Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'SD 121 UL 2013 B4261'
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Bélanger, Sébastien. "Activité saisonnière de trois espèces de longicornes et suivi de la progression des dégâts causés par le longicorne noir après le passage du feu en forêt boréale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29452/29452.pdf.
Full textJeffrey, Olivier, and Olivier Jeffrey. "Effets des coupes de récupération sur les successions naturelles de coléoptères saproxyliques le long d'une chronoséquence de 15 ans après feu en forêt boréale commerciale." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24631.
Full textCette étude vise à décrire l’état naturel des communautés de huit familles de coléoptères saproxyliques, reconnues pour être associées aux brûlis, à partir d’un échantillonnage fait au niveau des souches et à l’intérieur de peuplements commerciaux d’épinettes noires (Picea mariana (Mill)) résiduels à la coupe de récupération (état naturel) provenant de brûlis de 1995, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009 et 2010. L’étude vise également à comparer ces communautés à celles retrouvées dans des peuplements d’épinettes noires récupérés et répartis dans les brûlis de 1995, 2003, 2005 et 2007. Les coléoptères ont été inventoriés durant l’été 2010 et plus de 6 000 spécimens répartis dans les huit familles étudiées ont été capturés. À l’état naturel, quatre phases de colonisation se sont succédées pendant les cinq premières années après feu. Les assemblages des communautés de coléoptères saproxyliques sont quant à eux altérés par la récupération et ce, pour une période d’au moins sept ans.
This study aims to describe the natural state of communities of eight saproxylic beetle families known to be associated with burned forest from a sample done at stump level and in commercial black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill)) stands residual to salvage logging (natural state) from burns of 1995, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009 and 2010. The study also aims to compare these communities to those found in salvaged black spruce stands distributed in burns of 1995, 2003, 2005 and 2007. Beetles were sampled during summer 2010 and over 6 000 specimens among the eight studied families were captured. In its natural state, four colonization phases have succeeded along the first five postfire years. Saproxylic beetle assemblages were affected by salvage logging for a period of seven years.
This study aims to describe the natural state of communities of eight saproxylic beetle families known to be associated with burned forest from a sample done at stump level and in commercial black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill)) stands residual to salvage logging (natural state) from burns of 1995, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009 and 2010. The study also aims to compare these communities to those found in salvaged black spruce stands distributed in burns of 1995, 2003, 2005 and 2007. Beetles were sampled during summer 2010 and over 6 000 specimens among the eight studied families were captured. In its natural state, four colonization phases have succeeded along the first five postfire years. Saproxylic beetle assemblages were affected by salvage logging for a period of seven years.
Djeugap, Fovo Joseph. "Contraintes de germination et diagnostic moléculaire des champignons associés aux maladies chez Ricinodendron heudelotii au Cameroun." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30016/30016.pdf.
Full textThe work described in this thesis was conducted in order to identify the fungal species that are associated with infected organs of Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Pierre ex Heckel in Cameroon in the perspective of agroforestry. Specifically, objectives were to: 1) identify the advantages and constraints of R. heudelotii for agroforestry in Cameroon and suggest some future research topics for this species; 2) identify germination constraints of R. heudelotii and provide solutions; 3) characterize morphocultural parameters of some suspected pathogenic fungi of R. heudelotii; 4) verify Koch’s postulates for these suspected pathogens; and 5) test the efficacy of four synthetic fungicides against foliar diseases of R. heudelotii seedlings in nurseries. Seed coat dormancy, duration of storage and diseases were the major factors that affected germination in R. heudelotii. Research in the public databases using the BLAST algorithm (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) and cloned rDNA sequences of isolated fungi (350 isolates) showed that several fungi of phytopathological interest colonized infected organs of R. heudelotii in Cameroon. Culture medium and temperature affected the phenotypic characteristics (pigmentation of the mycelium, growth rate and conidia concentrations) of suspected pathogenic fungi of R. heudelotii, namely Pestalotiopsis microspora, Lasiodiplodia theobromae and three species of the taxon Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum ZB049F, F. oxysporum ZB164T and F. oxysporum ZH121F). These five fungi were pathogenic on detached organs and seedlings of R. heudelotii under laboratory conditions; their aggressiveness on the host varied from one fungal species to another. Fungicides such as Plantomil 72WP (60% copper oxide and 12% metalaxyl) and Nordox 75WG (86% copper oxide) were effective against foliar diseases caused by P. microspora and L. theobromae. Given the great diversity of species in the taxon F. oxysporum and the phytopathological importance of F. solani, further and complete identification of individuals of those species based on molecular markers should be considered.
Murillas, Gomez Mayerline. "Impact du longicorne noir, Monochamus scutellatus scutellatus, sur l’épinette noire et le sapin baumier à la suite de chablis en forêt boréale irrégulière." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30195/30195.pdf.
