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1
Kozłowska, Natalia, Małgorzata Wierzbicka, Bartosz Pawliński, and Małgorzata Domino. "Co-Occurrence of Severe Equine Asthma and Palatal Disorders in Privately Owned Pleasure Horses." Animals 13, no. 12 (June 12, 2023): 1962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13121962.
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According to the “unified or united airway disease” theory, diseases in the upper and lower airways frequently co-occur because they represent a single morphological and functional unit. Palatal disorders (PDs) and severe equine asthma (SEA) are frequent diseases that, respectively, affect upper and lower equine airways; however, clinical studies focusing on the co-occurrence of PDs and SEA are limited. The present study investigated the prevalence of PDs in horses affected by SEA, and whether prevalence decreased after SEA treatment. Forty-six privately owned horses affected by SEA in exacerbation were included. For each horse, the severity of the asthma clinical signs was assessed using a previously described scoring system, and the co-occurrence of palatal disorders was investigated using overground endoscopy, before and after treatment for SEA. Before treatment (in exacerbation), 67.4% of SEA-affected horses showed evidence of PDs, including 39.1% showing evidence of palatal instability (PI) and 28.3% of dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP). Airway inflammation (neutrophil percentage in the tracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) was worse in horses with co-occurring PDs. After treatment (in remission), no horses showed evidence of PI, while DDSP was diagnosed in 8.7% of horses. These findings suggest that palatal disorders respond to asthma treatment, supporting the hypothesis that both diseases could be manifestation of a common underlying disorder.
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Lo Feudo, Chiara, Luca Stucchi, Elena Alberti, Giovanni Stancari, Bianca Conturba, Enrica Zucca, and Francesco Ferrucci. "The Role of Thoracic Ultrasonography and Airway Endoscopy in the Diagnosis of Equine Asthma and Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 11 (November 15, 2021): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8110276.
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Mild-moderate (MEA), severe (SEA) equine asthma and exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) are common respiratory disorders in horses. The present retrospective study aims to evaluate the role of ultrasonography and endoscopy in the diagnosis of these conditions. Three hundred and three horses were included and divided into SEA, MEA and MEA + EIPH groups, on the basis of history, clinical examination and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) cytology; scores were assigned to lung ultrasonography, pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia (PLH), tracheal mucus (TM) and tracheal bifurcation edema (TB). These scores were compared between groups, and their associations with age, BALf cytology, tracheal wash microbiology and between endoscopic and ultrasonographic scores were statistically analyzed. Ultrasonographic scores were higher in the SEA and MEA + EIPH groups and associated with increased BALf neutrophils and hemosiderophages. The PLH score was higher in younger horses affected by MEA and EIPH and associated with increased eosinophils and hemosiderophages. TM and TB scores were greater in older horses affected by SEA, associated with increased neutrophils and inversely correlated with hemosiderophages. Moreover, TM grade was negatively correlated with mast cells. Thoracic ultrasonography and airway endoscopy can provide useful information about the inflammatory status of upper and lower airways in the horse.
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Trimble, Michael. "Sea Horses and Almonds." CNS Spectrums 7, no. 6 (June 2002): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900017892.
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Maidment-Garrick, Neil. "A Note on the Status of Indigenous Species of Sea Horse." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 78, no. 2 (May 1998): 691–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400041783.
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The status of the two indigenous species of sea horse, the British sea horse (spiny sea horse) (Hippocampus ramulosus) and the European sea horse (short snouted sea horse) (Hippocampus hippocampus) are not exactly known. The British Sea Horse Survey has been set out to identify sites and populations around the British Isles.The native British sea horses Hippocampus ramulosus Leach and Hippocampus hippocampus Linnaeus are thought to be facing an uncertain future but not from collecting as in tropical species used in the Chinese medicine trade, but from direct interference with their habitat. It was therefore proposed that a survey be carried out to find the extent of their ranges and populations and whether they required protection under the Wildlife and Countryside Act.In the description of the two species for the survey it was decided to use size and presence or absence of appendages on the dorsal region to identify species. Relative snout to head ratios were not used as it was felt that this had to be discouraged as it would have meant handling the animals and the subsequent stress involved was not acceptable to an animal that is easily stressed.
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Lo Feudo, Chiara Maria, Luca Stucchi, Elena Alberti, Bianca Conturba, Enrica Zucca, and Francesco Ferrucci. "Intradermal Testing Results in Horses Affected by Mild-Moderate and Severe Equine Asthma." Animals 11, no. 7 (July 13, 2021): 2086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11072086.
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Equine asthma is an inflammatory respiratory disorder, classified as mild-moderate (MEA) and severe (SEA). SEA is characterized by recurrent exacerbations, consisting of dyspnea, coughing and exercise intolerance; MEA causes poor performance, occasional cough and mucus hypersecretion. Although a precise pathogenesis is not completely understood, allergic mechanisms are considered an important pathophysiological feature of equine asthma. In equine medicine, intradermal testing (IDT) is effective in identifying hypersensitivity to specific allergens. However, to date, the studies about IDT in asthmatic horses obtained contradictory results. This study aims to evaluate IDT responses in MEA and SEA horses and to identify the most significant allergens. Thirty-eight asthmatic horses were enrolled and underwent IDT using 50 allergens; reactions were evaluated at 30 min, 4, 24 and 48 h and were assigned a score from 0 to 4. In SEA horses, the most frequent and strongest reactions were observed at 30 min and 4 h, suggesting the involvement of type I hypersensitivity; in MEA horses, also type IV hypersensitivity seemed to play a major role. Insects, Dermatophagoides spp. and dog epithelium induced in MEA and SEA horses the most significant hypersensitivity responses and could therefore be considered as the main allergenic antigens in our geographic area.
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Lee, Gary K. C., Janet Beeler-Marfisi, Laurent Viel, Érica Piché, Heng Kang, William Sears, and Dorothee Bienzle. "Bronchial brush cytology, endobronchial biopsy, and SALSA immunohistochemistry in severe equine asthma." Veterinary Pathology 59, no. 1 (December 13, 2021): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03009858211048635.
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Horses with severe equine asthma (SEA), also known as heaves and recurrent airway obstruction, have persistent neutrophilic inflammation of the lower airways. Cytologic evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is commonly used to confirm the clinical diagnosis of SEA. However, the utility of microscopic assessment of bronchial brushings, endobronchial biopsies, and immunohistochemical detection of disease-associated biomarkers for the diagnosis of SEA remain poorly characterized. Salivary scavenger and agglutinin (SALSA) has anti-inflammatory properties and downregulated gene expression in SEA; therefore, it was investigated as a tissue biomarker for airway and systemic inflammation. Six asthmatic and 6 non-asthmatic horses were exposed to an inhaled challenge. Before and after challenge, samples of BAL fluid, bronchial brushing, and endobronchial biopsy were collected. Location of SALSA in biopsies was determined, and immunohistochemical label intensity was computed using image analysis software. Serum amyloid A (SAA) was measured to assess systemic inflammation. After challenge, neutrophil proportions were significantly higher in asthmatic versus non-asthmatic horses in BAL fluid (least squares means, 95% confidence interval: 80.9%, 57.2% to 93.1%, vs 3.6%, 1.1% to 10.7%) and in brush cytology slides (39.5%, 7.7% to 83.6%, vs 0.2%, 0% to 2.3%), illustrating the potential of brush cytology as an alternate modality to BAL for assessing intraluminal inflammation. Bronchial histopathologic findings and intensity of SALSA immunolabeling in surface and glandular epithelium were similar in asthmatic and non-asthmatic horses, indicating limited changes in bronchial tissue from the inhaled challenge. Increases in SAA indicated systemic inflammation, but SALSA immunolabeling did not change significantly.
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Liu, Xuexue, Yanli Zhang, Yefang Li, Jianfei Pan, Dandan Wang, Weihuang Chen, Zhuqing Zheng, et al. "EPAS1 Gain-of-Function Mutation Contributes to High-Altitude Adaptation in Tibetan Horses." Molecular Biology and Evolution 36, no. 11 (July 4, 2019): 2591–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz158.
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Abstract High altitude represents some of the most extreme environments worldwide. The genetic changes underlying adaptation to such environments have been recently identified in multiple animals but remain unknown in horses. Here, we sequence the complete genome of 138 domestic horses encompassing a whole altitudinal range across China to uncover the genetic basis for adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia. Our genome data set includes 65 lowland animals across ten Chinese native breeds, 61 horses living at least 3,300 m above sea level across seven locations along Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, as well as 7 Thoroughbred and 5 Przewalski’s horses added for comparison. We find that Tibetan horses do not descend from Przewalski’s horses but were most likely introduced from a distinct horse lineage, following the emergence of pastoral nomadism in Northwestern China ∼3,700 years ago. We identify that the endothelial PAS domain protein 1 gene (EPAS1, also HIF2A) shows the strongest signature for positive selection in the Tibetan horse genome. Two missense mutations at this locus appear strongly associated with blood physiological parameters facilitating blood circulation as well as oxygen transportation and consumption in hypoxic conditions. Functional validation through protein mutagenesis shows that these mutations increase EPAS1 stability and its hetero dimerization affinity to ARNT (HIF1B). Our study demonstrates that missense mutations in the EPAS1 gene provided key evolutionary molecular adaptation to Tibetan horses living in high-altitude hypoxic environments. It reveals possible targets for genomic selection programs aimed at increasing hypoxia tolerance in livestock and provides a textbook example of evolutionary convergence across independent mammal lineages.
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Simões, Joana, José Paulo Sales Luís, Luís Madeira de Carvalho, and Paula Tilley. "Severely Asthmatic Horses Residing in a Mediterranean Climate Shed a Significantly Lower Number of Parasite Eggs Compared to Healthy Farm Mates." Animals 13, no. 18 (September 15, 2023): 2928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13182928.
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The relationship between helminth infection and allergic diseases has long intrigued the scientific community. This interaction was previously studied in a horse family with high incidence of severe equine asthma and in non-related severely asthmatic horses from equine hospital referrals in Switzerland. Our aim was to determine if this interaction would also be observed in a group of non-related client-owned severely asthmatic horses living in a Mediterranean climate and recruited through a first-opinion veterinarian group. Fecal samples from severe equine asthma-affected and healthy horses living in the same farms and subjected to identical environmental and deworming management were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. Strongyle-type eggs and Cyathostomum sensu latum larvae were the most abundant parasites in the studied population of horses; no significant differences between the groups were observed regarding the types of egg and infective larvae. However, we observed significant differences in the number of eggs and infective larvae per gram of feces shed, as this number was significantly lower in the SEA group than in the healthy horses. This may indicate that severely asthmatic horses have an intrinsic resistance to gastrointestinal helminths. Further studies in a larger population of horses are required to ascertain the immunological mechanisms responsible for these findings.
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Kozłowska, Natalia, Małgorzata Wierzbicka, Tomasz Jasiński, and Małgorzata Domino. "Co-Occurrence of Equine Asthma and Pharyngeal Lymphoid Hyperplasia in Pleasure Horses." Agriculture 14, no. 7 (July 16, 2024): 1157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071157.
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With the increasing awareness of the “united airway disease” theory, more horses, not only sport horses but also pleasure horses, undergo detailed examinations of the respiratory tract. Using endoscopy, equine asthma (EA) is most commonly diagnosed in the lower airway, while pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia (PLH) is common in the upper airway. Grading EA as mild–moderate (MEA) and severe (SEA), this study aims to compare the co-occurrence and investigate the possible relationship between the clinical symptoms and endoscopic signs of MEA/SEA and PLH in pleasure horses. In this retrospective study, 80 out of 93 pleasure horses suspected of EA were enrolled and underwent a standardized protocol for a complete airway examination, including resting endoscopy with mucus accumulation assessment and cytology. The obtained results were scored and analyzed. In the studied pleasure horses, PLH co-occurred more frequently in horses with EA than without (p < 0.0001) and more in horses with SEA than with MEA (p = 0.025). However, when EA and PLH co-occurred, the severity of the clinical symptoms of EA did not increase (p > 0.05). In both EA and PLH, the amount of tracheal and nasopharyngeal mucus increased with the severity of the disease; however, it was positively correlated (ρ = 0.33; p = 0.02) only in SEA horses. In conclusion, it is likely that EA is often accompanied by PLH; however, PLH did not play a role in increasing the severity of EA’s clinical symptoms. The role of the severity of accumulated mucus in the lower and upper airways when EA/PLH co-occur requires further research to confirm the morphological and functional unity of the respiratory tract, aligning with the concept of “united airways disease”.
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Flynn, A. J., and D. A. Ritz. "Effect of habitat complexity and predatory style on the capture success of fish feeding on aggregated prey." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 79, no. 3 (June 1999): 487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315498000617.
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When offered a choice between open water and a ‘vegetated’ area of an aquarium (artificial sea grass), mysid (Paramesopodopsis rufa) swarms always selected open water. In contrast, juvenile and adult sea horses, Hippocampus abdominalis, which feed by ambush predation, always selected vegetated areas even when their mysid prey occurred in the adjacent clear water. Lunging predators, Australian salmon (Arripis trutta), always preferred open water to vegetated regions of the tank. Increasing vegetation density, i.e. from low to medium habitat complexity had a positive effect on capture success of juvenile and adult sea horses feeding on mysid swarms. However, number of attacks by juvenile sea horses, but not adults, was significantly reduced in higher density vegetation. Number of attacks by Australian salmon decreased as vegetation density increased but capture success, nonetheless, increased. Density of vegetation did not significantly affect the number of unsuccessful attacks by adult sea horses. Whereas proportion of unsuccessful attacks increased with vegetation density for juvenile sea horses, it decreased for juvenile salmon. This result is thought to be due to the fact that high vegetation densities disrupt structure of the prey swarm, itself a defensive formation, leaving a large number of more vulnerable small groups. Cohesive escape responses of a large swarm are likely to be a more effective defence against a lunging predator than against an ambush predator whose strategy is to use stealth to avoid provoking escape responses. Dense vegetation will militate against this strategy.
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Frippiat, Thibault, Tatiana Art, and Irene Tosi. "Airway Hyperresponsiveness, but Not Bronchoalveolar Inflammatory Cytokines Profiles, Is Modified at the Subclinical Onset of Severe Equine Asthma." Animals 13, no. 15 (August 1, 2023): 2485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13152485.
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Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation are both observed in human and equine asthma. The aim of this study was to assess the timeline and relationship of both features at the subclinical onset of severe equine asthma (SEA). First, the repeatability of the pulmonary function test (PFT) using impulse oscillometry system, and the methacholine bronchoprovocation test (BPT) were assessed at a 1-day interval on six SEA horses in clinical remission and six control horses. Then, clinical and ancillary tests were performed before and after a 1-week low-dust environmental challenge, including weighted clinical score, respiratory endoscopy, bronchoalveolar fluid cytology, PFT, and BPT. Both PFT and BPT showed acceptable repeatability. No test allowed SEA horses in clinical remission to be distinguished from control, unlike in human patients. Because of the low-dust environment, no significant difference was observed in the results of clinical and conventional ancillary examinations after the challenge. However, SEA horses showed increased AHR after the environmental challenge. At that stage, no signs of inflammation or changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines profiles (quantification and gene expression) were observed, suggesting AHR is present at an earlier stage of equine asthma than airway inflammation. This feature indicates SEA could present in a different disease pathway than neutrophilic human asthma.
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Martins, ML, JLP Mouriño, GF Fezer, CC Buglione Neto, P. Garcia, BC Silva, A. Jatobá, and FN Vieira. "Isolation and experimental infection with Vibrio alginolyticus in the sea horse, Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg, 1933 (Osteichthyes: Syngnathidae) in Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 70, no. 1 (February 2010): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842010000100028.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity of Vibrio alginolyticus isolated from an outbreak of sea horse Hippocampus reidi reared in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, by experimental infection. Sea horses with necrosis on the mouth epithelium were collected from aquaria at the Aquaculture Department, UFSC and the bacterium isolated from the mouth, liver, heart and blood in tiosulphate citrate bilesalt sucrose agar broth. The strains were identified by API 20E kit with 99.1% probability as Vibrio alginolyticus. Twelve adult sea horses (9.63 ± 2.42 g and 15.12 ± 0.87 cm) were distributed in six aquaria of 10 L capacity with aerated sea water. Fish from three aquaria were submitted to an immersion bath in a solution containing 1.0 × 10(7) CFU of V. alginolyticus/mL for 15 minutes. Fish from the other three aquaria received the same procedure without bacteria. Twenty four hours after this challenge, 100% mortality was observed in the animals infected with V. alginolyticus. No mortality was observed in non-infected fish. Hyperplasia, displacement and fusion of secondary lamellae of the gills; leukocyte infiltration and necrotic foci in the kidney; hyperplasia, sinusoidal deformation and necrotic foci in the liver were observed in histopathological analysis. The V. alginolyticus isolated in this study was pathogenic to H. reidi and constitutes an important sanitary problem to its culture.
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Stucchi, Luca, Francesco Ferrucci, Michela Bullone, Raffaele L. Dellacà, and Jean Pierre Lavoie. "Within-Breath Oscillatory Mechanics in Horses Affected by Severe Equine Asthma in Exacerbation and in Remission of the Disease." Animals 12, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12010004.
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Oscillometry is a technique that measures the resistance (R) and the reactance (X) of the respiratory system. In humans, analysis of inspiratory and expiratory R and X allows to identify the presence of tidal expiratory flow limitation (EFLt). The aim of this study was to describe inspiratory and expiratory R and X measured by impulse oscillometry system (IOS) in horses with severe asthma (SEA) when in clinical remission (n = 7) or in exacerbation (n = 7) of the condition. Seven healthy, age-matched control horses were also studied. Data at 3, 5, and 7 Hz with coherence > 0.85 at 3 Hz and >0.9 at 5 and 7 Hz were considered. The mean, inspiratory and expiratory R and X and the difference between inspiratory and expiratory X (ΔX) were calculated at each frequency. The data from the three groups were statistically compared. Results indicated that in horses during exacerbation of severe asthma, X during expiratory phase is more negative than during inspiration, such as in humans in presence of EFLt. The evaluation of X during inspiration is promising in discriminating between horses with SEA in remission and control horses.
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Mallan, C. T. "PLAUTIANUS' ZEBRAS: A ROMAN EXPEDITION TO EAST AFRICA IN THE EARLY THIRD CENTURY." Classical Quarterly 69, no. 1 (April 22, 2019): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838819000284.
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The kleptocratic supremacy of the praetorian prefect C. Fulvius Plautianus (PIR2 F 554) was felt throughout the city of Rome, the Empire and (according to one author) even beyond the imperial frontiers. Indeed, for the senatorial historian Dio Cassius, there was no more picturesque demonstration of Plautianus' acquisitiveness than his seizure of strange striped horse-like creatures from ‘islands in the Erythraean Sea’. The passage, as preserved in the text of Xiphilinus' Epitome, reads as follows (Dio Cass. 76[75].14.3): καὶ τέλος ἵππους Ἡλίῳ <ἱεροὺς> τιγροειδεῖς ἐκ τῶν ἐν τῇ Ἐρυθρᾷ θαλάσσῃ νήσων, πέμψας ἑκατοντάρχους, ἐξέκλεψεν·In the end he even stole tiger-like horses <sacred> to Helios from the islands in the Erythraean Sea, having sent some centurions to carry out the task.
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Malatinszky, Ákos, Csilla Ficsor, and Eszter Tormáné Kovács. "Which Factors Determine the Distribution of Low-Impact Horse Logging in the Hungarian State-Owned Forests?" Forests 13, no. 11 (November 20, 2022): 1959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13111959.
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Nowadays, forest management focuses on nature- and environmentally-friendly methods in Europe with less fossil fuel use; however, animal-powered logging is rarely covered by scientific papers despite the fact that it is considered to be less harmful to topsoil, wood stands, saplings, and natural values than heavy machines. The main goal of this study is to determine its characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages based on structured and semi-structured interviews with loggers and foresters in every Hungarian state-owned forest area. