Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'SD 121 UL 2006 F917'
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Frisco, Caroline. "L'arrêt du développement chez les lépidoptères : la 20-hydroxyecdysone est-elle toujours impliquée ?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23892/23892.pdf.
Full textBédard, Karine. "La construction de modèles géologiques 3D à l'ère de la normalisation." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23556/23556.pdf.
Full textThe use of three-dimensional models represents an interesting approach to visualize, understand and analyze a geological environment. In Earth sciences, construction of 3D models and their use remain however not very widespread. That can be explained, in part, by the diversity of available data and the numerous steps required to build a valid and coherent 3D model. The purpose of this project is thus to propose a procedural guide that logically assembles 3D geological model construction steps while formally describing geometrical data (point, line, surface and volume) used. This formal description is based on ISO/TC211 geographic information standards to which an extension for the representation of the volumetric objects is added. The proposed guide facilitates the construction of 3D models by non-expert modellers. It was tested by non-experts who succeeded, in a proportion of 80%, in building 3D geological models which allows us to confirm the effectiveness and utility of the guide.
Cotteret, Gilles. "Extraction d'éléments curvilignes guidée par des mécanismes attentionnels pour des images de télédétection. Approche par fusion de données." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23332/23332.pdf.
Full textThe extraction of curvilinear elements from remote sensing images, especially when noisy or near the limit of resolution constitutes a significant challenge for data-processing algorithms. In this work a method is presented for linear feature extraction in remote sensing (RS) images. An original model (ELECA) is introduced allowing out of date geographical information system (GIS) data to be updated though the use of a visual search method that mimics human eye movements. The ELECA model is composed of three parts : (1) a visual search module using virtual gaze to avoid processing the entire image ; (2) a simple and fast method for local information extraction by a clever adaptation of connected-component labeling ; and (3) an original method for the fusion of local information to construct a global representation at the scale of the image based on qualitative spatial reasoning techniques. The ELECA model avoids several problems characteristic of current methods. In particular, the proposed technique can be applied to low resolution or partially occluded images for which currently only human interpreters can successfully process the image. The technique is also designed to be very fast and efficient when a quick GIS update is needed. The last part of this project is devoted to the design of software which supports the ELECA model. The proposed software architecture is adaptive and allows the integration of future model developments. Finally it is shown how the ELECA model could be implemented.
La extracción de elementos curvilíneos de las imágenes de teledetección, sobre todo en proximidad del límite de resolución o en presencia de ruido, representa siempre un reto importante para los algoritmos informáticos, mientras que para los intérpretes humanos es una tarea inmediata. Este trabajo presenta un método nuevo para guiar la extracción de elementos curvilíneos (carreteras, ríos, etc.) de imágenes de teledetección. El objetivo del método consiste en actualizar un sistema de información geográfica (SIG) gracias a un modelo inédito (ELECA) constituído de tres partes. El modelo ELECA desarrolla dos ideas principales. El modelo puede utilizar las imágenes de teledetección y los datos del SIG que están desactualizados. El modelo se basa asimismo en resultados recientes de la investigación en ciencias psico-cognitivas, dado que imita parcialmente el movimiento de los ojos durante una búsqueda visual. Las tres partes del modelo ELECA son: (1) un método de búsqueda de la información local que utiliza un ojo virtual par focalizarse únicamente donde se encuentra la información probable, evitando un tratamiento global de la imagen; (2) un método simple y rápido de extracción de la información local, que utiliza una adaptación astuciosa de un análisis en componentes conexos; y (3) un método original de fusión de informaciones locales que se apoya sobre trabajos de reconstrucción del espacio global por razonamiento espacial cualitativo. El modelo ELECA evita así algunas trampas en las que caen a menudo los métodos clásicos. En particular, la técnica propuesta puede ser utilizada para imágenes parcialmente enmascaradas o de baja resolución, que sólo pueden ser tratadas actualmente por intérpretes humanos. El método ha sido elaborado para ser eficiente en la actualización rápida de un SIG si es necesario. La última parte de este trabajo presenta una solución informática elaborada para soportar el modelo ELECA. Una arquitectura de programa flexible y adaptable es presentada, permitiendo la integración de desarrollos ulteriores del modelo. Finalmente, un aspecto algorítmico muestra concretamente que las soluciones del modelo ELECA. se pueden implantar en términos informáticos.
Almeida, Giana. "Influence de la structure du bois sur ses propriétés physico-mécaniques à des teneurs en humidité élevées." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23430/23430.pdf.
