Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'SD 121 UL 2010 G216'
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Garcia, Cournoyer Paméla. "Évaluation de la naturalité de peuplements issus de scénarios sylvicoles en sapinière boréale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27427/27427.pdf.
Full textGarcía, Pérez Martha Estrella. "Caractérisation de composés phénoliques des extraits de ramilles du bouleau jaune : étude de leur capacité antioxidante." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19817.
Full textLemieux, Michée Joseph. "Cytoplasmic DNA polymorphisms in eastern hemlock : genogeographic analyses and implications for gene conservation." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21903.
Full textLa distribution géographique actuelle de la pruche de l'est (Tsuga canadensis L.) se situe au sud-est du Canada et longe les Appalaches aux États-Unis. Des efforts de développement de marqueurs d'ADN cytoplasmique ont été entrepris dans cette étude afin de vérifier si la diversité génétique de l'espèce était uniforme ou structurée, une information pertinente pour guider les efforts de conservation. Parmi sa distribution, soixante populations (n = 892) ont été échantillonnées. Aucun polymorphisme d'ADN mitochondrial n'a été détecté alors que sept marqueurs d'ADN chloroplastique se sont révélés polymorphes. La différenciation de populations était faible (GST = 0,020), possiblement en raison de l'homogénéisation par le flux pollinique durant l'Holocène. Néanmoins, des analyses spatiales ont décelé une structure significative entre l'est et l'ouest des Appalaches. On retrouve une plus grande différenciation de populations ainsi qu'une plus forte richesse allélique au sud-est des Appalaches, ce qui confère à cette région une priorité de conservation ex situ.
Constantineau, Serge. "Comportement à l'usinage du bois de clones de peupliers hybrides." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21728.
Full textLes comportements au rabotage, ponçage, défonçage et tournage du bois de sept clones de peuplier hybride provenant de trois sites de plantation suivant trois procédés de séchage: conventionnel, à température élevée et à haute température ont été étudiés Les propriétés d'usinage ont été déterminées à une teneur en humidité de 8% suivant la norme ASTM D1666-87. La qualité des surfaces obtenues a été évaluée qualitativement et quantitativement. Les clones de peuplier hybride se sont bien comportés lors du rabotage, ponçage et défonçage. La performance face au tournage fut plutôt faible. Dans l'ensemble, le comportement à l'usinage a été influencé en ordre décroissant d'importance par les paramètres de coupe, les clones, les procédés de séchage et les sites. La meilleure performance du rabotage fut obtenue avec un angle d'attaque de 20° et une onde d'usinage de 1,1 mm. Cette qualité pourrait être encore meilleure en utilisant un angle de 17,5° et une onde d'usinage plus courte. Le séchage conventionnel a eu des effets plus positifs sur la qualité de rabotage que les séchages à température élevée et à haute température. Le ponçage avec un papier fin de 180 grains s'est avéré le meilleur. Le comportement au tournage fut meilleur à une teneur en humidité du bois de 12% comparativement à 8%. Pour le défonçage, le travail en avalant a produit des surfaces plus lisses et de meilleure qualité par rapport à celles obtenues par le travail en opposition. Trois clones ont été identifiés comme étant plus performants pour l'usinage. En général, les bois plus denses ont montré une meilleure performance à l'usinage que les bois légers. Cependant, les corrélations entre la densité du bois et les propriétés d'usinage furent faibles. Bien qu'une sélection orientée selon un critère de densité puisse améliorer indirectement le comportement à l'usinage, l'évaluation directe des propriétés d'usinage est conseillée. Finalement, des effets mineurs des sites et des procédés de séchage ont été observés pour quelques conditions particulières d'usinage et ont par ce fait été considérés négligeables.
Joly, David. "Découverte et caractérisation des petites protéines sécrétées chez les rouilles foliaires du peuplier (melampsora spp.)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27676/27676.pdf.
