Academic literature on the topic 'SCUBA'

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Journal articles on the topic "SCUBA"

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Abraham, Lior, John Allen, Oleksandr Barykin, Vinayak Borkar, Bhuwan Chopra, Ciprian Gerea, Daniel Merl, et al. "Scuba." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 6, no. 11 (August 27, 2013): 1057–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/2536222.2536231.

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Bowden, William A. "Scuba Regulators." Scientific American 279, no. 2 (August 1998): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0898-104.

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Kafil-Hussain, Noor. "Scuba diving." BMJ 335, no. 7631 (December 8, 2007): s209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39381.468796.7d.

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Salahuddin, Moin, Laurie A. James, and Evan Stuart Bass. "SCUBA Medicine." Current Sports Medicine Reports 10, no. 3 (May 2011): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0b013e31821b08ff.

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Ohry, Abram, and Yehuda Melamed. "Scuba diving." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 70, no. 6 (June 1989): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9993(89)90015-4.

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Nik Azis, Nik Nadirah, Samihah Abdul Karim, Mariam Mohamad, and Nadia Mohd Mustafah. "EFFECT OF RECREATIONAL SCUBA DIVING ON CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS IN MALAYSIAN NOVICE DIVERS." Journal of Health and Translational Medicine 24, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jummec.vol24no1.12.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate scuba diving induced exercise response in novice divers as required in open water scuba diving certification. Methods: Maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) was performed in 30 novice divers before and within 24 hours after a standard scuba diving open water certification diving protocol of four open water dives. Results: A significant increase in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) in mL·kg-1·min-1 after scuba diving training [25.84 (6.0) vs. 27.04 (7.0)] (p<0.05) suggestive of an increase in exercise performance. Ventilatory drive (VE/VCO2) also showed a significant increase 27.95 (2.7) vs. 30.07 (5.3). Ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT), blood pressure and lung function parameters showed no significant differences with open water scuba diving certification training. Conclusion: In novice divers, repeated training exposure during open water scuba diving certification results in increased cardiorespiratory fitness. Although further corroborating studies are needed, this would suggest that recreational scuba diving may be an option for exercise promotion in the future.
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Wilks, Jeffrey. "Scuba diving safety." Medical Journal of Australia 156, no. 8 (April 1992): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb121432.x.

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Coelho, Jeffrey, and Lynn R. Fielitz. "Dive into Scuba." Strategies 20, no. 1 (September 2006): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08924562.2006.10590699.

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Wilks, Jeffrey. "Resort scuba diving." Medical Journal of Australia 157, no. 5 (September 1992): 353–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb137220.x.

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Lück, Michael. "Scuba diving tourism." Annals of Leisure Research 19, no. 2 (July 28, 2015): 259–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2015.1070103.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "SCUBA"

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Buzzacott, Peter Lee. "Diving injuries amongst Western Australian scuba course graduates." University of Western Australia. School of Population Health, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0096.

