Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'SD 121 UL 2013'
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Jeffrey, Olivier, and Olivier Jeffrey. "Effets des coupes de récupération sur les successions naturelles de coléoptères saproxyliques le long d'une chronoséquence de 15 ans après feu en forêt boréale commerciale." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24631.
Full textCette étude vise à décrire l’état naturel des communautés de huit familles de coléoptères saproxyliques, reconnues pour être associées aux brûlis, à partir d’un échantillonnage fait au niveau des souches et à l’intérieur de peuplements commerciaux d’épinettes noires (Picea mariana (Mill)) résiduels à la coupe de récupération (état naturel) provenant de brûlis de 1995, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009 et 2010. L’étude vise également à comparer ces communautés à celles retrouvées dans des peuplements d’épinettes noires récupérés et répartis dans les brûlis de 1995, 2003, 2005 et 2007. Les coléoptères ont été inventoriés durant l’été 2010 et plus de 6 000 spécimens répartis dans les huit familles étudiées ont été capturés. À l’état naturel, quatre phases de colonisation se sont succédées pendant les cinq premières années après feu. Les assemblages des communautés de coléoptères saproxyliques sont quant à eux altérés par la récupération et ce, pour une période d’au moins sept ans.
This study aims to describe the natural state of communities of eight saproxylic beetle families known to be associated with burned forest from a sample done at stump level and in commercial black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill)) stands residual to salvage logging (natural state) from burns of 1995, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009 and 2010. The study also aims to compare these communities to those found in salvaged black spruce stands distributed in burns of 1995, 2003, 2005 and 2007. Beetles were sampled during summer 2010 and over 6 000 specimens among the eight studied families were captured. In its natural state, four colonization phases have succeeded along the first five postfire years. Saproxylic beetle assemblages were affected by salvage logging for a period of seven years.
This study aims to describe the natural state of communities of eight saproxylic beetle families known to be associated with burned forest from a sample done at stump level and in commercial black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill)) stands residual to salvage logging (natural state) from burns of 1995, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009 and 2010. The study also aims to compare these communities to those found in salvaged black spruce stands distributed in burns of 1995, 2003, 2005 and 2007. Beetles were sampled during summer 2010 and over 6 000 specimens among the eight studied families were captured. In its natural state, four colonization phases have succeeded along the first five postfire years. Saproxylic beetle assemblages were affected by salvage logging for a period of seven years.
Guénette, Caroline. "Évaluation du potentiel de l'infrarouge spectral pour la détection hâtive du stress nutritif chez les végétaux de grandes cultures. Application à la culture de la pomme de terre." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/17814.
Full textAt the present time, the management of fertilizers in the agricultural productions is a subject on which producers and administrators grant much attention. The overuse of fertilizers generates important environmental and financial costs which recently lead to both federal and provincial legislations in this field. To gain optimal use of nitrogenized fertilizers, one must evaluate correctly the plant‘s deficiencies. This research project aims at evaluating the potential of detection of the nutritive nitrogen deficiency on potato plants by the use of infra-red spectral remote sensing. To achieve our goal, we performed repeated measurements in a greenhouse experimental setup. Four levels of nitrogen deficiencies were induced on potato plants. The stress caused by the nutritive deficiency was measured according to agronomic techniques and remote sensing techniques, including the infra-red spectroscopy. Once the potential of detection evaluated for each technique, the comparison among them made it possible to determine which technique(s) allowed the hastiest discrimination during the growing season. An optimal combination of index has been identified. Its capacity of discrimination between levels of nitrogen deficiency has been quantified by a discriminant analysis. Research concludes with a notable improvement of discrimination potential by combining three remote sensing index.
Edoh-Alové, Djogbénuyè Akpé. "Handling spatial vagueness issues in SOLAP datacubes by introducing a risk-aware approach in their design." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25957.
Full textLes systèmes Spatial On-Line Analytical Processing (SOLAP) permettent de prendre en charge l’analyse multidimensionnelle en ligne d’un très grand volume de données ayant une référence spatiale. Dans ces systèmes, le vague spatial n’est généralement pas pris en compte, ce qui peut être source d’erreurs dans les analyses et les interprétations des cubes de données SOLAP, effectuées par les utilisateurs finaux. Bien qu’il existe des modèles d’objets ad-hoc pour gérer le vague spatial, l’implantation de ces modèles dans les systèmes SOLAP est encore à l’état embryonnaire. En outre, l’introduction de tels modèles dans les systèmes SOLAP accroit la complexité de l’analyse au détriment de l’utilisabilité dans bon nombre de contextes applicatifs. Dans cette thèse nous nous proposons d’investiguer la piste d’une nouvelle approche visant un compromis approprié entre l’exactitude théorique de la réponse au vague spatial, la facilité d’implantation dans les systèmes SOLAP existants et l’utilisabilité des cubes de données fournis aux utilisateurs finaux. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont donc de jeter les bases d’une approche de conception de cube SOLAP où la gestion du vague est remplacée par la gestion des risques de mauvaises interprétations induits, d’en définir les principes d’une implantation pratique et d’en démontrer les avantages. En résultats aux travaux menés, une approche de conception de cubes SOLAP où le risque de mauvaise interprétation est considéré et géré de manière itérative et en adéquation avec les sensibilités des utilisateurs finaux quant aux risques potentiels identifiés a été proposée; des outils formels à savoir un profil UML adapté, des fonctions de modification de schémas multidimensionnels pour construire les cubes souhaités, et un processus formel guidant de telles transformations de schémas ont été présentés; la vérification de la faisabilité de notre approche dans un cadre purement informatique avec la mise en œuvre de l’approche dans un outil CASE (Computed Aided Software Engineering) a aussi été présentée. Pour finir, nous avons pu valider le fait que l’approche fournisse non seulement des cubes aussi compréhensibles et donc utilisables que les cubes classiques, mais aussi des cubes où le vague n’est plus laissé de côté, sans aucun effort pour atténuer ses impacts sur les analyses et les prises de décision des utilisateurs finaux.
SOLAP (Spatial On-Line Analytical Processing) systems support the online multi-dimensional analysis of a very large volume of data with a spatial reference. In these systems, the spatial vagueness is usually not taken into account, which can lead to errors in the SOLAP datacubes analyzes and interpretations end-users make. Although there are ad-hoc models of vague objects to manage the spatial vagueness, the implementation of these models in SOLAP systems is still in an embryonal state. In addition, the introduction of such models in SOLAP systems increases the complexity of the analysis at the expense of usability in many application contexts. In this thesis we propose to investigate the trail of a new approach that makes an appropriate compromise between the theoretical accuracy of the response to the spatial vagueness, the ease of implementation in existing SOLAP systems and the usability of datacubes provided to end users. The objectives of this thesis are to lay the foundations of a SOLAP datacube design approach where spatial vagueness management in itself is replaced by the management of risks of misinterpretations induced by the vagueness, to define the principles of a practical implementation of the approach and to demonstrate its benefits. The results of this thesis consist of a SOLAP datacube design approach where the risks of misinterpretation are considered and managed in an iterative manner and in line with the end users tolerance levels regarding those risks; formal tools namely a suitable UML (Unified Modeling Language) profile, multidimensional schemas transformation functions to help tailored the datacubes to end-users tolerance levels, and a formal process guiding such schemas transformation; verifying the feasibility of our approach in a computing context with the implementation of the approach in a CASE (Computed Aided Software Engineering) tool. Finally, we were able to validate that the approach provides SOLAP datacubes that are not only as comprehensible and thus usable as conventional datacubes but also datacubes where the spatial vagueness is not left out, with no effort to mitigate its impacts on analysis and decision making for end users.
Hickey, Jean-René. "Évaluation de l’apport de l’intégration d’un gyro-accéléromètre à un récepteur GPS mono-fréquence pour détecter et corriger les sauts de cycle." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25297.
Full textIn order to achieve centimetre precision using GPS, one must use the carrier phase measurements. It is also important to minimise the impact of the many errors that affect GPS measurements: ionosphere and tropospheric delays, orbit and clocks errors. Another essential part of a precise GPS measurement, is the detection and correction of cycle slips. These slips, caused by the interruption of the GPS signal, introduce artificial biases in the measurement that result in erroneous coordinate estimates. For different GPS solution such as Real Time Kinematic (RTK), Time Relative positioning (TRP) or Precise Point positioning (PPP), to correct cycle slips, the user must restart the initialisation process. In this research, a method to detect and correct cycle slip in monofrequence GPS solution is explored. This methode uses inertial data provided by an attitude and heading reference system (AHRS). The model that is used here is Crossbow’s AHRS400CC-100. With this method, it is possible to compare, for each observed satellite, the ambiguity difference between the ambiguity values calculated from GPS observations and those predicted by the navigation solution calculated from the AHRS observations. It is effective to integrate AHRS to GPS. An AHRS can potentially be used for cycle slip detection and fixing. Using the AHRS measurements, one can achieve centimetre level precision for short periods of time. This method of positioning can be used during GPS signal loss to maintain the navigation solution. Once the GPS signal is retrieved, it is possible to compare the ambiguity difference between satellite line of view vector of each satellite calculated using GPS observations and satellite line of view vector calculated from the last AHRS position GPS observations. For this research project, the initial task was to validate the precision of the AHRS400CC-100 observations, and to quantify random walk error and bias instability for each of the instruments sensors using static data sets. The next task was to use the AHRS measurements to calculate a navigation solution and to identify the instruments limitations of position precision using static and kinematic data. The last task was to combine AHRS and GPS observations, to obtain an integrated navigation solution. Once the solution implemented, simulated data gaps were added to the data set in order to evaluate the maximum duration of GPS data loss after which it is possible to detect and correct GPS cycle slips using the autonomous AHRS navigation solution. According to the results of the experiments using the method proposed in this paper, AHRS positioning appears to maintain adequate precision for cycle slip detection and fixing for up to 10 seconds for static positioning and up to 5 seconds for kinematic positioning in ideal conditions.
Djeugap, Fovo Joseph. "Contraintes de germination et diagnostic moléculaire des champignons associés aux maladies chez Ricinodendron heudelotii au Cameroun." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30016/30016.pdf.
Full textThe work described in this thesis was conducted in order to identify the fungal species that are associated with infected organs of Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Pierre ex Heckel in Cameroon in the perspective of agroforestry. Specifically, objectives were to: 1) identify the advantages and constraints of R. heudelotii for agroforestry in Cameroon and suggest some future research topics for this species; 2) identify germination constraints of R. heudelotii and provide solutions; 3) characterize morphocultural parameters of some suspected pathogenic fungi of R. heudelotii; 4) verify Koch’s postulates for these suspected pathogens; and 5) test the efficacy of four synthetic fungicides against foliar diseases of R. heudelotii seedlings in nurseries. Seed coat dormancy, duration of storage and diseases were the major factors that affected germination in R. heudelotii. Research in the public databases using the BLAST algorithm (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) and cloned rDNA sequences of isolated fungi (350 isolates) showed that several fungi of phytopathological interest colonized infected organs of R. heudelotii in Cameroon. Culture medium and temperature affected the phenotypic characteristics (pigmentation of the mycelium, growth rate and conidia concentrations) of suspected pathogenic fungi of R. heudelotii, namely Pestalotiopsis microspora, Lasiodiplodia theobromae and three species of the taxon Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum ZB049F, F. oxysporum ZB164T and F. oxysporum ZH121F). These five fungi were pathogenic on detached organs and seedlings of R. heudelotii under laboratory conditions; their aggressiveness on the host varied from one fungal species to another. Fungicides such as Plantomil 72WP (60% copper oxide and 12% metalaxyl) and Nordox 75WG (86% copper oxide) were effective against foliar diseases caused by P. microspora and L. theobromae. Given the great diversity of species in the taxon F. oxysporum and the phytopathological importance of F. solani, further and complete identification of individuals of those species based on molecular markers should be considered.
