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Lloyd, Oskar, and Christoffer Nilsson. "How to Build a Web Scraper for Social Media." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20594.
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In recent years, the act of scraping websites for information has become increasingly relevant. However, along with this increase in interest, the internet has also grown substantially and advances and improvements to websites over the years have in fact made it more difficult to scrape. One key reason for this is that scrapers simply account for a significant portion of the traffic to many websites, and so developers often implement anti-scraping measures along with the Robots Exclusion Protocol (robots.txt) to try to stymie this traffic. The popular use of dynamically loaded content – content which loads after user interaction – poses another problem for scrapers. In this paper, we have researched what kinds of issues commonly occur when scraping and crawling websites – more specifically when scraping social media – and how to solve them. In order to understand these issues better and to test solutions, a literature review was performed and design and creation methods were used to develop a prototype scraper using the frameworks Scrapy and Selenium. We found that automating interaction with dynamic elements worked best to solve the problem of dynamically loaded content. We also theorize that having an artificial random delay when scraping and randomizing intervals between each visit to a website would counteract some of the anti-scraping measures. Another, smaller aspect of our research was the legality and ethicality of scraping. Further thoughts and comments on potential solutions to other issues have also been included.
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Mayfield, John Charles. "An advisory system for scraper selection." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2211.
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Scrapers are useful construction equipment when hauling distances range between 500 to 3000 feet. When preparing an estimate for an earthmoving project utilizing scrapers, the capacity of the scraper and the cycle time for the given project conditions must be calculated. Since travel time varies widely based on the conditions of the haul road and the performance of the equipment, determining the most economical selection (size and model) and the correct number of scrapers and pushers is a rather tedious process. The calculation of travel time between the cut and fill zone involves repetitive calculations. A spreadsheet-based interactive advisory system was created in order to facilitate these calculations and generate a list of recommended equipment. The system contains a scrapers database, performance charts, soil properties, and a user interface to solicit data that is specific to the project such as haul road surface conditions and characteristics. Data such as efficiency (minutes worked per hour) and hourly rates for operators and other workers can also be specified in the user interface. Once the user enters the quantity to be moved the application calculates the production rate, time required for the job, and the estimated unit cost for each scraper in the database. The system then produces a list of all scrapers, sorted in the order of shortest time or lowest unit price.
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Andersson, Pontus. "Developing a Python based web scraper : A study on the development of a web scraper for TimeEdit." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för informationssystem och –teknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-43140.
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I en värld där alltmer information lagras på internet är det svårt för en vanlig användare att hänga med. Även när informationen finns tillgänglig på en och samma hemsida kan den hemsidan sakna funktioner eller vara svår att läsa av. Idén bakom att skrapa hemsidor, tidningar eller spel på information är inte ny och detta examensarbete fokuserar på att bygga en web scraper med tillhörande hemsida där användare kan ladda upp sitt schema skrapat från TimeEdit. Hemsidan ska sedan presentera denna skrapade data på ett visuellt tilltalande sett. När system är färdigutvecklade utvärderas dem för att se om examensarbetets mål har uppnåtts samt om systemen har förbättrat det befintliga sättet att hantera schemaläggning i TimeEdit hos lärare och studenter. I sammanfattningen finns sedan framtida forskning och arbeten presenterat.The concept of scraping the web is not new, however, with modern programming languages it is possible to build web scrapers that can collect unstructured data and save this in a structured way. TimeEdit, a scheduling platform used by Mid Sweden University, has no feasible way to count how many hours has been scheduled at any given week to a specific course, student, or professor. The goal of this thesis is to build a python-based web scraper that collects data from TimeEdit and saves this in a structured manner. Users can then upload this text file to a dynamic website where it is extracted from the file and saved into a predetermined database and unique to that user. The user can then get this data presented in a fast, efficient, and user-friendly way. This platform is developed and evaluated with the resulting platform being a good and fast way to scan a TimeEdit schedule and evaluate the extracted data. With the platform built future work is recommended to make it a finishes product ready for live use by all types of users.
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Ellis, Ryan. "Bad breath response to tongue scraper and rinses." Diss., Search in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. UC Only, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1465480.
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Im, Terry. "Bad breath response to tongue scraper and rinses." Diss., Search in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. UC Only, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1465483.
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Palma, Michael, and Shidi Zhou. "A Web Scraper For Forums : Navigation and text extraction methods." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-219903.
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Web forums are a popular way of exchanging information and discussing various topics. These websites usually have a special structure, divided into boards, threads and posts. Although the structure might be consistent across forums, the layout of each forum is different. The way a web forum presents the user posts is also very different from how a news website presents a single piece of information. All of this makes the navigation and extraction of text a hard task for web scrapers. The focus of this thesis is the development of a web scraper specialized in forums. Three different methods for text extraction are implemented and tested before choosing the most appropriate method for the task. The methods are Word Count, Text-Detection Framework and Text-to-Tag Ratio. The handling of link duplicates is also considered and solved by implementing a multi-layer bloom filter. The thesis is conducted applying a qualitative methodology. The results indicate that the Text-to-Tag Ratio has the best overall performance and gives the most desirable result in web forums. Thus, this was the selected methods to keep on the final version of the web scraper.Webforum är ett populärt sätt att utbyta information och diskutera olika ämnen. Dessa webbplatser har vanligtvis en särskild struktur, uppdelad i startsida, trådar och inlägg. Även om strukturen kan vara konsekvent bland olika forum är layouten av varje forum annorlunda. Det sätt på vilket ett webbforum presenterar användarinläggen är också väldigt annorlunda än hur en nyhet webbplats presenterar en enda informationsinlägg. Allt detta gör navigering och extrahering av text en svår uppgift för webbskrapor. Fokuset av detta examensarbete är utvecklingen av en webbskrapa specialiserad på forum. Tre olika metoder för textutvinning implementeras och testas innan man väljer den lämpligaste metoden för uppgiften. Metoderna är Word Count, Text Detection Framework och Text-to-Tag Ratio. Hanteringen av länk dubbleringar noga övervägd och löses genom att implementera ett flerlagers bloom filter. Examensarbetet genomförs med tillämpning av en kvalitativ metodik. Resultaten indikerar att Text-to-Tag Ratio har den bästa övergripande prestandan och ger det mest önskvärda resultatet i webbforum. Således var detta den valda metoden att behålla i den slutliga versionen av webbskrapan.
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Thorwaldsson, Henrik. "Development of asphalt removing tool for a tandem roller." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2601.
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This master thesis have been done to come up with different concepts that could solve problems that is connected to vibrations in tandem rollers. The main problem is that the vibrations makes it harder to remove asphalt with the built in scraper, creating an uneven contact with the drum and the scraper. The new concepts should improve the machines ability to remove asphalt and decrease the amount of maintenance that is needed. To understand what the new tool needs to do some functional analyses have been done. To create new concepts the triz method have been used. The different concept was evaluated with a pugh matrix and swot. In the final part the focus is on how the best concept could become better. The final concept locks the scraper geometrically so it moves the same way as the drum. This makes it so it always are at the same distance to the drum.Den här uppsatsen handlar om olika koncept som kan lösa problem som är kopplade till vibrationer från tandem vältar. Huvudproblemet som har varit i fokus är att vibrationerna från valsen försvårar möjligheten att ta bort asfalt med den inbyggda skrapan. Detta ger en ojämn kontakt mellan skrapan och valsen. De nya koncepten borde förbättra maskinen förmåga att ta bort asfalt och minska det nödvändiga underhållet. För att förstå vad det nya verktyget behöver göra har det gjort funktionsanalyser. För att genera nya koncepts har verktyget triz använts. De olika konceptet har utvärderats med en pugh matris och swot metoden. Sista delen av arbetet handlar om hur den bästa konceptet kan bli bättre. The slutgiltiga förslaget går ut på att man låser skrapa geometriskt så att den rör sig på samma sätt som valsen. Detta gör att den alltid håller sig på samma avstånd till valsen.
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Logan, Dennis Charles. "Oil rheology adjacent to the scraper ring of a diesel engine." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/26119.
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Shimelmitz, Ron, Steven L. Kuhn, Avraham Ronen, and Mina Weinstein-Evron. "Predetermined Flake Production at the Lower/Middle Paleolithic Boundary: Yabrudian Scraper-Blank Technology." Public Library of Science, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621336.
