Academic literature on the topic 'Sea coconut'

In the Gulf region, coconuts are almost exclusively produced from palms growing in the Sultanate of Oman, particularly in the extreme south-eastern coastal plain of the Dhofar Governorate, and specifically within the city limits of Salalah, between the Jebel and the sea. The importance of these coconuts is not only agricultural; historically, the Dhofar palms provided the basic materials to build boats for fishermen and traders on, around and eventually beyond the Indian Ocean. Coconut palms are now one of the main symbols of Salalah city and play a role in both the tourist industry and urban landscaping. In early 2009, twenty-nine sites, representing Oman coconuts on beaches and cultivated lands were chosen from the Dhofar region. COGENT descriptors and DNA analysis were used for the purpose of identifying coconut germplasm available in Oman. The presence was confirmed of varieties that were imported during the 1980s, such as Yellow Dwarf, Green Dwarf and King coconut from Sri Lanka, as well as Malayan Yellow Dwarf and F1 hybrids. The local Oman Tall has the same phenotypic characteristics as other coconuts of South Asia, East and West Africa, the Caribbean and the Atlantic coast of South America. Microsatellite markers, however, reveal a substantial genetic contribution of the South-East Asian coconuts, at levels that are comparable to those found in the Comoros and Madagascar coconuts. Hypotheses about the ancestry of the Oman Tall coconuts are discussed; two genepools are indicated, consecutively involving natural selection, dissemination by floating, domestic selection and dispersal by boat.

It is presurned that the generic name, Cocos as well as the popular name coconut are derived from the spanish word ‘coco’ meaning ‘monkey face’ probably a reference to the three sears on the base of the shell resembling a monkey's face (Rosengarten, 1984). The origin of coconut was placed by Martius (1850) on the West Coast of Central America near the Isthmus of Panama. On the basis of evidences for the cultivation of coconut in Sri Lanka by about 300 BC. as well as the discovery of a fossil (Pliocene) Cocos in Newzealand (Hill, 1929) and in the deserts of Rajasthan (Kaul, 1951) the theory of Central American origin has been contested. Early spanish explorers discovered the cultivation of coconut on the Pacific.Coast of Panama in pre‑Columbian times. The first report of appearance of coconut in Western Mexico came around 1540 AD and it is believed to have spread to Mexico in the last decade of the 16th century (Bruman, 1945). It is presurned that coconut might have been carried to Mexico by ocean currents from Polynesia before the discovery of the New World (Purseglove, 1972). The available evidences point to the domestication of coconut in the Indo‑Pacific area (de Candolle, 1886; Beccari, 1917; Vavilov, 1951; Corner, 1966; Child, 1974). According to the most widely accepted theory, the origin of coconut is in the Old World, somewhere in Southeast Asia or the Pacific Islands from where it might have been transported to other regions either by man or by sea currents. Evidences are available in literature regarding the germination capacity of coconut even after floating in the sea for a period of 110 days and within this period it is capable of travelling up to 4,900 kilometers (Edmondson, 1941). It indicates the possibility of natural dissernination between the islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans (Harries, 1978).

Belawan waters are very densely populated with shipping, industrial and settlement. These various activities have an impact in the form of sea pollution by liquid waste such as Pb (II) and oil. Based on the results of the analysis of the content of Pb (II) in the highest waters, which is equal to 26.9120 ppm, it exceeds the threshold. The oil content in the waters has exceeded the threshold of 0.05 gr / L. One way to reduce the levels of Pb (II) and oil is by using coconut husk biosorbent. This is evidenced by the results of the analysis that there was a decrease in Pb (II) metal content after adsorption using coconut coir biosorbent which was equal to 6.2430ppm with adsorption capability of 20,699 ppm. The oil content in the water after the water is adsorbed using coconut coir biosorbent shows the Not Applicable result because the seawater sample has been homogenized so that no significant changes occur. This shows that coconut coir biosorbent is effective to reduce the content of Pb and Oil in water in the waters of the sea.

Indragiri Hilir District has 515,200 hectares of local coconut land with production of 418,200 tons (Statistic Board, 2015), but the area of land and its production is always decreasing. The decline of the area is caused by land damage, land conversion, the number of coconut plants that are old and dead and so affect to the need of raw materials for the development of the coconut industry in generating the number and type of product diversification. This research is conducted to analyze the internal and external factors that were influences to the development of local coconut industry which aims to know the internal and external factors in the development of coconut industry in Indragiri Hilir district. The result of the analysis showed that the internal factors that become the strength and impact on the development of the coconut industry are the large area of coconut plant that is large enough, the availability of a large workforce and already has a large scale coconut processing industry; while the weakness factor is the age of coconut plants is quite old, coconut farmers generally use local seeds, decreased coconut productivity and the limited number and type of diversification of coconut derived products. External factors that become opportunities for the development of the coconut industry is the high demand for coconut products and derivatives in the export market, coconut derivative products can still be developed and supported by local government and related agencies while external factors are a threat to the coconut industry development of coconut plantation damage due to sea water intrusion and high investment concerns in competing countries against the coconut industry.

Indragiri Hilir District has 515,200 hectares of local coconut land with production of 418,200 tons (Statistic Board, 2015), but the area of land and its production is always decreasing. The decline of the area is caused by land damage, land conversion, the number of coconut plants that are old and dead and so affect to the need of raw materials for the development of the coconut industry in generating the number and type of product diversification. This research is conducted to analyze the internal and external factors that were influences to the development of local coconut industry which aims to know the internal and external factors in the development of coconut industry in Indragiri Hilir district. The result of the analysis showed that the internal factors that become the strength and impact on the development of the coconut industry are the large area of coconut plant that is large enough, the availability of a large workforce and already has a large scale coconut processing industry; while the weakness factor is the age of coconut plants is quite old, coconut farmersgenerally use local seeds, decreased coconut productivity and the limited number and type of diversification of coconut derived products. External factors that become opportunities for the development of the coconut industry is the high demand for coconut products and derivatives in the export market, coconut derivative products can still be developed and supported by local government and related agencies while external factors are a threat to the coconut industry development of coconut plantation damage due to sea water intrusion and high investment concerns in competing countries against the coconut industry.

The research was aimed to study effect application of sea sand (SS), coconut coir (CC) and banana coir (BC) on the growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) planted at Ustic Endoaquert soil. The pot experiment was carried out using a factorial design with 3 factors. The first factor was SS consisted of three levels i.e.: 0%, 25%, and 50%. The second and third factors were CC and BC, each consisted of three levels i.e.: 0, 10, and 20 Mg ha-1. Application of SS and BC significantly increased leaf length where the highest increasing percentage was 16.47% which was achieved at 25% SS application. Their effect on leaf numbers and tiller numbers were relatively not similar pattern where leaf number only increased about 65.52% by BC application, while tiller numbers only increased about 10.77% by SS application. Furthermore, the application of CC and BC significantly increased panicle numbers to 29.53% and 29.05%, respectively compared to control. All ameliorants significantly increased panicle numbers, but the best was CC with the increasing up to 46.49% at 20 Mg ha-1 CC compared to SS or BC application. However, only coconut coir significantly increased the rice grain numbers.Keywords: Banana coir, coconut coir, rice plant, sea sand, vertisol [How to Cite: Nurdin. 2014. Effect Application of Sea Sand, Coconut and Banana Coir on the Growth and Yield of Rice Planted at Ustic Endoaquert Soil. J Trop Soils 19: 17-24. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2014.19.1.17]

Coconut shell inside is hard or very hard polymer, because of the composition of lignin > cellulose, such material s not good as a TV antenna. Because if given electromagnetic waves there will be vibrations of molecules >> ure rotation. To overcome this, the lignin concentration is reduced so that the concentration of lignin <cellulose can be used as a TV antenna, HP, because such material has become soft material. This combination of soft> hard polymers can theoretically be used for the purpose of detecting earthquakes, satellite etc. If the coconut is shaken, there will be ripples of coconut water to the ears, facts thus showing that the coconut shell has gaps or pores which carries waves of coconut water to the ears, which come out through the interface of lignin cellulose. The initial symptoms thus mean that the coconut shell can reflect and absorb waves. The advantages of this antenna can close up more clear, clear, cool clearer eyes and reception, can be used in the lowlands, highlands and at the bottom sea, this antenna is very good performance for high frequencies, can close up clearer, clear, cool in the eyes and voice reception clearer.

<p>The abundance of Brontispa longissima and its natural enemies on coconut palms have been explored in North Minahasa,South Minahasa and Southeast Minahasa Districts in February 2012 - January 2013. The aims of the research were to study the abundance of B. longissima an natural enemies in the field. The research was conducted on unproduced coconut palm and productive coconut palm. Sampling is done randomly plated or Stratified random sampling using quadrant system. The results showed that the abundance of B. longissima fluctuated, the highest abundance occurred in August and September 2012 in unproductive palms. In productive palms, the highest abundance of B. longissima at the altitude of 300-600 m above sea level occurred in August 2012, which was 70.3 individuals / young leaves, then at altitude &gt; 600 m above sea level occurred in September 2012, ie 64 individuals / young leaves, and at an altitude of &lt;300 m above sea level occurred in June 2012, which is 62 individuals / young leaves. Brontispa longissima natural enemies found at altitudes &lt;300 m above sea level, 300-600 m above sea level, and&gt; 600 m above sea level in unproduced coconut palms are parasitoid Tetrastichus brontispae, Chelisoches morio predator, and entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae. The natural enemies found in productive coconut palm at three different altitudes are Tetrastichus brontispae parasitoids, and Chelisoches morio predators. Entomopatogen M. aanisopliae var. anisopliae is not found on the productivecoconut palms at all three altitudes. The abundance of natural enemies and percentage of parasitism in the three different altitudes both in unproductive coconut palm and productive coconut palm was low is between 0.33-14.47%. This is due to the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on the abundance of B. longissima.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>ABSTRAK </strong></p><p>Kelimpahan Brontispa longissima dan musuh alaminya pada tanaman kelapa telah dieksplorasi di Kabupaten Minahasa Utara, Minahasa Selatan dan Minahasa Tenggara pada bulan Februari 2012 - Januari 2013. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mempelajari kelimpahan B. longissima dan musuh alaminya pada pertanaman kelapa. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada tanaman kelapa belum berproduksi dan tanaman kelapa produktif. Pengambilan contoh dilakukan secara acak berlapis atau Stratified random sampling dengan menggunakan sistem kuadran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelimpahan B. longissima berfluktuasi, kelimpahan tertinggi terjadi pada bulan Agustus dan September 2012 pada tanaman belum berproduksi. Pada tanaman produktif kelimpahan B. longissima tertinggi berturut-turut pada ketinggian tempat 300-600 m dpl terjadi pada bulan Agustus 2012, yaitu 70,30 individu/pelepah, kemudian pada ketingian tempat &gt;600 m dpl terjadi pada bulan September 2012, yaitu 64 individu/pelepah dan pada ketinggian &lt;300 m dpl terjadi pada bulan Juni 2012, yaitu 62 individu/pelepah. Musuh alami B. longissima yang ditemukan pada ketinggian tempat &lt;300 m dpl, 300- 600 m dpl, dan &gt;600 m dpl pada tanaman belum berproduksi adalah parasitoid Tetrastichus brontispae, predator Chelisoches morio, dan entomopatogen Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae. Musuh alami yang ditemukan pada tanaman berproduktif diketiga ketinggian tempat tersebut adalah parasitoid Tetrastichus brontispae, dan predator Chelisoches morio. Entomopatogen M. anisopliae var. anisopliae tidak dijumpai pada tanaman produktif diketiga ketinggian tempat tersebut. Kelimpahan musuh alami dan persentase parasitisme di tiga ketinggian tempat tersebut baik pada tanaman belum berproduksi maupun tanaman produktif ternyata rendah yaitu antara 0,33-14,47%. Hal ini disebabkan pengaruh faktor abiotik dan biotik terhadap kelimpahan B. longissima.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

Marine exposure tests of sawn coconut lumber were carried out for three years to determine the resistance, of treated coconut timber to marine borers. The test panels measuzing 50 mm x 100 mm x 450 mm, were installed in sea water between October, 1981 and September, 1984. Results showed three promising treatments. These were the vacuum/pressure method using chromated copper arsenate, the modifted double diffusion treatment employing mixture of copper adphate, sodium dichromate and arsenic pentoxide, and the hot and cold bath treatment with coal tar creosote. The specimens treated by these preservative systems showed trace or slight sur­face infestation while the untreated wood panels indicated from deep and extensive infestation to failure due to attack of marine borers. The perfomance of the treated medium density specimens appeared to be inferior than the hard samples indicating that only the latter materials should be used for marine structures.

The objective of this investigation is to fabricate a natural material based composite and study its tensile strength. The water hyacinth is a plant which is considered as an unwanted wild growth which is detrimental to the water bodies. It affects the oxygen and nutrients content of the fresh and sewage water and also hampers the flow of the water, thus leading to stagnation and flooding. In this method the water hyacinth was harvested and used as a reinforcing fibre in its untreated condition [1]. Our nation having a long sea shore is blessed with coconut trees. All the parts of the coconut tree are being used for various purposes [2-4]. Based on literature 15% by weight of powdered coconut shell was used as particulate reinforcement in this study [5, 6]. Hence this experimental work is an effort to fabricate a composite using the waste water hyacinth fibres and the coconut shell powder using an epoxy resin matrix through hand layup technique and subjected to tensile loading. This test results show good ultimate tensile strength.

L’ intoxication par le crabe de cocotier Birgus latro représente une entité récemment décrite en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Elle résulte de la consommation par le crustacé des fruits du faux manguier Cerbera manghas, lesquels contiennent des hétérosides cardiotoxiques tels que la nériifoline, responsable de l’intoxication. Les crustacés impliqués ont tous été capturés dans les îles Loyauté.L’intoxication est potentiellement mortelle, en raison de la toxicité cardiaque de la nériifoline. Le décès survient du fait de troubles de la conduction sévères évoluant vers l’asystolie. La constatation d’unehyperkaliémie et l’existence chez les victimes d’antécédents tels qu’un âge élevé, une insuffisance rénale, un diabète et/ou une pathologie cardio-vasculaire ont été associées aux décès. La grande similitude de l’intoxication par la nériifoline avec l’intoxication digitalique a ouvert la voie à l’utilisation thérapeutique des fractions Fab antidigitaliques, dont l’efficacité a été démontrée lors d’intoxications par le crabe de cocotier avec mise en jeu du pronostic vital.La consommation du céphalothorax du crustacé, où se situe la partie proximale du tube digestif,semble exposer aux intoxications sévères. Toutefois, des hétérosides cardiotoxiques peuvent être présents en quantité significative dans toutes les parties de l’animal. Le portage des toxines par celui-ci apparaît prolongé, ce qui rend illusoire la mise en quarantaine des birgues en préalable à leur consommation. A défaut d’une interdiction, si ce n’est de la consommation, du moins de la vente du crabe de cocotier en Nouvelle-Calédonie, la détermination de zones de capture autorisée et la mise en place d’une réglementation de sa commercialisation pourraient être de nature à limiter le risque d’intoxication potentiellement létale auquel sont exposés habitants et visiteurs des îles Loyauté
Coconut crab Birgus latro poisoning has been recently reported in New Caledonia, resulting from theconsumption of the fruits of the red-eye-sea mango tree Cerbera manghas by the crustacean. Thosefruits contain several cardenolides such as neriifolin, showing cardiac toxicity. All coconut crabsinvolved in poisoning cases have been caught in Loyalty Islands.Coconut crab poisoning had shown to be a life-threatening condition, as severe atrio-ventriculardisturbances may lead to asystolia. Hyperkaliemia, age over sixty, previous history of chronic renalfailure, diabetes mellitus and/or cardiovascular disease were noticed among patients whose poisoningswere lethal. As coconut crab poisoning mimicks digitalis poisoning, specific antidotal therapy had to beconsidered. Digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments have been effective in the treatment of lifethreateningcoconut crab poisonings in New Caledonia.Though the cephalothorax, where upper digestive tract is located, is the most toxic part of thecrustacean, significative amounts of cardenolides have been also found in the flesh of the crustacean.As we have shown a long-term bearing of the toxins in the crustacean, attempts for its quarantine withcontrolled atoxic diet prior to its consumption would not be effective as a preventive strategy. Failingthat consumption or capture of the coconut crab would be forbidden in New Caledonia, a strictregulation limiting the caught to some low-risk sternly controlled areas should be considered

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The maturity stage physiological of coffee fruit after their harvest may influence on the physiological quality of grains and the final quality of coffee drink, mainly because of their peculiarities. The objective of this study was to verify some aspects of pre-process of coffee in coconut, harvesting at different percentages of cherry maturation stage, relating the influence of this stage of maturation, during processing of coffee in physical-chemical composition and quality of the drink. The coffee fruits were harvested in four percentages of cherry maturation stage by Derric manual system on the cloth, characterizing were investigated with four lots, Lot 1 (90.9%), Lot 2 (81.5%), Lot 3 (65.4%) and Lot 4 (44.7%). After collected, the individual lots were washed, and the fruits of higher density were separated andtransported to the cement terrace, where they remained for two days to reduce the initial water content of around 70% wet basis (wb). After this period, each lot was divided; one part remained in cement terrace and another court transferred to suspendeded terrace. The fruits were spread daily with using a squeegee on cement terrace and suspendeded terrace. These fruits formed layer with approximately three cm, which at dusk were stacked and covered with bags of plastic canvas and sackcloth. At dawn, these fruits were spread again on terraces, this process was repeating until the lots of coffee in coconut reach to 11% bu. (the recommended moisture content for storage). Every two days, in end of afternoon, samples of three liters of coffee were collected to determination of water content and water activity, and after step of washing, the coffee transferred from cement terrace to suspendeded terrace to detection and identification of fungi in the end of process of drying. After completing of process of drying, the coffee lots in coconut enhanced, capability the grains to separating with visible defects, and retained in sieves of 16 circular sieves above used to analysis of electrical conductivity and potassium leaching. These grains were ground with using a sieve of 30 "Meshes" to analysis of total acidity, fat acidity, ether extract, pH and color index of sensory analysis (proof cup). The experiment of physical-chemical analysis was conducted the second factorial 4x2 (four lots of coffee in coconut in different percentages of maturation stage and two types of terrace during the drying) in a complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were compared with using Tukey test at 5% probability (SAEG version 9.1). The data for detection and identification of fungi were expressed in percentage of species found in peel and coffee beans. Statistical analysis of sensory evaluation was conducted following the same schedule described factor to physical-chemical analysis with randomized block design (RBD) and program of SAS® PROC GLM, version 8.0. We verified the correlations (r) of Pearson with α=0.05 between the physical-chemical and sensory attributes by the PROC CORR program of SAS®, version 8.0. The results showed, the adverse environmental conditions at certain periods during the drying process were instrumental in the absorption of moisture of the coffee and that this effect was more intense in cement terrace, because suspendeded terrace was more protected from the weather change. The behaviors of the curves of drying and water activity were similar, resulting in an exponential curve adjusted to form the type y = y0 + ae(-bx). The low water activity, 0.533; the end of drying process was the direct responsible parameter to the reduction which was identified in the percentage of fungi. There were significant differences (P<0.05) measured in all physical and chemical parameters, the results showed that better quality of grain in lots that had higher percentages of fruits. These differences were also observed between the types of terrace employees; suspendeded terrace presented better quality of grain compared to grains in the yard of dry cement. However, these differences were not significant determinants to the point of adversely affecting the final quality of the drink of coffee, since they have not been significant differences between the sensory attributes that rank as being of lower quality. The significant correlations between variables of physical chemical and sensory evaluating during the processing of coffee in coconut, suggest that the damage of cell membranes of coffee beans are the main indicators to describe properly the final quality of coffee.
O estádio de maturação fisiológico com o qual os frutos de café são colhidos pode influenciar na qualidade fisiológica dos grãos e na qualidade final da bebida de café, principalmente em função das suas particularidades. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de verificar alguns aspectos do pré-processamento do café em coco, colhido em diferentes porcentagens do estádio de maturação cereja, relacionando a influência deste estádio de maturação, durante o processamento do café, na composição físicoquímica e na qualidade da bebida. Os frutos de café foram colhidos em quatro porcentagens do estádio de maturação cereja, pelo sistema de derriça manual no pano, caracterizando-se assim os quatro lotes estudados, Lote 1 (90,9%), Lote 2 (81,5%), Lote 3 (65,4%) e Lote 4 (44,7%). Depois de colhido, os lotes individualizados foram lavados, separando-se os frutos de maior massa específica que foram transportados para terreiro de cimento, onde permaneceram durante dois dias, para redução do teor de água inicial em torno de 70% base úmida (b.u.). Após este período, cada lote foi subdividido, uma parte permanecendo no terreiro de cimento e a outra transferida para terreiro suspenso. Diariamente, os frutos foram espalhados com o auxilio de um rodo, sobre o terreiro de cimento e sobre o terreiro suspenso, formando uma camada de aproximados três cm, que ao entardecer, foram amontoados e cobertos com lona plástica. Ao amanhecer, novamente os frutos foram espalhados nos terreiros, repetindo-se este processo até que os lotes de café em coco atingissem o teor de água recomendado para o armazenamento, 11% b.u.. A cada dois dias, ao final do período da tarde, amostras de três litros de café foram coletadas para as determinações do teor de água, e atividade de água. Para a detecção e a identificação de fungos, coletaram-se amostras de café durante todas as etapas do pré-processamento do café por “via seca”. As análises de condutividade elétrica e lixiviação de potássio, acidez titulável total, acidez graxa, extrato etéreo, pH e índice de coloração foram feitas com grãos de café beneficiados sem defeitos visíveis, retidos em peneiras de crivo circular 16 acima. A avaliação dos atributos sensoriais (prova de xícara) foi feita com grãos selecionados utilizando-se os mesmos critérios das análises físico-químicas, devidamente torrados (torra média) e apresentados sob a forma de café expresso. O experimento para as análises físico-químicas foi conduzido segundo esquema fatorial 4x2 (quatro lotes de café em coco, em diferentes porcentagens do estádio de maturação cereja e dois tipos de terreiro durante o processo de secagem) no delineamento inteiramente casualizado (D.I.C.) com três repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e as médias foram comparadas utilizando o teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade utilizando-se o SAEG versão 9.1. Os dados de detecção e de identificação de fungos foram expressos em porcentagem de espécies encontradas na casca e nos grãos de café. A análise estatística das avaliações sensoriais foi conduzida segundo o mesmo esquema fatorial descrito para as análises físico-químicas, no entanto, no delineamento em blocos casualizados (D.B.C) utilizando o programa SAS® através do PROC GLM, versão 8.0. Foram verificadas as correlações (r) de Pearson com α=0,05 entre as variáveis físico-químicas e os atributos sensoriais através do PROC CORR do programa SAS®, versão 8.0. Verificou-se que as condições ambientes durante o processo de secagem influenciaram na absorção de umidade do café e que este efeito foi mais intenso no terreiro de cimento. A baixa atividade de água, 0,533, ao final do processo de secagem foi o parâmetro responsável pela redução no percentual da maioria dos fungos identificados. Foram verificadas diferenças (P<0,05) em todos os parâmetros físico-químicos avaliados, inferindo melhor qualidade dos grãos para os lotes que apresentaram maiores porcentagens de frutos cereja. Estas diferenças também foram observadas entre os tipos de terreiro empregados, tendo o terreiro suspenso apresentado melhor qualidade dos grãos comparativamente aos grãos secos no terreiro de cimento. Entretanto, tais diferenças afetaram negativamente a qualidade final da bebida de café, haja vista não terem ocorrido diferenças significativas entre os atributos sensoriais que os classificassem como sendo de pior qualidade. As correlações significativas entre as variáveis físicoquímicas e sensoriais, avaliadas durante o processamento do café em coco, sugerem que os danos causados à membrana celular dos grãos de café, sejam indicadores da qualidade final do café.

Au Burkina Faso, l'un des soucis majeurs demeure la gestion des eaux usées et excréta. Dans l'optique de trouver une alternative à l'assainissement autonome (assainissement non collectif), des technologies biologiques rustiques par cultures fixées sur supports fins, destinées aux petites et moyennes collectivités ont été expérimentées. Le premier volet du travail expérimental à consister à évaluer les performances comparées du sable et des fibres de coco en traitement d'eaux résiduaires urbaines après un processus anaérobie par lagunage. Dans une deuxième étape, ont été évaluées les performances épuratoires de filtres plantés de Andropogon gayanus Kunth et Chrysopogon nigritana (Benth) Veldkamp deux poaceae des zones tropicales. Les abattements moyens d'élimination de la pollution biodégradable sont respectivement de 99% et 98% à la sortie du filtre à sable et de celui de substrat de coco. Cependant, il y a une DCO ajoutée due à l'extraction de composés phénoliques du substrat de coco qui occulte les performances réelles de ce support de culture. Toutefois, en l'absence d'une bonne nitrification au sein du massif de substrat de coco, contrairement au sable, nous avons relevé une élimination de l'azote sous forme d'ammonium avec un rendement de 75%. Par ailleurs, ce matériau végétal par sa structure très poreuse a montré une plus grande capacité à éliminer les sels minéraux comparativement au sable. Quant aux filtres plantés de Andropogon gayanus et Chrysopogon nigritana, si les deux pilotes ont assuré des abattements de plus de 97% de la DBO5, le premier a assuré un prélèvement plus important des nutriments (N et P).

They sat down to an island dinner, remarkable for its variety and excellence: turtle-soup and steak, fish, fowls, a sucking pig, a cocoanut salad, and sprouting cocoanut roasted for dessert. Not a tin had been opened; and save for the oil and vinegar in...

Indonesia is the largest archipelago in the world and comprises 5 main islands and about 30 smaller archipelagos. In total, there are 13,667 islands and islets, of which approximately 6,000 are inhabited. The estimated area of the Republic of Indonesia is 5,193,250 km2, which consists of a land territory of slightly more than 2,000,000 km2 and a sea territory of slightly more than 3,150,000 km2. Indonesia’s five main islands are Sumatra (473,606 km2); Java and Madura (132,187 km2), the most fertile and densely populated islands; Kalimantan or two-thirds of the island of Borneo (539,460 km2); Sulawesi (189,216 km2); and Irian Jaya (421,981 km2), the least densely populated island, which forms part of the world’s second largest island of New Guinea. Of about 200 million ha of land territory, about 50 million ha area is devoted to various agricultural activities. There is nearly 20 million ha of arable land, of which about 40% is wetland (rice fields), 40% is dryland, and 15% is shifting cultivation. In the early 1970s, agriculture contributed about 33% to the gross domestic product. Its share decreased to 23% by the early 1980s and to 16.3% in 1996. However, agriculture is the most important sector in the national economy due to its capacity to employ 41% of the labor force (MoE, 1999). Agriculture is vulnerable to drought. Ditjenbun (1995) reported that in 1994 many seedlings and young plants died due to a long dry season: about 22% of tea plants at age of 0–2 years, 4–9% of rubber plants at age of 0–1 year, 4% of cacao plants at age of 0–2 years, 1.5–11% of cashew nut plants at age of 0–2 years, 4% of coffee plants at age of 0–2 years, and 5–30% of coconut plants at age of 0–2 years. The impact of a long dry season on yields of plantation crops becomes known only a few months later. For example, oil palm production is known 6–12 months after a long dry season (Hasan et al., 1998). Rice is the main food crop severely affected by drought.

In chapter 3, “Nursing Corals Back to Life: Fragments of Hope,”the pendulum swings again, this time to document acts of hope by coral restoration scientists. Drawing on my visits to five coral nurseries—Culebra in the Caribbean, southern Israel, Honolulu, Coconut Island in Hawai’i, and the Florida Aquarium—this chapter explores the scientific, cultural, and emotional challenges facing restoration efforts and the criticisms directed toward this field from within the coral science community. While marginalized only a few years ago, coral restoration is becoming increasingly important to a growing number of scientists, who see it as a way to resist death through coral propagation. The coral nursery has assumed center stage in this process, and it emerges as part of broader attempts by restoration scientists to establish coral restoration as a science that is aligned with silviculture and restoration ecology. The coral nursery is finally compared to the coral farm, where corals are bred for the mariculture industry. Throughout, the chapter discusses the oftenfraught relationship between biologists, aquarists, and hobbyists, pointing to the importance of collaboration for coral survival.

This chapter show the natural of radioactivity as alpha particle which produce from decaying of radium to radon so in this chapter describe the radon in some types of household food (coffee, tea, powder milk, rice, flour, cornstarch, and powder coconut) and different types of salt by using Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTD), were analyzed by closed-can technique (CR-39). Many food items contain natural sources of salt. Salt analysis is very important due to its high consumption by the population and for its medicinal use. Analysis the concentrations of Radon-222 and Radium-226 for different types of household foods samples are very substantial for realizing the comparative contributions of specific substances to the whole radon content set within the human body. After study it is found that the average values of annual effective dose in mSv/y are within the recommended limit of ICRP values except its values for cornstarch and sugar are relatively high, and there are a wide range of variations in the values of transfer factor for Rn-222, and Ra-226 for all types.

In 1908 (as far as we can ascertain), long before he went to see his ‘old friend’ the Keeper of Geology at South Kensington, some time before he met Teilhard de Chardin, Dawson had in his hands the first piece of the skull of Eoanthropus. This piece, we know, had been chemically treated, by iron sulphate, to produce the brown colour, and in the process the bone had undergone the change in its crystal structure revealed by the X-ray diffraction method. This piece was part of the braincase, the ‘coconut’, smashed by the labourers, according to the story the origins of which are by no means clear. Once again a question faces us which raises sharply and finally the issue of Dawson’s complicity. We might put the question as the ‘Piltdown Riddle’:—Was the pit completely barren at the birth of Piltdown Man or did he begin life there as a burial? Was the cranium genuinely in the gravel or had it been planted where the workmen found it? In the first stages of the investigation, before we fully appreciated the artificiality of the iron-staining, we were inclined to regard the skull-case in the gravel as a genuine though not very ancient fossil. The fluorine values, while not really high, taken with the reduced content of organic matter, certainly gave grounds for accepting a semi-fossilized condition in the cranium. So it was presumed at first that the hoax had been based on a genuine discovery of portions of an ancient skull in the gravel, and that the ape jaw and canine and the other animal remains and implements had been subsequently planted. As the investigations went on, stage by stage, this view became untenable. The iron-staining threw serious doubt on the skull’s derivation from the gravel; the sulphate in the bone, in the form of gypsum, is the result of artificial and deliberate chemical treatment, and gypsum does not occur in the Piltdown or Barcombe Mills gravel. The chemical conditions in the Piltdown subsoil and gravel water are not at all such that this unusual alteration in the bone could have taken place naturally in the gravel.

The above quote by the German poet, novelist, and painter Herman Hesse highlights the cultural significance of forests in nineteenth- and twentieth-century western culture as the ‘natural’ contrast to growing urban populations and industrial expansion. Hesse’s focus on the ‘ancient’ element of these environments is certainly valid in a tropical context, given that tropical forests are some of the oldest land-based environments on the planet, existing for over one thousand times longer than Homo sapiens (Upchurch and Wolf, 1987; Davis et al., 2005; Ghazoul and Shiel, 2010; Couvreur et al., 2011). This antiquity also makes them one of the richest and most diverse terrestrial ecosystems on the planet (Whitmore, 1998; Ghazoul and Shiel, 2010). Tropical rainforests, for example, contain over half of the world’s existing plant, animal, and insect species (Wilson, 1988). A significant portion of the developed world’s diet today originated in tropical forests—including staples such as squash and yams, spices such as black pepper, cinnamon, cloves, and sugar cane, and fruits including bananas, coconuts, avocados, mangoes, and tomatoes (Iriarte et al., 2007; Roberts et al., 2017a). Tropical forests also often provide ample freshwater for their inhabitants. However, despite popular perceptions of forests, and specifically tropical forests, as uniform, they are, in fact, highly variable across space and time. In tropical evergreen rainforests productivity is often primarily allocated to wood products, meaning that edible plants and animals for human subsistence have been considered lacking, or at least more difficult to extract, relative to more open tropical forest formations (Whitmore, 1998; Ghazoul and Shiel, 2010). Similarly, while evergreen tropical rainforests generally receive significant precipitation and freshwater, seasonally dry tropical forests are subject to sub-annual periods of aridity. Therefore, while archaeologists and anthropologists have tended to see ‘tropical forest’ as a uniform environmental block, it is important to explore the diversity within this category.

In this study, the lubricant viscosity from a diesel engine operating on various percentages of coconut oil blended fuel is investigated to determine the suitable mixture appropriate for a diesel engine. The coconut oil was blended with conventional diesel fuel at an amount varying from ten to fifty percent. The lubricant used in this study is the conventional commercially available lubricant (SAE 40). After proper blending of diesel with coconut oil, the blended fuels are loaded into the fuel tank. The engine is operated at half throttle setting running at 1600 rpm for 100 hours. At every ten hour interval, one lubricant sample was collected and analyzed using a viscometer at 100 °C and 40 °C. The results show that the viscosity for all the blended fuel remain about constant throughout the 100 hours test. However, fifty percent coconut oil blended fuel at 40 °C shows slightly lower viscosity level in comparison to other percentages of blended fuel system. It is expected this is due to high fuel dilution in lube oil. As a result, ten to thirty percent coconut oil blended fuels seems suitable for diesel engine because it’s able to prolong lubricant life span by maintaining its viscosity.

This paper presents experimental results carried out to evaluate wear and lubrication characteristics of a multi cylinder diesel engine when operated on vegetable oil blended fuels. The blended fuels consist of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% coconut oil (COIL) (in volume basis) with diesel fuel (DF2). Pure DF2 was used for comparison purposes. The engine was operated at constant speed of 2000 rpm with 50% throttle load for a period of 100 hours for each test fuel. The engine was operated for a total period of 600 hours for six fuels. The same lubricating oil equivalent to SAE 40 was used for all the fuels system. The sample of lube oil was collected through a one way valve connected to the crankcase sump at 50 hour intervals. The first sample was collected immediately after the engine had warmed up. The effect of blended fuel on engine component wear and lubrication characteristics in terms of viscosity, total base number (TBN), moisture content, oxidation, wear metals, contaminant elements and lubricant additive depletions were analyzed. The results showed that wear metals, contaminant elements increase with increasing COIL with DF2. An increasing COIL in blends reduces additive elements; and the reduction rate during blends of up to 30% COIL is quite similar to DF2. Soot and sulfation reduce with increasing COIL in blended fuels due to reducing aromatics and sulfur in comparison to DF2. The water concentration increases from above 30% COIL blended fuels. The TBN and viscosity changes are found almost normal. The engine did not have any starting and combustion noise problems when operating on COIL blended fuels. These lubricating oil analysis data will help to select tribological components and compatible lubricating oil for coconut oil or biofuel operated diesel engines.

The Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) has issued Department Order 2015-04 (DAO 2015-04) or the “The Implementation of Vehicle Emission Limits for EURO 4/IV, and In-Use Vehicle Emission Standards”. This policy, coupled with the Philippine Biofuels Act of 2016 (RA 9367) should greatly reduce the environmental impact of local automobile emissions. Commercial fuel is a mix of local coconut methyl ester (CME) and neat diesel blend. However, commercial diesel fuel is still at 2% v/v as of 2016 in contrast to the 5% v/v set by the policy, part due to the fact that only few local studies are done to show the effects of higher percentage of CME, with most recent studies showing results against increased CME usage. The study shows the effects of the usage of higher CME percentage in accordance to the set schedule of RA 9367. Five fuel blends with varying CME percentages v/v (2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) are used in a heavy duty turbocharged common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine. The engine is run on an eddy current dynamometer with steady state measurements at 50 to 500Nm with 50Nm intervals. Each fuel is tested at three pedal positions, alpha, (25%, 50%, and 60%) controlled directly from the engine control unit (ECU). Results show that higher CME usage does not result in reduction of power and achieved torque. There is, however, a significant increase in brake specific fuel consumption at higher percentages of CME. No significant change in carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons of diesel (HCD) is observed but there is a significant increase in Nitrous Oxides (NOx) concentration as CME percentage is increased. However, brake specific CO and HCD were found to be out of standard for near no load and near full load operations. A similar trend is observed for brake specific. Brake specific NOx is particularly more problematic since all measurements were observed to be out of standard with maximum values of 1350% of the set EURO 4/IV standard. However, it is also seen that the performance of each blend does not significantly differ from each other. Nevertheless, there is still some potential in the usage of CME due to the fact that power and torque requirements are still met at the expense of higher fuel consumption; but with the opportunity of being self-sufficient as coconut-producing country.