Murillas, Gomez Mayerline. "Impact du longicorne noir, Monochamus scutellatus scutellatus, sur l’épinette noire et le sapin baumier à la suite de chablis en forêt boréale irrégulière." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30195/30195.pdf.
Full textThis study aims to identify factors influencing the attack level by the whitespotted sawyer (Monochamus scutellatus scutellatus) after windthrow in uneven-aged boreal forests, and the period of time during which affected trees remain susceptible to attacks. Measures were taken in a natural windthrow on the Côte-Nord and in a small experimental windthrow generated at the Forêt Montmorency. Studied tree species are black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.). The collected data indicate that windthrow severity and the number of years since tree death significantly affect the number of entry holes of the whitespotted sawyer larvae. In addition, tree species and status after windthrow influence their attractiveness to the whitespotted sawyer. These results could help forest managers to improve salvage logging plans after windthrow in boreal forest.
Segovia, Abanto Franz. "Développement d'un matériau composite à base de bois laminé avec alliage d'aluminium." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29810.
Full textComposite materials consist of at least two materials whose individual properties combine to form a heterogeneous material with greatly improved overall performance. Among the types of composite materials are laminated panels or sandwich panels. These consist in the assembly by bonding or welding of two thin skins, made of a rigid and heavy material, on a thick and light core which maintains their spacing. The main benefits of these structures are: lightness, high rigidity, high flexural strength, and thermal insulation. The combination of materials used as faces and core provides laminated panels with several mechanical advantages as well as environmental and economic benefits. Consequently, the potential applications of these composite materials are extended. The overall objective of this doctoral project was to develop a wood-aluminum laminated panel. The specific objectives of this research project were: to determine physical and mechanical properties; to estimate production costs; and to verify the environmental performance of wood-aluminum laminated panels. Finally, potential applications were proposed using qualitative research methodology. Wood-aluminum laminated panel has been developed using four types of wood-based composite as core (high density fibreboard, medium density fibreboard, oriented strand board, and aspen plywood) and two 0.6-mm-thick aluminum alloy sheets as faces. The polyurethane adhesive (Macroplast UR-8346) was used to bonding laminated panels. The manufacturing parameters were determined through prior testing. The physical and mechanical properties of wood-based composites have been improved by lamination with aluminum alloy sheets. The production costs estimate concluded that the developed laminated panels have an economic advantage over the aluminum honeycomb panel. The manufacturing process of laminated composite materials with aluminum alloy shows lower environmental impacts compared to aluminum honeycomb panel. Emissions associated with the manufacturing process of aluminum sheets is the largest contributor to environmental impacts in sandwich composite materials manufacturing. The technical, economic and environmental benefits have extended the potential applications of wood-based composite materials. Qualitative research based on the grounded theory approach was used to determine the main potential applications. The main applications suggested by the interviewees were: raised flooring panels, bathroom dividers panels and decorative and bracing panels.
Fradette, Marie-Soleil. "Modèle d'ajustement pour réduire le biais sur le modèle numérique de terrain et le modèle de hauteur de canopée à partir de données LiDAR acquises selon divers paramètres et conditions forestières." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35009.
Full textRaherison, Solonirina Mahefasoa Elie. "Structure, dynamique et évolution du transcriptome chez les conifères." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26236.
Full textTranscriptome analyses contribute to the understanding of genome function in non-model organisms such as conifers trees, which are of economic and ecological importance in Canada. Most transcriptome profiling experiments in conifers have addressed specific biological questions, focusing on differential expressed genes between developmental stages or biological conditions and have analysed only a few different tissue types at a time. Our study had more fundamental goals which were to investigate transcriptome structure, dynamics and evolution in conifers. We conducted two gene expression studies comparing different tissues (multi-tissue analysis), as well as an analysis comparing species and another that monitored changes over the course of a growth season within a tissue type. Expression data were generated from microarray hybridizations. We developed the first oligonucleotide microarray in conifers. Compared to the cDNA-based microarrays used in previous studies, it has broader genome coverage with about 24 000 white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss.) genes. Analysis across species revealed the conservation of vascular tissue preferential expression patterns between spruce species. We built the first gene expression database of tissues in conifers. This database, called PiceaGenExpress, comes from a multi-tissue analysis based on semi-quantitative data. A separate multi-tissue analysis used quantitative data, highlighted the modular organization of transcriptome and, lead to the construction of a xylem transcriptional network. The gene PgNAC-7 was the most connected gene in the network and was preferentially expressed during earlywood formation indicating that its role is temporally variable. Ours results represent a knowledge foundation which has enabled research on several independent topics by other researchers. Our findings are also a basis for the development of genetic selection markers for conifer tree breeding and conservation.
Mailhot, Roxanne. "Évaluation de l'efficacité environnementale de différents fossés avaloirs adaptés au milieu agricole." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27307.
Full textRandrianarivelo, Mamy Dina. "Proposition d’un cadre conceptuel d’arrimage des savoirs géographiques locaux dans les macro-observatoires : cas de la région DIANA Madagascar." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25275.
Full textCool, Julie, and Julie Cool. "Optimisation de l'usinage de finition du bois d'épinette noire pour fins d'adhésion." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22507.
Full textLa présente recherche a eu pour but principal d’évaluer l’effet de l’usinage de finition du bois d’épinette noire en fonction de la qualité de surface et la performance d’une colle d’acétate de polyvinyle et d’un revêtement de finition aqueux, deux types de produits typiquemment utilisés dans la fabrication de produits d’apparence à usage intérieur. Dans un premier volet, on a évalué la qualité de surface et la résistance au cisaillement à la ligne de colle d’échantillons poncés, rabotés en coupe oblique et en coupe périphérique droite et fraisés. Les quatre procédés ont généré des surfaces ayant des rugosités et des résistances au cisaillement semblables avant et après un vieillissement accéléré. Il en ressortit que le bois d’épinette noire est relativement facile à coller. Seule la pénétration de la colle d’acétate de polyvinyle et la fibrillation des surfaces ont été quand même affectées par les types d’usinage. Dans un second volet, on a optimisé certains paramètres de cinq procédés d’usinage, soit le ponçage, la coupe oblique, le fraisage et les coupes périphériques droite et hélicoïdale en fonction de la qualité de surface et de l’adhésion d’un vernis en phase aqueuse. L’étude des quatre procédés de rabotage avait également pour objectif d’évaluer leur potentiel quant au remplacement du ponçage. Le ponçage fait suivant un programme P100-150-grain, à une vitesse d’avance de 17 m/min a permis d’obtenir une faible rugosité ainsi qu’une mouillabilité et une adhésion élevées suite au traitement de vieillissement accéléré. Le fraisage a induit une rugosité et une mouillabilité supérieures à celles des autres procédés d’usinage. Cependant, la pénétration plus importante du vernis et le plus grand niveau de fibrillation ont réduit l’épaisseur de la couche de vernis sur la surfaces. L’effet protecteur du vernis a donc été réduit durant le vieillissement accéléré, ce qui a diminué son adhésion. De leur côté, la coupe oblique avec un angle oblique de 35°, la coupe hélicoïdale avec une onde d’usinage de 1,43 mm et la coupe périphérique droite avec un angle d’attaque de 10 ou 20° ont généré des surfaces ayant une rugosité et une mouillabilité intermédiaires, mais une adhésion du vernis similaire à celle des échantillons poncés. Ces trois procédés ont donc montré être de bonnes alternatives pour faire face aux aspects nuisibles de l’utilisation du ponçage.
The main objective of this research project was to evaluate the effect of surfacing processes in black spruce wood in relation to surface quality and performance of poly (vynil acetate) glue and water-based coating. First, oblique cutting, peripheral planing, face milling and sanding were used prior to gluing with two-component poly (vinyl acetate) glue. The four machining processes produced surfaces having similar surface roughness and glue line shear strength before and after an accelerated aging treatment. Thus, black spruce wood is relatively easy to glue. Only glue penetration, as well as the level of fibrillation, was affected by the machining processes. In the second part of the project, the objective was to optimize cutting parameters of sanding, oblique cutting, helical planing, peripheral planing and face milling for surface quality and coating performance. In addition, the four planing processes were evaluated in order to evaluate their potential to be used as alternatives to sanding. Sanding with a two-stage program (P100-150-grit) at a feed speed of 17 m/min generated low surface roughness and high wettability and pull-off strength after the accelerated aging treatment. On one hand, face milling induced superior surface roughness and wettability when compared with other studied surfacing processes. These samples were also characterized by the most important coating penetration and level of fibrillation. This contributed to reduce the coating layer protecting the samples during the aging treatment. As a consequence, face-milled samples had a significant lower pull-off strength compared with those prepared by the other four machining processes. On the other hand, oblique cutting with an oblique angle fo 35°, helical planing with a wavelength of 1.43 mm and peripheral planing with a 10 or 20° rake angle all produced surfaces with intermediate surface roughness and wetting properties, but coating performance statistically similar to that of sanded samples. As a result, these three planing processes are to be considered as alternatives to the sanding process.
The main objective of this research project was to evaluate the effect of surfacing processes in black spruce wood in relation to surface quality and performance of poly (vynil acetate) glue and water-based coating. First, oblique cutting, peripheral planing, face milling and sanding were used prior to gluing with two-component poly (vinyl acetate) glue. The four machining processes produced surfaces having similar surface roughness and glue line shear strength before and after an accelerated aging treatment. Thus, black spruce wood is relatively easy to glue. Only glue penetration, as well as the level of fibrillation, was affected by the machining processes. In the second part of the project, the objective was to optimize cutting parameters of sanding, oblique cutting, helical planing, peripheral planing and face milling for surface quality and coating performance. In addition, the four planing processes were evaluated in order to evaluate their potential to be used as alternatives to sanding. Sanding with a two-stage program (P100-150-grit) at a feed speed of 17 m/min generated low surface roughness and high wettability and pull-off strength after the accelerated aging treatment. On one hand, face milling induced superior surface roughness and wettability when compared with other studied surfacing processes. These samples were also characterized by the most important coating penetration and level of fibrillation. This contributed to reduce the coating layer protecting the samples during the aging treatment. As a consequence, face-milled samples had a significant lower pull-off strength compared with those prepared by the other four machining processes. On the other hand, oblique cutting with an oblique angle fo 35°, helical planing with a wavelength of 1.43 mm and peripheral planing with a 10 or 20° rake angle all produced surfaces with intermediate surface roughness and wetting properties, but coating performance statistically similar to that of sanded samples. As a result, these three planing processes are to be considered as alternatives to the sanding process.
Bakari, Bilel, and Bilel Bakari. "Identification automatique des vallées glaciaires à partir d'un modèle numérique de terrain." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37413.