Full textThe main objective of this work is to improve the knowledge of the influence of the wood structure on its physical and mechanical properties. Three temperate and five tropical hardwoods were studied in order to have a high diversity of anatomical properties. Two experimental techniques (saturated salt solutions and pressure membrane method) were used to perform moisture sorption tests at 25ºC. These sorption tests were combined with physical and mechanical property measurements. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique was used in order to separate different components of water in wood during desorption. The porous structure of these hardwoods was characterized by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and by quantitative anatomical analyses. The results showed that at equilibrium moisture content, radial, tangential and volumetric shrinkage, as well as changes in transverse strength, occur above the fiber saturation point (FSP). This result indicates that the loss of bound water takes place in the presence of liquid water. This remaining liquid water would be entrapped on the least permeable tissue elements (ray parenchyma). The initial equilibrium moisture content (EMC) at which bound water starts to be removed varied largely among wood species. The NMR results confirmed that, even at equilibrated conditions, a region exists where the loss of liquid water and bound water take place simultaneously. This region will vary according to the wood structure. Liquid water was present at EMC values lower than the fiber saturation point, which contradicts the concept of this point. At higher values of relative humidity the desorption curves largely varied among species. Quantitative anatomical and MIP results were useful to a better comprehension of the influence of wood structure on the wood - water relationships. Concerning the dimensional properties, a large variation of the shrinkage values was observed among the species studied. Temperate species had larger shrinkage values and the basic density was not correlated with shrinkage when temperate and tropical values were analyzed together. Finally, the present work gives information about fundamental aspects of wood – water relationships, which are important for a better utilization of this material.
Moutee, Mohssine. "Modélisation du comportement mécanique du bois au cours du séchage." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23791/23791.pdf.
Full textA new approach and rheological model for modeling the hygro-thermo-mechanical behaviour of wood during drying process are proposed. This approach is based on the resolution of equilibrium equations of Euler-Bernoulli cantilever beam without any assumption on stress distribution through the thickness. A numerical code was developed to predict stress and deformation evolution of wood cantilever at constant and variable moisture conditions. This code was validated using a classical rheological model (Burger model), where analytical solution exists at constant moisture content. A new global rheological model was therefore developed where free shrinkage, instantaneous stress-strain relationships, time induced creep (viscoelastic creep) and mechano-sorptive creep are taken into account. The constitutive law is based on an elasto-viscoplastic model that takes into account the moisture content gradient in wood, the effect of external load by introducing a viscoplastic deformation threshold (permanent strain), and also the combined effect of load and moisture content variation by adding the mechano-sorptive behavior of wood during drying. For the rheological model parameters identification, a cantilever experimental setup was used. Creep tests at 60°C, at different load levels, at different constant moisture contents, and during drying were carried out on white spruce wood (Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss.) in the radial direction. Thus, the elastic, viscoelastic, viscoplastic and mechano-sorptive properties obtained experimentally were reproduced by simulation. The good agreement between simulation and experimental results confirms the validity of the proposed numerical approach and the developed rheological model for the experimental conditions considered in this work.
Orzanco, Maria Gabriela. "Exploration de la fusion des informations pour améliorer la fiabilité locale d'une carte forestière." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23448/23448.pdf.
Full textIn the traditional forest maps in Quebec, sharp lines represent stand boundaries, forest strata are considered equally concordant in relation to field/cartographic attributes and the woody volume estimations issue from successive regrouping of field plots. The general objective of this research is to explore how different methods can be combined to characterize stand boundaries, forest strata and woody volume estimations, from geomatic and ecological points of view, by map and field information fusion. In order to qualify boundaries, their contrast and spatial contexts are quantified. The integration of these aspects allows the detection of forest sectors where boundary identification could be easiest. A significant relationship exists among the contrast of examined variables with the existence probability of boundaries. Other boundaries are identified from the field plots. These ones correspond to homogeneous plot clusters and to strong spatial discontinuities in the field variables. The two boundary types coincide spatially when neighbourhood differences are intense. The woody volume boundaries are, in this scale, spatially dependent on forest and topographic boundaries. Regression trees are used for grouping field plots considering minimum volume variability. The most effective tree model is associated with field variables. The groups formed with this method present less spatial variability in comparison with the plot groups presently used in Quebec. The forest strata are qualified by their accord map/plot level. For many forest strata the local accord is high while the neighbourhood accord is low. The local accord is attributed to internal strata homogeneity and/or the fact that plots poorly represent the forest stratum. The neighbourhood accord is associated with positional uncertainty of field samples, of boundaries or both. Finally, in order to permit cartographic and field boundary fusion at the element level, the resolution of heterogeneity between field and forest map data must be addressed first. The spatial resolution and semantic ecological significance of cartographic units are the most important of these heterogeneities.
Desmarais, Marie-Ève. "Le «processus d'harmonisation enjeux-solutions», un moyen efficace pour la gestion intégrée des ressources forestières du Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23978/23978.pdf.
Full textBoukhecha, Mohammed. "Résolution instantanée des ambiguïtés de phase pour des systèmes hybrides GNSS modernes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24143/24143.pdf.