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UA Open Access Publishing FundWhile predetermined de´bitage technologies are recognized beginning with the middle Acheulian, the Middle Paleolithic is usually associated with a sharp increase in their use. A study of scraper-blank technology from three Yabrudian assemblages retrieved from the early part of the Acheulo-Yabrudian complex of Tabun Cave (ca. 415–320 kyr) demonstrates a calculated and preplanned production, even if it does not show the same complexity and elaboration as in the Levallois technology. These scraper dominated assemblages show an organization of production based on an intensive use of predetermination blank technology already in place at the end of the Lower Paleolithic of the Levant. These results provide a novel perspective on the differences and similarities between the Lower and Middle Paleolithic industries. We suggest that there was a change in the paradigm in the way hominins exploited stone tools: in many Middle Paleolithic assemblages the potential of the stone tools for hafting was a central feature, in the Lower Paleolithic ergonometric considerations of manual prehension were central to the design of blanks and tools.
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Varadarajan, Ashok. "Dross formation mechanism and development of wear resistant scraper in 55Al-1.5Si-Zn coating bath." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=6022.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 106 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-106).
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Comstock, Aaron R. "A Morphological Analysis of End Scrapers at Nobles Pond (33ST357), A Gainey Phase Paleoindian Site in Northeast Ohio." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1310413050.
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Fiordarancio, Matteo. "Monitorare attacchi al Brand." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
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Al giorno d’oggi, la proprietà intellettuale e l’immagine comunicata dal proprio brand sono fra le cose più importanti per un’azienda. Fra i vari vettori d’attacco, uno dei più importanti è proprio internet. Infatti, è proprio tramite di questo che avvengono i più comuni casi di phishing a spese degli utenti o dove vengono distribuiti malware sotto mentite spoglie. Ed è proprio in questi casi che le aziende si mostrano più vulnerabili: per utenti inesperti, diventa difficile distinguere il confine fra quello che fa il brand e quello che fanno questi criminali. Pertanto, diventa responsabilità dell’azienda stessa tutelarsi da questi attacchi, per evitare che indirettamente la propria reputazione venga danneggiata.
Da questa osservazione, in collaborazione con Bending Spoons, azienda con cui ho collaborato, ho creato un tool in grado di monitorare il web alla ricerca di attacchi al brand o violazioni di proprietà intellettuale. In particolare, l’esigenza nasce da esperienza diretta: durante lo sviluppo di Immuni da parte di Bending Spoons (l’app scelta dal governo italiano per aiutare a combattere il Coronavirus) sono stati registrati diversi domini e profili Instagram con nomi simili a quelli dell’azienda. Essi portavano a siti diversi con informazioni inaccurate e che necessitavano di essere controllati manualmente per la loro eliminazione.
Per tali motivi, il tool si pone come obiettivo quello di riportare automaticamente i risultati sospetti e monitorare gli stessi notificando un’eventuale cambiamento.
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D'Elia, Thomas. "La movimentazione dei sedimenti di spiaggia nell'ambito della gestione del litorale: il caso di Cesenatico." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/23903/.
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Il litorale emiliano romagnolo nell’ultimo secolo risulta sempre più soggetto al fenomeno dell’erosione (Arpae, 2020), incrementata dall’urbanizzazione della costa, dalla riduzione del trasporto solido fluviale e dal fenomeno della subsidenza.
Il tratto di costa preso in considerazione nella tesi riguarda l’area di Cesenatico sud: esso non è tra i più critici del litorale regionale, ed è considerato come un settore relativamente stabile dal punto di vita dell’erosione costiera (Arpae, 2020). Ciò è attribuibile in parte alla presenza di barriere frangiflutti lungo tutta l’estensione del paraggio, ma soprattutto a quella del molo sud del Portocanale che intercetta il trasporto solido lungo costa avente verso sud-nord.
Per contrastare l’erosione costiera vengono comunque messe in atto a scala locale una serie di “buone pratiche” di gestione del sedimento (linee guida MATTM-Regioni, 2018) come la creazione di un “argine invernale” nel retrospiaggia e lo scraping: una tecnica con la quale, tramite mezzi meccanici, viene rimosso sedimento da accumuli nella spiaggia sommersa ridepositato sulla spiaggia emersa, per aumentarne la superficie in vista dell’avvio della stagione balneare.
Il monitoraggio della spiaggia emersa e sommersa è un’attività fondamentale per comprendere gli effetti associati a questi interventi, anche nell’ottica di una gestione sostenibile della costa.
Nel 2020 e 2021 sono stati eseguiti a Cesenatico sud una serie di rilievi topografici e batimetrici, all’ultimo dei quali ho personalmente preso parte. I dati sono stati acquisiti con GNSS ed ecoscandaglio single-beam e poi elaborati con software GIS per ottenere mappe di quota/profondità, DTM delle differenze tra rilievi e per ricostruire i profili di spiaggia. Dalle analisi svolte è possibile cogliere i cambiamenti morfologici della spiaggia in seguito alla movimentazione del sedimento in risposta ad attività antropiche e a processi naturali (come significativi eventi di mareggiata).
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Wara, Ummul. "A Framework for Fashion Data Gathering, Hierarchical-Annotation and Analysis for Social Media and Online Shop : TOOLKIT FOR DETAILED STYLE ANNOTATIONS FOR ENHANCED FASHION RECOMMENDATION." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-234285.
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Due to the transformation of different recommendation system from contentbased to hybrid cross-domain-based, there is an urge to prepare a socialnetwork dataset which will provide sufficient data as well as detail-level annotation from a predefined hierarchical clothing category and attribute based vocabulary by considering user interactions. However, existing fashionbased datasets lack either in hierarchical-category based representation or user interactions of social network. The thesis intends to represent two datasets- one from photo-sharing platform Instagram which gathers fashionistas images with all possible user-interactions and another from online-shop Zalando with every cloths detail. We present a design of a customized crawler that enables the user to crawl data based on category or attributes. Moreover, an efficient and collaborative web-solution is designed and implemented to facilitate large-scale hierarchical category-based detaillevel annotation of Instagram data. By considering all user-interactions, the developed solution provides a detail-level annotation facility that reflects the user’s preference. The web-solution is evaluated by the team as well as the Amazon Turk Service. The annotated output from different users proofs the usability of the web-solution in terms of availability and clarity. In addition to data crawling and annotation web-solution development, this project analyzes the Instagram and Zalando data distribution in terms of cloth category, subcategory and pattern to provide meaningful insight over data. Researcher community will benefit by using these datasets if they intend to work on a rich annotated dataset that represents social network and resembles in-detail cloth information.Med tanke på trenden inom forskning av rekommendationssystem, där allt fler rekommendationssystem blir hybrida och designade för flera domäner, så finns det ett behov att framställa en datamängd från sociala medier som innehåller detaljerad information om klädkategorier, klädattribut, samt användarinteraktioner. Nuvarande datasets med inriktning mot mode saknar antingen en hierarkisk kategoristruktur eller information om användarinteraktion från sociala nätverk. Detta projekt har syftet att ta fram två dataset, ett dataset som insamlats från fotodelningsplattformen Instagram, som innehåller foton, text och användarinteraktioner från fashionistas, samt ett dataset som insamlats från klädutbutdet som ges av onlinebutiken Zalando. Vi presenterar designen av en webbcrawler som är anpassad för att kunna hämta data från de nämnda domänerna och är optimiserad för mode och klädattribut. Vi presenterar även en effektiv webblösning som är designad och implementerad för att möjliggöra annotering av stora mängder data från Instagram med väldigt detaljerad information om kläder. Genom att vi inkluderar användarinteraktioner i applikationen så kan vår webblösning ge användaranpassad annotering av data. Webblösningen har utvärderats av utvecklarna samt genom AmazonTurk tjänsten. Den annoterade datan från olika användare demonstrerar användarvänligheten av webblösningen. Utöver insamling av data och utveckling av ett system för webb-baserad annotering av data så har datadistributionerna i två modedomäner, Instagram och Zalando, analyserats. Datadistributionerna analyserades utifrån klädkategorier och med syftet att ge datainsikter. Forskning inom detta område kan dra nytta av våra resultat och våra datasets. Specifikt så kan våra datasets användas i domäner som kräver information om detaljerad klädinformation och användarinteraktioner.
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Piriyaprakob, Nutthawut. "Scrap compiling : using digital technology to manipulate scraps from construction sites in order to create architecture." Virtual Press, 2006. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1355597.