Full textLa vallée glaciaire est une forme de relief associée aux montagnes qui ont été affectées par une glaciation régionale. L’étude de cette forme de relief aide les chercheurs à mieux connaitre le développement du système glaciaire régional qui reflète les changements climatiques globaux. La tâche d’identification de ces formes sur un modèle numérique de terrain est primordiale pour toutes les études géomorphologiques ou environnementales. Avec le développement desSystèmes d’Information Géographique et des outils informatiques, l’automatisation de cette tâche devient une solution pour la diminution de la durée et du coût exigés par la méthode manuelle. Cependant, les méthodes automatiques actuelles comme la classification morphométrique ou l'analyse d’images par objets (Object Based Image Analysis) sont limitées pour l'identification d'une forme de relief entière comme la vallée glaciaire. Ces méthodes sont basées en général sur des approches de classification du terrain en éléments de relief sans la prise en considération du contexte géomorphologique. À cet égard, nous avons comme objectif le développement d'une méthode automatique d'extraction des formes des vallées glaciaires. Notre méthode est basée sur l’idée de la saillance issue de la cognition humaine en matière des formes de relief. Nous admettons que la vallée glaciaire est définie par l’assemblage spatial du fond et des versants dans un contexte géomorphologique donné. L’identification de ces formes est réalisée à partir de l’identification des cours d’eau et des contreforts comme éléments saillants de ces composants et par leur assemblage autour d’une saillance globale, le talweg. Nous avons appliqué notre méthode automatique sur des modèles numériques de terrain de différentes zones glaciaires parmi lesquelles la vallée Jacques-Cartier au Québec. Nous avons obtenu des entités spatiales qui caractérisent l'étendue géographique de la vallée glaciaire et de ses éléments composants accompagnées de leurs indicateurs de forme.
The glacial valley is a landform associated with mountains that have been affected by regional glaciation. The study of this kind of valley helps researchers to better understand the development of the regional glacial system that reflects global climate change. The task of identifying these forms on a digital elevation modelis essential for all geomorphological or environmental studies. With the development of GIS and IT tools, the automation of this task becomes a solution for reducing the time and cost required by the manual method.However, current automatic methods like morphometric classification or Object Based Image Analysis are limited when trying to identify an entire landform such as the glacial valley. These methods are generally based on land classification approaches of terrain elements without taking into consideration the geomorphological context. In this respect, we aim to develop an automatic method for extracting glacial valleys. Our method is based on the idea of salience resulting from human cognition of relief. We admit that the glacial valley is defined by the spatial assembly of the bottom and slopes in each geomorphological context. The identification of these forms is based on the identification of streams and foothills as salient elements of its components and their assembly around a global salience, the thalweg. We applied our automatic method on digital terrain models of different glacial zones, including the Jacques-Cartier Valley in Quebec. We obtained spatial entities that characterize the geographic extent of the glacial valley and its component elements accompanied with form indicators.
The glacial valley is a landform associated with mountains that have been affected by regional glaciation. The study of this kind of valley helps researchers to better understand the development of the regional glacial system that reflects global climate change. The task of identifying these forms on a digital elevation modelis essential for all geomorphological or environmental studies. With the development of GIS and IT tools, the automation of this task becomes a solution for reducing the time and cost required by the manual method.However, current automatic methods like morphometric classification or Object Based Image Analysis are limited when trying to identify an entire landform such as the glacial valley. These methods are generally based on land classification approaches of terrain elements without taking into consideration the geomorphological context. In this respect, we aim to develop an automatic method for extracting glacial valleys. Our method is based on the idea of salience resulting from human cognition of relief. We admit that the glacial valley is defined by the spatial assembly of the bottom and slopes in each geomorphological context. The identification of these forms is based on the identification of streams and foothills as salient elements of its components and their assembly around a global salience, the thalweg. We applied our automatic method on digital terrain models of different glacial zones, including the Jacques-Cartier Valley in Quebec. We obtained spatial entities that characterize the geographic extent of the glacial valley and its component elements accompanied with form indicators.
Afoudah, Olaniran Apollinaire Cyr. "Circuit de commercialisation et rentabilité des plantations de teck de l'Office National du Bois (ONAB) : cas de la Lama, Sud Bénin." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29757.
Full textChouaer, Mohamed Ali. "Utilisation du positionnement relatif temporel GNSS pour l'auscultation topographique et la mesure des vagues." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27947.
Full textTime Relative Positioning (TRP) is a GNSS method that uses phase difference observations between two epochs from a single receiver to determine receiver displacement (or position change). The aim of this research project is to adapt the TRP method for structural health monitoring and wave measurements in order to detect displacements, over short time interval, with an accuracy better than 1 cm for the horizontal and 2 cm for the vertical components. The algorithms and TRP software developed at the Department of Geomatics Sciences at Laval University have been adapted to process GNSS data at high rate of 10 Hz using exclusively broadcast ephemeris that are available in real-time. TRP results were compared to the corresponding Post-Processed Kinematic (PPK) and other control solutions (graduations, gauge measurements, …). Using only GPS L1 frequency data, the standard deviation of the differences between TRP and these comparison solutions ranged from 0.3 to 0.5 cm for the horizontal component and from 0.5 to 3.1 cm for the vertical component. When GLONASS observables were added to the TRP-GPS-L1 solution, for environment where satellite visibility was limited, the standard deviation decreased by 30% to reach 2.1 cm for the vertical component.
Kamali, Omid. "Enhanced performance for GPS-PPP by resolving bias-free ambiguities." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27449.
Full textPrecise Point Positioning (PPP) is a single receiver GNSS positioning technique developed in contrast to broadly used differential methods that require two or more receivers. Employing a single receiver makes PPP a cost-effective and per-site autonomous technique with centimetre precision that has opened up the possibility of a wide range of applications. In many applications where short time period is required to reach high precisions, the performance of PPP is not yet sufficient. Typically, PPP takes up to 30 minutes in order to converge to coordinate solutions with acceptable precision. This limitation is mostly due to the long period required for stabilizing the float carrier phase ambiguities to constant values. Given this problem, it is showed that Ambiguity Resolution (AR) improves drastically the stability of the estimation model that in turn reduces the convergence time, and increases the precision of estimated coordinates. Thus, this study seeks to enhance the performance of PPP to obtain higher precision at a faster convergence time. For this reason, the hardware dependent satellite phase biases are estimated at the producer-side and by applying them as corrections the integer ambiguities can be resolved at the user-side. A judicious modelling of all parameters and a careful selection of the correction models is accomplished to reduce the impact of error propagation on the precision of parameters estimation. At the producer-side, a novel modular approach is proposed and established including the per-site satellite phase bias estimation and the sequential integration of the solutions. The two-steps of the producer-side have simple structures and allows for estimating the satellite phase biases. The proposed sequential network solution, keeps a good compromise between the computational burden, the computer memory load, the efficiency of handling parameters and the precision of estimations. In addition, all observables are modelled individually and integrated in the estimation process that facilitates the extension of algorithms for integrating additional frequencies or mutli-GNSS observables with respect to the GNSS modernization. At the user side, a novel full rank design matrix in the single frequency level is proposed and implemented. This gives the flexibility to the users with single-frequency receivers to benefit from our PPP-AR while the high precision ionosphere products are available. The proposed model is compatible with the current standard satellite clocks available, for example, from IGS, CODE, and JPL. The ionosphere is corrected and estimated at the same time. This gives the user the possibility to take advantage of low or high precision ionosphere products for obtaining an enhanced performance with our PPP-AR by only adjusting the precision of the ionosphere delay estimation. The performance of our PPP-AR user-side is then compared to the conventional PPP in terms of convergence time and coordinate precision. A substantial improvement has been obtained in terms of planimetric precision (up to 60%) and the convergence time (up to 80%) compared to the conventional PPP method. In addition, the characteristics of our PPP-AR are compared in detail with other PPP-AR methods. The advantage of our method is discussed by its unique approach of removing the rank deficiencies and resolving bias-free ambiguities.
Passarini, Leandro. "Étude du comportement physique des bois au-dessus et au-dessous du point de saturation des fibres." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26281.
Full textThe main purpose of this work was to study the changes in the physical properties and in the wood-water relations of four hardwood species below and above the fiber saturation point (FSP). Two tropical, one temperate and one plantation grown species with high variable anatomical structure were investigated. In the first part of this work, samples of all species were destined to three desorption conditions at 21°C from full saturated state or from green condition until reach equilibrium moisture contents (EMC) below the FSP. The water state and the distribution of liquid and bound water were analysed by nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance (MR) microimaging. Transverse relaxation times T2 showed entrapped liquid water below the FSP. The MR microimaging study allowed identifying in which anatomical elements this water could be located. Also, bound water was not uniformly distributed in wood structure even at a global EMC, being the denser tissues more hygroscopic than the lighter ones. Both techniques revealed that wood anatomy plays a major role in water drainage and diffusion. The second part of this work was dedicated to study the effect of four desorption rates on the dimensional behaviour of Eucalyptus saligna wood under a range of moisture contents covering the whole hygroscopic domain. Slower desorption rates implied higher shrinkages, but these different rates have not affected the slope of shrinkage-EMC curves. The collapse of Eucalyptus saligna wood was more important for slower desorption rates and it was greater in the tangential direction. The FSP determined by the extended linear portion of the shrinkage-EMC curves revealed to be not adequate for collapse-prone species. Finally, the results indicated the phenomenon of the beginning of the loss of bound water before all liquid water has been drained.
Lefebvre-Ruel, Stéphanie. "Restauration des gradients éco-hydrologiques dans les écotones artificiels en périphérie des tourbières post-extraction." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27304.
Full textNow that optimal restoration methods of cutover peatlands are known and applied, it becomes relevant to study the sharp ecotones left at the edge of these sites. This project aimed to characterize the eco-hydrological gradients of these artificial ecotones and to test restoration actions to reduce the eco-hydrological differences between these and reference ecotones. The topography, the hydrology and the vegetation have been characterized along transects extending into these ecotones in one cutover fen and two cutover bogs (Quebec and Alberta). Our results show sharp changes in the elevation of the soil surface and groundwater table, with height differences in soil surface up to 119 cm in the first meter next to the ditch and goundwater table as deep as 65 cm below the surface in the first four meters near the ditch. Tree density up to 24 000 stems/ha compared to a maximum of 2 000 stems/ha in the reference ecotones has been found along the edge in the first meters next to the ditch resulting in mosses coverage much lower than in reference ecotones. Thus, the impacts of horticultural peat extraction activities are important at one meter next to the contour ditch into the adjacent peatland, still present at 8 m and absent at 25 m. To reduce those eco-hydrological disturbances, restoration actions consisting in tree cutting, complete ditch filling and gradual leveling of the soil surface have been tested along the edge of the artificial ecotones. The topography and groundwater table in the managed ecotones showed more progressive gradients which suggests the return of eco-hydrological conditions that will favour a transition similar to the reference ecotones. On the basis of those results, we suggest integrating these steps to restore artificial ecotones as a regular action of restoration processes intended for post-extraction peatlands.
Mbagou, Jean Bosco. "Variabilité intra-arbre des propriétés physico-mécaniques et chimiques du "Tessmania africana" en provenance du Gabon." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27968.
Full textThe aim of the present research is to study the intra-tree variability of the physico-mechanical and chemical properties as well as the natural durability of Wamba wood (Tessmania africana) from specimens taken in two trees at three levels of height (DHP, mid-height and under the crown) and two radial positions (sapwood and heartwood). The results showed mean values of total shrinkage in the heartwood of tree 1 of 4.76, 7.40, and 12.51% for radial, tangential and volumetric shrinkages respectively. The shrinkage values were very similar in the heartwood of the two trees with an increasing progression from the base of the trunk towards the crown. Sapwood gave slightly lower mean values. The basic density of Wamba proved to be about the same in both trees with respectively for the sapwood and heartwood of tree 1 mean values of 677 and 712 kg/m3. The corresponding mean values for the oven-dry density were 762 and 812 kg/m3. As for the shrinkage variation, the density increases from the base of the trunk towards the crown in heartwood and reaches a maximum value at mid-height in sapwood. The results also made it possible to observe a very significant correlation between the basic density and the total tangential shrinkage. The mean values of the modulus of elasticity in longitudinal compression were 15.6 GPa in sapwood and 18.6 GPa in heartwood. Those of the maximum compressive stress were 65.2 MPa in sapwood and 79.9 MPa in heartwood. The phenolic compounds showed correlations going from significant to very significant with the mechanical properties. Except for pentosans, the Student test carried out on the primary components of the wood Wamba did not show any significant difference in their concentration in the radial and longitudinal positions. The analysis of minerals did not detect any presence of silica. The total average content of extractives after sequence extraction with ethanol-toluene and hot water in tree 1 gave 10.1% in heartwood and 7.5% in sapwood, and very similar values in tree 2. The polyphenol contents determined by UV spectroscopy are more important in heartwood, particularly at mid-height. GC-MS analysis of phytosterols indicated the presence of gamma-sitosterol, stigmasterol and of betulin, three interesting molecules for their anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-VIH, and hépato-protective activities. The phenolic compounds would mainly explain the decay resistance of the heartwood of Wamba, which was found as very durable.
