Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Scrap metals'

Each year, millions of tons of non-ferrous scrap metal are discarded in the US. This metal is wasted due to a lack of proper recovery methods. Recent developments in spectroscopic technology have made it possible to identify the waste composition of scrap metal in real-time. This has opened the door for high-speed automated metal sortation and recovery, especially for the recovery of high value precious metals, such as titanium, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum and tantalum. Automated sortation systems typically consist of three main phases: (i) Feeding of material, (ii) Composition identification, and (iii) Physical separation. Due to their low volume and industry fragmentation, high-strength precious metal chips usually come in the form of chips smaller than 10 mm. Therefore it is extremely difficult to feed metal chips individually into the sorting system. At CR3, a new feeding mechanism was invented and developed in order to provide single layer feeding of small metal chips. A laboratory-scale prototype was built and proven to be feasible, scalable and reliable. A model was developed to predict the output of feeding variables based on initial input parameters. An operation window of the process was also defined for various metal chip resources. These will be presented, reviewed and discussed in the following paper.

Thesis (BTech (Surface Design))Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010
The purpose of this research is to explore and create an understanding of how architectural structures. that adhere to deconstructivist design principles, can inspire the reconstruction of second-hand school fumiture and scrap metal. The planned pieces will continue to create an awareness of sustainability, by designing for reuse. These functional fumiture pieces of low tables and chairs will be handcrafted, appealing to a niche market, or specific spaces and they will act as expressions of contradiction. This research will act as an addition to a body of knowledge, where I will primarily focus on contradicting the traditional form and aesthetic of furniture design. I have decided to create these functional pieces to express a new possible direction of furniture design. The study context is a potential confrontational experience in that I want to challenge the conventional form and aesthetics of fumiture design. These pieces of fumiture will be placed in a niche market where they will exist as one-offs that are not produced for mass-consumption, as they will be individually hand-erafted. These days more and more people are attempting to live in a more sustainable manner by practicing to reduce our consumption of products and resources; reuse that which we have disposed of and forgotten as consumers and to recycle waste products and transform them into a feasible afterlife (Martin, 2010). The theory is focused on Sohaill Inayatullah's theory of "Futures Thinking", and this .theory is further supported by Victor Margolin's study of changing existing situations into preferred ones. The research further reflects on Jacques Derrida's theory of deconstruction, and this research is further supported by the theory of sustainability, by designing for reuse, with a focus on Ezio Manzini. Therefore, my research study is concerned with confronting and challenging the conformity that the form of furniture and its aesthetic adhere to.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Thesis (MScEng) --University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with the development of a new process for the production of Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), intended for use specifically by small scale Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) based steel mills, who require small volumes of DRI. The term development as used here is taken to include such aspects as conceptual design, theoretical verification and initial practical testing. The rise of EAF steelmaking brought about the metamorphosis of steel scrap from a waste product into a valuable raw material. Scrap prices rose steeply during the period 1995 to 2009 compelling EAF steelmakers, wishing to have more control over the cost of their input material, to seek for scrap supplements or alternatives. DRI has become an accepted and sought after supplement, or even complete alternative, to steel scrap. Adding DRI to an EAF charge has a range of advantages, including the dilution of tramp elements and possible cost benefits, but it does have negative effects. These include the lowering of the scrap to liquid metal yield and an increase in power consumed. The effect of charging DRI to a small EAF is quantified. The maximum DRI that may be added to the burden whilst still maintaining the present steelmaking volume, is shown to be as high as 50% if charged continuously, and the maximum price payable for DRI, is shown to be approximately 80% of base grade scrap price. Finally other requirements unique to small scale EAF operators are considered in order to prepare a schedule of requirements for a DRI plant specifically for small scale EAF steel mills. A review of published information on existing DRI production technology, processes and plants is undertaken is establish the fit of existing processes to the requirements set. Initially the thermodynamics and kinetics of iron ore reduction and coal gasification, specifically downdraft gasification are reviewed. Thereafter existing processes are reviewed. Shaft based processes and rotary kiln based processes are identified as possible suitors to the requirements. Limitations of these processes, specifically heat transfer in rotary kilns and the pressure drop over a reduction shafts are investigated. Finally a typical process in each of the main process classes is adjudicated against the set requirements. None is found to match the set requirements. A new process is proposed that is claimed to better suit to small scale operation. The uniqueness of the process is embodied in the combination of existing technologies of downdraft gasification and iron ore reduction in a shaft, in a single reactor. The process consists of two shafts, one placed above the other. Iron ore is charged into the top shaft, called the pre-heat shaft, where it is pre-heated and lightly reduced to wustite with gas from the bottom shaft, called the reduction shaft. The