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This project is inspired by two facts that occur on an everyday basis in much of the world. First, it is obvious that many persons and organizations in many developing nations are paying large amounts of money for large-scale architecture projects, including skyscrapers, museums, and airport, subway, and train terminals. It is often the case that as the mega-buildings are built, many useful materials—structural steel, wood, reinforcing rods, sheets of corrugated steel, and concrete among them--are wasted, even though they could be utilized in smaller projects. The second fact is that digital technology is playing a more important role in the daily life of many people and professionals. The development of such technologies also influences the ways in which buildings are created. Many types of software programs now facilitate the standard and non-standard workings of architecture offices worldwide, starting with design, moving through fabrication, and culminating with assembly.It is suggested that we can reuse the scraps from huge construction projects to provide much needed small buildings in the developing world (such as houses or small commercial structures) by using new digital technologies. As the technology becomes available, many architects will be able to adapt and utilize all types of raw materials in the most efficient ways possible while minimizing the amount of waste taken to landfill sites.To advance these ideas, the author worked as an intern at Morphosis and visited the offices of Gehry Partners and Greg Lynn Form (all in Los Angeles), and Sharpies Holden Pasquarelli Architects (SHoP) in New York; these firms are among the most influential offices in the world, both in regards to the buildings they design and the digital technologies with which they work. Rule-based design was studied to better understand the logic of computation. Simultaneously, several experimental projects were designed and built.The knowledge gained from these studies, experiences, and experiments can give us confidence that new technology can help architects and designers organize the complexity of unique scraps for use in the construction of buildings or building components.However, problems were revealed that are in need of attention. For example, the machines that are typically used for digital fabrication procedures today, such as the laser cutter and CNC router, do not provide the best support for this work because they are not intended to be used with scraps and the price of the machine is relatively high.It is hoped that this project can be a small first step for other architects to understand the possibility and the logic of digital technology within the realm of building construction waste. If studied and understood, the new technology can be a very powerful tool to utilize the leftover material in the most efficient way.Department of Architecture
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Kim, Kyung-Jin. "Analyses tracéologiques pour l'interprétation de la fonction et de l'utilisation d'industries lithiques en quartz du Paléolithique coréen." Thesis, Perpignan, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PERP0013/document.
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En Corée, les quartzs sont utilisés intensivement parmi les matières premières au cours de toutes les périodes du Paléolithique. Nous souhaitons vérifier les caractéristiques ou les différences des fonctions d’outils en quartz selon les sites paléolithiques de périodes différentes et de diverses régions par des analyses fonctionnelles. Nous avons également étudié les variations dans l’utilisation d’un type d’outil particulier en fonction des sites : nous avons sélectionné le grattoir. Par les résultats de l'analyse fonctionnelle, des différences d’utilisations des outils en quartz entre les niveaux ne sont pas attestées, il existe une continuité dans l’utilisation au fil des niveaux. Cependant, les utilisations de l’outil en quartz sont légèrement différentes entre les sites analysés. La plupart des grattoirs ont été utilisés dans le travail de la peau. Cependant, nous pouvons observer des traces formées par une variété de tâches sur les grattoirs grands et épais. Autrement dit, nous pouvons attester que l'on utilise les grattoirs différemment en fonction de leurs dimensions. Sur la base de ce travail, d’autres études devraient être effectuées afin de trouver une réponse plus précise sur l’absence de changement entre les niveaux de nos sites d’étudeIt is necessary to examine quartz tools for understanding the Palaeolithic culture in Korea. It is difficult to identify the temporal change pattern of raw materials, assemblages and production techniques of stone tools found in the Palaeolithic sites in Korea ranging from the early to late Palaeolithic, because most stones tools uncovered from these sites are made of quartz. Therefore, this research raises two questions: Is it be possible that the use-wear analysis could reveal the functional change patterns of stone tools in accordance with production dates and environmental changes? How it can be detected the peculiar characteristics of the particular tools found in each site? The results of the use-wear analyses to each cultural layer show no clear temporal differences of raw materials, assemblages and uses of lithic tools. The sites where the excavated tools were mainly composed of quartz exhibited the successive patterns rather than the particular changes between cultural layers. The use-wear analysis suggest that most end-scrapers were used for processing hides. However, it could be observed use-wear pattern formed by processing woods and antlers in large-sized end-scrapers. Therefore, it can be inferred that the use of end-scrapers depended on the size of these tools; but it seems that small-sized end-scrapers produced in the late Palaeolithic were closely related to work hide. In order to seek more clear answers to this result, it will be needed to conduct analyses on many Palaeolithic sites dating to the transitional era distributed in different regions and on the sites yielding tools made of different raw materials
선사고고학은 기본적으로 선사인들의 생활과 환경에 대해 이해하기 위한 학문으로, 석기를 왜 만들고, 어떻게 사용했는가 ? 라는 기초적인 질문을 가진다. 다양한 연구 방법 가운데 석기에 남겨진 흔적을 연구하는‘쓴자국 분석’을 바탕으로 이에 대한 해답을 찾고자 한다. 한국에서는 시대와 지역이 다른 대다수의 구석기 유적에서 석영 석기가 높은 비율로 출토된다. 그렇기 때문에 한국의 구석기 문화에 대한 이해를 하기 위해서는 반드시 석영 석기에 대한 이해가 필수적이다. 이번 연구에서는 석영 석기에 대한 쓴자국 분석의 가능성을 확인하고 이를 통해 한국 구석기 유적에서 출토되는 석영석기의 기능과 시기와 환경에 따른 차이를 확인하고자 한다. 그리고 석영석기가 주를 이루는 한국의 구석기 유적에서는 구석기시대 전기에서 후기에 이르기까지 돌감, 석기의 구성, 제작기술 등에 있어 시기적인 변화와 특징을 확인하기 어렵기 때문에 쓴자국 분석을 통해 시기, 환경에 따른 석기의 기능에 있어서 차이 또는 특징들을 확인할 수 없는가? 그리고 유적에 따른 특정 도구의 사용에 차이 또는 특징들이 있는가? 라는 질문으로 시작한다. 그리고 석영석기에 대한 이해를 위해 다양한 실험을 통해 여러 작업재료에 따른 흔적들의 특징을 이해한다.먼저 여러 유물층이 확인되는 김포 풍곡리, 동탄 오산리와 청계리 구석기 유적의 석기들에 대해 분석 및 비교를 하였다. 그 결과 시간의 흐름에 따른 유물층에서는 사용되는 돌감, 석기구성과 사용 등에 있어 각 문화층에 따른 특징적인 차이를 명확하게 확인할 수 없었다. 쓴자국 분석을 통해 차이를 확인하고자 하였으나 석영 석기를 주로 사용하는 유적에서는 유적내 유물층 사이에서는 특별한 변화보다는 연속적인 양상을 볼 수 있었다. 도구와 유적의 기능과의 관계를 이해하기 위해 유적에서 출토되는 다양한 석기 가운데 지역과 시기에 상관없이 주로 출토되는 석기인 밀개에 대한 분석을 위해 7개 유적에서 출토된 밀개를 분석, 비교를 하였다. 그 결과 대부분의 밀개들이 가죽작업에 특징적으로 사용되었던 도구였을 것으로 짐작할 수 있다. 다만 크기가 큰 밀개의 경우 나무, 뿔 등 다양한 작업에 의해 형성된 흔적들을 볼 수 있었다. 즉, 밀개는 도구의 크기에 따라 다르게 사용이 이루어진 것으로 볼 수 있으나 후기 구석기 시대의 작은 크기의 밀개는 가죽 작업과 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 보인다. 일부 분석 유적들은 시기적으로는 후기에 해당하는 유적이지만, 후기 구석기로의 돌감선택, 도구의 소형화 등의 전환기적 특징이 확인되지 않았다. 또한 이번 분석 결과를 통해 석영 석기가 주로 출토되는 구석기 유적에서는 시간의 흐름에 따른 지속성을 확인 할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과가 분석이 이루어진 지역적인 특징인지, 석영이라는 돌감의 사용과 관련된 것인지에 대한 연구가 필요하며, 이를 바탕으로 유적의 지속적인 양상들에 대한 좀 더 명확한 해답을 찾기 위해서는 전환기에 해당하는 여러 지역의 다양한 구석기 유적들에 대한 분석과 석영이 아닌 다른 돌감이 주로 활용된 유적에 대한 연구와 비교가 더 필요하다
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Easy, Luke. "3D simulations of scrape-off layer filaments." Thesis, University of York, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15850/.