Waldron, Kaysandra. "Dynamique du chablis en forêt boréale irrégulière et aménagement écosystémique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29986/29986.pdf.
Full textThe implementation of ecosystem management involves a better understanding of natural disturbance regimes. In the boreal forest of Canada, fire is the most studied natural disturbance. However, in areas where the fire cycle is long, other natural disturbances, such as windthrow, are important. Thus, the description of windthrow regime of the eastern boreal forest of Quebec was performed considering its intrinsic, temporal and spatial characteristics, and also its consequences on the forest ecosystem. Firstly, site and stand characteristics affecting windthrow susceptibility were studied. The SIFORT database was used, allowing a 30 year temporal coverage. Secondly, windthrows and cutblocks spatial characteristics were analysed at landscape and polygons (or disturbance) levels, in three areas of 5 000 ha. Finally, at the stand level, the main key attributes or biological legacies in the black-spruce forest after windthrow episodes were measured and compared to salvaged windthrows. These three complementary approaches provided a global picture of the windthrow regime in the irregular boreal forest. Results showed that the variables having the best predictive capacity of a stand susceptibility to windthrow are topex, surface deposit thickness and slope. Windthrows, mainly partial, annually affects 0.23% of the study area with a return interval of approximately 450 years at a given location. At the landscape level, partial windthrows have a higher variability in their size than total windthrows, which are smaller. Partial windthrow polygons have a mean of 60% of their area in residual living trees, and total windthrow polygons have 15% of their cover in residual trees. Salvage logging changes many post-windthrow key stand structure, microsite and vegetation attributes. Salvage logging causes a reduction in the quantity of downed coarse woody debris and snags and all the decay classes are not present in salvaged windthrows. Furthermore, forest floor heterogeneity and bryophytes cover are affected by salvage logging operations. These results highlight the importance of uneven-age silvicultural treatments in the irregular boreal forest. Furthermore, salvage logging operations should be designed to ensure the maintenance of key attribute.
Anyomi, Kenneth Agbesi. "Spatial and temporal complexities in forest productivity-climate relationships within northern temperate and boreal forests of eastern Canada." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30206/30206.pdf.
Full textForest productivity is driven by direct climatic and non-climatic factors which are transient or permanent in nature. Their effects vary through time and along spatial scales, thus assuming equal sensitivities across time and space where heterogeneous growth responses exist has consequences for the prediction of forest productivity. There is growing evidence of global changes, associated by rather diverse and in some cases contrasting changes in growth. It is necessary to constantly monitor growth and productivity and regional studies are therefore necessary to consider alternative productivity estimation procedures. This thesis was therefore aimed at determining to what extent global, regional and local changes in climate and disturbance regimes affect forest site productivity within eastern Canadian boreal and northern temperate forests located within the province of Québec. Stem analysis data was first obtained from 32 aspen dominated stands that spanned a 5-degree of latitude-wide transect representing a large climate gradient with different surficial deposit types in order to study real-time height growth. Plonki’s site index model calibrated from stem analysis data was used in estimating a height growth index for these 32 stands. Over 4000 temporary sample plots were also obtained from stands of varying age, structure and species compositional gradients in order to determine feedback effects of vegetation on productivity, which are indirect effects of climate and soil. A site index model calibrated from temporary sample plots (and currently used in Québec for growth and yield estimation) was used in estimating site index for mixed aspen stands. Finally, the last chapter of this thesis used an aspecific height-age relationship. Results of the first chapter show that within aspen dominated stands, height growth is mainly driven by the annual cumulative sum of growing degree days with an explanatory capacity as good as that of more complex processed-based variables. Also, aspen productivity in pure stands is better explained with a model that assumes that specific populations have different response functions to climate, demonstrating that climate sensitivity is not stable across a species’ geographic range. Within mixed species stands, stand structure and species composition are the major drivers of aspen productivity. Variability in productivity is better explained at the level of landscapes than stand-level. An interaction between landscape- and stand-level drivers influence stand-level productivity, suggesting that a hierarchical modelling approach is more appropriate than a single-level model. Since stand structural and compositional changes are dynamics that characterize stand succession, it is inferred that successional changes and not climate drive productivity in mixed stands, when measured with site index. Our results seem to concur with the fundamental idea of the existence of heterogeneity (in forest productivity) due to intra- and inter-specific interactions in a way that produces structures capable of adapting through time, as suggested by the concept of complex adaptive systems.
Miville, Vincent. "Évaluation de la rentabilité de la populiculture au Québec - Analyse financière et perception des professionnels forestiers." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29509/29509.pdf.
Full textBelleville, Benoît. "Soudage de bois feuillus par friction rotationnelle." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29301/29301.pdf.
Full textGluing is a valid and extensively used alternative to paneling in the furniture industry. However, adhesives, which are generally produced by the petrochemical industry, require curing times (up to 24 h) and multiple handling, which limits the production flow and flexibility required for customized production. Moreover, they are generally derived from non-renewable fossil resources, making the end product expensive from both an ecological and economic standpoint. They also pose a recovery problem, as they are considered a source of contamination in biomass energy methods and wooden waste recycling. Wood welding can shortens the production cycle and reduces dependence on the petrochemical industry. By replacing synthetic resins with the intrinsic lignin binders present in lignocellulosic fibre materials, the depletion of fossil resources could be abated. Wood, which is a renewable, CO2 neutral raw material, can play a key role in sustainable development and have a significant impact on responsible residual waste management. This study examines the suitability of wood welding technology for producing composite panels for furniture applications with two Canadian hardwood species, sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis). The specific objectives of the present study were: to define optimal wood-dowel welding parameters for two North American hardwood species frequently used for indoor appearance products: sugar maple and yellow birch; to produce wood-welded panels made from sugar maple and yellow birch using a specifically designed panelling machine; to assess the flexural properties of the wood-welded panels, considering the required load-bearing capacity for a typical standard panel used for furniture components; to assess the performance of the wood-welded panels at standard moisture conditions and after humidity cycling; to investigate chemical changes occurring at the welding interface; and to determine the gases released during welding under conditions of optimised welding parameters. High-speed rotation-induced mechanical friction wood-dowel welding was performed using a panelling machine specifically designed at the Centre de Recherche Industrielle du Québec. A comparative analysis of wood-dowel welding parameters was performed. The investigated parameters for both species were grain orientation (tangential or radial), vi rotational speed (1000 rpm, 1500 rpm, and 2500 rpm) and insertion speed (12.5 mm s-1, 16.7 mm s-1, and 25.0 mm s-1) for 36 possible combinations. Ten samples were prepared for a total of 360 wood welded specimens. Optimal welding mechanical properties were determined from the dowel withdrawal strength using a standard tensile strength test. Temperature profile measurements at the interface during rotational wood-dowel welding were also carried out. Results revealed a significant interaction between species, rotational speed, and insertion speed. Sugar maple produced wood joints with higher withdrawal strength than yellow birch. The best results for sugar maple and yellow birch were obtained with a rotational speed of 1000 rpm. A 25 mm s-1 insertion speed produced significantly stronger welded joints in sugar maple than at 12.5 mm s-1. For yellow birch, a 16.7 mm s-1 insertion speed provided the best results. Both species and rotational speed had a significant effect on peak temperature at the interface during welding. Peak welding temperatures with optimal parameters were 244˚C and 282˚C for sugar maple and yellow birch, respectively. This study examined the suitability of wood welding technology for producing composite panels for furniture applications with sugar maple and yellow birch. For each species, twelve 30 mm x 225 mm x 300 mm panels were manufactured using a panelling machine specifically designed for rotational wood-dowel welding with optimized parameters. Six edge-glued panels of the same size were manufactured from each species using a non-structural polyvinyl acetate (PVA) adhesive and tested for comparative purposes. The experimental program included three-point bending at 255-mm span and visual inspection of the panels to assess performance at standard moisture conditions and after an aging cycle with variable relative humidity. Cycling conditions were 20 °C and 80% relative humidity (RH) and 20 °C and 20% RH. Wood-welded panel bending properties were not affected by wood species, with average load at break of 1.79 kN and 1.70 kN for yellow birch and sugar maple, respectively. Fractures consistently occurred in the dowels as splintering tension, and no slippage was observed along the welded interface. No distortion was observed in wood-welded panels following humidity cycling. The cycling did not negatively affect the panel’s bending properties. Edge splitting was observed in both wood-welded and glued panels due to wood vii slat shrinkage in response to dry conditions. The results confirm that wood-dowel welding could be suitable for producing panels from certain North American species. Thermochemical changes during wood-dowel welding were investigated. The original reference wood sample and the welded interface between two bonded wood pieces, a dowel and a substrate, were compared to explain differences in mechanical properties between species. Pyrolysis gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used. The gases emitted during wood welding were determined by Py-GC/MS and gas chromatography coupled with a thermal conductivity detector and a flame ionization detector (GC-TCD/FID). The results of this investigation showed that thermal treatment of birch and maple wood degrades hemicelluloses through acid hydrolysis and dehydration mechanism and affects lignin polymer through depolymerisation reactions. The gas emission results show similar proportions of non-condensable gases for the two studied species. Most of the volatile compounds identified during pyrolysis were non-toxic products derived from degradation of wood polymers. No carbon monoxide was produced during welding, and only traces of hydrogen and carbon dioxide were present. The proportion of detected volatile organic compounds was relatively low and below the lower exposure limits. Hence, wood welding appears to be an ecological technique for assembling furniture components and other applications, and is not harmful for human health.
Rebolledo-Valenzuela, Pamela, and Pamela Rebolledo-Valenzuela. "Détermination des phénomènes de transfert dans les ébauches de fibres de bois." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35236.