pre-heated ore is then charged together with coal into the reduction shaft. Gasification air is drawn into the top of the reduction shaft where the coal is gasified in a downdraft gasifier, generating reduction gas which reduces the ore as the gas moves concurrently with the iron ore. The exit gas is cleaned and pumped to the pre-heat shaft where it combusted with air to pre-heat the iron ore in the pre-heat shaft. The concept is analysed thermodynamically using amongst others, FactSage, and is shown to be thermodynamically viable. To test the concept process concept practically, an extremely small pilot plant with a production rate of 2kg DRI/h, consisting of only a gasifier/reduction shaft, was designed and constructed using reduction rate data obtained from literature supplemented with data obtained from thermogravimetric analysis of CO reduction of lump Sishen hematite. Pilot Plant trials were performed using various reductant sources. The degree of metallizaion was analysed using visual inspection of cut and polished samples compared to calibrated standards. Analysis of the results indicate that coal rate and production rate influence the degree of reduction positively and negatively. The conclusions arrived at include the fact that the process is thermodynamically viable, that it was possible to reduce iron ore in a simplified pilot plant, and that the process was found to be stable and controllable. It is recommended that a larger scale pilot plant, embodying the full proposed flow sheet be erected to test the process more completely.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die tesis handel oor die the ontwikkeling van ‘n nuwe proses vir die vervaardiging van sponsyster. Die proses is beoog spesifiek vir gebruik deur kleinskaalse Elektriese Boogoond (EBO) gebaseerde staal aanlegte, wat kleiner hoeveelhede sponsyster benodig. Die term ontwikkeling soos hier gebruik word aanvaar om aspekte soos konseptuele ontwerp, teoretiese verifikasie en aanvanklike toetsing te behels. Die vinnige groei van EBO staalvervaardiging het skroot getransformeer van weggooiproduk tot waardevolle grondstof. Die prys van skroot het skerp gestyg gedurende die periode 1995 to 2009. EBO gebaseerde staal produsente, in ‘n poging om meer beheer te hê oor die koste van hul insetmateriaal, het hul in ‘n toenemende mate tot skrootalternatiewe gewend. Sponsyster het ‘n aanvaarde en gewaardeerde byvoeging, en selfs alternatief tot staalskroot geword. Die byvoeging van sponsyster by die lading van ‘n tipiese EBO het besliste voordele, maar het dit ook nadelige effekte. Die voordele sluit die verdunning van reselemente en moontlike kostevoordele in, terwyl van die nadele die verlaging van die skroot tot vloeistaal opbrengs, en ‘n verhoging in kragverbruik, is. Die effek van die byvoeging van sponsyster tot ‘n EBO lading word gekwantifiseer. Daar word getoon dat die maksimum hoeveelheid sponsyster wat by ‘n EBO lading gevoeg kan word terwyl die hoeveelheid staal geproduseer konstant gehou word, ongeveer 50% is indien die sponsyster kontinue gelaai word, en die maksimum prys wat vir die sponsyster betaal kan word, word bereken op ongeveer 80% van die prys van basisgraad skroot. Ander vereistes uniek aan kleinskaal EBO bedrywers word oorweeg ten einde ‘n lys van vereistes vir ‘n sponsysteraanleg, uniek aan kleinskaal EBO bedrywers, te kan bepaal. ‘n Oorsig van gepubliseerde inligting oor sponsysterproduksietegnologie word onderneem ten einde die passing van bestaande prosesse met die gestelde vereistes te kan bepaal. Nadat die termodinamika en kinetika van ysterertsreduksie en steenkoolvergassing be-oordeel is, word bestaande sponsysterprosesse beskou. Skag- en Roterende oond gebaseerde prosesse word as moontlik gepaste prosesse identifiseer. Hitte-oordrag en die drukval oor gepakte beddens, synde tipiese beperkings eie aan die twee prosesse, woord beskou. Tipiese prosesse in elk van die hoofklasse van prosesse word ten laaste be-oordeel aan die gestelde kriteria. Daar word bevind dat geeneen van die bestaande prosesse aan die vereistes voldoen nie. ‘n Nuwe proses, wat skynbaar die behoefte van kleinskaalse EBO gebaseerde staalprodusente beter bevredig, word voorgestel. Bestaande tegnolgie word in ‘n unieke opstelling geïntegreer. Reduksie word in ‘n reduksiekag gedoen as gevolg van die ooglopende massa- en hitte-oordragvoordele van ‘n skag. Reduksiegas word verkry van steenkoolvergassing in ‘n afstroomvergasser ten einde teerverwydering in ‘n naverwerkingsstap oorbodig te maak. Die uniekheid van die proses is beliggaam in die kombinasie van ‘n steenkoolvergasser en reduksieskag in ‘n enkele reaktor. Die proses bestaan uit twee skagte, een bo die ander. Ystererts word in die boonste skag, wat die voorverhitskag genoem word, gelaai. Hier word die erts voorverhit en moontlik lig gereduseer tot wustiet met gas van die onderste skag, wat die reduksieskag genoem word. Die voorverhitte erts word saam met steenkool in die reduksieskag gelaai. Vergassingslug, word in die reduksieskag gesuig waar die steenkool in ‘n afstroomvergasser vergas word. Hierdeur word reduksiegas gegenereer wat die erts verder reduseer soos dit saamstromend met die erts af beweeg. Die uitlaatgas word gesuiwer en na die voorverhitskag gepomp waar dit verbrand word om die erts te voorverhit. Die konsep is termodinamies analiseer met gebruikmaking van onder andere FactSage, en werkbaar bevind. ‘n Baie klein, vereenvoudigde proefaanleg, met ‘n produksievermoë van 2kg DRY/uur, bestaande uit slegs ‘n reduksiekag, is ontwerp en gebou met gebruikmaking van kinetika inligting uit die literatuur aangevul met inligting uit termogravimetriese analise van die CO reduksie van Sishen hematiet. Proefaanleglopies is uitgevoer met ‘n reeks reduktantbronne. Die metallisasiegraad is bepaal deur visuele inspeksie van gesnyde, gepoleerde monsters wat vergelyk is met gekalibreerde standaarde. Analise van die resultate toon dat die steenkoolkoers ‘n positiewe verband, en die produksiekoers ‘n negatiewe verband met die metallisasiegraad het. Die slotsom waartoe gekom is, is dat die proses termodinamies werkbaar is, dat reduksie van ystererts in ‘n vereenvoudigde proefaanleg bewerk kon word, en dat die prose stabiel en beheerbaar voorgekom het. Die aanbeveling word gemaak dat ‘n groter proefaanleg wat die volledige voorgestelde vloeiskema verteenwoordig, opgerig behoort te word, ten einde die proses meer volledig te kan toets.

The scrap metal recycling industry is a growing industry that plays an important role in the sustainability of a large global metal supply. Unfortunately, recycling lacks many standards, and test procedures in place for mineral processing. These standards and practices, if used in recycling, could aid recyclers in determining and achieving optimal separations for their plant.. New regulations for scrap imports into China make it difficult to obtain the metal recoveries that have been achieved in the past. In order to help scrap yards adhere to the new regulations the Eriez RCS eddy current separator system was tested in full scale. The principles this system uses, called circuit analysis, have been used by the mining industry for years, and can be used with any separation system. The Eriez RCS system surpassed the requirements of the Chinese regulations, while simultaneously increasing the recovery of metals. In order to further analyze eddy current separator circuits, tree analysis was attempted for single eddy current separators, as well as more complex circuits mimicked using locked cycle tests. The circuits used in the locked cycle test were a rougher-cleaner, a rougher-scavenger, and a rougher-cleaner-scavenger. It was found that it is possible to use tree analysis to compare different eddy current separator circuits using the same settings, however standards for this practice need to be established for it to be useful. Using the data analysis methods developed for this particular tree analysis, the rougher-cleaner-scavenger test had the best performance overall. This is the same result as the full scale testing done on the Eriez RCS system, but more testing should be conducted to confirm the data analysis techniques of calculating theoretical efficiency, recovery efficiency, and rejection efficiency.
Master of Science

This diploma thesis deals with valuation of a Czech company operating in the field of metal scrap recycling. The goal of the thesis is to find market value of the company with a purpose of sale to an identified rational investor. The thesis opens with a presentation of company s main business activities. It is followed by the strategic analysis of its external and internal potential, which covers the development of metal scrap market and the company s competitive position on it. Financial analysis investigates financial health of the company and compares its financial performance with that of company s competitors. In the fourth chapter I forecast the development of the main value generators: sales, profit margin, working capital and long-term assets. This forecast is later incorporated into the financial plan of the company. Last chapter is dedicated to company s valuation according to DCF method and market comparison method. As a conclusion to the work I analyze the results of the valuation and income generation capacity of the company.

The automotive industry is expected to transition from a net-consumer to a net-producer of aluminum scrap as aluminum-intensive vehicles (AIVs, i.e., Ford’s aluminum-bodied F-150) begin to reach end-of-life (EOL). In the past, the industry has downcycled aluminum scrap to meet the consumption demands of the automotive sector. With the shift to having a large supply of this scrap in the near future, the industry needs to recover and reuse EOL Al by utilizing a circular economic model, create value via an upcycling paradigm (vs downcycling). This work establishes a platform as to how the recycling industry can be restructured to create value in our waste streams and is organized in three segments: First, an analysis of the flow of automobiles at EOL was carried out from the perspective of recovery and reuse; a recycling rate for Al has been determined, and the factors that go into the dynamics of the recycling rate have been identified. Secondly, the current state of the market was surveyed to evaluate where improvements could be made to affect material collection and recovery. The latter led to compositional characterization of aluminum auto-shred to identify the alloys in the mixture, and thereby the needed intelligent sorting systems for upcycling. Thirdly, these results were used in a dynamic material flow model to predict how the composition of auto-shred will change due to increased aluminum usage and as a function of various end-of-life processing scenarios. The outcome and impact of this work is that we have established a platform that enables the ELV recycling industry to upcycle the large amount of Al that will be available in the near future. These results will be discussed and reviewed during this presentation.

Mining in the state of Western Australia (WA) formally commenced in the 1840s, and over the ensuing 180 years has evolved to be the epicentre of the Australian mining industry and a significant contributor to the national economy. The lithology of WA is replete with mineralisation that hosts uranium and “critical minerals” required for the global renewable energy sector. The state’s first uranium mine is under development, and high levels of activity are occurring in the state’s nascent critical minerals sector, with 168 WA-based companies pursuing rare earths-bearing minerals, 51 of which are actively drilling on their tenements. WA’s mineral deposits typically contain levels of the naturally occurring radionuclides (NORs) thorium-232 and uranium-238 that are elevated above the global crustal average. Workers are exposed to NORs during the mining and mineral extraction processes, and radiation doses that exceed applicable exposure standards may eventuate. The central issue addressed by this research is “what is the potential for radiation exposures from NORs to the significantly increased workforce, and is the regulatory framework fit-for-purpose to ensure radiation doses are kept as low as reasonably achievable?” The research traces the history of worker radiation doses from 1977 to 2020, finding the maximum dose was 163.4mSv, more than eight times the current derived annual dose limit. Whilst 93.5% of all workers received doses of less than 5.0mSv per year, the potential for elevated doses is ever-present as witnessed by 10.3mSv reported in 2009-10. The increase in activity coincides with a revision of the dose coefficients (DCs) associated with the intake of radionuclides. The research evaluates the revised DCs and forecasts doses from inhalation of radioactive dusts will nearly double, and lead to workers receiving doses exceeding 5mSv for the first time since 2009-10. The research raises issues with the evaluation of worker doses and recommends personal dust sampling be prioritised. The revised DCs reinforce the need for effective long-term management of NOR-contaminated wastes arising from mineral processing activities. The research investigated a technique for the removal and capture of NOR-contaminated scale from a piece of disused mining equipment, reporting capture efficiencies of greater than 90%. The technique has the potential to significantly reduce the environmental footprint of NOR-contaminated wastes and to minimise doses to workers involved in the removal process. The research finds that the current regulatory framework is fit-for-purpose. However, inter-agency relationships require strengthening, and the capacity of the regulator to effectively regulate the current and future number of mining operations is questioned. The mining industry is similarly vulnerable to capability and capacity constraints – but has failed to respond to issues in relation to competent radiation safety officers first raised by the Winn Inquiry in 1984. Disconcertingly, monitoring of worker exposures to NORs reached a nadir in the final years covered by this Thesis, raising questions as to the veracity of worker doses reported to the regulatory agency. Academic papers for publication have been developed and are drawn upon in each Chapter. Six papers have been published in peer-reviewed journals, and a seventh is undergoing the editorial process.

碩士
大葉大學
環境工程研究所
89
The generation of scrap Integrated Circuit (IC) increases rapidly, as the modern society depends on the high technology electronic devices more and more. Scrap Integrated Circuit (IC) contains various heavy metals (Fe, Al, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, etc.) and precious metals (Au, Ag, etc.). These metals may seriously pollute the environment, if they are not properly disposal. In order to minimize the pollution problem and to conserve the limited natural resources, a hydrometallurgical procedure is developed in this study to recover those metals contained in the scrap IC. In this study, several methods of roasting, grinding, screening, leaching, cementation, solvent extraction and electrolytic winning are adopted to investigate the recovery efficiency of gold, silver and copper of scrap IC. The result of this study reveals that most of the metals have a bigger particle size which can be separated and recovered by using the roasting, grinding and screening methods. After screening, the gold, silver, and copper contained in the fine material (-50 mesh) can be recovered by thiourea leaching and cementation with copper powder. This study shows that the best operating condition of thiourea leaching is the addition of 2 g thiourea, 3.6 N H2SO4 , 2.6 g iron(Ⅲ) sulfate with a leaching time of 7 hours at ambient temperature. The optimum condition of cementation is the addition of 2g of Copper powder for one hour operation. In order to predict the recovery (R) of gold by thiourea leaching, a semi-empirical model was developed on the basis of five operating parameters (i.e., Thiourea concentration (U), H2SO4 concentration (S), iron(Ⅲ) sulfate concentration (F), leaching time (t) and leaching temperature (T)) and a non-linear regression technique. The final expression of this model is obtained below: R=0.174 × U 0.356 × S 0.196 × F 0.078 × t 0.077 × T 0.01