Full textMoura, Luiz Fernando de. "Étude de trois procédés de finition des surfaces du bois d'érable à sucre pour fins de vernissage." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18665.
Full textThe main objective of this research was to identify the best machining method to prepare sugar maple wood surfaces to varnishing. Conventional sanding, as well as the fixed-oblique-knife pressure-bar cutting and the peripheral helical-knife planing were studied. The possibility of complete or partial substitution of sanding by these other methods was then evaluated. The experiment was divided in four stages: the first three stages aimed to optimize each surfacing method in terms of wood surface quality, while the fourth stage was intended to compare these methods in terms of their aptitude for coating. The surface quality was evaluated based on roughness characteristics, wetting properties and cell damage. The best conditions found in the first three stages are described as follows: oblique cutting at 0.25-mm cutting depth, 25º rake angle, and 30º and 50º oblique angles; cross-grain helical planing at 0.50-mm cutting depth and feed speeds set to 14 and 17 knife marks per 25.4 mm of planed length; and sanding with aluminum oxide at 14 m/min of feed speed, and final grit sizes of 100 and 150. These conditions were tested in the fourth stage of the experiment, in which surfaces were coated with a polyurethane varnish. The quality of the coating films was then assessed by pull-off adhesion tests and by an accelerated aging treatment. Sanding and cross-grain helical planing produced surfaces with no visible defects and yielded the best pull-off adhesion before aging. However, these surfaces underwent a loss of adhesion during aging. On the other hand, the accelerated aging did not affect the adhesion in the oblique-knife pressure-bar cut surfaces. As a result, the pull-off adhesion measured after aging was similar for the three surfacing methods. However, the accelerated aging caused more coating deterioration in cross-grain helical-planed than in sanded samples. Results allow to conclude that oblique cutting and helical planing could reduce the need for sanding.
Pelgas, Betty. "Cartographie génétique comparative chez les Picea et autres pinaceae." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/24131/24131.pdf.
Full textRoy, Marie-Élise. "Des fermes forestières en métayage sur le territoire public québécois : vers un outil d'évaluation pour les communautés." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23961/23961.pdf.
Full textFor years, rural Quebec communities that depend on forestry have had to cope with socioeconomic problems. To overcome this situation, the delegation of forest management decision making to local communities is often suggested as part of the solution. The forest tenant farm formula, which is being applied to the Forêt modèle du Bas-Saint-Laurent, represents a conceivable method for the delegation of authority in this particular context. Our research has been carried out with the intention of transposing this formula to public forest lands. Our main objective is to develop a tool that will enable forest communities to evaluate the territorial and social potential of a public forest in view of establishing forest tenant farms. This evaluation tool was designed using data collected from a document review, various interviews, a focus group and a postal survey. It includes the main biophysical, economic, social and institutional success factors for the establishment of forest tenant farms. Our tool proposes an analytical framework for management models that differ from existing formulas on public land. Most of all, it is an instrument to facilitate evaluation and decision making by communities in reference to the forestry potential of their territory.
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Harrisson, Lise. "Caractérisation des papiers de finition et des panneaux de fibres de bois de haute densité (HDF) utilisés dans la production de plancher flottant." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23490/23490.pdf.
Full textAbstract The lamination of HDF panels is an important step in laminate flooring production. This operation involves technical challenges which require knowledge regarding HDF panel warping occurring during lamination. In this regard, the determination of the physical and mechanical properties of saturated lamination papers and HDF panels used in the production of laminate flooring is strategic. The specific objectives of this study were the determination of the contraction coefficient and modulus of elasticity in traction of saturated papers, in addition to the evaluation of HDF thermal conductivity. Three types of papers were studied (overlay, decorative paper, backer) in two directions (machine direction and cross direction) and at three pressing times (0, 10 and 20 seconds). For each combination, ten repetitions were made. The determination of thermal conductivity was established on 7 and 8 mm boards, which had a density of 871 and 918 kg/m3 respectively. Three temperatures were studied (100, 150 and 200°C) for the same temperature difference of 25°C. Three samples were analysed three times for each experimental condition. The type of paper had a highly significant impact on the contraction coefficient, which is higher in cross direction and increases with pressing time. This study has also shown that for a given paper, the modulus of elasticity in traction is higher in the machine direction and increases with pressing time. We have also established that the modulus of elasticity increases linearly with paper basic weight before impregnation and decreases linearly with resin content. Temperature had a significant impact on the thermal conductivity of HDF panels most likely due to panel moisture content variation during testing. Thickness and density of HDF panels did not have a significant effect on thermal conductivity.
Ciobanu, Liviu Dragos. "Adaptation des SIG participatifs aux processus de design urbain délibératifs." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23863/23863.pdf.