Full textPoplar leaf rusts belonging to the genus Melampsora are considered as the world’s most important disease of poplars. During infection, Melampsora species secrete a diverse set of effector proteins that aim to reprogram the host into a susceptible state. However, recognition of particular effector proteins by the plant immune system, so-called avirulence proteins, leads to induction of the hypersensitve response, a form of programmed cell death. Based on prevalent models of plant–pathogen coevolution, some of these effectors, notably those with avirulence functions, are predicted to exhibit molecular signatures of accelerated evolution. In this thesis, features described above were used to identify the pathogenicity determinants of poplar leaf rusts with the specific aim of identifying candidate effector proteins. The first part of this thesis includes the development of a multifaceted approach to take advantage of available EST libraries, and included computational prediction of secreted proteins, intra- and interspecific comparative genomics, and testing for the presence of positive selection. Accelerated evolution was found to act more importantly on secreted proteins, and most of those proteins under positive selection were shown to harbour a high number of Cys residues and to share no homology in international databases. The second part of this thesis presents the results of a collaborative effort to characterize the entire secretome of M. larici-populina using expert annotation, screening for positive selection, and transcript profiling approaches. A significant part of the secretome was found to be under positive selection, and commonalities described before were observed again (Cys-rich proteins with no homology in international databases). Most of those with transcript evidence were found to be specifically expressed in planta, and positively selected sites were concentrated in the C-terminal region, consistent with an effector function. As a first step toward a functional characterization, immunolocalization of selected candidates has revealed specific labeling of some proteins in the haustoria periphery.
Sun, Ying. "Modifications chimiques induites par le soudage du bois par rotation des goujons à haute vitesse." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27355/27355.pdf.
Full textWood welding by high speed rotation is a technique that has been developed during the last five years. High-speed rotation-induced wood dowel welding, without any adhesive, is shown to rapidly yield wood joints of considerable strength. The welding process is based on mechanical friction created by the high speed rotation. This method has proven to be as effective as vibration welding process, causing a temperature favoring the softening of the main constituents, mainly amorphous zones of cells connecting the polymer material in the structure of wood, including lignin, but also hemicelluloses. This results in high densification of the bonded interface. The goal of this study was to analyze the chemical changes that occur during the rotational welding with dowels of two Canadian hardwood species: sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis). Chemical analysis was performed using pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The study of the structural modification of wood after welding was conducted using DSC and XPS techniques. The differences in chemical composition of both wood species influence the effectiveness of the welding process. Increasing the temperature at the interface causes a higher degradation of hemicelluloses compared to cellulose and lignin. Lignin is softened in a certain range of temperature. The traditional chemical analysis methods were used in this work to determine the chemical compositions of sugar maple and yellow birch. The results show that the lignin content of the maple is higher than that of birch, while the amount of hemicelluloses is lower than that of birch. The contents of cellulose in both hardwood species are very similar. The results of chemical analysis may partly explain the results of mechanical tensile tests which demonstrate that the maple wood yields a better welding quality as opposed to the birch wood. The chemical changes was examined which occur during welding in rotation. The analyses performed separately on wood substrate (reference wood) and welded material by using pyrolysis-GC/MS, DSC and XPS techniques. It is shown that the differences in mechanical performances of the two welded woods are due mainly to the differences in original lignin structures as well as in the welding temperatures determined for the two wood species. The detailed analysis of compounds identified by Py-GC-MS, the ratios S/G and L/C have been discussed. The higher temperature welding found in cases of sugar maple might be responsible for a better miscibility of polymers of wood in the welding zone. This explains the greater presence of hemicellulose derivatives with the formation of a new lignin-polysaccharide complex (LCC) in the welded material.
Rodriguez, Baca Georgina Renée. "Soudage du bois par rotation." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27086/27086.pdf.
Full textSboui, Tarek. "A Conceptual Framework and a risk Management Approach for Interoperability Between Geospatial Datacubes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27374/27374.pdf.
Full textToday, we observe wide use of geospatial databases that are implemented in many forms (e.g., transactional centralized systems, distributed databases, multidimensional datacubes). Among those possibilities, the multidimensional datacube is more appropriate to support interactive analysis and to guide the organization’s strategic decisions, especially when different epochs and levels of information granularity are involved. However, one may need to use several geospatial multidimensional datacubes which may be semantically heterogeneous and having different degrees of appropriateness to the context of use. Overcoming the semantic problems related to the semantic heterogeneity and to the difference in the appropriateness to the context of use in a manner that is transparent to users has been the principal aim of interoperability for the last fifteen years. However, in spite of successful initiatives, today's solutions have evolved in a non systematic way. Moreover, no solution has been found to address specific semantic problems related to interoperability between geospatial datacubes. In this thesis, we suppose that it is possible to define an approach that addresses these semantic problems to support interoperability between geospatial datacubes. For that, we first describe interoperability between geospatial datacubes. Then, we define and categorize the semantic heterogeneity problems that may occur during the interoperability process of different geospatial datacubes. In order to resolve semantic heterogeneity between geospatial datacubes, we propose a conceptual framework that is essentially based on human communication. In this framework, software agents representing geospatial datacubes involved in the interoperability process communicate together. Such communication aims at exchanging information about the content of geospatial datacubes. Then, in order to help agents to make appropriate decisions during the interoperability process, we evaluate a set of indicators of the external quality (fitness-for-use) of geospatial datacube schemas and of production context (e.g., metadata). Finally, we implement the proposed approach to show its feasibility.