Full textDans la fabrication de panneaux de fibres, le pressage à chaud est une étape fondamentale, car elle a une haute influence sur la performance du panneau fini. La modélisation du pressage permet de prédire les principales variables qui ont un effet direct sur le développement du profil de masse volumique selon l’épaisseur pendant le pressage, soit la température, la teneur en humidité et la pression de la vapeur. L’interaction des mécanismes de transfert chaleur- masse ainsi que le changement des conditions internes de l’ébauche de fibres rend souvent leur étude complexe. Établir et bien caractériser les relations entre les propriétés physiques de l’ébauche de fibres pendant le pressage permet d’acroître la précision des prédictions faites par les modèles mathématiques. Ce projet de recherche a été consacré à l’étude des phénomènes de transfert de la chaleur et de la masse dans les ébauches de fibres de bois. Ainsi, la perméabilité au gaz, la conductivité thermique et la porosité ont été déterminées à cinq niveaux de masse volumique pour trois différentes tailles des fibres afin d’évaluer la relation entre ces propriétés et le niveau de densité locale de l’ébauche de fibres durant le pressage. En plus, l’effet de la taille des fibres sur les propriétés déjà mentionnées a été d’ailleurs évalué. La perméabilité au gaz a été déterminée à quatre niveaux de pression d’entrée : 50 kPa, 100 kPa, 150 kPa et 200 kPa sur d’échantillons conditionnés à 65% d’humidité relative et une température de 21°C. Le débit d’air à travers l’épaisseur de l’échantillon a montré de glissement moléculaire. La conductivité thermique a été mesurée par la méthode du steadystate thermal resistance, en utilisant un gradient de 1,6°C mm-1 sur d’échantillons avec une teneur en humidité de 7,6% (s=0,3). La porosité a été calculée par analyse d’image de coupes minces par la méthode du contraste de la couleur noir et blanc. Cette méthode utilise des images obtenues à partir de coupes minces extraites de panneaux de fibres fabriqués sans profil de masse volumique selon l’épaisseur. La perméabilité au gaz, la conductivité thermique et la porosité obtenues dans ce travail de recherche ont été entre 2,16 x10-13 et 5,96 x10-12 m2; 0,05 et 0,15 W m-1 K-1 et 0,44 et 0,93 respectivement, dans un intervalle de masse volumique de 198 kg m-3 et 987 kg m-3. Les résultats indiquent que la masse volumique est, en effet, une variable significative par rapport aux propriétés physiques de l’ébauche étudiées. Une chute importante de la perméabilité au gaz a été observée autour de 598 kg m-3 de masse volumique. Ceci a un impact important lors du pressage à chaud lorsque la densité locale de l’ébauche des fibres est autour de cette valeur. En outre, la taille des fibres est un facteur dominant sur la conduction de la chaleur et la structure poreuse de l’ébauche. Étant donné les résultats actuels, l’impact de la taille des fibres sur la conductivité thermique et la porosité a été significatif. Cependant, la taille des fibres n’a pas eu un effet statistiquement significatif sur la perméabilité au gaz. En conséquence, il n’y a pas eu d’éléments suffisants dans cette étude pour affirmer que la taille des fibres a un impact significatif sur la pression de la vapeur de gaz produite lors du pressage.
In panel manufacturing, the hot-pressing process is a fundamental step because it has a great influence on final product quality. Hot-pressing modeling allows predicting the main variables that it has a direct effect on the development of density profile through the thickness during hot pressing, namely temperature, moisture content and vapour pressure. The study of the heat and mass transfer and mat internal conditions is complex owing to their interaction and changing conditions. Establish and characterize properly the relations between fiber mat physics properties during hot-pressing process it allows to increase the accuracy of predictions made by mathematic model. This research project was conducted in order to study the mass and heat transfer phenomena in fiber mat. Thereby the gas permeability, thermal conductivity and porosity were determined to five density levels and three different fiber sizes in order to evaluate the relationship of these properties and densification level representing the local density though the fiber mat thickness during the hot-pressing process. Furthermore, fiber size effect on these properties already mentioned has been evaluated. Gas permeability was determined to four-inlet pressure: 50 kPa, 100 kPa, 150 kPa et 200 kPa on specimens conditioned to 65% of relative humidity and 21C of temperature. During gas permeability measurements, the air flux though the disk thickness showed slip flow. Thermal conductivity was measured using a gradient of 1,6°C mm-1 on specimens with a moisture content of 7.6% (s=0,3). Mat porosity measurements were performed using the white-black color contrast method. This procedure use images taken from layers impregnated with acrylic resin, which were extracted previously from panels with homogeneous density, profile through the thickness. Gas permeability, thermal conductivity and porosity obtained in this research work were between 5.96 x10-12 and 2.16 x10-13 m2; 0.05 - 0.15 W m-1 K-1 and 0.44 - 0.93 respectively in a range of 198 kg m-3 and 987 kg m-3 of density. The results indicated that the mat density was, in fact, a significate variable in relation to the physical properties of fiber mat considered in this study. Additionally, the fiber size was a dominant factor on heat conduction and porous structure of the fiber mat. Given these results, the fiber size had anoticeable effect on both mat properties thermal conductivity and porosity. Conversely, the fiber sizes studied had no significant effect on gas permeability. Hence, there was not enough evidence to affirm that the fiber size has a significant impact on vapour pressure produced during the hot-pressing process.
In panel manufacturing, the hot-pressing process is a fundamental step because it has a great influence on final product quality. Hot-pressing modeling allows predicting the main variables that it has a direct effect on the development of density profile through the thickness during hot pressing, namely temperature, moisture content and vapour pressure. The study of the heat and mass transfer and mat internal conditions is complex owing to their interaction and changing conditions. Establish and characterize properly the relations between fiber mat physics properties during hot-pressing process it allows to increase the accuracy of predictions made by mathematic model. This research project was conducted in order to study the mass and heat transfer phenomena in fiber mat. Thereby the gas permeability, thermal conductivity and porosity were determined to five density levels and three different fiber sizes in order to evaluate the relationship of these properties and densification level representing the local density though the fiber mat thickness during the hot-pressing process. Furthermore, fiber size effect on these properties already mentioned has been evaluated. Gas permeability was determined to four-inlet pressure: 50 kPa, 100 kPa, 150 kPa et 200 kPa on specimens conditioned to 65% of relative humidity and 21C of temperature. During gas permeability measurements, the air flux though the disk thickness showed slip flow. Thermal conductivity was measured using a gradient of 1,6°C mm-1 on specimens with a moisture content of 7.6% (s=0,3). Mat porosity measurements were performed using the white-black color contrast method. This procedure use images taken from layers impregnated with acrylic resin, which were extracted previously from panels with homogeneous density, profile through the thickness. Gas permeability, thermal conductivity and porosity obtained in this research work were between 5.96 x10-12 and 2.16 x10-13 m2; 0.05 - 0.15 W m-1 K-1 and 0.44 - 0.93 respectively in a range of 198 kg m-3 and 987 kg m-3 of density. The results indicated that the mat density was, in fact, a significate variable in relation to the physical properties of fiber mat considered in this study. Additionally, the fiber size was a dominant factor on heat conduction and porous structure of the fiber mat. Given these results, the fiber size had anoticeable effect on both mat properties thermal conductivity and porosity. Conversely, the fiber sizes studied had no significant effect on gas permeability. Hence, there was not enough evidence to affirm that the fiber size has a significant impact on vapour pressure produced during the hot-pressing process.
Tiedemann, Florian, and Florian Tiedemann. "Étude sur la relation compétition-densité de l'épinette noire au Québec." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24779.
Full textUn modèle intégrant des guides de gestion de la densité décrit l'«effet de compétition-densité» étant l'effet négatif du nombre d'arbres (densité) sur le volume moyen V . Pour les peuplements naturels d'épinette noire (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) au Québec, Tremblay et collab. (2000) constatent que le modèle simple d'Ando (1968) manque de précision. L'ajout du coefficient de distribution, défini comme le taux d'occupation des cellules subdivisant une placette échantillon en autant de cellules qu'il s'y trouvent d'arbres, a significativement amélioré un modèle simplifié de l'effet de compétition-densité (critère d'information d'Akaike) pour 63 placettes échantillons situées dans les régions Saguenay{Lac-St-Jean et Côte-Nord. Un faible CD, indicateur d'une dispersion spatiale en bouquets des arbres, a un effet négatif sur le V . En utilisant 8197 placettes échantillons du ministère des Ressources naturelles, nous avons significativement amélioré (critère d'information bayesien) le modèle simple d'Ando (1968) par l'ajout simultané de (1.a) l'indicateur de distribution diamétrale «RD4», qui est le rapport entre le diamètre moyen quadratique et le diamètre dominant, (1.b) W, qui est de 1 dans les sous-domaines bioclimatiques de l'ouest, et de 0 dans ceux de l'est et (1.c) RE2, qui est de 1 pour la végétation potentielle RE2 et de 0 pour l'autre végétation potentielle (RE3). Avec une racine d'erreur quadratique moyenne (RMSE) de 1,055 et un coeffiction de déterminantion (R2) de 0,936, nous avons obtenu une véritable amélioration de la précision du modèle réduit (RMSE = 1; 369 et R2 = 0; 787), tout en n'utilisant que des variables qui sont à la fois faciles à mesurer sur le terrain et qui se prêtent bien, en plus, à être utilisees dans les autres modèles composants d'un guide de gestion de la densité. Le modèle complétée par (2) la classe de pourcentage de couverture est également significativement meilleur (critère d'information bayesien) et plus précis (RMSE = 1; 303 et R2 = 0; 81) que le modèle réduit.
Lemieux, Michée Joseph. "Cytoplasmic DNA polymorphisms in eastern hemlock : genogeographic analyses and implications for gene conservation." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21903.
Full textLa distribution géographique actuelle de la pruche de l'est (Tsuga canadensis L.) se situe au sud-est du Canada et longe les Appalaches aux États-Unis. Des efforts de développement de marqueurs d'ADN cytoplasmique ont été entrepris dans cette étude afin de vérifier si la diversité génétique de l'espèce était uniforme ou structurée, une information pertinente pour guider les efforts de conservation. Parmi sa distribution, soixante populations (n = 892) ont été échantillonnées. Aucun polymorphisme d'ADN mitochondrial n'a été détecté alors que sept marqueurs d'ADN chloroplastique se sont révélés polymorphes. La différenciation de populations était faible (GST = 0,020), possiblement en raison de l'homogénéisation par le flux pollinique durant l'Holocène. Néanmoins, des analyses spatiales ont décelé une structure significative entre l'est et l'ouest des Appalaches. On retrouve une plus grande différenciation de populations ainsi qu'une plus forte richesse allélique au sud-est des Appalaches, ce qui confère à cette région une priorité de conservation ex situ.
Constantineau, Serge. "Comportement à l'usinage du bois de clones de peupliers hybrides." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21728.
Full textLes comportements au rabotage, ponçage, défonçage et tournage du bois de sept clones de peuplier hybride provenant de trois sites de plantation suivant trois procédés de séchage: conventionnel, à température élevée et à haute température ont été étudiés Les propriétés d'usinage ont été déterminées à une teneur en humidité de 8% suivant la norme ASTM D1666-87. La qualité des surfaces obtenues a été évaluée qualitativement et quantitativement. Les clones de peuplier hybride se sont bien comportés lors du rabotage, ponçage et défonçage. La performance face au tournage fut plutôt faible. Dans l'ensemble, le comportement à l'usinage a été influencé en ordre décroissant d'importance par les paramètres de coupe, les clones, les procédés de séchage et les sites. La meilleure performance du rabotage fut obtenue avec un angle d'attaque de 20° et une onde d'usinage de 1,1 mm. Cette qualité pourrait être encore meilleure en utilisant un angle de 17,5° et une onde d'usinage plus courte. Le séchage conventionnel a eu des effets plus positifs sur la qualité de rabotage que les séchages à température élevée et à haute température. Le ponçage avec un papier fin de 180 grains s'est avéré le meilleur. Le comportement au tournage fut meilleur à une teneur en humidité du bois de 12% comparativement à 8%. Pour le défonçage, le travail en avalant a produit des surfaces plus lisses et de meilleure qualité par rapport à celles obtenues par le travail en opposition. Trois clones ont été identifiés comme étant plus performants pour l'usinage. En général, les bois plus denses ont montré une meilleure performance à l'usinage que les bois légers. Cependant, les corrélations entre la densité du bois et les propriétés d'usinage furent faibles. Bien qu'une sélection orientée selon un critère de densité puisse améliorer indirectement le comportement à l'usinage, l'évaluation directe des propriétés d'usinage est conseillée. Finalement, des effets mineurs des sites et des procédés de séchage ont été observés pour quelques conditions particulières d'usinage et ont par ce fait été considérés négligeables.