Full textThe intention of the research presented in this work is to develop a GIS model adapted to the dynamics and to the formal collaborative dimensions of the deliberative urban design process. The prototype developed is also meant to include the spatial representations that are created and exchanged during the process, and to propose a cartographic representation of the dynamics of this process. The conception and development of the GIS is based on two series of observations carried out during two urban design workshops that were held in the autumn and winter semesters 2005 at the Faculty of Architecture of Laval University. First of all, we introduce the main features of the problem. Then, we describe the research process in order to situate the thinking presented here. Following this we describe the research procedures. Finally, we provide the main results of this research.
Sotelo, Montes Alcira del Carmen. "Variation génétique des caractéristiques de croissance et du bois de Capirona (Calycophyllum spruceanum) provenant de l'Amazonie péruvienne." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23993/23993.pdf.
Full textA provenance/progeny test of Calycophyllum spruceanum was established in one watershed in the Peruvian Amazon in order to (a) evaluate genetic variation in tree growth (height, diameter) and wood properties (density, color, shrinkage, ultimate crushing strength (σL) and static compliance coefficients (s11) in longitudinal compression, and dynamic s11 in the longitudinal direction determined by ultrasound), (b) estimate the proportion of the variation under genetic control, (c) estimate the effect of selection for growth on wood properties, and (d) determine the radial variation in wood density (by microdensitometry)and its correlation with tree growth. Tree height and stem diameter near ground level were measured at 16, 28 and 39 months. Diameter at 1.3 m and wood properties were measured at 39 months. In general, the wood was relatively uniform in color, with average shrinkage and relatively high strength and stiffness. Significant variation due to families within provenances and/or provenances was found in tree growth, wood density, and some color, shrinkage, strength and stiffness characteristics. In general, families accounted for more variation than provenances. Heritability was moderately high for basic wood density, shrinkage, strength, and stiffness determined by the static s11, and relatively low for growth traits, wood color, coefficient of anisotropy and stiffness determined by the dynamic s11. The heritability of growth traits, wood density, color and shrinkage was generally higher in the planting zone where trees grew most rapidly. Genetic correlations indicated that (a) selecting faster-growing trees would result in denser wood; (b) the selection of faster-growing trees with denser wood would result in stronger and stiffer wood, without a significant effect on its color, but would increase the shrinkage. In addition, wood density increased significantly from pith to bark, especially in the zones where trees grew more rapidly. Phenotypic correlations suggested that selecting faster-growing trees would result in greater radial variation in wood density. Finally, the non-destructive methods used were very effective for studying wood quality in this species.
Thiffault, Évelyne. "Biogeochemistry of forest harvesting methods in the boreal zone of Quebec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/24124/24124.pdf.
Full textCôté, Guillaume. "Élaboration d'une typologie forestière adaptée à la forêt boréale irrégulière." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23939/23939.pdf.
Full textVidal, Bastías Marcia. "Modélisation du pressage à chaud des panneaux de fibres de bois (MDF) par la méthode des éléments finis." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18667.
Full textThis study describes a mathematical-physical model to predict temperature, gas pressure and moisture content during MDF hot pressing in batch and continuous processes. The final system is composed of three differential equations: gas conservation, water vapor conservation and energy conservation. This model introduced the moisture diffusion term which was not considered in the basis model. The system of equations was solved by the finite element method using the MEF++ software developed by the GIREF at Laval University. The boundary conditions used during simulation are of the Neumann or Dirichlet type depending on the process considered. In order to validate the numerical results in 2-D and 3-D, we compared them with experimental data obtained from the batch process in the pressing laboratory and from the continuous process in an industry. For this purpose, MDF panels of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BPS) were manufactured and temperature measurements made using thermocouples on the surface and the center of the mat. The gas pressure was also measured using a pressure probe located inside the mat. Moreover, in order to evaluate moisture content, seven sorption models were extrapolated and compared with experimental values from the literature. The Malmquist model gives the best correspondence for the relative humidities considered and was therefore used. The numerical results indicate that the predicted temperature, moisture content and gas pressure are in agreement with experimental results for the two processes considered without using an adjustment factor. We concluded that the mathematical-physical model and the finite element method have a great potential to solve this type of problem to control the quality of panels and the losses during manufacturing. It is strongly recommended to look further into research on the values of the physical parameters involved in this process.
Yelle, Véronique. "Des coupes à blanc socialement acceptables : mission possible ou impossible?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23945/23945.pdf.
Full textMathieu, Fabienne. "Évolution de la transpiration après coupe dans la sapinière à bouleau blanc, forêt Montmorency, Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23817/23817.pdf.
Full textLambert, Mélanie. "Développement d'une approche pour l'analyse solap en temps réel : adapatation aux besoins des activités sportives en plein air." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23469/23469.pdf.
Full textChung, Chian Javier Ricardo. "Stratégies de séchage à haute température pour le bois à valeur ajoutée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23612/23612.pdf.
Full textVeilleux, Jean-Philippe. "Détermination précise des vitesses et des accélérations d'un athlète par mesures GPS prises à haute fréquence." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/24142/24142.pdf.