O software 2.0 e sua abordagem para o processamento de imagens multi-espectrais, ajudando a realizar uma classificação automática de sucata metálica, é o tema desta pesquisa. O uso de ferramentas de Machine Learning e Deep Learning contribuem para o desenvolvimento de sistemas inteligentes, permitindo obter resultados relevantes na classificação de imagens, principalmente de sucatas metálicas. Neste mestrado, os testes serão realizados com uma câmara multi-espectral para obter imagens de alumínio, ferro, cobre, latão, aço inoxidável, simulando um ambiente de sucata metálica. O objetivo é obter a classificação destes metais através do desenvolvimento de software e realizar uma análise multi-espectral das imagens obtidas. Testes preliminares foram feitos em um ambiente controlado, com uma pequena amostra desses materiais. Estudos para implementar um protótipo em uma indústria siderúrgica brasileira se seguirão.
Software 2.0 and its approach to the processing of multi-spectral images helping to perform an automatic classification of metal scrap is the subject of this research. The use of Machine Learning and Deep Learning tools contribute to the development of intelligent systems, allowing to achieve relevant results in the classification of images, particularly of metal scrap. In this Master research, tests will be performed with a multi-spectral chamber to obtain images of aluminum, iron, copper, brass, stainless steel, simulating an environment of metal scrap. The aim is to obtain the classification of these metals through the development of software and to perform a multi-spectral analysis of the obtained images. Preliminary tests were made in a controlled environment, with a small sample of these materials. Studies to implement a prototype in a Brazilian steel industry will follow.

Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Masters Degree in Technology: Business Administration, Durban University of Technology, 2013.
The aim of this study has been to establish the influence of quality initiatives on the operations of a selected metal recycling company in KwaZulu-Natal. The rationale for this study was based on the information that the financial turmoil has led to a significantly reduced demand for scrap metals and that there is a shortage of information on quality initiatives in the secondary metal industry in this province. Little research, if any, has been done on this particular topic. Hence, there was a need to conduct research of this magnitude. A review of literature provided the basis for the investigation. A multi-method approach was followed as the project required both quantitative and qualitative methods. The research required interdepartmental inputs. The theme of study focused on what could be seen as a topic of research in the department of quality, while the actual research was conducted within the ambit of business administration as a field of study. The data collected through the questionnaires and the operations‟ know-how observed in the yard were subject to scrutiny to enhance relevance in the field of study. As the target population of 70 people was small, it became appropriate to do a census study. A total of 68 people returned filled-in questionnaires administered to operations workers and their management. The response rate was 97%. The study evaluated the importance of training on quality and safety as an integrated domain and the impact thereof in the secondary metal products industry. It further identified a number of drawbacks that hamper the effectiveness of metal operations. The results revealed that excellent quality initiatives have a positive impact on the value-adding operations.

碩士
正修科技大學
機電工程研究所
99
Stainless steel powder has been widely applied in the conventional powder metallurgy (P/M), metal injection molding (MIM), filtration media for polymer melts and other industries due to its compacting properties and corrosion resistance. However, the manufacturing cost of stainless steel powder is very high from pure stainless steel material. In addition, lots of scrap metal had been discarded and not well utilized when stainless steel components and/or products were manufactured. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of stainless steel powder made from stainless steel scrap metal through a series of recycling, melting, alloy adding and water atomization process to produce stainless steel powder. Then the oxygen content, chemistry composition, particle size distribution, apparent density of stainless steel powders were tested and process parameters were needed to be optimized. The results exhibited that the produced stainless steel powders meet the specification requirements. When the equipped with a hydraulic accumulator, the low apparent density can be obtained and decreased from 1.66 g/cm3 to 1.48 g/cm3, while lower oxygen content can be acquired and decreased from 1595ppm to 787ppm when flow rate of N2 gas was fixed at 220 l/min. The experimental results indicated that the stainless steel powder through water atomization process using scrap metal is feasible, and can meet the needs of industries. In hence, the goals of recycling stainless steel scrap metal and reducing the manufacturing cost can be achieved.