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[Truncated abstract] Introduction, Little is known about the prevalence of post-course diving injuries amongst Western Australian recreational divers, nor is it known which risk factors affect the Western Australian diver’s likelihood of sustaining a diving injury. Objective, The aim of this study was to measure the prevalence of diving-related injuries amongst Western Australians with varying experience since certification as entry-level divers within Western Australia (WA). Specifically, the study compared divers’ experience, behaviour and equipment with their diving injury history. It was hypothesised that diving experience has an effect upon the likelihood of a certified diver suffering any of the diving injuries most commonly reported amongst international diving populations. In addition, the strength of association between diving injuries and other potential risk factors was measured amongst certified Western Australian divers. Methods, A cross sectional survey of Western Australians, whom had completed a recognized entry-level recreational scuba diving course within WA, formed the basis of the study. Diver training facilities within WA posted a four-page questionnaire to divers they had trained to entry-level within the previous six years. The self-administered questionnaire collected data describing the divers’ post-course participation in scuba diving, injury prevalence during the last year, demographic characteristics and prevalence of known or hypothesized diving injury risk factors ... Conclusion, In this study diving experience, measured by the number of dives made during the previous year and the total number of dives made since certification, has not been found associated with the likelihood of reporting having suffered at least one diving injury of any type whilst diving during the previous year. Whilst the limited response rate and self-reporting methodology threaten the validity of the findings of this study, the findings improve our understanding of the type of diving injuries commonly suffered by divers, and of which risk factors are associated with a diver’s likelihood of suffering a diving related injury within WA. These findings may assist the design of further diving injury research, ultimately leading to the design of diving safety interventions aimed at reducing the prevalence of diving injuries amongst Western Australian recreational divers.
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Jain, Dhruv S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Immersive scuba diving simulator using virtual reality." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/106054.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 75-79).
We present Amphibian, a simulator to experience scuba diving virtually in a terrestrial setting. Amphibian is novel because it simulates a wider variety of sensations experienced underwater compared with to existing diving simulators that mostly focus on visual and aural displays. Users rest their torso on a motion platform to feel buoyancy. Their outstretched arms and legs are placed in a suspended harness to simulate drag as they swim. An Oculus Rift head-mounted display (HMD) and a pair of headphones delineate the visual and auditory ocean scene. Additional senses simulated in Amphibian are breathing-induced motion, temperature changes, and tactile feedback through various sensors. Twelve experienced divers compared Amphibian to real-life scuba diving. We analyzed the system factors that influenced the users' sense of being there while using our simulator. We present future user interface improvements for enhancing immersion in Virtual reality diving simulators.
by Dhruv Jain.
S.M.
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Ho, Wai-ting. "Diving Paradise-Scuba Diving Centre at Hoi Ha Wan." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2594745x.

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Ozyurt, Deniz. "Effects Of Scuba Diving On Middle Ear Pressure." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607207/index.pdf.

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ABSTRACT EFFECTS OF SCUBA DIVING ON MIDDLE EAR PRESSURE Ö
zyurt, Deniz MS. Department of Physical Education and Sports Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Feza Korkusuz Co-Supervisor: Dr. Mehmet Ö
zekmekç
i April 2006, 42 pages Since
the self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (scuba) was developed
the growth in the recreational diving population leaded an increase in diving-related injuries, mostly about the ear barotraumas. Previous findings show that inexperienced divers are more predisposed to ear barotraumas. This study was performed to see the dive related alterations of the middle ear pressure and the compliance of the tympanic membrane due to experience (experienced - skin divers and/or underwater rugby players and inexperienced -not use to skin diving or such water sports) and depth (3m and 12m) in 22 novice divers with normal pre-dive audiometry, tympanometry, and otorhinolaryngologic examination. Pre dive otologic inspections were taken and pre dive / post dive tympanograms were measured for each depth. In 8 ears of the 5 inexperienced divers either hyperemia or hemotympany were observed in the second day&
#8217
s (12m) otoscopic inspections. In the first post dive tympanometric measurements
middle ear pressure changes were observed in 19 ears of 14 divers. The compliance was not changed in 5 ears of 3 divers and increased in the reminder. In the second tympanometric measurements, 12 ears of the 8 divers showed negative middle ear pressure and compliance was not changed in 10 ears of 5 divers and increased in the reminder. Due to experience and middle ear pressure changes of each day
no meaningful, statistically significant correlation was found. Also no meaningful correlations were found neither for experience and compliance. A correlation of .542 between experience status and otologic inspection prior to 12m depth dives was a contradiction to the hypothesis there would not be any significant difference between experienced and well trained inexperienced groups as the otologic variations such as hyperemia or hemotympany were only seen in inexperienced novices. Again
the correlation of .571 showed that 3m depth dives had grater frequency of middle ear pressure changes than 12m depth dives. Similarly
due to the compliance correlation of .516, 3m depth dives had a grater frequency of compliance increases than 12m depth dives. These results however should be reconsidered as the 3m depth was the first open water dive day and 12m depth was the next day which the novices could use to the open water conditions.
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Armstrong, M. E. "Smoking and risk taking in recreational SCUBA divers." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1380402/.

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SCUBA diving is inherently dangerous. Anecdotal reports suggest that risks may be exacerbated by diver behaviour, particularly tobacco smoking. This thesis reports findings from an internet survey of tobacco use, health and attitudes to risk taking conducted amongst UK members of the Professional Association of Diving Instructors in 2006. The main aims of the study were to assess smoking prevalence and factors associated with tobacco use compared to the UK population and to explore the health impact of smoking on divers, to determine the need for prevention measures in this group. After adjusting for socio-demographic factors, divers’ cigarette smoking prevalence (p<0.001) and consumption (p<0.001) were found to be lower than the UK population, although non-cigarette smoking prevalence was higher (p<0.001). Everyday risk taking scores were significantly associated with cigar or pipe use (p = 0.037) and higher cigarette consumption (p = 0.046) and dependence (p = 0.011) in current smokers. Divers with a professional recreational diving qualification who currently smoked had higher cigarette consumption (p = 0.001) and dependence (p = 0.001) compared with their non-professionally qualified peers. Recreational SCUBA divers were less likely to report poor general health than the UK population, but current cigarette smoking was significantly associated with poorer self-assessed health in divers (p = 0.006) after controlling for socio-demographic factors. After adjustment for confounding variables, current cigarette smoking was significantly associated with the occurrence of panic attacks (p = 0.014), which was significantly associated with lung problems (p = 0.016), and cigarette consumption was significantly associated with the frequency of diving-related illness (p = 0.037). In conclusion, although cigarette smoking prevalence and daily cigarette consumption were significantly lower in divers compared with the UK population, both were found to be associated with poorer health in important ways.
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Helies, Frank C. "Factors promoting retention and attrition rates of college and shop certified SCUBA divers /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148726191911102.

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Du, Preez Mirike. "Constructing safety in scuba diving a discursive psychology study /." Diss., Pretoria : [S.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09122005-152019/.

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King, Carina Chern-Chern. "Means-end analysis and values the recreational scuba consumer /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3297097.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 2007.
Title from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 25, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-02, Section: A, page: 0749. Adviser: Douglas H. Knapp.
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何偉廷 and Wai-ting Ho. "Diving Paradise-Scuba Diving Centre at Hoi Ha Wan." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31983881.

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Iannone, Louis. "The aqua-dock : a portable, submergible scuba diving platform /." Online version of thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11168.

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Books on the topic "SCUBA"

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Scuba diving. Camden, Me: Ragged Mountain Press/McGraw-Hill, 2000.

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Halls, Monty. Scuba diving. New York: DK Pub., 2006.

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Graver, Dennis. Scuba diving. 4th ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kintics, 2010.

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Scuba diving. 2nd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1999.

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ill, Burns Rhoda, and Burns Robert ill, eds. Scuba diving. London: F. Watts, 1988.

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Scuba diving. Edina, Minn: Abdo & Daughters, 1994.

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Scuba diving. 3rd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2003.

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Graver, Dennis K. Scuba diving. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics, 1993.

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ill, Eitan Ora 1940, ed. Scuba bunnies. New York: G. P. Putnam, 2004.

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Scuba diving. London: New Holland Publishers, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "SCUBA"

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Rusoke-Dierich, Olaf. "Scuba Diving." In Diving Medicine, 21–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73836-9_3.

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Seiffert, Robin, and Dominik Szymski. "Scuba Diving." In Injury and Health Risk Management in Sports, 421–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60752-7_64.

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Mitchell, Simon J., and David J. Doolette. "Extreme Scuba Diving Medicine." In Extreme Sports Medicine, 313–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28265-7_25.

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Nutter, David. "Initial Results from SCUBA-2." In The Labyrinth of Star Formation, 239–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03041-8_45.

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Huddart, David. "Recreational Scuba Diving and Snorkelling." In Outdoor Recreation, 361–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97758-4_14.