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In the Scrape-Off Layer (SOL) of magnetic confinement devices, cross-field transport of particles is dominated by the convection of filamentary plasma structures via self-generated E×B velocity fields. This thesis investigates the dynamics of such filaments using three dimensional simulations to further theoretical understanding of SOL transport. A new 3D SOL simulation code called STORM3D has been developed using the BOUT++ framework to implement an isothermal drift-reduced fluid model in a slab geometry. Verification and validation exercises are documented to demonstrate that the code has been implemented correctly and that the physical model adequately reproduces experimental observations. A comprehensive characterisation of how a filament’s initial geometry affects its subsequent dynamics is provided via a series of 3D simulations of isolated filaments. In particular the size of a filament in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field, δ⊥, is shown to have a strong influence on its motions, as it determines which currents balance the filament’s pressure-driven diamagnetic currents, which in turn determines its E×B velocity. At small δ⊥, this balance is predominantly provided by polarisation currents and the filament’s radial velocity is observed to increase with δ⊥. In contrast, at large δ⊥, parallel currents closing through the target are found to be dominant, and the radial velocity decreases with δ⊥. Comparisons are made between 3D simulations and 2D simulations using different parallel closures; namely the sheath dissipation closure, which neglects parallel gradients, and the vorticity advection closure, which neglects the influence of parallel currents. The vorticity advection closure is found not to replicate the 3D perpendicular dynamics well and overestimates the initial radial velocity of all filaments studied. A more satisfactory comparison is obtained with the sheath dissipation closure, even in the presence of significant parallel gradients, where the closure is no longer valid. The vorticity advection closure’s poor performance occurs because in the 3D case parallel currents closing through the sheath play an important role in reducing the extent to which polarisation currents are driven. In a conduction-limited or detached SOL regime however, low plasma temperatures and high neutral densities near the divertor will produce significantly higher resistivity values in the region than that used in the aforementioned 3D simulations. Therefore the effect of increasing the normalised plasma resistivity in the last quarter of the domain nearest the targets is examined using 3D simulations. Whilst small δ⊥ filaments are observed to be relatively unaffected by this quantity, large δ⊥ filaments exhibit faster radial velocities at higher resistivity values due to two mechanisms. Firstly, parallel currents are reduced meaning that polarisation currents are necessarily enhanced and secondly, a potential difference forms along the parallel direction so that higher potentials are produced in the region of the filament for the same amount of current to flow into the sheath. This indicates that broader SOL profiles could be produced at higher values of normalised resistivity, and hence at larger reference SOL densities and at colder temperatures.
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André, Meza Kahn. "Energy flow model for a scrapper conveyor unit." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar produktionsutveckling (ML), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-257954.
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Värmevärden AB is an energy company that distributes district heating. One of their challenges today is to reduce the energy losses and wear that occur in the plant's scrapper conveyor unit. The conveyor belt is in constant motion whether it is transporting fuel or going unloaded at idle. An understanding of the module's energy flow needs to be mapped. An energy flow behavior model for the scrapper conveyor unit is presented. The energy flow in the startup sequence when the belt runs at idle and at full load is simulated. The simulations visualize the velocity and acceleration of the belt as a function of time and the current flow in the engine when getting started. The model allows changes on various parameters such as engine velocity, current limitations, work efficiency and enables the calculation of necessary material to achieve a desired power delivery. With a current-limited engine of 140 [A], a lower acceleration is obtained as the belt transports the fuel masses. Energy losses are also reduced as the belt is started by their own mass when transportation is needed. This means that the wear on the components of the plant decreases as transportation takes a more controlled form.Värmevärden AB är ett energibolag som distribuerar fjärrvärme. En av deras utmaningar idag är att minska energiförlusterna och slitaget som uppstår i anläggningens skrapstransportörs modul. Transportbandet är i konstant rörelse vare sig det transporterar bränsle eller går olastad i tomgång. Förståelse för modulens energiflöde behöver kartläggas. En beteendemodell för skraptransportörens modul presenteras. Genom analys av energiflödet i systemet simuleras startförloppet när bandet körs i tomgång och vid full last. Simuleringarna visualiserar bandets hastighet och acceleration som funktion av tid och även motorns strömförlopp under uppstartsfasen. Modellen tillåter ändringar på diverse parametrar såsom motorns varvtal, strömbegränsning, verkningsgrad och möjliggör även framräkningen av nödvändigt material för att uppnå en viss leverans uteffekt. Med en strömbegränsad motor på 140 [A] fås en lägre acceleration när bandet transporterar bränslemassorna. Energiförlusterna minskar också eftersom bandet sätts igång av massornas egenvikt när transporteringen behövs. Detta medför att slitaget på anläggningens komponenter minskar i och med att transporten sker i mera kontrollerade former.
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Bohush, Tatiana Joanna. "The Reduction of Experimental Paleoindian Trianguloid End Scrapers." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1374874516.
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Deblais, Antoine. "Etalement de fluides complexes." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0303/document.
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Ce travail de thèse porte sur l'étalement de fluides complexes. Il met en évidence la riche phénoménologie d'un acte simple : celui d'étaler avec un racloir (rigide ou souple) une émulsion ou une solution de polymères sur un substrat. Pour chacun des fluides modèles étudiés, nous nous sommes focalisés expérimentalement sur l'observation de l'écoulement au cours de l'entraînement de la solution. Dans des conditions données d'étalement, il apparaît qu'une émulsion o/w peut s'inverser via plusieurs mécanismes de déstabilisation, ou encore, dans le cas d'une solution de polymères, exhiber une instabilité de sa ligne de contact, donnant naissance à des filaments de tailles et de longueurs d'ondes spécifiques. Nous montrons que les différents paramètres d'étalement, comme par exemple la hauteur du racloir, la vitesse d'étalement, les propriétés du substrat ou encore la rhéologie des solutions, doivent être pris en compte pour construire des diagrammes de phase d'étalement séparant les domaines d'existence des instabilités observées (régime de recouvrement partiel), des domaines où la solution transite vers le recouvrement total du substrat. D'autre part, nous tirons l'avantage de ces instabilités pour nous permettre de déposer de façon contrôlée des structures variées, offrant d'intéressantes perspectives en termes d'applicationsThis study shows the rich phenomenology of a simple act : spreading complex solutions such as emulsion and polymer solution on a plate, by using a rigid and flexible blade respectively. Here, we experimentally study the flow of the solution over the course of its spreading. During the spreading and in certain conditions, different phenomena occur, namely, emulsion inversion in the case of o/w emulsion or a contact line instability in the case of the polymer solution, which gives rise to the formation of polymer filaments with a well-defined wavelength and characteristic sizes. We showed, thanks to spreading phase diagrams, that the the existence of the instability (partial wetting regime) is separated to a domain where the solution cover the substrate. Spreading parameters such as the height of the scraper, spreading velocity or properties of the fluids turns out to be crucial. Finally, we take advantage of the instabilities to print a variety of interesting patterns for further applications
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Tähti, Tero. "Suspension melt crystallization in tubular and scraped surface heat exchangers." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=973404914.
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Sanhueza, Salazar Paola Adary. "Diagnóstico post mortem de scrapie mediante inmunohistoquímica (IHQ) en tejido linfoide de mucosa rectal en ovinos." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2010. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/131374.