English, Zulu and Northern Sotho summaries
This study aims to evaluate the Non-Ferrous Metals Crime Combating Committee's impact on combating copper cable theft in South Africa. Data was collected via in-depth interviews with awaiting trial detainees charged with copper cable theft at the Pollsmoor Correctional Centre in the Western Cape; members of the Mpumalanga and Gauteng Provincial Non-Ferrous Metals Crime Combating Committee; members of Business Against Crime South Africa; and investigators attached to Combined Private Investigations who investigate copper theft nationally. The in-depth interviews provided a comprehensive understanding of participant experiences relating to the impact of the Non-Ferrous Metals Crime Combating Committee on the combating of copper cable theft in South Africa. Moreover, the researcher performed a thorough literature study of the phenomenon locally and internationally. Research findings indicate shortcomings in the Non-Ferrous Metals Crime Combating Committee's effectiveness, limiting its impact on preventing copper cable theft. Based on these findings, the study recommends that the Non-Ferrous Metals Crime Combating Committee be replaced with a specialised South African Police Service Non-Ferrous Metals Theft Unit. Consequently, this study puts forward a set of recommendations proposing a systematic pro-active plan to address and minimise copper cable theft in South Africa. The proposed plan convincingly presents practical solutions to minimise copper cable theft and contributes to the current body of scholarship on copper cable theft in South Africa.
Inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukuhlola umthelela wohlelo lwe-Non-Ferrous Metals Crime Combating Committee mayelana nokuqedwa kokutshontshwa kwentambo yogesi (copper cable). Idatha iqoqwe ngokusebenzisa izinhlolovo ezijulile ezenziwa ngokusebenzisa iziboshwa eziboshelwe izintambo zikagesi ezisamele ukugwetshwa ejele lase Pollsmoor Correctional Centre ngaseNtshonalanga Kapa, amalunga eMpumalanga and Gauteng Provincial Non-Ferrous Metals Crime Combating Committee, amalunga eBusiness Against Crime South Africa kanye nabaphenyi abahambisana nophiko lweCombined Private Investigations oluphenya ukutshontshwa kwezintambo zikagesi ezweni lonke. Lezi zinhlolovo ezijulile zinikeze ulwazi olubanzi lwabadlalindima olumayelana nomthelela weNon-Ferrous Metals Crime Combating Committee mayelana nokuqedwa kokutshontshwa kwezintambo zikagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umcwaningi wenze ucwaningo olunzulu lombhalo wobuciko mayelana nokutshontshwa kwezintambo zikagesi lapha ekhaya kanye nasemhlabeni wonke jikelele. Ulwazi olutholakele lukhombisa iziqi ezikhinyabeza ukusebenza kahle kweKomithi mayelana nokuvimbela umthelela walo mayelana nokutshontshwa kwezintambo zikagesi. Ngezizathu ezisuselwa phezu kwalolu lwazi, lolu cwaningo lubeka phambili isethi lezincomo ezinganceda iKomiti ekuqiniseni umthintela walo ngokuhlongoza uhlelo olugqugquzelayo lokunciphisa izinga lokutshontshwa kwezintambo zikagesi eNingizimu Afrika. Lolu hlelo oluhlongoziwe ngaphandle kokungabaza lwethula izixazululo ezenzeka empilweni yangempela ukunciphisa ukwetshiwa kwezintambo zikagesi kanti lokhu kunegalelo kwiziko lamanje futhi luqhubekisa iziko lamanje lwezifundo esimayelana nokwetshiwa kwezintambo zikagesi.
Maikemisetso a thutelo ye ke go lekola khuetso ya Komiti ya Twantsho ya Bosenyi bja Dimetale tse di Sego tsa Tshipi ka ga go lwantsha kutso ya megala ya koporo. Datha e kgobokeditswe ka mokgwa wa ditherisano tse di tseneletsego tseo di sepeditswego le mahodu a megala ya koporo ao a golegilwego ao a letetsego go sekiswa Senthareng ya Tshokollo ya Pollsmoor go la Kapa Bodikela, maloko a Diprofense tsa Mpumalanga le Gauteng a Komiti ya Twantsho ya Bosenyi bja Dimetale tse di sego tsa Tshipi, maloko a Dikgwebo tsa Kgahlanong le Bosenyi tsa Afrika Borwa le banyakisisi bao ba dirisanago le Dinyakisiso tsa Praebete tse Kopantswego tseo di nyakisisago kutso ya koporo kemong ya bosetshaba. Ditherisano tse di tseneletsego tse di file kwesiso ka botlalo ya maitemogelo a batseakarolo ye e sepelelanago le khuetso ya Komiti ya Twantsho ya Bosenyi bja Dimetale tse di sego tsa Tshipi ka ga go lwantsha kutso ya megala ya koporo. Gape, monyakisisi o dirile thutelo ya dingwalo ka botebo ya kutso ya megala ya koporo tikologong ya leagong le kemong ya boditshabatshaba. Dikhwetso tsa dinyakisiso di supa mafokodi ao a lebanego bokgoni bja Komiti tshitisong ya khuetso ya yona go kutso ya megala ya koporo. Go ya ka dikhwetso tse, thutelo ye e hlagisa sehlopha sa dikeletso tseo di ka thusago Komiti go tswetsa khuetso ya yona pele ka go sisinya leano la go itokisetsa seemo se ka diregago ka mokgwa wo o beakantswego go fokotsa kutso ya megala ya koporo ka Afrika Borwa. Leano leo le sisintswego le hlagisa ka mo go kgodisago ditharollo tse di ka phethagatswago go fokotsa kutso ya megala ya koporo ka gona la ba la seabe go le go tswetsa pele popego ya bjale ya borutegi ka ga kutso ya megala ya koporo.
Criminology and Security Science
Ph. D. (Criminal Justice)