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Vlahakis, Catherine, Stephen Eales, and Loretta Dunne. "Scuba Local Universe Galaxy Survey." In Astrophysics and Space Science Library, 799–800. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2862-5_79.

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Elliott, David, and Robert A. van Hulst. "Breath-Hold, SCUBA and Hose Diving." In Handbook on Drowning, 589–615. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29656-5_11.

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Caruso, Jim. "The Investigation of SCUBA Diving Fatalities." In Drowning, 1121–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04253-9_175.

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Dunne, Loretta, and Stephen A. Eales. "The SCUBA Local Universe Galaxy Survey." In The Evolution of Galaxies, 321–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3311-3_67.

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Dunlop, James S. "Shades: The Scuba Half Degree Extragalactic Survey." In Starbursts, 121–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3539-x_21.

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Conference papers on the topic "SCUBA"

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Seshadri, Arvind, Mark Luk, Adrian Perrig, Leendert van Doorn, and Pradeep Khosla. "SCUBA." In the 5th ACM workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1161289.1161306.

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Leclerc, Mélanie R., Pierre Bastien, Sophie Bernier, Eric Bissonnette, P. A. R. Ade, Giampaolo Pisano, and Giorgio Savini. "The SCUBA-2 polarimeter." In Contract Proceedings 2006, edited by G. Groot Gregory, Joseph M. Howard, and R. John Koshel. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.692309.

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Leclerc, Mélanie R., Sophie Bernier, Pierre Bastien, Eric Bissonnette, Giampaolo Pisano, and Giorgio Savini. "The SCUBA-2 Polarimeter." In International Optical Design Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/iodc.2006.wc6.

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Wang, Jung-Chang, and Yu-Pin Tsai. "Investigations on Scuba Diving Regulators." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-21089.

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The paper utilizes numerical method with performance experiment to investigate the key factors affecting the performance of the Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) system. A SCUBA system consists of a high pressure compressed air tank and a pressure regulator. The development of scuba diving is based on the invention of the regulator. The high pressure air carried by diver must be reduced to the pressure in the ambient environment by the regulator before the diver can breathe it. The life of the diver thus depends on the performance and stability of the regulator. Results show that the index performance of regulator can be predicted and used to improve the performance of the regulator. The numerical method can thus effectively reduce the develop time for new regulators and related products, as described in this article.
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Duncan, William, Wayne S. Holland, Michael D. Audley, M. Cliffe, T. Hodson, B. D. Kelly, Xiaofeng Gao, et al. "SCUBA-2: Developing the Detectors." In Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation, edited by Thomas G. Phillips and Jonas Zmuidzinas. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.459107.

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SCOTT, DOUGLAS, COLIN BORYS, MARK HALPERN, ANNA SAJINA, SCOTT CHAPMAN, and GREG FAHLMAN. "KNOWN AND UNKNOWN SCUBA SOURCES." In Implications for Galaxy Formation and Evolution. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812811738_0025.

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Manzoni, Andrea, Nicola Peserico, Francesco Silvestri, Matteo Marascio, Simone Merlo, Riccardo Zich, Paola Pirinoli, Ildiko Peter, and Ladislau Matekovits. "Electromagnetic communication solution for scuba-diving." In 2013 USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (Joint with AP-S Symposium). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/usnc-ursi.2013.6715348.

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Smail, Ian, Rob Ivison, Andrew Blain, and Jean-Paul Kneib. "Deep sub-mm surveys with SCUBA." In AFTER THE DARK AGES. ASCE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.58616.

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Naylor, David A., and Brad G. Gom. "SCUBA-2 imaging Fourier transform spectrometer." In Optical Science and Technology, SPIE's 48th Annual Meeting, edited by Sylvia S. Shen and Paul E. Lewis. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.506395.

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Bintley, Dan, Jessica T. Dempsey, Per Friberg, Wayne S. Holland, and Michael J. MacIntosh. "An upgraded SCUBA-2 for JCMT." In SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, edited by Wayne S. Holland and Jonas Zmuidzinas. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2233394.

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Reports on the topic "SCUBA"

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Kim, Dong-Eun, Dawn Michaelson, and Young Ha. Selection Criteria for Scuba Diver's Wetsuit. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, November 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-4.

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Kim, Dong-Eun, Young Ha, and Dawn Michaelson. Needs Assessment of Female and Male Scuba Diver’s Wetsuit. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-899.

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Butler, F. K., and Jr. Central Nervous System Oxygen Toxicity in Closed-Circuit Scuba Divers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada170879.

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Clarke, J. R., and M. Rainone. Evaluation of the Scubapro MKlO and MK2O SCUBA Regulators for Use In Cold Water. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada304487.

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Ferris, Vince H. Unmanned Evaluation of Mares Abyss 22 Navy Open Circuit Scuba Regulator for Cold Water Diving. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada561760.

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Lafrancois, Toben, Mark Hove, and Jay Glase. Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) distribution in Apostle Islands National Lakeshore: SCUBA-based search and removal efforts: 2019–2020. National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293376.

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Invasive zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) were first observed in situ at Apostle Islands National Lakeshore (APIS) in 2015. This report builds on 2018 SCUBA surveys and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) veliger sampling to: 1) determine whether shoals on APIS borders act as sentinel sites to corroborate veliger drift hypotheses about invasion pathways, 2) evaluate ongoing hand-removal of zebra mussels from easily identified structures, and 3) continue efforts to assess native unionid mussel populations, particularly where zebra mussels are also present. Standard catch per unit effort survey methods by SCUBA teams were used to determine the distribution and relative abundance of zebra or quagga mussels (dreissenids) and native mussels (unionids). Zebra mussels were present at densities between 3 and 42 n/diver/hr (number of mussels per diver per hour), while native unionids were present at densities between 5 and 72 n/diver/hr. Shoal surveys (Eagle Island shoal, Sand Island shoal, York Island shoal, Bear Island shoal, Oak Island shoal, and Gull Island shoal) showed zebra mussels were more abundant on the west side of APIS and absent on the easternmost shoal (Gull Island), corroborating veliger work by the EPA that suggested drift from the Twin Ports of Duluth, Minnesota, and Superior, Wisconsin, is one pathway of invasion. Our results support the use of shallow shoals along the periphery of the park as sentinel sites gauging zebra mussel immigration and population dynamics. Zebra mussel densities in the central islands showed no obvious spatial pattern, and this survey cannot determine whether currents or human transport (or both) are invasion vectors. Given the mussels’ continued presence at heavily used mooring areas and docks where there are no zebra mussels on nearby natural features (e.g., Rocky Island dock, Stockton Island mooring areas), our findings are consistent with multiple invasion pathways (drift from the Twin Ports and anthropogenic sources at mooring areas). SCUBA search and removal of zebra mussels from docks was confirmed to be an effective method for significantly lowering the risk of zebra mussels reproducing and dispersing from these locations. We caution that this work is being done on what look like initial invasions at low densities. Repeated removal of zebra mussels by divers reduced numbers to zero at some sites after one year (South Twin docks, Stockton Island NPS docks, and the Ottawa wreck) or decreased numbers by an order of magnitude (Rocky Island docks). Dreissenid densities were more persistent on the Sevona wreck and longer-term work is required to evaluate removal versus recruitment (local and/or veliger drift). Given the size of the wreck, we have tracked detailed survey maps to guide future efforts. Zebra mussels were again observed attached to native mussels near Stockton Island and South Twin Island. Their continued presence on sensitive native species is of concern. Native unionid mussels were more widely distributed in the park than previously known, with new beds found near Oak and Basswood Islands. The work reported here will form the basis for continued efforts to determine the optimal frequency of zebra mussel removal for effective control, as well as evaluate impacts on native species.
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Donnelly, Michelle K., and Anthony Putorti Jr. Exploratory Study of Airflow from SCBA Exposed to Elevated Temperatures. National Institute of Standards and Technology, September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1809.

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Kesler, Richard M., Constandinos Mitsingas, Adam G. Quiat, Tonghun Lee, Daniel Madrzykowski, and Gavin P. Horn. Mechanical properties and off-gassing characteristics of new and legacy SCBA facepieces. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.gcr.18-019.

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Horn, Gavin P., Richard M. Kesler, John W. Regan, and Daniel Madrzykowski. A study on the effect of repeat moderate intensity radiant exposures on SCBA facepiece properties. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, July 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.gcr.17-014.

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Sprague, Joshua, David Kushner, James Grunden, Jamie McClain, Benjamin Grime, and Cullen Molitor. Channel Islands National Park Kelp Forest Monitoring Program: Annual report 2014. National Park Service, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2293855.

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Abstract:
Channel Islands National Park (CHIS) has conducted long-term ecological monitoring of the kelp forests around San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacapa and Santa Barbara Islands since 1982. The original permanent transects were established at 16 sites between 1981 and 1986 with the first sampling beginning in 1982, this being the 33rd year of monitoring. An additional site, Miracle Mile, was established at San Miguel Island in 2001 by a commercial fisherman with assistance from the park. Miracle Mile was partially monitored from 2002 to 2004, and then fully monitored (using all KFM protocols) since 2005. In 2005, 16 additional permanent sites were established to collect baseline data from inside and adjacent to four marine reserves that were established in 2003. Sampling results from all 33 sites mentioned above are included in this report. Funding for the Kelp Forest Monitoring Program (KFM) in 2014 was provided by the National Park Service (NPS). The 2014 monitoring efforts utilized 49 days of vessel time to conduct 1,040 dives for a total of 1,059 hours of bottom time. Population dynamics of a select list of 71 “indicator species” (consisting of taxa or categories of algae, fish, and invertebrates) were measured at the 33 permanent sites. In addition, population dynamics were measured for all additional species of fish observed at the sites during the roving diver fish count. Survey techniques follow the CHIS Kelp Forest Monitoring Protocol Handbook (Davis et al. 1997) and an update to the sampling protocol handbook currently being developed (Kushner and Sprague, in progress). The techniques utilize SCUBA and surface-supplied-air to conduct the following monitoring protocols: 1 m2 quadrats, 5 m2 quadrats, band transects, random point contacts, fish transects, roving diver fish counts, video transects, size frequency measurements, and artificial recruitment modules. Hourly temperature data were collected using remote temperature loggers at 32 sites, the exception being Miracle Mile where there is no temperature logger installed. This annual report contains a brief description of each site including any notable observations or anomalies, a summary of methods used, and monitoring results for 2014. All the data collected during 2014 can be found in the appendices and in an Excel workbook on the NPS Integrated Resource Management Applications (IRMA) portal. In the 2013 annual report (Sprague et al. 2020) several changes were made to the appendices. Previously, annual report density and percent cover data tables only included the current year’s data. Now, density and percent cover data are presented in graphical format and include all years of available monitoring data. Roving diver fish count (RDFC), fish size frequency, natural habitat size frequency, and Artificial Recruitment Module (ARM) size frequency data are now stored on IRMA at https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/Reference/Profile/2259651. The temperature data graphs in Appendix L include the same graphs that were used in past reports, but include additional violin plot sections that compare monthly means from the current year to past years. In addition to the changes listed above, the layout of the discussion section was reordered by species instead of by site. The status of kelp forests differed among the five park islands. This is a result of a combination of factors including but not limited to, oceanography, biogeography and associated differences in species abundance and composition, as well as sport and commercial fishing pressure. All 33 permanent sites were established in areas that had or were historically known to have had kelp forests in the past. In 2014, 15 of the 33 sites monitored were characterized as developing kelp forest, kelp forest or mature kelp forest. In addition, three sites were in a state of transition. Two sites were part kelp forest and part dominated by Strongylocentrotus purpuratus...
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