Full textThe main objective of this research is to develop an optimal solution in terms of precision, cost and weight of the equipment for computing the athlete’s velocities and accelerations using high data rate GPS measurements. This thesis is divided into three major sections. First, the theory about the computation of velocity is presented. Then, the theory about the computation of acceleration is shown. Finally, results of field tests are given. These tests were conducted to compare different parameters used to define an optimal strategy to obtain precise velocities and accelerations. The principal parameters tested are: computation modes (stand-alone or differential); processing algorithms using pre-computed positions, Doppler frequencies or carrier phase measurements; weighted observation matrices using satellites elevation angles or signal/noise ratio; filtering techniques using a moving average or Fast Fourier Transform; and GPS receivers of different quality (low cost receiver or geodetic receiver).
Shi, Jun Li. "La relation entre les propriétés des panneaux de fibres de densité moyenne et les caractéristiques du bois." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23592/23592.pdf.
Full textThe effect of raw material on the properties of medium density fiberboard (MDF) panels was investigated. Strength properties and dimensional stability of medium density fiberboard (MDF) panels made from black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP.) fibers of 1-20, 21-40, and over 40 year-old were studied. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed to examine the differences in modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and thickness swell (TS) of the three types of panels, while panel density was treated as a covariate in order to adjust the mean values that were partly attributed to panel density. Results indicate that MOR, internal bond (IB), and water absorption of MDF panels made from 1-20 yearold fibers, were significantly superior to those of panels made from 21-40 and over 40 yearold fibers; but linear expansion (LE) of MDF panels made from 1-20 year-old fibers was significantly larger than that of panels from the other two age classes. The differences in MOR, IB, water absorption, and LE between panels made from 21-40 and over 40 year-old fibers were not significant. Comparisons of panel MOE and TS between the three age classes were relatively dependant on panel density due to the existence of interactions between the age classes. Strength properties and dimensional stability of MDF panels made from black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP.) top, mid, and butt logs were studied. ANCOVA was conducted to examine the effect of log position in the tree on panel modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity using the density of panels that were equilibrated at 22 oC and 65 % relative humidity (RH) as a covariate. Results indicate that MOE and IB of MDF panels made from top and mid logs were significantly superior to those of panels made from butt logs; however, there was no significant difference in MOE and IB between panels made from top and mid logs. Water absorption of panels made from top and mid logs was significantly lower than that of panels from butt logs, and the difference in water absorption between panels made from top and mid logs was not significant. TS of panels made from top logs was the smallest among the three types of panels and was significantly different vi from that of panels made from mid and butt logs. The panels made from butt logs yielded the highest TS, which was significantly different from the other two types of panels. The differences in LE between the panels made from top, mid, and butt logs were not significant. Comparison of MOR between panels made from top, mid, and butt logs was dependant on panel density due to the interactions between the three groups. Panel density affected both panel MOR and MOE considerably, however, its impact on IB, LE, TS, and water absorption was not significant in this study. Equations describing the relationships between MOR, MOE and panel density were developed. Flexural properties, internal bond strength, and dimensional stability of MDF panels made from three hybrid poplar (Populus spp.) clones with codes 915303, 915311, and 915313 were studied. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and ANCOVA were both performed to test the differences in MOR and MOE of MDF panels made from the three poplar hybrids. Results indicate that MOR of MDF panels made from clone 915311 was significantly higher than that of panels made from clones 915303 or 915313; however, there was no significant difference in MOR between panels made from clones 915303 or 915313. MOE of panels made from clone 915311 was the highest, and significantly different from that of panels made from either clone 915303 or 915313; MOE of panels made from clone 915303 were the smallest and significantly lower than that of panels from clone 915313. MDF panels made from both clones 915303 and 915311 were superior to those panels made from clone 915313 in IB strength; but there was no significant difference in IB between panels made from clones 915303 or 915311. Dimensional stability of MDF panels was evaluated by LE, TS, and water absorption, and no significant differences were found between the three types of panels. This study shows a significant effect of hybrid poplar clonal variation on panel flexural properties and internal bond strength. This suggests that improvements in MDF panel flexural properties and internal bond strength may be achieved through tree breeding. Additionally, panel density was a factor influencing MDF panel MOR and MOE considerably; as significant linear