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Engineering. Johannesburg, 2017
This dissertation presents the zinc recycling of tool grade cemented tungsten scrap material generated during commercial production at Pilot Tools Pty Ltd (South Africa), production of powders and alloys from the zinc recycled materials, and evaluation of the properties of the recycled and un-recycled powders and alloys. Tool grade cemented tungsten carbide inserts were subjected to the zinc recycled process under controlled conditions. Tungsten carbide, cubic (TiC, TaC, NbC, TiCN) carbides and Co were recovered from the recycled scrap material. Two recycled alloys, R and RA, and two un-recycled alloys NS and N were produced following the conventional powder metallurgy route. Alloy R was made from 100 % zinc recycled powder with stoichiometric adjustment of C only, and alloy RA was made from 100% zinc recycled powder with stoichiometric adjustment of C and Co. Alloy N was produced under the same conditions as the recycled alloys R and RA, while alloy NS was produced at commercial level at Pilot Tools Pty Ltd (South Africa) using un-recycled powders. The alloy properties were evaluated following standard procedures for hardmetals. When the zinc recycled material was mechanically disintegrated, about 70 % of the recycled material was recovered as fine powder, while 30% was recovered as coarse oversize particles. The oversize particles were quite tough due to a high Co content, and it was difficult to disintegrate them through milling or repeated zinc recycling. The recycled powders took twice as much time to mill to the desired size as the new un-recycled powders, and had predominantly angular particles, while the new powders had smaller more rounded particles. A cubic free layer (CFL) was formed in all the alloys during sintering, although the recycled alloys R and RA had a narrower CFL compared to the new alloys NS and N. The recycled alloys R and RA had carbide grain size, carbide contiguity, binder mean free path, hardness, fracture toughness and wear rate which were generally within the same ranges as the new un-recycled alloys.
MT2018

碩士
國立虎尾科技大學
機械與電腦輔助工程系碩士班在職專班
105
The technology of no scrap bending-curling die in Taiwan, it still cannot develop by self. Mostly depend by foreign technology. This paper through theoretical principles and scientific methods to study the no scrap bending-curling forming process and die design. In this paper, we used 1.4mm thickness of SPCC steel plate which had through cold-rolled process to do material-tensile-test and formability-test. We had planned the process and the parameters of the no scrap bending-curling design. And doing the tooling develop with the stamping software “VISI”. It could reduce the actual tooling testing times and worked more effectively. Also achieved the purpose of cost reduction. The results showed that the engineering design of this study was based on the principle of the bending-curling forming. And we planned two processes in this study. The design of no scrap bending-curling forming was completed by the transfer tooling design and the stamping principle. And the two processes were combined on a set of molds to achieve continuous stamping. That could increased the production efficiency. Based on the above results, we had designed and manufactured the tooling. And we measured the finished part after the actual bending-curling forming. The final dimensions of the product had matched the original requirements of design.

碩士
國立彰化師範大學
會計學系企業高階管理
102
Taiwan's scrap metal industry is that many of the older generation have heard “Junk " providers. Today scrap metal industry in Taiwan has established powerful and indirectly spread in China industry, have come to Taiwan to study the establishment of related scrap metal recycling system. In particular, the pollution problems in China's scrap metal refining process, eager to seek the valuable experience of Taiwan's industry. Therefore, this research adopted largest scrap metal recycling companies in Taiwan's: SW Company as a case study. Therefore, this research adopted ATC Company as a case study. In this study, trust and integrity of the operating philosophy of this firm as major issues. The results show that trust and integrity of SW company philosophy not only to let the company through a variety steep challenge, and also let SW company stand scrap metal industry leading companies. This paper proposed related suggestions for SMEs in Taiwan and management implications based on the results.