Sow, Caroline. "Revêtements nanocomposites UV-Aqueux pour le bois à usage intérieur." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26623/26623.pdf.
Full textThis research aimed to study the effect of alumina and silica nanoparticles on the properties of varnishes type UV-waterborne nanocomposite coatings for wood products. Mechanical (abrasion resistance, hardness, scratch resistance, impact resistance and adhesion), optical (gloss and color) and thermal (thermal stability and glass transition temperature) properties were analyzed and compared to those of the neat varnish containing no nanoparticles. Not only was the scratch resistance improved following the addition of nanoparticles but also the adhesion of nanocomposite varnishes. However, the presence of nanoparticle aggregates as suggested by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) led to a decrease of the abrasion resistance, the hardness and the impact resistance. As expected, the gloss of varnishes was reduced because of the presence of aggregates which increase the surface roughness of nanocomposite varnishes, although color properties remained unchanged in terms of lighting and yellowing. Ultrasonication was shown to be an efficient dispersion method. Not only did the size of aggregates decrease following the dispersion of nanoalumina and nanosilica in polyurethane-acrylate (PUA) by means of ultrasounds but also their number. Moreover, the improvement of nanoparticle dispersion led to improve the hardness and the impact resistance of nanocomposite varnishes in comparison to varnishes based on nanoparticles dispersed with high speed mixer. Also, ultrasonication presents some disadvantage as thermal properties have demonstrated that ultrasounds could affect PUA resin. Curing kinetic study by means of photodifferential scanning calorimetry (photo-DSC) demonstrated two interesting advantages of UV-waterborne coatings: UV-curing is very fast as the reaction is achieved after 18s and contrary to high solid content UV-coatings, photopolymerization is insensitive to oxygen in spite of free-radical formation during the reaction. The decrease of exothermic curves, obtained from photo-DSC, revealed that the addition of nanoparticles reduced the photopolymerization efficiency of nanocomposite varnishes. Finally, it has been demonstrated that the kinetic profile of nanocomposite varnishes could be described using an autocatalytic model. The importance of surface modification was demonstrated with the study of nanosilica behavior. Not only did the amount and the size of nanosilica aggregates decrease following grafting methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MEMO) groups on the surface of silica nanoparticles but also the number of reactive acrylates functions which can take part in the free-radical polymerization. As a result, the dispersion of silica nanoparticles was better than the one of alumina nanoparticles and nanocomposite varnishes containing nanosilica presented better properties in comparison to nanocomposite varnishes containing nanoalumina dispersed with high speed mixer.
Huth, Juan Fernando Petrinovic. "Bénéfices économiques de l'amélioration génétique : l'épinette blanche au Québec." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21980.
Full textDesgagné, Étienne. "Conception et développement d'un SIG 3D dans une approche de service Web : exemple d'une application en modélisation géologique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21350.
Full textSeveral application domains like Geology, Archeology and Architecture require an explicit management of the 3rd dimension to adequately support the analysis and decision-making process. But do we currently have the adequate tools to manage this 3rd dimension? For example, Computer Assisted Design (CAD) systems are reliable for modeling solids but have limited capability for spatial analysis and data storage. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Database Management Systems (DBMS) can handle visualization and storage for some 3D models but they only offer a small portion of the modeling and analysis capacities that they generally offer in 2D. Meanwhile, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the Open Geospatial Consortium OGC started to update some of their standards like the ISO 19107 Spatial Schema and the Geography Markup Language (GML) in order to normalize the management of the 3rd dimension of spatial data. The current study provides a report on the capabilities of available geotechnologies to manage 3D spatial data and presents the fundamental characteristics of a new 3D-GIS based on a multi-tiered approach (client, server and database) with built-in web services. The architecture of this system provides a user with geometrical modeling, spatial analysis and querying capabilities of a 3D model stored with his descriptive properties in a database on a remote server. All this, carried out through the Web and implementing standards such as the WFS specification, the GML language and the ISO 19107 Spatial Schema. To test the feasibility of these proposals, a prototype of a Web Geological Feature Server (WGFS) is developed. The WGFS is an open source based framework that provides read/write access from the CAD software Gocad to 3D geological data (extracted from SIGEOM database) stored in XML format in a MySQL database. Its application server (Tomcat coupled to Deegree), gathers applicative logic as well as the bases of a 3D spatial operators library whose first operator, the 3D bounding box, has been implemented.