Full textThis study aims to identify factors influencing the attack level by the whitespotted sawyer (Monochamus scutellatus scutellatus) after windthrow in uneven-aged boreal forests, and the period of time during which affected trees remain susceptible to attacks. Measures were taken in a natural windthrow on the Côte-Nord and in a small experimental windthrow generated at the Forêt Montmorency. Studied tree species are black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.). The collected data indicate that windthrow severity and the number of years since tree death significantly affect the number of entry holes of the whitespotted sawyer larvae. In addition, tree species and status after windthrow influence their attractiveness to the whitespotted sawyer. These results could help forest managers to improve salvage logging plans after windthrow in boreal forest.
Waldron, Kaysandra. "Dynamique du chablis en forêt boréale irrégulière et aménagement écosystémique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29986/29986.pdf.
Full textThe implementation of ecosystem management involves a better understanding of natural disturbance regimes. In the boreal forest of Canada, fire is the most studied natural disturbance. However, in areas where the fire cycle is long, other natural disturbances, such as windthrow, are important. Thus, the description of windthrow regime of the eastern boreal forest of Quebec was performed considering its intrinsic, temporal and spatial characteristics, and also its consequences on the forest ecosystem. Firstly, site and stand characteristics affecting windthrow susceptibility were studied. The SIFORT database was used, allowing a 30 year temporal coverage. Secondly, windthrows and cutblocks spatial characteristics were analysed at landscape and polygons (or disturbance) levels, in three areas of 5 000 ha. Finally, at the stand level, the main key attributes or biological legacies in the black-spruce forest after windthrow episodes were measured and compared to salvaged windthrows. These three complementary approaches provided a global picture of the windthrow regime in the irregular boreal forest. Results showed that the variables having the best predictive capacity of a stand susceptibility to windthrow are topex, surface deposit thickness and slope. Windthrows, mainly partial, annually affects 0.23% of the study area with a return interval of approximately 450 years at a given location. At the landscape level, partial windthrows have a higher variability in their size than total windthrows, which are smaller. Partial windthrow polygons have a mean of 60% of their area in residual living trees, and total windthrow polygons have 15% of their cover in residual trees. Salvage logging changes many post-windthrow key stand structure, microsite and vegetation attributes. Salvage logging causes a reduction in the quantity of downed coarse woody debris and snags and all the decay classes are not present in salvaged windthrows. Furthermore, forest floor heterogeneity and bryophytes cover are affected by salvage logging operations. These results highlight the importance of uneven-age silvicultural treatments in the irregular boreal forest. Furthermore, salvage logging operations should be designed to ensure the maintenance of key attribute.
Anyomi, Kenneth Agbesi. "Spatial and temporal complexities in forest productivity-climate relationships within northern temperate and boreal forests of eastern Canada." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30206/30206.pdf.
Full textForest productivity is driven by direct climatic and non-climatic factors which are transient or permanent in nature. Their effects vary through time and along spatial scales, thus assuming equal sensitivities across time and space where heterogeneous growth responses exist has consequences for the prediction of forest productivity. There is growing evidence of global changes, associated by rather diverse and in some cases contrasting changes in growth. It is necessary to constantly monitor growth and productivity and regional studies are therefore necessary to consider alternative productivity estimation procedures. This thesis was therefore aimed at determining to what extent global, regional and local changes in climate and disturbance regimes affect forest site productivity within eastern Canadian boreal and northern temperate forests located within the province of Québec. Stem analysis data was first obtained from 32 aspen dominated stands that spanned a 5-degree of latitude-wide transect representing a large climate gradient with different surficial deposit types in order to study real-time height growth. Plonki’s site index model calibrated from stem analysis data was used in estimating a height growth index for these 32 stands. Over 4000 temporary sample plots were also obtained from stands of varying age, structure and species compositional gradients in order to determine feedback effects of vegetation on productivity, which are indirect effects of climate and soil. A site index model calibrated from temporary sample plots (and currently used in Québec for growth and yield estimation) was used in estimating site index for mixed aspen stands. Finally, the last chapter of this thesis used an aspecific height-age relationship. Results of the first chapter show that within aspen dominated stands, height growth is mainly driven by the annual cumulative sum of growing degree days with an explanatory capacity as good as that of more complex processed-based variables. Also, aspen productivity in pure stands is better explained with a model that assumes that specific populations have different response functions to climate, demonstrating that climate sensitivity is not stable across a species’ geographic range. Within mixed species stands, stand structure and species composition are the major drivers of aspen productivity. Variability in productivity is better explained at the level of landscapes than stand-level. An interaction between landscape- and stand-level drivers influence stand-level productivity, suggesting that a hierarchical modelling approach is more appropriate than a single-level model. Since stand structural and compositional changes are dynamics that characterize stand succession, it is inferred that successional changes and not climate drive productivity in mixed stands, when measured with site index. Our results seem to concur with the fundamental idea of the existence of heterogeneity (in forest productivity) due to intra- and inter-specific interactions in a way that produces structures capable of adapting through time, as suggested by the concept of complex adaptive systems.
Miville, Vincent. "Évaluation de la rentabilité de la populiculture au Québec - Analyse financière et perception des professionnels forestiers." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29509/29509.pdf.