碩士
國立中山大學
高階經營碩士班
104
Sustainable development is the core for contemporary business operations, so most of the countries define environmental protection industry as a critical business with unlimited potentials. For the past two decades, Taiwan''s resource-based industries (including mixed metal scrap industry) grow rapidly with great competiveness , as we can find the quantity data associated with recycling business. According to Taiwan EPA (Environmental Protection Association) "Industrial Waste Reporting and Management Information System" statistics, the mixed metal scrap from industrial waste have been increasing for the past ten years (2003 to 2015). In this case , Company Y is a recycling service provider focused on mixed metal scrap items. Based on EPA data Company Y shared 1.64% out from island wide total scrap volume. We can image the room for Company Y to grow is yet far from the limitation. In our case study, we adopt Five Forces Analysis (Michael Porter) and SWOT Analysis to tell the competitive advantages and disadvantages of Taiwan mixed scrap metal processing industry. A strategic planning framework and found critical success factors in the industry to portrait Company Y’s business advantages and weaknesses. After we reviewed the internal and external environment factors, and applicable resources, we propose a strategic framework and redefine the key successful factors for Company Y to compete, so a strategy for the Company is to be formed. Company Y is relative a small scale operation in Taiwan scraps market, however it has unique characters which are pioneer in the industry, well site management, diversified sales channels. We recommend Company Y to focus on specific scrap items and penetrate to broader market segment to pursue efficiency in the short term ; continually upgrade technical capacities, efficiency and personnel training to support it’s diversification strategy and expand new markets for growth.

碩士
國立聯合大學
環境與安全衛生工程學系碩士班
103
A representative heavy metal contaminated soil sampled from a scrap metal smelting slag and aluminum dross dumping site, T site, was first studied for remediation. In the first and second stages, acid solution was applied and the results show that Cu cannot pass both of soil controlling standard and TCLP leaching standard. Therefore, stabilization solutions were applied in the third and fourth stages. The results exhibit that base solution can stabilize that particle size less than 3.4 mm contaminated soil; furthermore, the composite stabilization solution can stabilize that particle size less than 9.5 mm contaminated soil. Because all of the stabilized soils can pass TCLP leaching standard, thus excavation and transportation to an ordinary industrial waste landfill site was the best choice. Two diesel contaminated soils sampled from two gas station sites, M and H sites, were also studied for remediation. In the soil of M site, a rectangular tank filled with contaminated soil as the site profile was treated with a 100 °C central thermal probe. The results show that the soil temperature can reach to a steady-state after one day thermal treatment. The temperature of upper layer soil was the highest because of thermal transmission and steams coming up from the middle and lower layers. Another experiment, 100, 80, 60 °C thermal remediation tests using cylinder tanks filled with contaminated soil as soil profile, was carried out for four weeks. The results reveal that all of the three temperatures could reduce contaminated soil’s TPHt to less than 1,000 mg/kg and 100 °C presented the best performance. Accordingly, thermal remediation for diesel contaminated soil was verified and it can be applied in the future. In the denser soil of H site, microwave radiation was applied to quickly increase soil temperature and reach the remediation goal. Additionally, surfactant (Tween 80), ultrasound, and ozone were also applied for the tests of remediation. The results indicate that both of “ozone” and “ozone + microwave” can reach the remediation goal and be adopted as innovative remediation methods in the future.

博士
國立中興大學
材料科學與工程學系所
100
Due to excellent properties such as excellent vibration damping property, high specific strength and EMI (electromagnetic interference), in transportation vehicle (e.g., engineering covering, oil pan, door frame wheel, etc) and the outer shell of 3C electric products (e.g., the outer covering of personal mobile communication tool, the upper cover and base seat of notebook computer, etc.), magnesium alloys has an increasing number of uses. Recycling of magnesium scraps (i.e., end-of-life or post-consumed magnesium products) has become increasingly important. The study proposes a method for generating hydrogen gas in citric acid-added seawater by the hydrolysis of magnesium scraps. The study systematically investigates a catalyst-free method of producing hydrogen using low-grade magnesium scraps (LGMS) in aqueous organic acids. The stainless steel (S.S) net, functions as a catalyst of hydrogen production for LGMS plate in seawater, obviously improve the hydrogen yield, but losing the function of catalyst in citric acid-added seawater. The hydrogen yield was highest when the concentration of citric acid is at 30 wt%, while magnesium plate was placed in citric acid-added seawater. Activation energy for the H2 generation in citric acid-added seawater was calculated. The mobility and concentration of hydrogen ions in citric acid aqueous affect the total hydrogen yield, causing that the highest yield occurred at some intermediate citric acid concentration. The concentration of sodium chloride strongly effects on hydrogen yield in citric acid solution but without the effect on the hydrogen yield in acetic acid solution. The hydrogen generation rate from the magnesium scraps in 15 wt% acetic acid solution obviously exceeded that in 15 wt% citric acid solution, although the two organic solutions each had approximately equal moles of dissociable hydrogen atoms.