Le, Roux Etienne. "Amélioration des propriétés des huiles pyrolytiques : par hydrotraitement de la biomasse." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25780.
Full textThe need to find an alternative to fossil resources as source of energy and chemicals has directed the research towards the valorization of biomass. Nowadays there is a growing interest for the thermochemical process of fast pyrolysis because of its major product, liquid bio-oil. Currently, some of its physical and chemical properties impede the direct application of bio-oil as fuel. The thermal degradation of hemicelluloses generates oxygenated compounds which cause the acidity and the instability of the bio-oil. Ash constituents catalyze secondary pyrolysis reactions which decrease the quality of bio-oil. In order to improve the bio-oil quality, the biomass is subjected in this project to a hydrothermal pretreatment before pyrolysis. Two woody biomasses, which are widespread in the forest of Bas-Saint Laurent (Quebec, Canada), are studied: trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca). The whole logs are converted into wood chips before the hydrotreatment. This pretreatment was determined to remove hemicelluloses and ash from woody biomass. Moreover a partial solubilisation of lignins is observed for aspen. The impact of the pretreatment on pyrolytic behavior of woody biomasses has been studied by an analytical pyroprobe with a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer using a protocole simulating the pyrolysis process. The phenolic compounds, derived from the degradation of lignins, are the major constituents of the bio-oil. A substantial increase of anhydrosugars content is noticed in the case of the bio-oil produced from pretreated biomass. This phenomenon is enhanced if the pyrolysis is performed at a high heating rate. The influence of the pretreatment on the bio-oil quality has been evaluated only for the trembling aspen. The pyrolysis process has been performed in a mobile pyrolysis Auger reactor. Even if the hydrotreatment seemed to have no impact on the bio-oil yield, it appeared to improve bio-oil characteristics such as water content, heating value and flash point, Nevertheless, the acid pH of bio-oil remained unchanged. Key words: forest biomass, trembling aspen, white spruce, fast pyrolysis, bio-oil, Auger reactor, hydrothermal pretreatment.
Verta, Jukka-Pekka. "Genetics of gene expression in conifers." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25280.
Full textDissecting the genetic bases of phenotypic variation is a major goal in biology and underlies basic understanding of evolution as well as development of practical applications in breeding and conservation. Gene expression (transcript accumulation) reflects gene activity and variation therein translates to variation in other molecular and physiological phenotypes. The goal of my thesis was to establish a novel system for the genetic dissection of expression variation in white spruce (Picea glauca, Moench. Voss) because conventional approaches are mostly unfeasible in conifers. The approach that was used in developing this system is based on analyzing gene expression in the haploid and diploid meiotic seed tissues. Expression analysis using both microarray and RNA-seq techniques revealed a complex and diverse genetic basis for expression variation, which was dissected according to the complexity of genetic bases, focal gene function, effect linkage, effect allele-specificity and additivity of expression variation in heterozygous individuals. Expression variation with simple genetic bases was largely unique to each of two studied individuals and was biased towards genes involved in stress-response and duplicated genes, indicating that it may have adaptive value. Genetic variation in linkage with the expressed gene may be particularly important in adaptive evolution because of their additive effects, associated with their allele-specificity. A minority of local effects was non-specific to alleles, consistent with the action of closely linked but independent regulatory factors or self-regulation of transcription. Much of local expression variation showed evidence of compensation by allele-specific and non-specific effects, suggesting that selection has favored close linkage between certain effets acting on the same gene. Unlinked effects, always non-specific to alleles, exhibited inheritance consistent with Wright’s physiological theory of dominance suggesting that they influence expression in interaction with other partners. Furthermore, widespread dominance/recessivity in expression variation may explain the observation of highly pleiotropic effects influencing key cellular processes and suggests that recessive expression variation may contribute to inbreeding depression. The approach developed in this thesis can potentially be applied to other conifers because of their shared reproductive biology, and can be used to address the role of expression variation in the divergence of populations and species.
Bustos, Cecilia. "Optimisation du procédé d'aboutage par entures multiples du bois d'épinette noire." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/17809.
Full textIn Eastern Canada, black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) has recently been introduced to finger-joined wood products. While there is a growing economic importance of the species in such applications, little information is available on the manufacturing parameters that influence the finger-jointing process for this species. The purpose of this work was to optimize the finger-jointing process of black spruce wood. Various parameters associated with the finger-jointing process were evaluated. Those included the following: finger-joint configurations, curing time and end-pressure, wood temperature and moisture content and wood machining parameters. Isocyanate adhesive was used for all types of evaluations. Results from configurations evaluation indicated that the feather configuration performs better than male-female and reverse profiles, especially for horizontal structural joints. The effect of moisture content on the mechanical performance of joined black spruce wood was not very conclusive. However, the experiment on wood temperature showed the lowest tensile strength at -5°C. Results on the effect of pressure and curing time showed that curing time and end-pressure have a statistically significant influence on the performance of structural finger-joints. Analysis indicated that finger-joined black spruce has the best performance at an end-pressure of 3.43 MPa (498 psi). For wood machining parameters, results indicated that suitable finger-jointing in black spruce could be achieved within a range of 1676 m/min (5498 feet/min) and 2932 m/min (9621 feet/min) of cutting speed and between 0.86 mm and 1.14 mm of chip-load. The microscopical analysis of damaged cells confirmed the effect of cutting speed on the finger-jointing process. In general, depth of damage was more severe as cutting speed increased. Results obtained in this research could help mills to optimize the process and improve the mechanical performance of finger-joined black spruce product.
Laplante, Catherine. "Adoption de l'agroforesterie : besoins et préférences des petits producteurs de haricots volubiles au Rwanda." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27627.
Full textSeveral studies have acknowledged the importance of agroforestry for the improvement of food security and the quality of life of rural populations in developing countries. The study was conducted in Bahimba and Kanama, in Rwanda, comparing a site receiving external support for agroforestry development and a second receiving none, in order to better understand the factors taken into account by Rwandan farmers in their decision to adopt or not agroforestry and, secondly, to better understand the barriers to optimization of the culture of climbing beans. Triangulation between data collected through semi-structured interviews and focus groups with climbing beans growers and interviews with experts in agriculture and agroforestry revealed that there were few differences between the two sites in relation to the needs and preferences of farmers in terms of staking materials and the culture of woody species. The level of knowledge and appreciation of agroforestry therefore seems very similar between the two areas. The most significant difference was found to be the greater interest for the cultivation of eucalyptus in Kanama. In relation to the reliance that the two sites have demonstrated towards external interventions, rural development programs should be more oriented around the empowerment of farmers, for example by training them to produce their own tree seedlings.
Sahli, Atef. "Copy number variations in the gene space of Picea glauca." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36434.
Full textCopy number variations (CNVs) are large genetic variations detected among the individuals of every multicellular organism examined so far. These variations have a considerable impact on gene structure and function and have been shown to be involved in the control of several phenotypic traits. In plants, the key genetic features of CNVs are still poorly understood and even less is known about CNVs in trees. The goals of this thesis were to i) develop an approach for the identification of CNVs in the gene space of the conifer tree Picea glauca, ii) estimate the rate of CNV generation genome-wide and iii) examine the transmission patterns of CNVs from one generation to the next. We used SNP-array raw intensity genotyping data for 3663 individuals belonging to 55 full-sib families to scan more than 14 000 genes for CNVs. Our findings show that CNVs affect a small proportion of the gene space and copy number variants detected in the progeny were either inherited or generated through de novo events. Our analyses show that copy number (CN) mutation rate estimates spanned at least three orders of magnitude, could reach high levels and varied for different genes, alleles and CNV classes. CN mutation rate was also correlated with gene expression levels and the relationship between mutation rate and gene expression was best explained within the frame of the drift-barrier hypothesis (DBH). With regard to CNV inheritance, our results show that most CNVs (70%) are transmitted from the parents in violation of Mendelian expectations. The majority of transmission distortions favored the one-copy allele and contributed to the rapid restoration of the two-copy genotype in the next generation. The observed distortion levels varied considerably and were influenced by parental, partner genotype and genetic background effects. We also identified instances where the loss of a gene copy was favored and subject to different types of selection pressures. This study shows that de novo mutations and transmission distortions of CNVs contribute both to the shaping of the standing genetic variation and play an important role in species adaptation and evolution.
Marchal, Jean. "Prévoir pour mieux s'adapter : sensibilité de l'activité des incendies de forêt aux changements climatiques et de couverture terrestre." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27644.
Full textAbstract Wildfire is an extremely widespread natural disturbance on the planet. In Quebec, forest fires have affected between 1990 and 2013 an average of 330,000 hectares per year against an average of 2.3 million hectares for Canada. In these times of climate change, whose effects are reported as very costly to human societies, it is important to develop adaptation strategies to climate change as soon as possible to minimize costs, environmental impacts and impacts on our societies. Climate and weather strongly influence the spatial and temporal patterns of forest fires activity. Land-cover plays an important role in the short term by modulating the effect of weather on fire activity and longer-term changes in forest composition matrix, gradual (forest succession, climate change), or rapid (disturbances). Thus, it is urgent to develop reliable projections of future activity of forest fires while reducing the uncertainty surrounding these projections. Despite the fact that these requirements have been identified for more than a decade, the methods for the preparation of these projections remained to be developed. The ability to forecast or predict how a system might behave in the future has always been a formidable challenge for the scientific community. In my first two chapters, I modeled the influence of climate change and vegetation on the frequency and size distribution of forest fires using statistical models. My third and final chapter uses models developed in the first two to project how the activity of forest fires will evolve in a context where the climate (or weather) and vegetation (or land-cover) are dynamic. Thanks to this work, we can now project what will be the future activity of forest fires in the context of climate and forest changes.
Ndir, Papa Médoune. "Implantation et évaluation de la performance d’une méthode d’ajustage en mode statique des systèmes lidar mobiles terrestres." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35874.
Full textNowadays, the Mobile Lidar Systems (MLSs) are used in a multitude of professional disciplines related to territory mapping. Following the example of Mobile Mapping Systems (MMS) based on photogrammetry, a ground-based MLS oers an interesting potential by allowing the geospatial professionals to be more ecient at carrying out routine measurement operations with a complete portrait commonly known as a "point cloud". From a mobile terrestrial (road vehicle), airborne (drone) or marine (ship) platform, where a navigation system (INS-GNSS) combined with one or several laser scanners are xed, the MLS allows the acquisition of 4D (x, y, z, t) geospatial data with a high level of precision and detail. However, the integration of these sensors of dierent grade and utility requires a procedure for control and validation of the integration parameters to improve the added value of the point cloud. The integration parameters of an MLS are: boresight angles, latency and lever arms. The boresight angles are the three relative orientation angles between the scanner frame and the IMU frame. They are one of the major sources of error that must be tackled in order to eliminate discrepencies among point clouds from overlapping passes. The latency is a time synchronization delay of the MLS sensors. It is associated with the geolocalisation time of a lidar return point with respect to its physical measurement. Lever arms are distances between the origin frame of one sensor to another. The accuracy of lidar ranging from a MLS is therefore intimately bounded to the rigorous adjustment of this complex metrological set. Currently, with the democratization of the market and the increased accessibility of low cost solutions, the integration of an MLS becomes a subjective recipe but it remains a complex and dicult task. However, aside from well renowned commercial solutions such as Riegl, Leica and Trimble, whose adjustment methods remains specic to theirs products, independent adjustment methods of MLS that allow the user to control their integration parameters are still needed. The goal of this research project is to provide a wide range of users with a generic, easy-to-implement boresight angles adjustment method that does not require the use of top-grade laboratory instruments, while at the same time achieving results as reliable as more labored adjustment methods, representing then a real added value.
