. Multi-disciplined engineering teams will play an important role choosing the technologies discussed. With careful consideration, the engineering teams responsible for NPDI can ensure the future of the IC industry.
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Yinon, Lital, Nickolas J. Themelis, and V. Faye McNeill. "Ultrafine Particles From WTE and Other Combustion Sources." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3581.
Full textAbstract:
The size of combustion generated particles ranges from a few nanometers up to 1 micron, whereas the size of naturally occurring PM such as pollens, plant fragments, and sea salt is generally larger than 1 micron. Particles generated by photochemical processes in the atmosphere are generally smaller than 1 micron. Ultrafine particles (UFP), also called “nanoparticles”, are <0.1 micron and in recent yearshave attracted attention due to potential adverse health effects associated with them. The contribution of UFP to the total PM mass is very small. However, they dominate the total number of particles in urban aerosols. Their sources are both mobile and stationary combustion sources and also gas-to-particle conversions. In coal and waste combustion systems, UFP are hypothesized to be generated mainly by nucleation of metal vapors. Coal naturally contains a vast range of inorganic elements among which are heavy metals. Sources of heavy metals in MSW include batteries, electronic devices, light bulbs, house dust and paint chips, food containers, used motor oils, plastics, yard wastes and some papers. The input of these metals into WTE facilities can be controlled by better source-separation of metal-containing materials. In 2007 almost 50% of the approximately 4.16 billion MWh generated in the United States was produced by coal power plants whereas only 0.3% was generated by the WTE industry. A preliminary study has shown that in terms of contribution to UHF in the atmosphere, MSW combustion has a minor effect in comparison to coal-fired power plants in the U.S. This paper will report on the results of this investigation.
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Nickell, Robert E. "Nuclear Plant Structures: Resistance to Aircraft Impact." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-1806.
Full textAbstract:
Reinforced concrete structures at nuclear power plants in the United States, in particular containment structures, are designed to be extremely robust and rugged. The ruggedness and robustness of containment structures can be attributed to their design basis, which includes pressure and thermal loads from severe reactor and primary coolant circuit accident events. In addition, the inherent structural integrity of these structures is demonstrated by the degree of protection provided against severe natural phenomena, such as earthquake loads, tornado missiles, floods, and fires. To some extent, the design basis also requires an evaluation of the potential for an aircraft impact accident, depending upon proximity of the plant to airports and the potential frequency of take-off and landing accident occurrence. In order to evaluate potential damage to nuclear power plant concrete structures and other hardened concrete structures from accidental or intentional aircraft impact, some analytical and experimental simulations have been carried out over the past two or three decades. The most recent effort was carried out for the U.S. nuclear power industry by EPRI, at the request of the Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI). The EPRI contractors were ABS Consulting of Irvine, California; Anatech Corporation of San Diego, California; and ERIN Engineering and Research, Inc. of Walnut Creek, California. The early phases of the effort were concerned only with nuclear power plant structures that house nuclear fuel, such as PWR and BWR containment structures, PWR and BWR spent fuel storage pools, dry spent fuel storage systems, and spent fuel transportation casks. A classified final report on these early phases was completed in February 2003 and the results have been reported to the U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). This presentation is based upon the portion of the results that have been released publicly by NEI. The reference aircraft chosen for the analyses is a Boeing 767-400 traveling at a velocity of 350 miles per hour. The maximum takeoff weight for this aircraft is approximately 450,000 pounds, which includes 23,980 gallons of fuel. It has a wingspan of 170 feet, an overall length of 201 feet, a fuselage diameter of 16.5 feet, and two engines weighing 9,500 pounds each. Three representative containment designs were analyzed: (1) reinforced concrete with a ferritic steel liner, (2) post-tensioned concrete with a ferritic steel liner, and (3) free-standing steel surrounded by a reinforced concrete shield building. All containment designs in the United States were represented by one of these three designs. Two spent fuel storage pools were analyzed, one representing typical PWR pools and the other representing typical BWR pools. Both have stainless steel liners. Three representative dry spent fuel storage systems were analyzed: (1) a vertical concrete storage cask encased in steel; (2) a vertical metal storage cask; and (3) a horizontal concrete storage module. Finally, a metal transport cask tied down on a rail car was analyzed. In all containment cases analyzed, no breach of the containment boundary was found, even though substantial damage to the concrete and deformation of the metallic shell or liner was observed. Similarly, the stainless steel pool liners ensure that, although localized crushing and cracking of the concrete walls is observed, no pool cooling water is lost. For the vertical concrete cask, the stainless steel canister housing the spent fuel assemblies is not breached although there was crushing and cracking of the concrete enclosure at the area of impact. For the vertical metal cask, the cask is dented, but not breached. Similarly, although the damage to the horizontal concrete storage module is substantial, there is no breach of the enclosed canister. The analysis of the transport cask showed that the cask body withstands the impact from the direct engine strike without breaching. The forces on the container are comparable to the forces associated with the impact design basis for these casks.