Full textLépine, Emmanuel. "Synthèse d'adhésifs thermodurcissables à base de farine de soya et de furfural pour la fabrication de panneaux composites en bois." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30119/30119.pdf.
Full textThermoset adhesives for wood composite panels are generally from fossil, non-renewable resources. The use of soybean allows using a material from renewable resources that stores carbon during its growth. Furfural is also from renewable resources. Its use allows reducing formaldehyde emission of panels when it is used in resins. The resins synthesized during the present works were a furfural-phenol-formaldehyde (FuPF) and a FuPF + Furfurilized soybean (SoyFu). These resins have first been tested in particleboard manufacturing. The SoyFu resin has been mixed with a polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) resin, a hexamine cross-linked tannin resin and the FuPF. These three copolymers happened to be good choices and resulted in good particleboards. The SoyFu resin has been characterized with FT-IR and 13C NMR spectroscopy and the FT-IR analysis proved that the furfural formally reacted with soybean. In chapter four, single layer randomly oriented strand boards have been made using the FuPF, the FuPF + SoyFu (50/50 proportions) and a commercial phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins. A short pressing time has been used and it allowed concluding in the importance of using a specific core adhesive for that kind of panel. A study to optimize the SoyFu resin has also been undertaken in this chapter. Shearing tests showed that it is better to use a high pH with a large amount of furfural (50 to 100% vs. soybean). In chapter five, the same resins have been used as face adhesives in three layers randomly oriented strand boards making. 3% of powder PF resin was sprayed in the core layer of all panels. The FuPF resin showed the same mechanical performance as the commercial PF while the FuPF + SoyFu showed inferior performance. The FuPF has been proven to be more resilient to thermal degradation after thermogravimetric analysis. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis showed that the furfural, the phenol and the formaldehyde react all with each other to form a FuPF polymer. All formaldehyde emission tests were under the detection limit of our method, the desiccator one.
Butzbach, Thomas. "Reconstruction 3D d'un bâtiment à partir de photographies prises par un mobile." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30297/30297.pdf.
Full textThe Office Energy Efficiency use methods to perform 3D model of buildings. But the user is very solicited and he take a lot of time for the 3D reconstruction. The 3D model is using by software for energy calculation. They take some measure to generate an ugly 3D model. Mobile devices are increasingly present on the market at a lower price. These devices contain an integrated camera and there are multiple researches on 3D reconstruction from image. Unfortunately, these methods can generally get a points cloud rather than a mesh that must have some characteristics for accurate volume calculations. The purpose of this paper is to present a series of existing methods or not to perform data acquisition and processing needed to produce a 3D model of a building. The 3D reconstruction methods which we reviewed helped us to designed a new method based on various studies to generate a 3D points cloud. Then an algorithm based on the point cloud processing was performed to generate a 3D model of the building.
Goudiaby, Mamadou. "Les parcs agroforestiers en Basse Casamance : Contribution du Parkia biglobosa (néré)à la réduction des risques de pauvreté des ménages de la communauté rurale de Mangagoulack, au Sénégal." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30035/30035.pdf.
Full textMillan, Montano Jamer. "Réaction de la régénération préétablie de sapin baumier et d'épinette noire à différentes intensités de coupe dans des forêts boréales irrégulières." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30266/30266.pdf.
Full textSilvicultural interventions can be a determining factor for the development of the regeneration of forest species, such as balsam fir and black spruce. Their reaction will depend however on seedlings characteristics and the type of cutting. Our study takes into account four types of cutting and examines the effect of seedling size and vigor on their growth response in height and diameter. Five years after the interventions, results show that balsam fir responds very well to the opening of the canopy, while black spruce has a slightly slower response in the first years. The responses are in direct link with seedlings characteristics and the intensity of cuttings.
Roy, Tania. "Nouvelle méthode pour mieux informer les utilisateurs de portails Web sur les usages inappropriés de données géospatiales." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30370/30370.pdf.
Full textIn the case of Web portals providing access to multiple data sets, it may be difficult for a non-expert user to assess if data may present risks; the only information generally available being metadata. These metadata are generally presented in a technical language, and it can be difficult for a non-expert user to understand the scope of the metadata on their decisions. The main objective of this thesis is to propose an approach for helping users and producers of geospatial data to identify and manage risks related to the planned use of data acquired through a Web portal, a posteriori of the production of data. The approach developed uses a series of structured questions to be answered by a user of geospatial data. Depending on the answers, the user can identify risks of use. When risks of data misuse are identified, specific risk management actions are suggested.
Mutonkole, Senga Patrick. "Caractérisation chimique de bois de tiges et de branches de Trema orientalis (L.) Blume et de Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29598/29598.pdf.