relationships between MOR, MOE and panel density were determined. Feasibility of using two exotic larch species Larix gmelinii and Larix sibirica as raw material for MDF panel manufacturing was studied. Laboratory MDF panels were fabricated from fibers of these two individual larch species mixed with an approximate proportion of 4:1, and the properties of MDF panels made from fibers of spruce, pine, and fir (S-P-F) were studied as a control. A 10 % urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin and 0.5 % wax were blended with the fibers that were generated from larch and S-P-F. The schedule and temperature used for panel hot-pressing were kept constant when making the two types of panels. According to American National Standard ANSI A 208.2-2002 for evaluation of MDF panels for interior application, the MOR of the panels made from larch and S-P-F both met the requirement of Grade 120. The MOE of the panels made from larch did not meet the ANSI minimum requirement; the MOE of panels made from S-P-F met the requirement of Grade 120. Larch panels produced favorable internal bond strength compared to the panels made from S-P-F. IB of larch panels was 0.78 MPa, and met the requirement of ANSI grade 140. MOR and MOE of panels made from larch were lower than those of panels made from S-P-F. This difference can be compensated through optimizing hot-pressing parameters so as to acquire desirable panel density profile. Additionally, the properties of MDF panels made from larch can be improved by properly manipulating refining parameters to reduce fine fiber content in the pulp. It was also found that linear expansion of the panels made from larch was significantly higher than that of the panels fabricated from S-P-F. According to ANSI/AHA A 135.4-1995 standard for basic hardboard, thickness swell and water absorption of the two types of panels were below the maximum specified values. It can be concluded that it is feasible to use the two exotic larch species as raw material for MDF panel manufacturing, although they are still inferior to SP- F. Properties of MDF panels in relation to wood and fiber characteristics were investigated. Laboratory MDF panels were manufactured from raw fiber materials of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP.), hybrid poplar clones (Populus spp.), two exotic larch (Larix gmelinii and Larix sibirica), and a mix of spruce, pine, and fir (S-P-F) wood chips. The panels were evaluated for MOR, MOE, IB, LE, TS, and water absorption (WA). These properties were analyzed as response variables. As predictor variables, various wood and viii fiber characteristics were measured including wood density, pH and base buffering capacity and fiber coarseness. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to develop the functional relationships between panel properties (response variables) and wood fiber characteristics (predictor variables). Ten dummy variables were created and incorporated into the analysis to examine the effects of wood species or type on MDF panel properties. MOR was negatively related to arithmetic fine percentage. MOE was negatively affected by the percentage of small particles which can pass through the mesh with size of 0.017 mm2 (mesh size smaller than 0.017 mm2) and wood pH. IB strength was negatively related to arithmetic fine percentage and fiber pH, but positively related to the percentage of small particles (mesh size smaller than 0.017 mm2). Wood density affected LE. TS was negatively affected by arithmetic mean fiber length. Arithmetic mean fiber width had a negative effect on panel WA. The presence of the dummy variables in MOE, IB, and LE models indicates that wood fiber characteristics other than those measured in this study affected panel MOE, IB, and LE significantly. The study indicates that refining process can play a significant role in manipulating MDF panel properties.
De, la Cruz Sanchez Carmen Mariella. "Mesure des constantes élastiques du bois d'épinette noire (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) dans des conditions d'équilibre du séchage à basse température." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23550/23550.pdf.
Full textThe objective of this research was to study the influence of the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) and temperature on the mechanical properties of black spruce wood (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.). The six specimen technique was used to determine the elastic parameters under eight hygrothermal conditions: four EMC (7%, 13%, 17% and above the fiber saturation point) at two temperatures (30°C and 50°C). Measurements were made in axial compression tests. Axial strain was measured using a Sangamo DG1.0 linear displacement sensor (LVDT). Transverse strain was measured using two semi-ring extensometers. The results show than wood deformability increases as EMC and temperature increase. Furthermore, at the given EMC, wood deformability increases as temperature increases from 30°C to 50°C.
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Fortin, Mathieu. "Analyse de la dynamique des peuplements mixtes de sapin baumier et d'épinette rouge après coupe partielle : contraintes et méthodologies statistiques." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33025.
Full textMorin, Chantal. "Étude du potentiel d'une souche albinos de Ceratocystis resinifera pour la protection biologique du bois contre le bleuissement." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23758/23758.pdf.
Full textMacias-Valadez, Daniel, and Daniel Macias-Valadez. "Détermination d'un modèle en trois dimensions de la réfractivité troposphérique à partir d'un réseau de récepteurs GPS au sol." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18874.