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Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Médico VeterinarioEl Scrapie es una enfermedad perteneciente al grupo de las EETs que afecta a ovejas y cabras. Este prototipo de enfermedad priónica, se caracteriza porque en las etapas iniciales de su patogenia el prión se deposita en los tejidos linforreticulares (TLR). Esta cualidad permite que se realicen pruebas diagnósticas preclínicas, en base a la detección de la proteína priónica patológica por medio de Inmunohistoquímica (IHQ) en zonas anatómicas donde es posible reconocer TLR. Según los informes entregado por la OIE en Chile no se han descritos casos de Scrapie, ni tampoco se posee sistema de vigilancia sobre esta enfermedad., No obstante, se establece que si se llegasen a presentar casos, estos se deben declarar obligatoriamente. Sin embargo, el SAG realiza vigilancia post mortem utilizando muestras de óbex con las que se llevan a cabo las técnicas diagnósticas de histopatología, IHQ y ELISA. Debido al potencial ganadero ovino del país, se hace importante poseer herramientas diagnósticas ante mortem de fácil realización, que permitan la implementación de programas de control epidemiológico en vivo. Es así como para esta memoria, se eligió el tejido de la mucosa rectal para validar la técnica diagnóstica por IHQ. Debido a que esta zona anatómica se caracteriza por presentar folículos linfoides dispersos cercanos a la unión recto anal, lo cual la hacen ser un área accesible por medio de una biopsia in vivo. A la vez, se realizó un análisis para determinar cual es la mejor región anatómica que permita obtener la mayor cantidad de folículos linfoides, ya que se requieren como mínimo 4 centros foliculares para realizar la técnica de IHQ con valor diagnóstico preclínico de Scrapie, reconocido internacionalmente. Para alcanzar este objetivo se trabajó con los últimos 4 cm del recto obtenidos de 54 ovinos mayores de 2 años, todos ellos provenientes de mataderos ubicados en la Región de Magallanes y Antártica Chilena. De cada trozo de recto, se analizaron 5 cortes a las distancias de 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5 cm desde la línea recto anal hacia craneal. Estos cortes fueron sometidos a tinción de H/E, posteriormente se observaron e hizo un conteo de la presencia de folículos linfoides para así, clasificar la muestra como apta o no para realizar la IHQ. De esta manera, evaluando la aptitud de la muestra se observó que de los 54 individuos, en 33 (61%) al menos una de las cinco muestras fue considerada como apta y en 21 (39%) de ellos, no se presentaron muestras aptas en ninguno de sus cortes. Una vez obtenido los datos de la cantidad de folículos presentes por corte estos se sometieron a un análisis estadístico de chi cuadrado (2), el que arrojó como resultado que la mejor zona para obtener una muestra útil para el diagnóstico, es el área comprendida entre los 0,5 y 1,5 cm desde la unión recto anal. Así, del total de 270 cortes obtenidos, 74 cortes fueron aptos para realizar la IHQ, correspondiente al 61,1 % de los individuos muestreados. Todos estos cortes fueron negativos a Scrapie al no presentar el precipitado granular rojo de la inmunotinción y al compararlos con controles positivos y negativo que se disponían. De esta forma, la técnica basada en la biopsia rectal entrega una herramienta potencialmente útil para el diagnóstico precoz del Scrapie, debido a que el tejido linfoide rectal es fácilmente accesible en ovinos vivos, lo que facilita una rápida toma de muestras con un mínimo malestar para el animal. Esta técnica tendrá su mayor efectividad cuando se utilice una biopsia obtenida en la zona comprendida entre los 0,5 y 1,5 cm desde la unión recto anal. Por lo tanto, con este estudio se logró estandarizar la zona más adecuada para la toma de muestra, por medio de una biopsia rectal in vivo, además de validar la técnica de IHQ en estos tejidos, para así utilizarla como posible técnica in vivo de screening en programas de cuarentena y control de Scrapie para el país
Financiamiento: Proyecto FIV no. 121014019102002
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Barreto, Ana Catarina da Silva. "Estudo retrospetivo sobre tremor epizoótico em Portugal." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6528.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaO tremor epizoótico (TE) é uma encefalopatia espongiforme transmissível (EET) que ocorre naturalmente em ovinos, caprinos e muflões. É uma doença conhecida há mais de 250 anos. Caracteriza-se pela acumulação da isoforma patológica- proteína priónica resistente (PrPres ou PrPsc) de uma proteína fisiológica do hospedeiro- proteína priónica celular (PrPc) no sistema nervoso central, conduzindo à progressiva neurodegeneração e morte. O tremor epizoótico ou scrapie, representa o protótipo das doenças priónicas. Existem dois tipos de scrapie classificados até à data, o scrapie clássico e o scrapie atípico/Nor98. A suscetibilidade a qualquer dos tipos de scrapie é determinada por polimorfismos do gene priónico. O scrapie clássico é uma doença infecciosa sendo que o scrapie atípico/Nor98 é visto como uma doença de ocorrência esporádica e dependente da mudança espontânea de conformação da proteína priónica. O tipo de scrapie mais prevalente em Portugal é o scrapie atípico/Nor98. Assim, elaborou-se o presente estudo retrospetivo com o intuito de determinar o potencial de ocorrência de scrapie no nosso país entre 1995 e 2002, examinando, pela técnica de imunohistoquímica (IHQ), amostras de tecido nervoso de pequenos ruminantes arquivadas no Laboratório de Patologia do Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), e contribuir para a caracterização epidemiológica desta doença no nosso país.
ABSTRACT - Retrospective study on scrapie in Portugal - Scrapie is naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) in sheep, goat and mufflons almost worldwide and it is known for about 250 years. It is characterized by the accumulation of an abnormal isoform- resistant prion protein (PrPres or PrPsc) of host encoded prion protein- cellular prion protein (PrPc) in the central nervous system leading to progressive neurodegeneration and death. Scrapie represents the prototype of the so-called prion diseases. It is observed to date as two types, classical and atypical/Nor98 scrapie. The susceptibility to both types is modulated by polymorphisms of the prion gene. Whereas classical scrapie is clearly a naturally occurring transmissible disease, atypical scrapie seems to be caused by spontaneous misfolding of prion protein. The most prevalent type of scrapie in Portugal is the atypical/Nor 98 strain. This retrospective study intends to find out the potential occurrence of scrapie in Portugal before 2002, examining through imunohistochemistry (IHC) samples of small ruminants archived from 1995 to 2002 in the Pathology laboratory from INIAV (Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária – The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research), contributing to the epidemiological characterization of the disease in this country.
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Smick, N. (Noah M. ). "Plasma flows in the Alcator C-Mod scrape-off layer." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/57885.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering, February 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 227-234).
Near-sonic parallel plasma flows are persistently observed in the scrape-off layer (SOL) of tokamaks, at locations far from material surfaces. Ballooning-like transport asymmetries are thought to be a principal driver for the strong parallel flows, a hypothesis supported by the observation of steep high-field side pressure profiles in double-null discharges. Yet parallel flow can also arise as a result of toroidal plasma rotation and/or neoclassical Pfirsch-Schliiter currents. In addition, the mechanism that closes the mass-flow loop back onto itself has remained elusive. To investigate these phenomena, a novel magnetically-actuated scanning probe has been deployed on the high-field side in Alcator C-Mod. This probe, along with two other scanning probes on the low-field side, measure the total plasma flow vector at these locations: parallel flows, perpendicular E_r x B drifts and radial fluctuation-induced particle fluxes. Boundary layer flows have been systematically examined as magnetic topology (upper versus lower-null) and plasma density were changed. It is found that the plasma flow pattern can be decomposed into two principal parts: (1) a drift-driven component, which lies within a magnetic flux surface and is divergence-free and (2) a transport-driven component which gives rise to parallel flows on the high-field side scrape-off layer.
(cont.) Toroidal rotation, Pfirsch-Schlilter and transport-driven contributions are unambiguously identified. Parallel flows are found to dominate the high-field particle fluxes; the total poloidally-directed flow carries one half of the particle flux arriving on the inner divertor. As a result, convection is also found to be an important player in high-field side heat transport. In contrast, E_r x B plus parallel flows yield a mostly-toroidal flow component in the low-field SOL. The magnitude of the transport-driven flow component is found to be quantitatively consistent with radial fluctuation-induced particle fluxes measured on the low-field side, identifying this as the primary driver. In contrast, fluctuation-induced flux measurements on the high-field side midplane are found to be essentially zero, thereby excluding an 'inward pinch' effect as the mechanism that closes the mass-flow loop in this region.
by Noah M. Smick.
Ph.D.
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Chong, Alexander Chi-To. "A study of scraped-surface heat exchanger in ice-making applications." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ62912.pdf.
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Dickinson, Pamela J. "Late Maritime Woodland (Ceramic) and Paleoindian End Scrapers: Stone Tool Technology." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2001. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/DickinsonPJ2001.pdf.
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Lewis, Patrick Alfryn. "Molecular characteristics of the scrapie agent." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444971/.
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The prion diseases of humans and animals, including Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (CJD) and Kuru of humans, scrapie of sheep and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopothy (BSE), are a family of closely linked neurodegenerative disorders that have proved to be both heritable and transmittable. The aetiology of these disorders has been shown to be intrinsically linked to a novel infectious particle made up either solely or overwhelmingly of protein, the major component of which is the prion precursor protein (PrP). PrP is a 253 amino acid protein modified during synthesis by the addition of a glycophosphatidinol (GPI) anchor and either one or two N-linked sugar chains. PrP normally exists within the cell in a predominantly a-helical conformation (PrPc), but can adopt an alternative, predominantly p-sheet structure closely linked to the disease state. In this thesis, investigations into two of the molecular characteristics of the scrapie agent are described: the impact of the GPI anchor on infectivity and the biochemical effect of the codon 129 M/V polymorphism. The M/V polymorphism plays a major role in the disease process---with the codon 129 status of an individual modifying both susceptibility to disease and disease course. No alterations were observed in the stability, structure, protease resistance or copper binding properties of the a-helical form of PrP due to this polymorphism. Both forms had a similar propensity to form the P-rich isoform of PrP and, once in the P-rich conformation, no differences in structure, protease resistance or stability were observed between the two polymorphic variants. The codon 129 polymorphism was found, however, to have a dramatic impact on the ability of the prion protein to form ordered aggregates. To investigate the contribution of the GPI anchor to the infectivity of PrPSc, a novel proteolytic treatment was used to remove the C-terminal and GPI from the prion protein. The infectious properties of PrP80 lacking the GPI were examined using in vitro, cell based and in vivo models of prion replication. No alteration in the ability of C-terminally truncated PrP80 to propagate was observed.