Auclair, Nicolas. "STABILITÉ DES COULEURS DES SYSTÈMES BOIS/VERNIS AMÉLIORÉE PAR LES REVÊTEMENTS NANOCOMPOSITES AQUEUX À USAGE EXTÉRIEUR." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27645/27645.pdf.
Full textOuattara, Mamadou. "Fouille de données : vers une nouvelle approche intégrant de façon cohérente et transparente la composante spatiale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27723/27723.pdf.
Full textIn recent decades, geospatial data has been more and more present within our organization. This has resulted in massive storage of such information and this, combined with the learning potential of such information, gives birth to the need to learn from these data, to extract knowledge that can be useful in supporting decision-making process. For this purpose, several approaches have been proposed. Among this, the first has been to deal with existing data mining tools in order to extract any knowledge of such data. But due to a specificity of geospatial information, this approach failed. From this arose the need to erect the process of extracting knowledge from geospatial data in its own right; this lead to Geographic Knowledge Discovery. The answer to this problem, by GKD, is reflected in the implementation of approaches that can be categorized into two: the so-called pre-processing approaches and the dynamic treatment of spatial relationships. Given the limitations of these approaches we propose a new approach that exploits the existing data mining tools. This approach can be seen as a compromise of the two previous. It main objective is to support geospatial data type during all steps of data mining process. To do this, the proposed approach will exploit the usual relationships that geo-spatial entities share each other. A framework will then describe how this approach supports the spatial component involving geo-spatial libraries and "traditional" data mining tools
Plourde, Karine. "L'utilisation de la mutagénèse insertionnelle afin d'identifier des gènes procurant un avantage parasitaire au champignon "Ophiostoma novo-ulmi subsp. novo-ulmi", agent de la maladie hollandaise de l'orme." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27399/27399.pdf.
Full textComan, Razvan. "Effet des paramètres de coupe sur l'aboutage de l'épinette noire à haute masse volumique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27092/27092.pdf.
Full textFinger-jointed softwood lumber is widely used in manufacturing of structural or non structural applications such as glued laminated lumber and prefabricated wood I-joists. Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) is the most frequently used species for finger jointed engineered wood products in Eastern Canada. However, some of the key machining parameters must be adjusted according to the properties of the wood in order to obtain a surface quality suited for the finger jointing process. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the cutting speed and chip load on the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of finger jointed high density black spruce wood. Four different cutting speeds and three chip loads were used as variables. A feather profile was selected with a polyurethane-based adhesive and an end-pressure of 3.45 MPa. A factorial analysis showed a statistically significant interaction between cutting speed and chip load on the UTS. The cutting speed was the most significant variable affecting finger-jointed high density black spruce. The influence of chip load on UTS was lower, being apparent only at 3260 m/min cutting speed. Results indicated that suitable finger-jointing could be achieved within a range of 1860 m/min and 3960 m/min of cutting speed with a chip-load between 0.51 m and 1.27 mm. However, the best result was obtained at 3260 m/min cutting speed and 0.89 mm chip-load. These results need to be validated by performing running mills to verify for tool wear behaviour.
Drouin, Myriam. "Étude de la variabilité de la couleur du bois de bouleau à papier (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) et analyse de son impact sur la qualité et la valeur des sciages." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21328.