Full textThe chemical characterization of ramial chipped wood (RCW) and of the T. orientalis and the L. leucocephala stem woods has shown a higher degree of lignification in the branches of Trema than in the stem woods whereas reverse results have been found for the Leucaena. Besides, higher rates in ashes have been found in the branches than in the trunk, with values globally higher for Trema. The C/N ratio, determined by elementary analysis, has revealed higher values for stem wood than for the RCW of the two species. In contrast, the lignin/N ratio of the branches, naturally low, for the two species, has led to the prediction stating that the decomposition of the lignin-cellulosic matter of the branches would be faster than that of the stem wood. Besides, best ratio C/N and lignin/N have been found for Leucaena. At last, several identical compounds, derivatives of the lignin, have been mostly identified in the stem wood as in the RCW.
Jutras, Marc-André. "Analyse et caractérisation des marques de possession en matière de délimitation foncìère au Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29398/29398.pdf.
Full textAssouho, Frankline Ghislaine. "Contribution au développement d'une stratégie éducative visant à reconnecter les jeunes à la forêt." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30220/30220.pdf.
Full textCôté, Nelson. "Potentiel de récupération de composantes de fermes de toit dans les sciages flacheux produits en scierie : étude de cas." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25556.
Full textNguegang, Nkeuwa William. "Mise au point des revêtements nanocomposites multicouches transparents polymérisés sous ultraviolets pour le bois à usage intérieur." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30414/30414.pdf.
Full textThis research consists in two sections. The main objective of the first section was to improve barrier and mechanical properties of topcoats for wood furniture; while for the second section, the main objective was to increase the adhesion of multilayer coatings on wood surfaces. In the first section, free standing UV-cured coatings were prepared by using three different types of commercial organoclays. These nanoparticles were dispersed (1 and 3 wt % into the formulation) into a commercial epoxy acrylate oligomer. The morphology of these nanocomposites was studied by X-ray diffraction and by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The barrier property (WVTR: water vapor transmission rate), optical clarity and mechanical tests of these nanocomposites were also assessed. In the second section, surfaces of yellow birch wood (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) were protected with six different types of multilayer coatings (MCs). Prepared primer and topcoat UV-curable formulations constituting these MCs contained, respectively nanosilica (NS: 0 and 0.5 wt %) and nanoclay (NC: 0, 1 and 3 wt %). The morphology of the cross-section of coated wood samples was studied by means of both scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM analysis respectively). The adhesion strength of these MCs on wood surfaces was assessed as a function of relative humidity (RH). TEM images reveal that C30B was not found to be dispersible into the acrylate matrix; while both UV-cured nanocomposites containing C10A and C15A respectively seemed to have an intercalated morphology. All the organoclays used in this study have had an effect on both WVTR and optical clarity. Among the three different types of organoclays, C10A appears to be the ideal reinforcing agent for practical application (bathrooms) and was used for topcoat constituting MCs on wood surfaces. The adhesion strength of coated wood samples conditioned at 80% RH was higher than that obtained on those conditioned at 40% RH. Multilayer coating 5 (0.5% NS–1% NC) appears to be the ideal protection system.
Barrette, Julie. "Changement temporel, rendement en valeur monétaire et propriétés physico-mécaniques des arbres morts secs et sains de la forêt boréale de l'Est." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29882/29882.pdf.
Full textIn a context of decreasing annual allowable cut, the use of dead and sound wood (DSW) trees (trees that have recently died through isolated mortality or group mortality) may represent an interesting opportunity to increase the volumes supplied to the Quebec forest industries. Conversely, it is important to account for the presence of wood decay in wood supplies, as it may cause significant losses at the sawmill. The main objective of this project was to quantify and measure the impact of the processes of tree mortality and degradation in the Eastern boreal area of Quebec. Decay and DSW volumes were measured in two chronosequences of time since fire. In order to identify DSW trees in the forest, two systems of visual classification based on tree degradation were used (Hunter 1990 et MRNFQ 2005). Our results showed that wood decay volume measured at the stand level increased during the first 150 years following fire and then stabilized. The volume of DSW showed the opposite trend, with a rapid decrease after fire and followed by a gradual increase from 200 years after fire. The felling of 162 black spruce trees (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) allowed us to compare different characteristics of DSW with those of live trees according to a sawmill study. Our results indicated that the monetary value of trees decreased with increasing state of tree degradation. Results from bending tests performed on 343 pieces showed that lumber pieces from DSW trees are less resistant to rupture than live trees. The moisture contents of wood chips from DSW were significantly lower than those of live trees, while chips size distributions were similar between the two types of wood. The loss of wood fiber at the debarking stage was significantly higher in trees with a more advanced state of tree degradation. In general, our results showed that the old-growth forests of the Eastern boreal forest of Quebec contain a significant proportion of DSW trees, which may represent an adequate source of wood supply if they remain at an early stage of degradation.
Xing, Suying. "Potentiel des boues secondaires comme co-adhésifs de l'urée-formaldéhyde dans la fabrication des panneaux de particules." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30235/30235.pdf.