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Potter, Richard J. "Scrapie associated fibrils and polymeric PrP." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29628.
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The conversion of PrPC, the normal form of the prion protein, to PrPSc, the protease-resistant disease specific form, is central to the pathogenesis of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The mechanism underlying this conformational change remains elusive but the demonstration that PrPSc can infer protease-resistance to PrPc in-vitro in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride using a cell-free system offers a useful approach to investigating this process. The limitations of such systems however are that significant efficiencies of conversion are only observed in the presence of an excess of PrPSc which precludes both the detection of new infectivity by bioassay and investigation of the mechanism involved. To investigate these observations recombinant murine PrP (rMoPrP) expressed in E. coli was converted to a protease-resistant form in the presence of a equal amount of MoPrPSc using a similar approach. The reaction involves a specific interaction between the two PrP species culminating in the generation of conversion products that are highly resistant to proteolysis. The largest conversion reaction product has a mass of ~17 kda and maps to residues ~90-231 of full length MoPrP which equates to PrP27-30, the protease resistant core of PrPSc. Recombinant MoPrP, tagged with the hamster specific epitope to the monoclonal antibody 3F2 (rMoPrP(3F4)), was converted to a protease resistance form, rMoPrP(3F4)res, using fibrillar MoPrP27-30. Sequential conversions were attempted and the level of rMoPrP(3F4)res present following each reaction was found to be cumulative. When examined by immuno-gold electron microscopy using 3F4 no labelling of the fibrils could be detected in these fractions but amorphous material associated with these structures was heavily labelled as observed for fibrillar hamster PrP27-30 indicating that rPrP had been converted to a form resembling that present in infectious fractions. This study provides data showing an excess of converted recombinant PrP (rMoPrP(3F4)res) over 'seeding-PrP' (PrP27-30) which may ultimately facilitate the detection of infectivity generated in-vitro.
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Nicholls, Natalie Anne Harriette. "Are scrapie-susceptible sheep more productive?" Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29299.
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A relationship between scrapie susceptibility, which is determined by PrP genotype, and valuable production traits has long been noted by sheep farmers, with many claiming that their ‘best’ sheep often are found to be susceptible to scrapie, or have close siblings that are susceptible to scrapie. There have been several historical anecdotal reports to support this observation, but only recently has the hypothesis, that scrapie-susceptible sheep are more productive, been investigated in scientific study. This thesis contains the results of several such studies and is concluded by an investigation into whether the current breeding strategies being encouraged in the UK would be effective at eliminating scrapie from the national sheep flock. In these studies, PrP genotype was compared to objective measures such as lamb weights and Estimating Breeding Values (EBVs), as well as to subjective measurements which were based on a farmer’s judgement of their sheep, with varying results. Analysis of the subjective measurements, rating scores and culling records did not show any association with PrP genotype. The results of the analysis of the EBVs were variable, and inconsistent between farms, with susceptibility to scrapie being associated with both increased and decreased productivity. There was a small association between PrP genotype and lamb weights, which indicated that at eight weeks of age, ARR/ARR lambs were slightly smaller than lambs other more susceptible genotypes. Overall, however, there is no strong evidence that scrapie-susceptible sheep truly are more productive. The final section has shown that with the current suggested breeding strategies, there will still be some risk of scrapie outbreaks in some flocks.
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Harris, Bonnie L. "Scrap Metal." Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School, 2018. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/508.
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Dorka, Moritz. "On the domain-specific formalization of requirement specifications - a case study of ETCS." Master's thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-182866.
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This paper presents a piece of software to automatically extract requirements captured in Microsoft Word files while using domain knowledge. In a subsequent step, these requirements are enhanced for implementation purposes and ultimately saved to ReqIF, an XML-based file format for the exchange of specification documents. ReqIF can be processed by a wide range of industry-standard requirements management tools. By way of this enhancement a formalization of both the document structure and selected elements of its natural language contents is achieved. In its current version, the software was specifically developed for processing the Subset-026, a conceptually demanding specification document covering the core functionality of the pan-European train protection system ETCS. Despite this initial focus, the two-part design of this thesis facilitates a generic applicability of its findings: Section 2 presents the fundamental challenges of weakly structured specification documents and devotes a large part to the computation of unique, but human-readable requirement identifiers. Section 3, however, delves into more domain-specific features, the text processing capabilities, and the actual implementation of this novel software. Due to the open-source nature of the application, an adaption to other use-cases can be achieved with comparably little effortDiese Arbeit befasst sich mit einer Software zur automatisierten Extraktion von Anforderungen aus Dokumenten im Microsoft Word Format unter Nutzung von Domänenwissen. In einem nachgelagerten Schritt werden diese Anforderungen für Implementierungszwecke aufgewertet und schließlich als ReqIF, einem XML-basierten Dateiformat zum Austausch von Spezifikationsdokumenten, gespeichert. ReqIF wird von zahlreichen branchenüblichen Anforderungsmanagementwerkzeugen unterstützt. Durch die Aufwertung wird eine Formalisierung der Struktur sowie ausgewählter Teile der natürlichsprachlichen Inhalte des Dokuments erreicht. Die jetzige Version der Software wurde speziell für die Verarbeitung des Subset-026 entwickelt, eines konzeptionell anspruchsvollen Anforderungsdokuments zur Beschreibung der Kernfunktionalität des europaweiten Zugsicherungssystems ETCS. Trotz dieser ursprünglichen Intention erlaubt die zweigeteilte Gestaltung der Arbeit eine allgemeine Anwendung der Ergebnisse: Abschnitt 2 zeigt die grundsätzlichen Herausforderungen in Bezug auf schwach strukturierte Anforderungsdokumente auf und widmet sich dabei ausführlich der Ermittlung von eindeutigen, aber dennoch menschenlesbaren Anforderungsidentifikatoren. Abschnitt 3 befasst sich hingegen eingehender mit den domänenspezifischen Eigenschaften, den Textaufbereitungsmöglichkeiten und der konkreten Implementierung der neuen Software. Da die Software unter open-source Prinzipien entwickelt wurde, ist eine Anpassung an andere Anwendungsfälle mit relativ geringem Aufwand möglich
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Yu, Guanghui. "Non-diffusive cross field transport in scrape-off-layer in Tokamak." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3220396.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed September 5, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 123-131).
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Cziegler, István. "Turbulence and transport phenomena in edge and scrape-off-layer plasmas." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/77484.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 171-178).
This thesis reports recent experimental studies of edge turbulence structure using gas-puff-imaging at high time resolution in a radially broad zone at the low-field-side of Alcator C-Mod[1], and highlights the connections between its characteristics and particle transport. Within the framework of this thesis a new detector system has been designed and built for viewing the steep gradient outboard midplane region at minor radii 0.9 < r/rma, < 1.1, where turbulence is postulated to be driven [2, 3]. The design is optimized for the study of edge and scrape-off-layer turbulence, based on previous studies of these regions. Analysis of the data from this diagnostic in Ohmic L-modes from the electron diamagnetic drift propagating turbulence in the closed field line region of the plasma edge shows a strong scaling of the fluctuation power 5/n with the density normalized to the tokamak density limit ne/ng; in addition, a critical physical scale is found at ... ~ 0.1, where the critical wavenumber is normalized to ps, the ion Larmor radius at the sound speed, also known as the drift scale. The characteristic size scale shows very little variation with operating parameters. The analysis of the physical scale includes spectral analysis, yielding robust spectral indices beta= ~4.5 for larger wavenumbers and a sensitive spectral shape for lower wavenumbers, and the first spectral transfer measurement of turbulence on C-Mod, showing that the critical scale feeds power into the turbulence. A connection is found to the quasi-coherent mode (QCM), a modelike edge fluctuation characteristic of the Enhanced D-Alpha H-mode, which also appears at ... ~ 0.1 and has decreased inverse transfer but greatly enhanced forward transfer compared to the L-mode levels.
by István Cziegler.
Ph.D.
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Bernstein, Michael (Michael Scott). "Information scraps : understanding and design." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44686.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 139-148).
In this thesis I investigate information scraps - personal information whose content has been scribbled on Post-it notes, scrawled on the corners of sheets of paper, stuck in our pockets, sent in e-mail messages to ourselves, and stashed into miscellaneous digital text files. Information scraps encode information ranging from ideas and sketches to notes, reminders, shipment tracking numbers, driving directions, and even poetry. I proceed by performing an in-depth ethnographic investigation of the nature and use of information scraps, and by designing and building two research systems designed for information scrap management. The first system, Jourknow, lowers the capture barrier for unstructured notes and structured information such as calendar items and to-dos, captures contextual information surrounding note creation such as location, documents viewed, and people corresponded with, and manages uncommon user-generated personal information such as restaurant reviews or this week's shopping list. The follow-up system, Pinky, further explores the lightweight capture space by providing a command line interface that is tolerant to re-ordering and GUI affordances for quick and accurate entry. Reflecting on these tools' successes and failures, I characterize the design process challenges inherent in designing and building information scrap tools.
by Michael Bernstein.