Full textThe availability of high quality hardwood timber has become critical for furniture and other appearance products industries over the past years. The broad distribution of paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), as well as the good aesthetic and physical characteristics of its wood, make it an interesting alternative to the high-value species traditionally used by the Québec hardwood sawmilling industry. Its pale and homogeneous sapwood is appreciated for many indoor uses. However, paper birch grows a false heartwood, also called discolored wood or red heartwood, contrasting in coloration with the surrounding sapwood. This difference in shade is not appreciated by the appearance wood products industry where in general homogeneous color products are desired. The main objective of this study is to define the limits of variability of paper birch wood color, to better understand its sources of variation, and to measure its impact on lumber products value and quality. More specifically, the aim of the research is to characterize objectively the color of its sapwood and discolored wood using L*a*b* values and to analyze the effects of tree age, diameter and vigor, as well as log height class and log quality, on these wood colorimetric values and on the proportion of discolored wood in boards. Another specific objective is to assess the impact of tree age, diameter and value on grade recovery, board color classification and lumber value. Results are based on 122 paper birch trees harvested in two different stands, from which logs of sawing quality have been sawn into 2284 boards. Trees were classified according to the MSCR tree classification system. The colorimetric analysis was performed on board images acquired by an industrial scanner developed for the appearance products industry. An image processing software, developed for the scanner was used to view these digital images on which defects have been automatically detected, to process them and to collect colorimetric information. The software was used to measure the proportion of every board surface belonging to sapwood and discolored wood regions. An average percentage area of 32.4 % of discolored wood on boards was obtained when considering all boards. Tree diameter and tree vigor significantly influenced the proportion of discolored wood in boards whereas the effect of tree age was not strong enough to have a significant influence in the model. Larger trees presented more board discoloration. Less vigorous trees showed a mean percentage area of 45.32 % compared to middle vigor classes and most vigorous trees which obtained a mean percentage area of 30.78% and 15.47 %, respectively. Neither log quality nor log height class had a significant effect on the proportion of discolored wood on the board surfaces. Results from this part of the study suggest shorter rotations as well as silvicultural treatments that can improve tree vigor to limit the presence of discolored wood in boards. Colorimetric results showed significant differences between L*a*b* values when comparing sapwood and discolored wood. The luminosity (L*) parameter appears as the best indicator of color changes in paper birch wood. These wood colorimetric values were mostly affected by tree age and tree diameter, but their effects on every colorimetric parameter were variable. Log quality and log height class also had a significant effect on some of the wood colorimetric variables, but once again their impact was variable which makes it hard to dress any clear general conclusions. Regarding board quality and value, paper birches of this study yielded a high proportion of low-grade lumber according to the NHLA rules; 60.3% of the total board surface area belonged to #2A Common and lower quality categories. Results showed that tree diameter was the most important variable affecting these outputs. Larger trees were associated with higher board quality and higher lumber value per tree. Lumber value per tree was as well influenced by tree vigor but not by tree age. Most vigorous trees (R) produced higher board values with an average of 316.62 $/m³, middle vigor S and C classes showed averages of 218.28$/m³ and 251.84 $/m³ while the less vigorous trees had the lowest average with 165.94$/m³. When selected for color, 50% of the board surface area fell under the sap category, while 28% was classified as regular presenting simultaneously both colorations and finally only 4% of the board area was classified as red. It was found that the most important variable affecting board color distribution were tree vigor and tree diameter whereas tree age had also a significant but lesser impact. In general, older, larger and less vigorous trees tended to present higher proportions of boards classified in the red category. Finally the results obtained in this study are favoring longer harvesting rotations in order to produce large trees that can be transformed in higher value and quality boards. The analysis of the random effects throughout the study demonstrated that most of the total random variance of the dependent factors came mostly from the between board variation, but also from the between tree variation and to a lesser extent from the between log variations. No site effect was found to be significant.
Hinsinger, Damien. "Diversité et évolution du genre Fraxinus." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27439/27439.pdf.
Full textThe genus Fraxinus contains about 45 species of temperate trees and shrubs colonizing various habitats in the Northern hemisphere. A great intraspecific and interspecific diversity indicated the need to estimate a molecular phylogeny in order to reconstruct and interpret the biogeographic history of this circumpolar angiosperm tree genus, both at the generic and the specific scale in Europe. The study of cpDNA diversity did not allow to distinguish among the different species of the genus, particularly when these species were closely related, due to very low divergence rates at the nucleotide level. However, some taxonomical sections of the genus could be recognised. These results show that the use of cpDNA regions as a molecular barcode cannot be a universal answer for the estimation of forest tree biodiversity, despite the good discrimination and results obtained with herbaceous plants. Thus, subsequent efforts at estimating the phylogeny of the genus were thus directed towards nuclear regions. The sections previously described were retrieved, and species that could not be attributed to a taxonomic group (incertae sedis) were assigned with confidence to the section Melioides. Some species of the section Melioides appeared to have exchanged genes recently or having radiated, forming a polytomy in all datasets. According to this phylogeny, three dispersal events were inferred, two from North America to Asia, the last from Asia to North America. The evolution of the section Fraxinus, which is mainly found in Eurasia, was further investigated and the phylogeny dated, in order to determine associations between past geological and climatic changes and the extant genetic diversity. A major incongruence was detected between tree topologies derived from different regions of the nuclear genome, indicating ancient reticulate evolution between F. angustifolia and F. mandshurica. The Himalaya uplift and climatic changes observed during the end of Tertiary could explain the speciation events in the section, whereas the warmer climate during the Miocene could have provided favourable conditions for expanding natural ranges, favouring reticulate evolution between F. angustifolia and F. mandshurica. All these results confirm the key role of natural hybridization and ancient reticulate evolution, highlighting the major influence of environmental changes on structuring the present taxonomical and genetic diversity of the genus Fraxinus.