Full textLe délai troposphérique subi par les signaux GPS entre les satellites et le récepteur affecte la précision du positionnement mais contient aussi de l'information utile sur l'état de la troposphère. Le délai troposphérique consiste en une composante hydrostatique et une composante humide qu'il est possible de séparer. Avec un réseau permanent de récepteurs GPS, où la position des sites est connue avec précision, et en utilisant l'information sur les délais en pente humides (SWD, de l'anglais Slant Wet Delays) estimés entre chaque station et tous les satellites visibles, il est possible de dresser un modèle en trois dimensions de la réfractivité humide au-dessus du réseau. La présente recherche porte sur l'utilisation de fonctions en séries de Taylor en trois dimensions afin de modéliser la réfractivité humide. Un réseau permanent de 43 stations en Suisse a été utilisé afin d'estimer en post-traitement les SWD et de les utiliser comme données d'entrée au modèle de la réfractivité humide proposé. Cette modélisation permet de calculer les délais troposphériques zénithaux humides en tout point à l'intérieur du réseau pour que d'autres récepteurs GPS qui ne font pas partie du réseau puissent corriger l'effet troposphérique. Une comparaison des résultats a été effectuée par rapport à l'utilisation traditionnelle d'une atmosphère standard et un facteur d'amélioration moyen de 30\% a été atteint. D'autre part, des données météorologiques recueillies dans des stations indépendantes du réseau GPS ont été utilisées afin de valider les valeurs de réfractivité humides calculées par le modèle. La concordance entre ces valeurs et celles de validation est à 2 unités près en moyenne.
Le délai troposphérique subi par les signaux GPS entre les satellites et le récepteur affecte la précision du positionnement mais contient aussi de l'information utile sur l'état de la troposphère. Le délai troposphérique consiste en une composante hydrostatique et une composante humide qu'il est possible de séparer. Avec un réseau permanent de récepteurs GPS, où la position des sites est connue avec précision, et en utilisant l'information sur les délais en pente humides (SWD, de l'anglais Slant Wet Delays) estimés entre chaque station et tous les satellites visibles, il est possible de dresser un modèle en trois dimensions de la réfractivité humide au-dessus du réseau. La présente recherche porte sur l'utilisation de fonctions en séries de Taylor en trois dimensions afin de modéliser la réfractivité humide. Un réseau permanent de 43 stations en Suisse a été utilisé afin d'estimer en post-traitement les SWD et de les utiliser comme données d'entrée au modèle de la réfractivité humide proposé. Cette modélisation permet de calculer les délais troposphériques zénithaux humides en tout point à l'intérieur du réseau pour que d'autres récepteurs GPS qui ne font pas partie du réseau puissent corriger l'effet troposphérique. Une comparaison des résultats a été effectuée par rapport à l'utilisation traditionnelle d'une atmosphère standard et un facteur d'amélioration moyen de 30\% a été atteint. D'autre part, des données météorologiques recueillies dans des stations indépendantes du réseau GPS ont été utilisées afin de valider les valeurs de réfractivité humides calculées par le modèle. La concordance entre ces valeurs et celles de validation est à 2 unités près en moyenne.
Le délai troposphérique subi par les signaux GPS entre les satellites et le récepteur affecte la précision du positionnement mais contient aussi de l'information utile sur l'état de la troposphère. Le délai troposphérique consiste en une composante hydrostatique et une composante humide qu'il est possible de séparer. Avec un réseau permanent de récepteurs GPS, où la position des sites est connue avec précision, et en utilisant l'information sur les délais en pente humides (SWD, de l'anglais Slant Wet Delays) estimés entre chaque station et tous les satellites visibles, il est possible de dresser un modèle en trois dimensions de la réfractivité humide au-dessus du réseau. La présente recherche porte sur l'utilisation de fonctions en séries de Taylor en trois dimensions afin de modéliser la réfractivité humide. Un réseau permanent de 43 stations en Suisse a été utilisé afin d'estimer en post-traitement les SWD et de les utiliser comme données d'entrée au modèle de la réfractivité humide proposé. Cette modélisation permet de calculer les délais troposphériques zénithaux humides en tout point à l'intérieur du réseau pour que d'autres récepteurs GPS qui ne font pas partie du réseau puissent corriger l'effet troposphérique. Une comparaison des résultats a été effectuée par rapport à l'utilisation traditionnelle d'une atmosphère standard et un facteur d'amélioration moyen de 30\% a été atteint. D'autre part, des données météorologiques recueillies dans des stations indépendantes du réseau GPS ont été utilisées afin de valider les valeurs de réfractivité humides calculées par le modèle. La concordance entre ces valeurs et celles de validation est à 2 unités près en moyenne.
Marcotte-Latulippe, Alexandre. "Caractérisation des composés organiques volatils émis lors du séchage de bois." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23565/23565.pdf.