S.M.
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Tähti, Tero [Verfasser]. "Suspension Melt Crystallization in Tubular and Scraped Surface Heat Exchangers / Tero Tähti." Aachen : Shaker, 2004. http://d-nb.info/1172613206/34.
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Wynn, A. P. "Investigations of radial transport in the scrape-off layer of JET-ILW." Thesis, University of York, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19970/.
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In the open magnetic field line boundary plasma (or Scrape-Off Layer (SOL)) of tokamaks, the stronger than diffusive transport of particles is to a large extent due to the convection of coherent, filamentary like structures when operating in divertor configuration. Reliable predictions of this transport are vital for the understanding of wall erosion, subsequent impurity release and the retention of fuel in future fusion devices. This thesis investigates factors which influence the quantity and properties of this cross-field transport, both from a steady state and time resolved perspective. Data have been analysed and interpreted from experiments conducted at the Joint European Torus with ITER-like wall (JET-ILW). The experiments used were designed either specifically, or for other purposes, but still provide relevant data. The magnitude of the main chamber radial particle flux density has been investigated via two methods. Firstly, a particle balance model has been used to infer the effective convective cross-field velocity v_eff for Ohmically heated L-mode plasmas performed at a range of plasma current, Ip, and density. The sensitivity to assumptions together with measurement uncertainties found v_eff to be reliable to within a factor three. Secondly, analysis of a flush mounted Langmuir probe on the outboard poloidal limiter suggests that the particle flux density scales proportional the to core density and inversely with the square of Ip for the plasmas studied, although there may also be some unidentified effect of the ion-gyroradius. The expected duration time of intermittent structures was also observed to scale with Ip^2 for a wide range of plasma density, consistent with an increase in size and/or a reduction of velocity of filaments perpendicular to the magnetic field. The collisionality was found not to be the general control parameter of the cross-field transport. Only in the Deuterium fuelled, horizontal target cases was cross field transport observed to increase with increasing collisionality. When using any other method to modify the collisionality, this correlation was not observed. This independence of the cross-field transport from collisionality is a key result of this thesis and contributes to similar conclusions of other recent studies. The plasma-neutral interaction of the fuel species in the divertor region, indicated by D_alpha emission, was found to more generally correlate with the main chamber cross-field transport than collisionality. Candidate plasma-neutral interactions include ionisation and or charge exchange (CX). Despite being unsure of the precise mechanism, undoubtedly plasma-neutral interaction of the fuel species in the divertor region plays a significant role in setting the main chamber cross field transport.
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Wan, A. S. (Alan Szu-Hsin). "Ion and electron parameters in the Alcator C tokamak scrape-off region." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/15042.
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Thesis (Sc. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, 1986.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE.
Includes bibliographies.
by Alan Szu-Hsin Wan.
Sc.D.
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Gracias, William Agnelo. "The numerical study of filament dynamics in tokamak scrape-off layer plasmas." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0731.
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La présence de structures filamentaires est souvent rapportée dans plusieurs machines de fusion nucléaire à confinement magnétique, spécialement sur lequel s'appelle Tokamak. Etant porteurs de grandes quantités des particules et chaleur, la présence des filaments dans le bord du tokamak (le scrape-off layer, SOL) pourraient poser des dangers aux superficies solides du tokamak. Pour mieux comprendre leur comportement, dans le cadre de cette thèse doctorale, les filaments sont étudiés par les expériences numériques en utilisant un modèle 3D fluide istherme, TOKAM3X en les considerant comme structures isolées et structures spontanées. Cette manière de les étudier permet de faire divers analyses paramétriques – par exemple la resistivité parallèle du plasma et la présence d'un cisaïllement magnétique, et au même temps les propriétés du filaments (comme sa longeur parallèle, et son intensité de densité). Ces études montrent un impact fort de la resistivité parallèle sur la velocité des filaments et en conséquence peut modifier leur temps de vie dans le bord de la machine. Les résultats des simulations sur le cisaïllement magnétique et la séparatrice indiquent qu'ils sont des ingrédients clés pour la destruction et génération des filaments. En plus, la comparaison entre les filaments initialisés (seeded) et les filaments formés spontanément montre qu'ils ne sont pas parreils dans leur comportement, bien que leurs characteristiques moyennées en temps sont bien conservéesFilamentary transport has been experimentally observed in a multitude of magnetically confined fusion devices, especially of the tokamak type. Filaments are carriers of large quantities of particles and heat and as such, their presence in the SOL has implications for the target surface design in future fusion reactors. To better understand their nature, this doctoral thesis studies filaments through computer simulations as isolated structures and spontaneously forming structures, using a 3D fluid model called the TOKAM3X. Parametric studies using the model for studying the effect of the plasma's parallel resistivity and magnetic shear, and also the filament's parallel extension and size/density amplitude are performed and analysed. The studies reveal the strong impact of the parallel resistivity on filament velocities and hence their lifetimes in the SOL. The doctoral work also looked at the impact of strong local magnetic shear and the separatrix on the motion and generation of filaments. The results from the simulations performed reveal that strong shear mechanisms may be key to the destruction and formation of filaments. Further, a comparison of spontaneously forming and seeded filaments shows that seeded filaments do not behave completely the same way as spontaneously forming ones. But their mean velocity characteristics are still retained to a good degree
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Morel, Keith Matthew. "An experimental investigation of the scrape-off layer in the START tokamak." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392195.
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Weedman, Kathryn Jane. "An ethnoarchaeological study of stone scrapers among the Gamo people of southern Ethiopia /." Ann Arbor (Mich.) : UMI dissertation services, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb377157524.
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Wiederhold, James Edward. "Toward the standardization of use-wear studies : constructing an analogue to prehistoric hide work /." Thesis, [College Station, TX] : Texas A & M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969/1262.
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Ellis, William Thomas. "Information Scraps in the Smartphone Era." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/81135.
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How people create and use information scraps, the small informal messages that people write to themselves to help them complete a task or remember something, has changed rapidly in the age of mobile computing. As recently as 2008, information scraps had continued to resist technological support. Since then, however, people have adopted mobile connected devices at a rate unimagined in the pre-smartphone era. Developers have, in turn, created a varied and growing body of smartphone software that supports many common information scrap use-cases. In this thesis, we describe our research into how and why people have adopted smartphone technology to serve their information scrap needs. The results of our survey show broad adoption of smartphones for many common information scrap tasks, particularly ones involving prospective memory. In addition, the results of our diary studies show that mobile contexts or locations are highly correlated with people's choosing to use smartphones to record information scraps. Our analysis of our diary study data also provides fresh understanding of the information scrap lifecycle and how mobile digital technology affects it. We find people's smartphone information scraps tend toward automatic archival, and we find their information scraps in general tend toward substantial role overlap regardless of medium. We use these findings to formulate a new information scrap lifecycle that is inclusive of mobile technology. These insights will help mobile technology creators to better support information scraps, which, in turn will allow users to enjoy the huge benefits of digital technology in their information scrap tasks.Master of Science
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Cann, Martin. "Studies on novel methods for the production of antibodies against the prion protein." Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260789.
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Wightman, Lionel. "Linear epitope tagging of the prion protein." Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282977.
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Machuca, Navarro Alvaro H. "Detección de proteína priónica patológica ovina mediante inmunohistoquímica en animales provenientes de la XII Región." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2006. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/130818.