Full textThe objective of this work is to recycle secondary sludge (SS) and explore its potential as co-adhesive for Urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives used in particleboard manufacturing. We hypothesized that it is possible to use the SS as co-adhesive for the manufacture of composite panels made of wood particles. First, we modified UF resin by the addition of SS to synthesize a new co-adhesive. The results of the first approach showed that the curing time of the resin is very short and it was concluded that this approach is not applicable on an industrial scale. Although the first approach is rejected, some conclusions can be drawn: 1) The characteristics of the SS vary with the papermaking process, the plant and the sampling time. 2) Dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms show that the influence of SS on UF cure is noticeable. 3) Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) showed that there is an optimal ratio between the chemi-thermo-mechanical pulping CTMP (B) SS and UF. The second approach is to add SS in-situ in the process of panel making in different proportions. This approach is technically feasible and has been tested with SS from the three different sources (TMP, CTMP and Kraft). Preliminary trials were done. Then, a final experimental dispositive was set up to evaluate the potential of SS from these different processes as co-adhesives. Factors are the UF resin content (3 levels), the SS source (3 sources) and the proportion of SS (3 proportions). There was an optimal ratio of SS/UF according to the values of internal bond (IB) of particleboards from the preliminary trials. SS cannot be used as an adhesive alone for particleboards. In general, results of this study indicated that the use of SS from three different pulping processes as co-adhesive have several advantages including the possibility of manufacturing particleboards at reduced urea formaldehyde (UF) resin content and wood particles content, value-added utilization of pulp and paper sludge and, especially, reduction in formaldehyde emissions. The reduction of formaldehyde emission with the recycling of SS as co-adhesive has the most significant environmental benefit.
Chamberland, Vincent. "Conditions d’établissement d’un label de provenance pour les produits du bois du Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30371/30371.pdf.
Full textQuebec consumers show an increasing preference towards locally sourced products. Meanwhile, the wood products industry is facing strong competition from foreign manufacturers, especially in the appearance wood products sector. The objective of this research is to determine whether it would be appropriate to develop a label for promoting local wood products in Quebec from the perspective of manufacturers, retailers and consumers. Manufacturers and retailers are divided on their interest to join a local wood products label. Their interest varies depending on their specific business conditions. Consumers have expressed a strong preference for local wood products and this preference was more important for value-added products. Finally, a label promoting local wood products would be appropriate within Quebec.
Delisle-Boulianne, Simon. "Mise au point d'un modèle de prélèvement par tiges individuelles pour simuler les coupes de jardinage en Outaouais." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30169/30169.pdf.
Full textDuinat, Benoit. "Interface de simulation située urbaine : conception et développement d’une solution sur tablette tactile." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30256/30256.pdf.
Full textIn a context of sustainable development in which impacts on infrastructure should be assessed frequently, effective procedures for monitoring and intervention are required. Although mobile augmented reality (MAR) solutions have a great potential to improve the on-site efficiency for professionals, particularly in the case of underground infrastructures, this technology is not yet mature enough to allow such applications. Based on principles similar to MAR, situated simulation offers a virtual 3D representation congruent with reality. In situated simulation, the immersion is less important, but there are more interactions possible with 3D environment. This work focuses on the design and development of a situated simulation application. It tackles the particular challenges related to 3D modeling of the environment and integration of geospatial data in video game engines.
Dhital, Narayan Prasad. "Feasibility of an ecosystem-based management in an eastern Canadian boreal forest : testing for ecological suitability, economic viability, social acceptability and adaptability to wildfire and climate change." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30010/30010.pdf.
Full textIn the quest of implementing an ecosystem-based management (EBM) in a boreal forest in eastern Canada, we conducted a feasibility study focusing on ecological suitability, economic viability and social acceptability. Through timber supply models, we compared the outputs of EBM with a business as usual (BAU) management to determine former’s robustness and adaptability to the increase in wildfire and growth anomalies induced by climate changes. Timber supply analyses use yield models, most often at the stand-level to project harvestable volume over the planning horizon. Since EBM tend to delay harvesting age, the question may be raised on to what extent existing yield tables can be used with such strategies. When a yield table is rated against a tree-level model, we show that although the tree-level model is less biased, none of the models performed adequately to predict the volume growth of our study area, especially when subdividing the data by attributes that may have an important role while implementing EBM. For both models, the major source of error was related to stand density. Due to its relative simplicity, we chose stand-level yield tables to build our timber supply models. We then carried out a feasibility study of implementing an EBM strategy in a boreal forest in eastern Canada. With standard linear programming, we tested four policy issues; age structure, harvest agglomeration; limit of cumulative disturbance, and land base of aboriginal interest. These issues were dealt with 3% – 22% reduction in periodic wood supply and a transition period of 50 years where clear-cut needs to be excluded in 43% – 67% of the productive area. Validation of the outputs through habitat requirement of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) as a fine filter showed that most of the scenarios should likely allow a self-sustaining caribou population within next 25-years. Finally, we integrated climate sensitive fire burn rates and yield tables in the timber supply models to quantify the uncertainty induced by climate and fire under both management strategies. Both models responded with a reduction of periodic wood supply by 13% – 79%. Although ecological indicators are relatively better under EBM, merely switching the management strategy is not enough to address the impacts of fire and climate change in the boreal forests. Key words: Boreal forest, ecosystem-based management, growth and yield, feasibility, adaptation, wildfire, climate change
Plante, Caroline. "Acceptabilité visuelle et émulation des feux en forêt boréale : un compromis possible?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29417/29417.pdf.
Full textBeguin, Julien. "Analyse spatiale, sélection des paysages et stratégies de conservation en présence de régimes multiples de perturbation : le cas du caribou forestier en forêt boréale aménagée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30203/30203.pdf.
Full textLinking spatial patterns of species distribution and population dynamics with biotic and abiotic processes is central to inform effective conservation planning for endangered species. This thesis investigated how linking spatial patterns of boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), hereafter boreal caribou, to processes can 1) improve our understanding of landscape selection of this ecotype and 2) inform the efficiency of current land use policies in practice. I first present a new powerful numerical method that allows integrating properly spatial information present in species distribution data to make accurate statistical inference. This method uses integrated nested Laplace approximations (INLA) as an alternative to Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations. I show that, in addition of being accurate and rapid, the use of INLA with Bayesian hierarchical spatial models efficiently accounted for spatial autocorrelation in the residuals and fairly evaluated uncertainty in parameter estimates and predictions. I then used INLA to test which ecological processes, among climate and the distance to roads, drove the existence of geographical patterns in boreal caribou landscape selection. Data supported road-driven selection over a climate influence. Moreover, I show that boreal caribou avoidance of logged areas was two-fold stronger than burned areas. Together these results indicated that limiting the spread of road networks and accounting for the uneven impact of logging compared to wildfire should be integral parts of any habitat management plan and conservation measures within the range of this ecotype. Finally, I use a spatially explicit landscape simulation model to explore how spatial interactions among protected area networks, industrial forestry and fire regimes impacted the population dynamics of boreal caribou and the economic costs related to forest management. I show that the current policy of conservation planning and forest management in the Côte-Nord region in Québec is unlikely to be sustainable for either boreal caribou conservation or timber supply mainly because of current overestimated planned harvest levels. Fire increased antagonisms between current practices of forest management and habitat conservation, irrespective of the presence of salvage logging. This study illustrates that efficient conservation planning requires a better understanding of spatial interactions among population dynamics, protected area networks, forest management, and fire regimes.
Fuentealba, Morales Alvaro. "Effet des interactions entre la coupe partielle, les facteurs de site, et le type d'essence sur la résistance des arbres hôtes à la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette (Choristoneura fumiferana (clem.)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29822/29822.pdf.
Full textSpruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) is the most destructive insect pest in the maritime and boreal forests of North America. Thinning has been recommended to reduce damage caused by spruce budworm. The positive impact of this silvicultural procedure on the vigour of the residual trees should, in theory, render them more resistant to budworm defoliation. However, various research projects focused upon effects of this silvicultural tool on host tree resistance have yielded equivocal results. The main objective of this project was to clarify the real effect of thinning on host tree resistance to spruce budworm attacks. Field-rearing experiments with spruce budworm were conducted, together with foliar chemical analyses, along a gradient of stand thinning density (0%, 25%, and 40% stand basal area reduction) and drainage class (mesic with seepage, class 3; subhygric, class 4; hydric, class 5) in balsam fir–paper birch association stands. Rearing experiments were also conducted in rapidly drained sites (class 2). The results showed that resistance to spruce budworm of balsam fir, unlike white and black spruce, was significantly reduced one year after thinning. This response was likely due to increased defoliation linked to reduction in certain monoterpene concentrations and to decreased foliage production, except on drainage class 5, where the treatment increased fir resistance. However, three years after treatment we observed the opposite response. High thinning intensity (40%) positively affected balsam fir and white spruce tolerance to damage and, therefore, tree resistance by increasing foliage production and the amount that remained after budworm feeding. This increased resistance persists for at least 6 years after the treatment was conducted. These results suggest that this silvicultural technique could be used as a preventive control measure to reduce the negative impact of spruce budworm on Quebec's forests.
Corbani, Aude Catherine. "Évaluation de la reproduction des oiseaux en forêt boréale aménagée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30257/30257.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this PhD is to assess the reproductive success of a managed boreal forest songbird community, and to explore its causality. The traditional method to achieve this objective is nest monitoring, but it is laborious in boreal forest where nests are often on the ground or hidden at the top of trees. Alternative methods have already been used in boreal forest to document songbird reproduction without finding nests. They are based on observations of parental behavior (such as food provisioning) or fledglings accompanying their parents. However, these observations suffer from significant detection bias, parents not displaying success indicators all the time. In the three chapters of this thesis, I am interested in two stages of bird reproductive cycle: nesting success (i.e. the presence of young at the nest) and fledging success. The first chapter presents an innovative method to measure nesting success from food provisioning observations taking into account of parental status detection bias. I show that this bias may be significant (detection does not exceed 38%), and that the application of two-state occupancy models (presence/absence) to nesting success (young/no young at nest) is possible and effective. In a second chapter, I apply my analytic method to food provisioning observations collected since 1995 in the study area (Forêt Montmorency, Québec, Canada). I show that nesting decreases during the 17 studied years, in correlation with habitat modifications and meteorological changes over time. Additionally, nesting success is greater in older and more even-aged forests, as well as far from forestry roads and trails. In the third chapter, I show that, in half of the cases where adults are found without fledglings at the end of the reproductive season, they do in fact have fledglings. After accounting for this imperfect detection, I estimate fledging success as 59%, uncorrelated to landscape attributes (stand age and homogeneity). All results in this thesis support the claim that boreal forest represents an important breeding ground for birds in North America. I highlight the importance of detection bias when using alternative methods to nest monitoring in order to measure reproductive success and propose applications of these new tools for atlassing and similar large-scale ornithology initiatives.
Varain, Lauriane. "Transformation avec la bactérie Agrobacterium tumefaciens de deux Ascomycètes Septoria musiva et Septoria populicola, agents phytopathogènes du peuplier." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29915/29915.pdf.
Full textSeporia musiva (Mycosphaerella populorum) is an Ascomycota which causes canker and leafspot on hybrid poplar. S. populicola (M. populicola) only causes leafspot. The aim of my project was to transform these two fungi with Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a bacterium which causes Crown gall, and is commonly used to transform plant and fungi in laboratory. In a first experiment, transformation using plasmid pPT1 were successful for S. musiva, but not for S. populicola. However, no transformants were obtained from either S. musiva and S. populicola in subsequent experiments in which plasmid pPL1 was used and different parameters were tested. A possible explanation for the inhability to obtain transformants from S. populicola is the low number of conidia available for transformation experiments. In the case of S. musiva, low number of bacterial cells and non optimal protocols might explain negative results observed.
Serra, Ruth, and Ruth Serra. "L'efficacité du broutage par les moutons pour la gestion de la concurrence des herbes adventices dans de jeunes plantations de conifères en Colombie-Britannique au Canada." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24919.
Full textLa gestion de la végétation par des moutons (GVM) ou Sheep Vegetation Management (SVM) est une méthode biologique de gestion de la végétation concurrentielle dans des plantations de conifères, relativement récente en Colombie-Britannique (C-B). La présente étude comporte un volet biologique et un volet économique. Le premier se concentre sur la réponse de la croissance de l’épinette hybride (Picea glauca x Picea engelmannii) après le broutage des moutons en comparant des sites pâturés et non pâturés. Le second consiste en une évaluation de la rentabilité du SVM selon le nombre de pâturages appliqués. Les résultats suggèrent que le pâturage favorise la croissance en longueur internodale de l’épinette hybride. Pour rendre la SVM rentable dans les plantations de conifères, il est nécessaire de raccourcir la période de rotation. Ainsi, ce mémoire permet de combler certaines lacunes existantes sur le sujet en vue de promouvoir cette méthode en C-B.
The Sheep Vegetation Management (SVM) is a relatively recent biological method to control competing vegetation in conifer plantations in British Columbia (BC). This study is structured into biological and economic components. The first is based on growth response of hybrid spruce (Picea glauca x Picea engelmannii) saplings to sheep grazing treatment through the comparison of grazed and ungrazed sites. The second is a profitability evaluation of SVM depending on the number of grazing treatments. Results suggest that grazing improve intermodal length growth of hybrid spruce. To make SVM profitable method in conifer plantations, it would be necessary to shorten the rotational period. Hence, this thesis fills the gaps that still exist on the topic and promote the use of SVM in BC.
The Sheep Vegetation Management (SVM) is a relatively recent biological method to control competing vegetation in conifer plantations in British Columbia (BC). This study is structured into biological and economic components. The first is based on growth response of hybrid spruce (Picea glauca x Picea engelmannii) saplings to sheep grazing treatment through the comparison of grazed and ungrazed sites. The second is a profitability evaluation of SVM depending on the number of grazing treatments. Results suggest that grazing improve intermodal length growth of hybrid spruce. To make SVM profitable method in conifer plantations, it would be necessary to shorten the rotational period. Hence, this thesis fills the gaps that still exist on the topic and promote the use of SVM in BC.
Seehausen, Martin Lukas. "L'influence de la coupe partielle sur le parasitisme de l'arpenteuse de la pruche et de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29538/29538.pdf.
Full textThis study investigates the influence of partial cutting at two intensities, 25% and 40% stand basal area removed, on parasitism of hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria (Guinée), and spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens). In plots with 40% partial cutting the parasitism of hemlock looper pupae was significantly reduced one year after treatments but, the treatments did not significantly influence parasitism the following year. Two years after treatments, parasitism of fourth and fifth instar spruce budworm larvae was significantly reduced by partial cutting of both intensities. However, once again, this influence disappeared in the following year. In addition, the present study demonstrates that artificial rearing diet of the spruce budworm does not significantly influence parasitism of exposed larvae in the field.