Full textWood drying is essential for any use as a product. In effect, the equilibrium moisture of wood must satisfy the Canadian norms (Industrie Canada, 2005). However, during this process, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted in the environment. The compositions of the VOCs as well as the effects on human and on the environment need to be the scientific community. The aim of the present research was to collect and to identify the VOCs emitted during the conventional drying process of two wood speices: black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.)) at medium temperature, and the sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) by dehumidification with a heat pump at medium temperature. For black spruce, the total average of VOCs represent 0,196g/kgdry wood for the two experiment. The main non-polar VOCs were α-pinene (0,0435g/kgdry wood), β-pinene (0,0147g/kgdry wood), 3-carene (0,0044g/kg dry wood), β-phellendrene/limonene (0,069g/kgdry wood), β-myrcene (0,0009g/kgdry wood) and camphene (0,0007g/kgdry wood). The polar compounds were formaldehyde (0,001g/kgdry wood), methanol (0,0336g/kgdry wood), acetic aldehyde (0,0226g/kgdry wood), acetic acid (0,0145g/kgdry wood), methyl ethyl ketone (0,0149g/kg dry wood), methyl isobutyl ketone (0,0074g/kgdry wood) and acetophenone (0,0092g/kgdry wood). For maple sugar, the major VOCs emitted were the acetic acid (0,160g/kgdry wood), ethanol (0,055g/kg dry wood), propan-2-ol (0,021g/kgdry wood), butan-2-one (0,005g/kgdry wood) and acetic aldehyde (0,002g/kgdry wood). The total amount of VOCs produced as well as the effects on human health and on the environment need further investigations.
Jutras, Sylvain. "Growth of tree species and hydrology in managed forested peatlands, Quebec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23643/23643.pdf.
Full textThe water budget of forested peatland sites is regulated by a complex combination of hydrological processes. Relatively stable in natural environments, this budget is exposed to major changes by forest management activities affecting the tree canopy. This Ph.D. thesis aimed to study the specific interrelations existing between growth and yield of tree species, above-ground competition, and hydrology of Quebec forested peatlands. The first chapter aimed to determine the pertinence of using drainage to transform unproductive black spruce stands into productive ones. Results showed that even if tree growth was significantly increased by drainage, only intensive drainage using narrow ditch spacing would enable stand productivity improvement. The four other chapters intended to evaluate the influence of the vegetation on the regulation of hydrological processes and, indirectly, tree growth. The water table has been monitored on a pre-mature forested peatland site to evaluate its behaviour following drainage and harvesting (Chapter 2). Comparable water table monitoring has been done in densely regenerated post-harvest and drained peatland sites to measure the watering-up after precommercial thinning (Chapter 3). Both studies demonstrated the valuable water table regulation capacities of the treed vegetation in forested peatlands. Since this vegetation has an evident influence on soil growing conditions, tree growth should be affected by the presence of neighbours. The role of biological drainage (Chapter 4) and the presence of competition (Chapter 5) on growth have been evaluated for drained sites. The water table regulation power of the vegetation stratum was found to be favourable to tree growth, but only in specific situations. Management practices that preserve notable amount of vegetation on forested peatland stands seem to be the most pertinent guideline that should be considered in these fragile ecosystems.
Abesque, Claude. "Système de gestion informatisé des processus manufacturiers." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23588/23588.pdf.
Full textHadley, Adam. "Winter habitat use by Boreal Chickadee flocks within a managed forest landscape." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23847/23847.pdf.
Full textResident bird species inhabiting northern latitudes are considered to be the species most exposed to the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation of boreal forests. Despite the fact that their population dynamics appear to be strongly determined by events occurring during the non-breeding season, we have little knowledge of the winter ecology of boreal birds. My objective was to determine how increasing edge densities and reducing the proportion of mature boreal forest will affect a resident bird species. I recorded movements of 85 unmarked and seven colour banded winter flocks of the little-known Boreal Chickadee (Poecile hudsonica), in a 66 km2 boreal forest harvested for timber near Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. From January-March (2004 and 2005), I followed flocks on snowshoes and recorded their paths in real time using a handheld GPS receiver. Using marked individuals, I found winter Boreal Chickadee flocks included an average of 4 individuals, occupied a mean winter home range of 14.7 ha and showed stable membership. Based on 74 km of flock movements, Boreal Chickadees strongly preferred mature forest (>7 m in height), used regenerating forest (4-7 m) to a lesser extent and avoided younger stands (<4 m) and open areas. Chickadee flocks showed no response to forest edges when using mature forest stands. However, inside regenerating forest, flocks were significantly closer to both open edges (41 ± 6 m) and mature forest boundaries (11 ± 2 m) than would be expected from random use of the habitat. Boreal Chickadee flocks did not avoid exposed edges during harsh weather conditions. In fact, on colder days, they were found disproportionately more often along edges between mature and regenerating stands. Increasing edge densities, resulting from clearcutting in boreal forest, does not necessarily reduce the winter suitability of remaining forest patches, even under inclement weather. However, I conclude that forest harvesting will result in a reduction of optimal wintering habitat for this species.
Laflamme, Jason. "Comparaisons des paysages forestiers préindustriels (1804 – 1864) et actuels (1982 – 2006) sur la base de la classification écologique dans la vallée de la rivière Gatineau, Québec, Canada." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29362/29362.pdf.
Full textRioux, Jérôme. "Effets de la coupe avec la protection des petites tiges marchandes (CPPTM) et de la coupe avec la protection de la haute régénération et des sols (CPHRS) sur la faune de la pessière noire à mousses de l'Est." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/24072/24072.pdf.
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