Diarra, Fatoumata Seydou. "Évaluation de la contribution des arbres et arbustes fourragers indigènes au bien-être socio-économique des paysans du terroir de Koutiala, au Mali." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27615/27615.pdf.
Full textStefani, Franck Orsupetru. "Impact des arbres génétiquement modifiés sur les communautés fongiques du sol." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27367/27367.pdf.
Full textCarles, Sylvie. "Tolérance au gel et architecture des racines en relation avec l'irrigation et la variabilité génétique des plants d'épinette blanche." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27229/27229.pdf.
Full textHins-Mallet, Karine. "Amélioration du processus de géosimulation des phénomènes urbains complexes par l'adaptation d'une tessellation Voronoï." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27046/27046.pdf.
Full textSimilar to the intensive developments in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and spatial databases, the field of urban geosimulation was increasingly used in recent years, with an emphasis on high-resolution applications. This recent tendency does not agree however with the traditionally homogeneous spatial representation provided by regular cellular automata which are commonly used as the spatial structures of geosimulation applications. Several issues are raised in the literature, including reports of limitations in spatial reasoning and a lack of realism related to such spatial representations. The few solutions that, so far, deviate from the ‘dogma of regularity of the spatial representation’ are also subject to recent criticism. In this context, we propose an alternative multi-scale model based on the Voronoi diagram of polygons, which matches geographic features of the urban environment. The proposed theoretical model was developed and tested in the context of a urban geosimulation using high resolution spatial data, in the form of registered parcels of irregular shapes and sizes. The first results of the approach demonstrate the potential of our model in the context of urban geosimulation. Finally, based on our extensive analysis of the main approaches of space segmentation, we propose a schematic method to choose a spatial decomposition suited to urban geosimulation.
Nguyen, Mong-Ngoc. "Adaptation de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette Choristoneura fumiferana clem. à la résistance de l'épinette blanche Picea glauca (Moench) Voss." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26606/26606.pdf.
Full textMauri, Ortuno Eduard. "Modélisation de la distribution précoloniale du pin blanc en Moyenne-Mauricie à partir des carnets d'arpentage." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26826/26826.pdf.
Full textMarone, Diatta. "Évaluation de l'impact socio-économique des brise-vent dans le delta et la moyenne vallée du fleuve Sénégal." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21928.
Full textTroshani, Zhakin. "Développement d'un standard de couleur pour l'appariement du bois dans l'industrie du meuble." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21361.
Full textBach, Matthieu. "Conception d'un outil cognitif d'assistance à la prise de vue pour la photogrammétrie terrestre." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27479/27479.pdf.
Full textLaliberté, Juliane. "Conséquences de l'éclaircie précommerciale pour la qualité du bois et la croissance des tiges : Le cas des peuplements mixtes à feuillus intolérants." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27581/27581.pdf.
Full textA precommercial thinning (PCT) trial was conducted in mixedwood stands of balsam fir – white birch bioclimatic domain in three different regions of Quebec (Portneuf, Maurice, Lac St-Jean). Ninety-six stems (balsam fir and black spruce) were selected in three different PCT treatments. These stems were analyzed and compared to stems from control stands. Two alternative PCT treatments were compared to 2001 PCT standard. The first one consists in the preservation of residual stems in a quarter circle. The second one consists in spacing out to five meters intolerant hardwood stems. The five year impact of PCT was analyzed against PCT treatments and the number of competing stems (in a four meters radius). Results suggest that the number of competing stems has a negative impact on five-year increment in stem diameter and on branch diameter, but a positive impact on latewood content. Branch diameter five years after PCT varies according to PCT treatment and branch position in the stem. Latewood content varies according to PCT treatment, initial stem diameter and position in the stem. Latewood content is also affected by the number of competing stems. This study provides a better understanding of PCT effects on wood quality in mixedwood stands and allowed us to compare those results to the situation that prevails in softwood- dominated stands. In the light of our results, we suggest to preserve some competing stems in order to weaken negative impacts of PCT on wood quality.
Janssens-Coron, Éric. "Modélisation 3D assistée par un système expert : construction de modèles géologiques pour des applications géoscientifiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27265/27265.pdf.
Full textRoberge, Amélie. "La certification comme outil de gouvernance des forêts publiques québécoises." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26848/26848.pdf.
Full textCaceres, Cano Christian Fernando. "La mise en oeuvre de la Loi sur la propriété du Honduras à l'aide d'un cadastre polyvalent." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27185/27185.pdf.
Full textIn many developing countries, the absence of legal safeguards surrounding land tenure constitutes a very sever obstacle to the socio-economic development. The weakness of mechanisms for recording real rights and access to land information affects the operation of land market and decrease the confidence of the population towards the official system of protection of ownership rights. This causes the creation of an informal land market, which generates weak economies located outside of the legal property system. In such a context, international organizations like the World Bank, the International Federation of Surveyors and the United Nations encourage reforms of land administration system, by the development of new cadastral system, integrated into property register in the same land information system, benefiting from the development of new information technologies (Williamson, 1997) Present research aims at highlighting the existing conceptual bonds between the installation of a modern land administration system in Honduras. The methodology of the case study is used to analyze the application of Honduran property Law, which was adopted in 2004. The general hypothesis of the study stipulates that the installation of a multi-purpose cadastral information system is an operation preliminary and necessary to attack the objectives of the new property Law (which aims at reinforcing the safeguards of the land titles, municipal taxation and the control of land use). Since Spanish colonization, the Honduran land administration system has always treated the cadastre and the property register as two distinct entities. The old register of rights transactions thus becomes a true system for recording land title documents. This case study also highlights the importance of developing a national spatial data infrastructure, in order to support the local and national institutions, which take part in the process of decision-making in territorial maters (Ting and Williamson, 2000)
Nguegang, Nkeuwa William. "Détermination de la porosité des parois cellulaires du bois." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27356/27356.pdf.
Full textRousseau, Jacinthe. "Vigueur de l'hôte et biologie hivernale du dendroctone de l'épinette (Dendroctonus rufipennis) de la Nouvelle-Écosse, Canada." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21546.
Full textMariotti, Nicolas. "Caractérisation des propriétés physico-mécaniques de bois densifié thermo-hygromécaniquement." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27323/27323.pdf.
Full textHébert, François. "Perspective écophysiologique de l'envahissement des éricacées dans le sous-domaine de la pessière noire à mousses de l'Est du Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27303/27303.pdf.
Full textEricaceous shrubs are known to impair black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) [B.S.P.]) growth by creating a strong competition for below and aboveground resources. Opening of the forest canopy with harvest can intensify this competition and lead to enroachment of ericaceous shrub. Our objective was to explain, through evaluation response of functional traits, ericaceous potential enroachment after logging and stagnant growth of black spruce advance regeneration in the Quebec’s eastern black spruce-feathermoss sub-domain. The first chapter demonstrated the rapid acclimation of bog Labrador tea (Rhododendron groenlandicum [Oeder] Kron & Judd) to higher light availability created by logging, especially in the more intense treatements, through a modification of both physiological leaf traits. On the other hand, black spruce leaf traits did not respond to changes in environement associated with logging; this may indicate either an absence or a delay in acclimation. In a second field experiment, black spruce photosynthetic rate was negatively influenced by ericaceous shrub presence on the cutting area, regardless of the site fertility quality. The lower photosynthesis rate of black spruce, when associated with ericaceous shrubs, could be resulting of a lower mineral soil nitrogen availability created by a greater belowground competition for ressources form the ericaceous shrubs. A third experiment under greenhouse conditions showed that Rhododendron and Kalmia leaf mass per unit of area (LMA) was reduced by shading, but was similar for black spruce. There were few differences in trait response to N addition among species. Black spruce showed higher absorption rate and specific absorption rate at higher N levels, compared to the two ericads. Plasticity to light was higher for Kalmia (except for LMA) and plasticity for nitrogen addition was higher for Rhododendron black spruce suggesting that trait plasticity is in accordance with successional status of these species.
Lowe, Fuentes Jeovanna. "Caractéristiques de la forêt boréale de l'Est du Québec en relation avec la faune aviaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26603/26603.pdf.
Full textThe first objective of this project was to understand the effect of natural fire disturbance on the availability and abundance of dead trees (snags) and their use by cavity-nesting birds in the northeastern part of Quebec’s unmanaged boreal forest stands. Secondly, I aimed to understand the effects of the structure and composition of the boreal forest on bird species communities along two long-term chronosequences after fire (0 to >200 years postfire). Results show that tree mortality follow a U-shape pattern, with more snags in young and old-growth forests, where I also found more nest cavities and foraging signs. Although bird species richness did not vary greatly according to the different age classes, many species were lost and others recruited following succession stages. This study highlights the need to protect the forest at all stages, especially old-growth, which provides a heterogeneous environment suitable for several bird species.
Trudelle, Mathieu. "Retombées économiques de la filière feuillus durs au Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27268/27268.pdf.
Full textDjamai, Najib. "Exploitation des images satellitaires Modis-Terra pour la caractérisation des états de surface : cas de la Tunisie." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27678/27678.pdf.
Full textMaltais, Véronique. "Analyse sociopolitique des enjeux socio-économiques liés à la génomique forestière : Étude de cas du Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27348/27348.pdf.
Full textCoudé, Véronique. "Amélioration de la planification opérationnelle par une connaissance plus précise des stocks forestiers (produits spécifiques) et de leur localisation en forêt." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27208/27208.pdf.
Full textPresently forest products transformation centers must be able to quickly adapt their resource supply in order to satisfy market needs. In order to react quickly to mill demands, forest harvesting activities must be deployed directly in forest stands that contain standing timber with the characteristics necessary to meet processing requirements. An inability to do this engenders involves additional costs related to the installation of corrective measures. Such measures usually result in an increase in forest stocks cut and/or in additional displacements of forest harvesting equipment. A shortage of supply -- i.e. a lack of raw material at the processing plant -- or difficulty in satisfying market needs are other possible effects. An adequate knowledge of standing tree distributions by species and diameter classes for the principal forest strata being harvested thus seems to be a useful way of ensuring adequate product-specific supply. Such knowledge indeed would seem to be required to improve forest management across the entire supply chain, and would also provide for better environmental protection. However, because forests are intrinsically highly variable, it is difficult to predict in a precise manner species and diameter distributions for specific stands in a given forest. This inherent forest variability generates uncertainty when these distributions are estimated or predicted. This project evaluates the developmental feasibility of a spatial system that can enable an immediate response in harvesting operations to a request for a specific species and size of tree by a processing facility that is motivated by clients’ needs. To accomplish this, species-specific graphic functions of volumes based on tree diameter distributions for each forest stratum were developed and compiled. Regression equations based on tree diameter were applied to these functions in order to validate those that were significant. Subsequently a link was established between the diameter distribution functions and a map of forest strata in a GIS software tool to obtain the probability of finding a sufficient volume of the desired tree type. The functionality discussed has been successfully implemented in this project in order to create a tool for forest planners that takes into account the variability of timber stocks in forests. This project has demonstrated that it is possible to use existing forest inventory information to develop relations between the forest data and the error it generates. Moreover, it was possible to integrate this information to create a functional GIS-based tool that indicates the likelihood of finding a desired quantity of a specific product in the forest.
Pickford, Jessika. "Caractérisation du cortège ectomycorhizien d'une plantation forestière et sylvopastorale d'Eucalyptus urograndis au Brésil." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27961/27961.pdf.
Full textAtangana, Alain Rene. "Phenotypic diversity in fruit and seed traits, and neutral genetic diversity in Allanblackia Floribunda." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27171/27171.pdf.
Full textAllanblackia floribunda or tallow tree is a tropical forest-tree species that is valued for its seeds, which are rich in hard fat consisting mostly of stearic and oleic acids, reported to lower plasma cholesterol levels, thus reducing the risks of heart attack. Owing to this fat profile, Allanblackia oil is used for margarine production and in soap and ointments manufacture, and seeds extracted from Allanblackia fruits by local communities are traded. We determined whether the species could be genetically improved for fruit/seed production by sampling 17 to 40 fruits from each of 70 trees that were distributed among four sites in wild stands. Fat was extracted from the seeds, and stearic and oleic acid content of the fat was estimated using methods developed in this study. Phenotypic variation in fruit/seed traits was assessed within- and among-trees, and among sites. Repeatabilities were estimated for measured characters, and relationships between these characters investigated. Twenty “plus trees” were selected for breeding, and implications for improvement discussed. Then we isolated and characterized ten microsatellite primer pairs for A. floribunda. Seven of these microsatellite loci were polymorph for both Allanblackia gabonensis and Allanblackia stanerana species as well. Using eight informative microsatellite loci, we have characterized the genetic structure of A. floribunda natural populations from Cameroon, and inferred the recent history of rainforests from Central Africa. No significant difference was identified in genetic parameters between wild stands and the breeding population, indicating that breeding A. floribunda from 20 trees would not reduce nuclear genetic diversity. However, a slight increase in inbreeding was observed in the breeding population, and recommendations for genetic diversity conservation during tree improvement in the species are made.
Patenaude-Levasseur, Carl. "Étude comparative : les mécanismes publics de contrôle d'aménagement forestier et les audits de certification forestière au Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27210/27210.pdf.
Full textLégaré, Jean-Philippe. "Traitements sylvicoles alternatifs en forêt boréale irrégulière sur la Côte-Nord : la réponse des communautés de coléoptères." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27280/27280.pdf.
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