Johns, Ketsia. "Facteurs d'adoption de l'agroforesterie par les paysans de la province de Cienfuegos à Cuba." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27697.
Full textSaucier, Laurence. "La régénération du thuya après coupes opérationnelles de jardinage." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29623.
Full textArfaoui, Aymen. "Calibrage et modélisation d’un système de stéréovision hybride et panoramique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26192.
Full textThis thesis aims to present our contributions to the resolution of two problems encountered in the field of computer vision and photogrammetry, which are camera calibration and stereovision. These two problems have been extensively studied in the last years. Different camera calibration techniques have been developed in the literature depending on the type of camera (classical or panoramic, with zoom lens or fixed lens..). Our first contribution is a compact and accurate calibration setup, based on diffractive optical elements, which is suitable for different kind of cameras. The technique is very robust and optimal results were achieved for different types of cameras. With the multiplication of camera types and the diversity of the projection models, a generic model has become very interesting. Our second contribution is a generic model, which is suitable for conventional and panoramic cameras. In this model, composed cubic splines functions provide more realistic model of both radial and tangential distortions. Such an approach allows to model either hybrid or panoramic stereovision system and to convert panoramic image to classical image. Consequently, the processing challenges of a hybrid stereovision system or a panoramic stereovision system are turned into simple classical stereovision problems. Keywords: Calibration, panoramic vision, distortions, fisheye, zoom, panomorph, epipolar geometry, three-dimensional reconstruction, hybrid stereovision, panoramic stereovision.
Lépine, Emmanuel. "Synthèse d'adhésifs thermodurcissables à base de farine de soya et de furfural pour la fabrication de panneaux composites en bois." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30119/30119.pdf.
Full textThermoset adhesives for wood composite panels are generally from fossil, non-renewable resources. The use of soybean allows using a material from renewable resources that stores carbon during its growth. Furfural is also from renewable resources. Its use allows reducing formaldehyde emission of panels when it is used in resins. The resins synthesized during the present works were a furfural-phenol-formaldehyde (FuPF) and a FuPF + Furfurilized soybean (SoyFu). These resins have first been tested in particleboard manufacturing. The SoyFu resin has been mixed with a polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) resin, a hexamine cross-linked tannin resin and the FuPF. These three copolymers happened to be good choices and resulted in good particleboards. The SoyFu resin has been characterized with FT-IR and 13C NMR spectroscopy and the FT-IR analysis proved that the furfural formally reacted with soybean. In chapter four, single layer randomly oriented strand boards have been made using the FuPF, the FuPF + SoyFu (50/50 proportions) and a commercial phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins. A short pressing time has been used and it allowed concluding in the importance of using a specific core adhesive for that kind of panel. A study to optimize the SoyFu resin has also been undertaken in this chapter. Shearing tests showed that it is better to use a high pH with a large amount of furfural (50 to 100% vs. soybean). In chapter five, the same resins have been used as face adhesives in three layers randomly oriented strand boards making. 3% of powder PF resin was sprayed in the core layer of all panels. The FuPF resin showed the same mechanical performance as the commercial PF while the FuPF + SoyFu showed inferior performance. The FuPF has been proven to be more resilient to thermal degradation after thermogravimetric analysis. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis showed that the furfural, the phenol and the formaldehyde react all with each other to form a FuPF polymer. All formaldehyde emission tests were under the detection limit of our method, the desiccator one.
Butzbach, Thomas. "Reconstruction 3D d'un bâtiment à partir de photographies prises par un mobile." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30297/30297.pdf.
Full textThe Office Energy Efficiency use methods to perform 3D model of buildings. But the user is very solicited and he take a lot of time for the 3D reconstruction. The 3D model is using by software for energy calculation. They take some measure to generate an ugly 3D model. Mobile devices are increasingly present on the market at a lower price. These devices contain an integrated camera and there are multiple researches on 3D reconstruction from image. Unfortunately, these methods can generally get a points cloud rather than a mesh that must have some characteristics for accurate volume calculations. The purpose of this paper is to present a series of existing methods or not to perform data acquisition and processing needed to produce a 3D model of a building. The 3D reconstruction methods which we reviewed helped us to designed a new method based on various studies to generate a 3D points cloud. Then an algorithm based on the point cloud processing was performed to generate a 3D model of the building.
Côté, Nelson. "Potentiel de récupération de composantes de fermes de toit dans les sciages flacheux produits en scierie : étude de cas." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25556.
Full textKasangana, Pierre Betu, and Pierre Betu Kasangana. "Recherche des molécules bioactives antidiabétiques dans les extraits d'écorces de racines de Myrianthus arboreus." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30249.
Full textMyrianthus arboreus est une essence de la forêt tropicale d’Afrique dont les tissus contiennent des molécules bioactives intéressantes. Les données ethnopharmacologiques africaines attribuent à l’extrait aqueux d’écorces de racines de M. arboreus des effets thérapeutiques notamment antidiabétique. Le but de cette thèse était de valider ce potentiel à travers trois séries des bioessais cellulaires in vitro, d’identifier les principes actifs et d’élucider les mécanismes d’actions par lesquels la plante exerce son activité sur le diabète. Une étude préliminaire sur les différents extraits et fractions obtenus à partir de solvants de force de polarité croissante (dichlorométhane, éthanol, méthanol, eau) a été menée et a démontré un excellent potentiel antioxydant de l’extrait éthanolique et de sa fraction acétate d’éthyle comparable à celui de l’Oligopin®, un extrait commercial riche en proanthocyanidines. Ces résultats ont corrélé avec les teneurs en acides hydroxicimiques et en proanthocyanidines, deux classes de polyphénols présentes dans l’extrait et la fraction acétate d’éthyle. Ensuite, les résultats des bioessais cellulaires indiquent qu’aucun extrait ou fraction n’a été capable de stimuler le transport de glucose dans les cellules musculaires C2C12. A l’inverse, l’extrait éthanolique, sa fraction hexanique et sa fraction enrichie en alcaloïdes se sont démarqués par leur effet sur le contrôle de l’homéostasie hépatique du glucose. Parallèlement, la fraction acétate d’éthyle a uniquement démontré un profil plus prometteur en diminuant la production de glucose dans le foie. Plus précisément, ces extraits et fractions ont significativement inhibé l’activité du glucose-6-phostaptase (G6Pase) via la stimulation des voies insulino-dépendante (Akt) et – indépendante (AMPK), à l’exception de la fraction EAc qui n’active que l’AMPK. Ce dernier mécanisme est semblable à celui de la metformine, l’hypoglycémiant oral le plus utilisé dans le monde. D’autre part, les extraits et fractions bioactifs ont également augmenté l’activité de la glycogène synthétase (GS) suite à la phosphorylation de la glycogène synthase kinase-3. Le sous-fractionnement de la fraction hexanique guidé par les deux bioessais a conduit à l’isolation de sept composés majeurs, dont quatre nouveaux triterpènes pentacycliques ayant un fragment férulate. L’acide 3β-O-trans-féruloyl-2α, 19α- dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oïque (H1), l’acide 2α-acetoxy-3-β-0-trans-féruloryl-19α-hydroxyl- 12-en-28-oïque (H3) et l’acide ursolique (H5) sont responsables, en grande partie, de l’activité antidiabétique de la fraction hexanique. Ils ont démontré le même mécanisme d’action que l’extrait éthanolique en diminuant l’activité de la G6Pase et en augmentant celle de la GS ainsi qu’en activant les voies de signalisation impliquées. Le H3 s’est démarqué par son effet le plus puissant et comparable à celui de l’extrait éthanolique et sa fraction hexanique dans toutes les expériences. D’autre part, le sous-fractionnement de la fraction acétate d’éthyle guidé par les même bioessais a permis d’isoler cinq composés phénoliques, dont deux regioisomères Cglycosyl flavone à savoir isoorientine et orientine, ainsi que trois composés phénoliques très connus tels que l’acide chlorogénique, l’acide protocatéchique et l’aldéhyde protocatéchique. Dans tous les bioessais, isoorientine s’est démarqué avec ses effets remarquables en diminuant l’activité de la G6Pase, et augmentant celle de la GS, comparable à la fraction acétate d’éthyle. En conclusion, les résultats de cette thèse soutiennent le potentiel antidiabétique de M. arboreus rapporté dans la médecine traditionnelle africaine. Cette activité implique essentiellement le contrôle de l’homéostasie de glucose au niveau du foie à travers les voies de signalisation médiées par l’Akt, l’AMPK et la GSK-3. Les composés actifs tels que les dérivés féruliques de triterpène (H1 et H3) ainsi que le C-glycoside du flavones l’isoorientine (E1), avec un potentiel anti-diabétique prometteur pourront servir comme nouveaux candidats thérapeutiques des préparations traditionnelles ou pour des fins thérapeutiques ultérieures. Ces molécules bioactives vont représenter les marqueurs importants pour toute homologation future de cet extrait naturel de l’ethnopharmacologie congolaise.
Myrianthus arboreus is a tree of the tropical rainforest of Africa the tissues of which contain promising bioactive compounds. African ethnopharmacological data attribute to the aqueous extract of M. arboreus root bark therapeutic effects including antidiabetic. The aim of this thesis was to validate this potential through three series of cell-bioassays, to identify the principle responsible for this activity and to elucidate the mechanisms of actions by which this plant extract exerts its antidiabetic activity. A preliminary study on different extracts and fractions performed with solvent of increasing polarity (dichloromethane, ethanol, methanol and water) has revealed an excellent antioxidant potential of ethanol extract and of its ethyl acetate fraction comparable to that of Oligopin®, a commercial extract rich in proanthocyanidins. This result was well correlated with the levels of hydroxycinnamic acids and proanthocyanins, two classes of polyphenols present in the extract and its antioxidant fraction. In addition, the results of cell bioassays indicate that no extract or fraction was able to stimulate glucose transport in C2C12 muscle cells. In contrast, the ethanolic extract, its hexane and the alkaloid-enriched fractions stood out by their effect on the control of hepatic glucose homeostasis. Similarly, the ethyl acetate fraction only demonstrated a more promising profile by decreasing glucose production in the liver. Specifically, these extracts and fractions significantly inhibited glucose-6-phostaptase (G6Pase) activity via insulindependent (Akt) and -independent (AMPK) pathway stimulation, except for the ethyl acetate ethanolic fraction which only activated AMPK. The latter mechanism is similar to that of metformin, the most widely used oral hypoglycemic drug in the world. On the other hand, bioactive extracts and fractions also increased the activity of glycogen synthase (GS) through the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3. Sub-fractionation of the hexane fraction guided by the two bioassays resulted in the isolation of seven major compounds, including new pentacyclic triterpenes having a ferulate fragment. 3β-O-trans-feruloyl-2α, 19α-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (H1), 2α-acetoxy-3- β-O-trans-feruloryl-19α-hydroxyl-acid 12-en-28- oic acid (H3) and ursolic acid (H5) which are responsible, to a large extent, for the antidiabetic activity of the hexane fraction. The active constituents exhibit the same mechanism of action as the EtOH extract by decreasing the activity of G6Pase, increasing that of GS and activating signaling pathways involved. The H3 stood out for its most powerful effect which was determined to be comparable to that of the ethanolic extract and to its Hexane fraction in all experiments. On the other hand, bioassay-guided fractionation of ethyl acetate fraction led to the isolation of five phenolic compounds, including two regioisomers C-glycosyl flavons namely isoorientin and orientin, along with three well-known phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid and protoctehuic aldehyde. In all experiments, isoorientin (E1) stood out with its most powerful effects, by decreasing the activity of G6Pase and increasing the GS. Altogether, the results of the present thesis support the antidiabetic potential of M. arboreus reported by African folk medicine, which involves control of glucose homeostasis in the liver via Akt, AMPK and GSK-3 phosphorylation. The bioactive molecules ferulic derivatives of triterpenes (H1 and H3), and C-glycosyl flavone E1 determined in studied extracts and fractions were determined to have a promising anti-diabetic activity, can be used as new therapeutic candidates for traditional preparations or for future therapeutic purposes. These molecules can also be used as markers for future authentifications of the natural products based on Myrianthus arboreus root bark extracts.
Myrianthus arboreus is a tree of the tropical rainforest of Africa the tissues of which contain promising bioactive compounds. African ethnopharmacological data attribute to the aqueous extract of M. arboreus root bark therapeutic effects including antidiabetic. The aim of this thesis was to validate this potential through three series of cell-bioassays, to identify the principle responsible for this activity and to elucidate the mechanisms of actions by which this plant extract exerts its antidiabetic activity. A preliminary study on different extracts and fractions performed with solvent of increasing polarity (dichloromethane, ethanol, methanol and water) has revealed an excellent antioxidant potential of ethanol extract and of its ethyl acetate fraction comparable to that of Oligopin®, a commercial extract rich in proanthocyanidins. This result was well correlated with the levels of hydroxycinnamic acids and proanthocyanins, two classes of polyphenols present in the extract and its antioxidant fraction. In addition, the results of cell bioassays indicate that no extract or fraction was able to stimulate glucose transport in C2C12 muscle cells. In contrast, the ethanolic extract, its hexane and the alkaloid-enriched fractions stood out by their effect on the control of hepatic glucose homeostasis. Similarly, the ethyl acetate fraction only demonstrated a more promising profile by decreasing glucose production in the liver. Specifically, these extracts and fractions significantly inhibited glucose-6-phostaptase (G6Pase) activity via insulindependent (Akt) and -independent (AMPK) pathway stimulation, except for the ethyl acetate ethanolic fraction which only activated AMPK. The latter mechanism is similar to that of metformin, the most widely used oral hypoglycemic drug in the world. On the other hand, bioactive extracts and fractions also increased the activity of glycogen synthase (GS) through the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3. Sub-fractionation of the hexane fraction guided by the two bioassays resulted in the isolation of seven major compounds, including new pentacyclic triterpenes having a ferulate fragment. 3β-O-trans-feruloyl-2α, 19α-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (H1), 2α-acetoxy-3- β-O-trans-feruloryl-19α-hydroxyl-acid 12-en-28- oic acid (H3) and ursolic acid (H5) which are responsible, to a large extent, for the antidiabetic activity of the hexane fraction. The active constituents exhibit the same mechanism of action as the EtOH extract by decreasing the activity of G6Pase, increasing that of GS and activating signaling pathways involved. The H3 stood out for its most powerful effect which was determined to be comparable to that of the ethanolic extract and to its Hexane fraction in all experiments. On the other hand, bioassay-guided fractionation of ethyl acetate fraction led to the isolation of five phenolic compounds, including two regioisomers C-glycosyl flavons namely isoorientin and orientin, along with three well-known phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid and protoctehuic aldehyde. In all experiments, isoorientin (E1) stood out with its most powerful effects, by decreasing the activity of G6Pase and increasing the GS. Altogether, the results of the present thesis support the antidiabetic potential of M. arboreus reported by African folk medicine, which involves control of glucose homeostasis in the liver via Akt, AMPK and GSK-3 phosphorylation. The bioactive molecules ferulic derivatives of triterpenes (H1 and H3), and C-glycosyl flavone E1 determined in studied extracts and fractions were determined to have a promising anti-diabetic activity, can be used as new therapeutic candidates for traditional preparations or for future therapeutic purposes. These molecules can also be used as markers for future authentifications of the natural products based on Myrianthus arboreus root bark extracts.
Goudiaby, Mamadou. "Les parcs agroforestiers en Basse Casamance : Contribution du Parkia biglobosa (néré)à la réduction des risques de pauvreté des ménages de la communauté rurale de Mangagoulack, au Sénégal." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30035/30035.pdf.
Full textMillan, Montano Jamer. "Réaction de la régénération préétablie de sapin baumier et d'épinette noire à différentes intensités de coupe dans des forêts boréales irrégulières." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30266/30266.pdf.
Full textSilvicultural interventions can be a determining factor for the development of the regeneration of forest species, such as balsam fir and black spruce. Their reaction will depend however on seedlings characteristics and the type of cutting. Our study takes into account four types of cutting and examines the effect of seedling size and vigor on their growth response in height and diameter. Five years after the interventions, results show that balsam fir responds very well to the opening of the canopy, while black spruce has a slightly slower response in the first years. The responses are in direct link with seedlings characteristics and the intensity of cuttings.
Roy, Tania. "Nouvelle méthode pour mieux informer les utilisateurs de portails Web sur les usages inappropriés de données géospatiales." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30370/30370.pdf.
Full textIn the case of Web portals providing access to multiple data sets, it may be difficult for a non-expert user to assess if data may present risks; the only information generally available being metadata. These metadata are generally presented in a technical language, and it can be difficult for a non-expert user to understand the scope of the metadata on their decisions. The main objective of this thesis is to propose an approach for helping users and producers of geospatial data to identify and manage risks related to the planned use of data acquired through a Web portal, a posteriori of the production of data. The approach developed uses a series of structured questions to be answered by a user of geospatial data. Depending on the answers, the user can identify risks of use. When risks of data misuse are identified, specific risk management actions are suggested.
Mutonkole, Senga Patrick. "Caractérisation chimique de bois de tiges et de branches de Trema orientalis (L.) Blume et de Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29598/29598.pdf.
Full textThe chemical characterization of ramial chipped wood (RCW) and of the T. orientalis and the L. leucocephala stem woods has shown a higher degree of lignification in the branches of Trema than in the stem woods whereas reverse results have been found for the Leucaena. Besides, higher rates in ashes have been found in the branches than in the trunk, with values globally higher for Trema. The C/N ratio, determined by elementary analysis, has revealed higher values for stem wood than for the RCW of the two species. In contrast, the lignin/N ratio of the branches, naturally low, for the two species, has led to the prediction stating that the decomposition of the lignin-cellulosic matter of the branches would be faster than that of the stem wood. Besides, best ratio C/N and lignin/N have been found for Leucaena. At last, several identical compounds, derivatives of the lignin, have been mostly identified in the stem wood as in the RCW.
Jutras, Marc-André. "Analyse et caractérisation des marques de possession en matière de délimitation foncìère au Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29398/29398.pdf.
Full textAssouho, Frankline Ghislaine. "Contribution au développement d'une stratégie éducative visant à reconnecter les jeunes à la forêt." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30220/30220.pdf.
Full textSammari, Hédia. "Développement d’une méthode d’automate cellulaire basé sur une tessellation irrégulière et hiérarchique pour la simulation des processus spatiotemporels." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25793.
Full textGeographic information systems (GIS) are widely used to represent, manage and analyse spatial data in many disciplines including geosciences, agriculture, forestry, meteorology and oceanography. However, despite recent advances in GIS technologies, they are still limited when it comes to representation and simulation of spatiotemporal processes. This research work, deals with a theoretical, conceptual and practical framework which aims to improve the representation of dynamic continuous processes. It aims especially to improve GIS capabilities by developing a CA based on a hierarchical irregular tessellation which is able to take into account the main characteristics of these processes. The exploration of the cellular automata potential to simulate and represent dynamic continuous processes regarding their irregular and hierarchic characteristics is the subject of this work where an application in the hydrologic field is established. Our specific objectives are 1) to build an irregular and hierarchic grid that can be used to represent spatiotemporal processes, 2) to simulate those processes with a cellular automata operating on this grid. We give details about the irregular geometric grid based on a Voronoï Diagram, the characteristics of a specific oriented neighbourhood and the transition rules that are governing the cells update. In addition, we discuss the hierarchical perspective of the build lattice that is essential for easy move between different spatial scales. We explain our methodology of data selection in order to generate the spatial levels of representation by demonstrating the used selection algorithms. This facilitates the representation of spatial dynamic phenomena and contributes to the better understanding of the complex behaviour of the whole system at different levels of details. We also present the data structures and general functioning of the whole simulation system. We finally, validate our framework by simulating the water flow process in a specific watershed in the region of Montmorency Forest of Quebec where in situ data are available. To validate our simulation results we compare them with measured data.
Landry, Michaël. "Développement d'une nouvelle méthode de calibrage des Systèmes LiDAR Mobiles (SLM) en laboratoire." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27871.
Full textThe LiDAR scanner is an increasingly popular technology for engineers, land surveyors, architects and other professionals who use 3D modeling as part of their work. The integration of this sensor with a navigation system (IMU + GNSS) makes it possible to form a Mobile LiDAR System (MLS). MLSs were originally developed for airborne vehicles, but were more recently adapted to land vehicles. All MLS observations are combined to form a point cloud by direct georeferencing. In order to limit the propagation of systematic errors due to the assembly of these sensors, it is necessary to properly calibrate the system. The calibration of an MLS involves the determination of the lever arms and boresight angles that correspond to the distance and orientation between the LiDAR and the IMU. The manufacturer usually provides values for these elements, but it is necessary to fine-tune these values that are unique to each system. Since it is impossible to accurately determine boresight angles with manual measurements, field observations are used to estimate them (in situ calibration). A problem with in situ calibration is that GNSS observations introduce errors of several centimeters into the solution, which is harmful for a proper calibration. In order to eliminate the need for GNSS observations, alternative methods of calibration are required. The aim of this research is to set up a procedure for the collection and processing of data acquired by an MLS in a laboratory in order to develop a calibration method free of GNSS positioning errors. This calibration method should allow estimation of the boresight angles and the lever arms of an MLS with the instruments and infrastructures inside the metrology laboratory of Laval University.
Hotte, Sylvain. "Traitements spatiaux dans un contexte de flux massifs de données." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30956.
Full textIn recent years we have witnessed a significant volume increase of data streams. The traditional way of processing this information is rendered inefficient or even impossible by this high volume of data. There is an increase in the interest of real time data processing in order to derive greater value of the data. Since those data are often georeferenced, it becomes relevant to offer methods that enable spatial processing on big data streams. However, the subject of spatial processing in a context of Big Data stream has seldom been discussed in scientific research. All the studies that have been done so far involve persistent data and none of them deals with the case where two Big Data streams are in relation. The problem is therefore to determine how to adapt the processing of spatial operators when their parameters derive from two Big Spatial Data stream. Our general objective is to explore the characteristics that allow the development of such analysis and to offer potential solutions. Our research has highlighted the factors influencing the adaptation of spatial processing in a context of Big Data stream. We have determined that adaptation methods can be categorized in different categories according to the characteristics of the spatial operator but also on the characteristics of the data itself and how it is made available. We proposed general methods of spatial processing for each category in order to guide adaptation strategies. For one of these categories, where a binary operator has both operands coming from Big Data stream, we have detailed a method allowing the use of spatial operators. In order to test the effectiveness and validity of the proposed method, we applied this method to an intersection operator and to a proximity analysis operator, the "k" nearest neighbors. These tests made it possible to check the validity and to quantify the effectiveness of the proposed methods in relation to the system evolution or scalability, i.e. increasing the number of processing cores. Our tests also made it possible to quantify the effect of the variation of the partitioning level on the performances of the treatment flow. Our contribution will, hopefully, serves as a starting point for more complex spatial operator adaptation.