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Memoria para optar al Título
Profesional de Médico Veterinario
Departamento de Patología AnimalLas encefalopatías espongiformes transmisibles (EETs) son a un grupo de enfermedades neurodegenerativas, de progresión lenta y finalmente fatales. Afectan tanto a humanos como a los animales. Dentro de éstas, los ovinos pueden presentar una enfermedad que es conocida hace más de 250 años, el Scrapie. El agente etiológico del Scrapie y del resto de las encefalopatías espongiformes, se denomina “prión” (partícula infecciosa proteinácea), que corresponde a la forma alterada (PrPSc) de una proteína constitutiva de membrana celular (PrPC). El Scrapie, luego de presentar largos períodos de incubación, manifiesta un cuadro clínico principalmente neurológico con cambios de conducta, tremores e incluso convulsiones, además de prurito, perdida de lana, debilidad y deterioro de la condición corporal. La presentación de la enfermedad está fuertemente determinada genéticamente y se transmite en forma vertical y horizontal. Actualmente el país cuenta con varias técnicas diagnósticas para enfrentar la encefalopatía espongiforme que afecta a los bovinos (EEB), no así para el Scrapie. Por este motivo, esta memoria de título buscó demostrar que la técnica de inmunohistoquímica es completamente confiable para ser utilizada como herramienta diagnóstica del Scrapie, bajo las condiciones particulares del laboratorio Oficial del país, perteneciente al Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG). Se procesaron 100 muestras de tejido nervioso a nivel de óbex, provenientes de ovinos sanos clínicamente mayores de 2 años, sacrificados en mataderos de la XII región, con el propósito de aplicar la técnica inmunohistoquímica, además de describir los hallazgos histopatológicos más importantes a través de una tinción de H-E modificada. La totalidad de las muestras fueron negativas a Scrapie mediante la tinción inmunohistoquímica. Por otra parte, en las mismas muestras se pudieron observar a través 4 de la tinción histopatológica de H-E modificada para EETs, lesiones microscópicas inflamatorias, hemorrágicas, pigmentarias y otras sin lesiones, sin embargo resultaron ser inespecíficas y no se asociaron a ninguna enfermedad específica. La realización de la inmunohistoquímica presentó 100% de sensibilidad y especificidad, reafirmando que esta técnica es confirmatoria para el diagnóstico del Scrapie, tal y como lo recomienda la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE)
Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero SAG) y Proyecto FAVET /04-35
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Schultz, Julia. "Rolle von Interleukin-1 in der Scrapie-Pathogenese." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2005/114/index.html.
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Betmouni, Samar. "Inflammatory response in a mouse model of scrapie." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361753.
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Mohan, Joanne. "Immunobiology of scrapie following transmission via the skin." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29894.
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Experiments in this thesis were designed to answer the following questions: firstly does scrapie accumulate within lymphoid tissues after transmission via the skin; secondly what cells are critical for the accumulation and replication of scrapie within lymphoid tissues; and finally how does scrapie reach the lymphoid tissues. To answer the first question lymphoid tissues were collected at serial time points after scrapie challenge and infectivity titres measured by incubation period assays in indicator mice. Experiments demonstrated that scrapie infectivity first accumulates in the draining lymph node after inoculation via the skin and subsequently spreads to other lymphoid tissues. To address the second aim of this thesis two separate approaches were taken; firstly a chimeric mouse model was used which had a mismatch in PrP status between FDCs and other bone marrow derived cells within the lymphatic tissues. This experiment demonstrated that PrPC-expressing FDCs are required for scrapie accumulation within the spleen and that the PrPC status of bone-marrow derived cells has not effect on scrapie pathogenesis. Secondly, mice were treated with a reagent to dedifferentiate FDCs either prior to or shortly after challenge to determine the role of FDCs in scrapie neuroinvasion. Data presented in this thesis shows that in the absence of FDCs prior to inoculation, disease susceptibility is reduced. Finally it is not known how scrapie is transported from the site of exposure (e.g. the skin) to the draining lymphoid tissue. To investigate the role of LCs in scrapie transport from the skin, mouse models were utilized in which the LCs migration was blocked. Experiments demonstrated that the early accumulation of scrapie within the draining lymph node and its subsequent neuroinvasion was not impaired in mice with blocked LCs migration. Thus, LCs are unlikely to be involved in scrapie transportation from the skin.
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Batxelli, Isabelle. "Recherche d'un profil protéique corrélé aux encéphalopathies spongiformes subaigües transmissibles (ESST) : analyses en spectrométrie de masse SELDI-TOF." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20127.
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Les encéphalopathies spongiformes subaigües transmissibles (ESST) sont des maladies neurodégénératives affectant l'Homme et les animaux, l'issue est toujours fatale. La détection dans le sang de l'agent pathogène responsable de l'infection (protéine prion pathologique)reste difficile à ce jour et l'identification de nouveaux biomarqueurs impliqués dans la physiopathologie des ESST constitue un projet ambitieux et risqué. Dans ce contexte, notre objectif est d'établir un profil protéique corrélé aux ESST. L'utilisation d'un modèle animalbien caractérisé : la tremblante naturelle du mouton, d'une technologie adaptée à l'analyse de profils protéiques : SELDI-TOF MS et d'un fluide biologique : le sérum, a constitué la base de nos travaux de recherche. Dans un premier temps, les protocoles expérimentaux ont été mis en place et optimisés. Puis, ils ont été évalués pour leur pertinence dans la discrimination de moutons pathologiques en phases précoce et tardive de la maladie versus des moutons contrôles par analyse des sérums fractionnés ou non. Des biomarqueurs potentiels de faibles poids moléculaires ont été sélectionnés à l'aide de la méthode statistique SAM et une signature protéique permettant un diagnostic précoce a été établie (87% de sensibilité et 90%de spécificité). Un des biomarqueurs a été identifié comme étant un fragment de la transthyrétine, puis son potentiel discriminant a été évalué en SELDI-TOF MS dans une étude cinétique de hamsters Syriens infectés par la scrapie, en western blot et par dosage ELISA.Finalement, une cohorte de validation constituée de moutons appelés « scrapie-free » a permis de valider les biomarqueurs les plus pertinentsTransmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are fatal neurodegenerative diseasesoccurring in animals and humans for which no ante-mortem diagnostic test in biological fluidsis available. In such pathologies, detection of the pathological form of the prion protein (i.e.,the causative factor) in blood is difficult. Identification of new biomarkers implicated in thepathway of prion infection is relevant. In this context, our objective was to find a proteicprofile correlated to TSEs. We used a well-known TSE model: scrapie in sheep breeding, amass spectrometry technology easy-to-use for proteic profiling: SELDI-TOF MS and abiological fluid: serum. First, experimental tools have been developed and optimized. Thesetools were evaluated for their discriminating potential of control sheep and animals with earlyor late phase scrapie using a large number of serum samples (fractionated or not). Then, usingthe SAM statistical method, potential low molecular weight biomarkers were selected. Amongthese biomarkers, a protein signature pattern was identified; it can discriminate between earlyphase scrapie and control sera (sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 90%). One of theseproteins was identified as a fragment of transthyretin and evaluated as a biomarker using aSELDI-TOF MS kinetic study of sera from scrapie infected Syrian hamsters. This biomarkerwas also confirmed by western blot analysis and ELISA quantitation. Finally, a cohort of freescrapiesheep permits to validate the diagnostic potential of the candidate biomarkers
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Elmore, Sarah. "Scrape-off layer ion temperature measurements on MAST by retarding field energy analyser." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2013. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/14513/.
Full textAbstract:
Knowledge of the ion temperature (Ti) is important for tokamaks when determining plasma parameters from diagnostics which require knowledge of the ion and electron temperature (Te) and also because ions of high energy could damage plasma facing components by sputtering on high power devices. In the tokamak edge there are limited data for Ti, however the few existing measurements show that, beyond the confined plasma, Ti > Te, unlike in the confined plasma where ions and electrons are thermal coupled. A measurement technique using retarding field energy analyser(RFEA) probes to measure Ti has been implemented on the Mega Amp Spherical Tokamak (MAST) to allow measurements at the midplane and also at the divertor target which are two key areas in the scrape-off layer (SOL) plasma. Measurements in ohmic low confinement (L-mode) plasma discharges have shown that Ti ≈ 2Te at the midplane, while Ti ≈ Te at the target. Additionally heated L-mode plasmas have shown that Ti can be greater than Te at the divertor target. In inter-ELM high confinement (H-mode) plasmas, Ti is often found to be higher than Te, with extremes in high power plasmas of Ti/Te ≈ 3 at the target. Initial measurements of the temperature of ions released by an average ELM show that Ti reduces with distance from the strike point at the target. The measured upper limit on Ti in an average ELM reduces from 60 eV to 30 eV over ∼ 4 cm radially at the target. Measurements made by the target RFEA during ELMs show peak Ti ∼ 35 eV compared to peak Te measurements by Langmuir probes of ∼ 25 eV. These initial measurements of Ti agree with modelling of the ELM evolution in the SOL which show hot electrons arriving at the target before the remaining particles released by the ELM. Measurements by RFEA probes are subject to a correction in the presence of parallel flows in the SOL. It has been found from modelling of the MAST SOL that measurements made by the target RFEA should be multiplied by a correction factor between 0.65 and 0.7. Although this reduces the ratios measured of Ti/Te, measurements in inter-ELM H-mode and additionally heated L-mode plasmas would still show Ti > Te at the target. In ohmic L-mode plasmas, however, the reduction in Ti would mean Ti < Te.