Rivera, Miranda Karin Rita. "Mortalité après éclaircie commerciale de peuplements résineux du Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30525/30525.pdf.
Full textRoy-Blouin, Frédérique. "L'agroforesterie comme outil potentiel pour l'amélioration des conditions de vie des femmes en milieu rural semi-aride mexicain." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30061/30061.pdf.
Full textIn the semi-arid region of the central Mexican plateau, the rural and marginal communities face precarious living situations, as the practice of agriculture and the low employment in the region do not allow satisfactory living conditions. This study aims to determine whether an agroforestry system adapted to local conditions and to the needs and skills of women, could be adopted to improve their living conditions, their environment, and to generate social participation. The survey, through questionnaires and a few meetings, allowed us to meet 30 women from two marginal communities in the state of Querétaro, as well as various stakeholders. Investigations showed that the surrounding natural capital is part of women’s daily activities and that many of its species could be integrated into an agroforestry system. It also seems that it would be possible to reassert the value of traditional knowledge related to the use of certain local species. However, the lack of motivation and willingness of commitment, combined with disorganization, could be a major challenge to the realization of an agroforestry project.
Yelle, Véronique. "Social Perception of Ecosystem Management in Québec's Black Spruce Forest : Can large harvests emulating fire be acceptable to forest users, stakeholders and the uninformed public ?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29770/29770.pdf.
Full textQuebec has recently embarked on the transition toward ecosystem management, which is la type of forest management that is based on the emulation of natural disturbances in order to decrease the impacts of timber harvesting on the ecosystem. By mimicking natural disturbances in severity, frequency and intensity, ecosystem management aims at keeping the ecosystem within the limits of its natural variability. In the black spruce forest, where the main natural disturbance is wildfire, ecosystem management is implemented in the form of extensive harvests in which all mature trees are cut. While this form of management has a strong environmental component, it faces social acceptability challenges given that people generally dislike large-scale clearcutting. Therefore, the long-term success of ecosystem management in the boreal black spruce forest will depend on the degree to which it can respond to and adapt to the population’s values where required. The population maintains a wide range of relationships with this ecosystem and can be divided into three main groups: forest users, stakeholders involved in a participative planning process, and unaffiliated and uninformed members of the general public. This research project investigates the diverse perceptions of ecosystem management held by each of these three groups. Conducted as a survey, the first part of the study examined the visual acceptability of ecosystemic sylvicultural treatments, and found that certain variable retention treatments were considered to be able to mitigate the agglomerations’ visual impacts in the middle ground. Then, the acceptability of ecosystem management strategy, as already implemented as a pilot project, is explored for the stakeholders by means of individual interviews. Here, ecosystem management, as a strategy for the black spruce forest, was well received, especially in comparison to the available alternatives and despite a high demand for adjustments in the case of controlled wildlife territories. Finally, the social perception of the ecosystem management strategy for unaffiliated and uninformed general public type people is explored through focus groups. Results show that participants were able to fully understand the theoretical basis of ecosystem management and to identify milestones enabling to build the strategy’s social acceptability for the black spruce forest.
Ewen, Stephanie. "Evaluation and Calibration of the CroBas-PipeQual Model for Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) using Bayesian Melding. Hybridization of a process-based forest growth model with empirical yield curves." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29919/29919.pdf.
Full textCroBas-PipeQual is a process-based forest growth model designed to study foliage development and how growth processes relate to changes in wood quality. As such, CroBas-PipeQual is of interest as a component model in a forest level decision support model for value assessment. In this thesis, the version of CroBas-PipeQual calibrated for jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in Québec, Canada was qualitatively evaluated for use in forest management decision-making. Then, sensitivity analyses and Bayesian melding were used to create and calibrate a stand-level version of CroBas-PipeQual to local empirical height yield models in a hybrid-modelling approach. Key findings included: 1. Height predictions were most sensitive to input values and to parameters related to net photosynthesis; 2. Model performance was improved by varying two net-productivity parameters with site quality; and 3. Model performance needs further improvement before CroBas-PipeQual can be used as a component of a forest-management decision tool.
Vallières, Rosemarie. "Effets des vagues de chaleur au cours de la phase d'acclimatation sur la biologie hivernale de l'arpenteuse de la pruche, Lambdina ficsellaria (Lepidoptera : Geometridae)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30182/30182.pdf.
Full textThe increase in frequency and intensity of extreme climatic events such as fall heat waves, resulting from the ongoing climate warning could interfere with the winter metabolism of the hemlock looper (Lambdina fiscellaria Guen), an important forest pest in eastern Canada. The main objective of this study is to determine the impact of the host plant quality, the geographic origin of populations and the conditions prevailing during the cold acclimation period on hemlock looper winter biology. Our results show that eggs contents in trehalose, glucose and mannitol were significantly influenced by fall heat waves and by the origin of the population. Egg winter survival of the southern population was negatively affected by strongest heat waves while the northern population was not affected. This study suggests that the metabolism and winter survival of southern hemlock looper populations in Québec will be more affected by fall heat waves than northern populations.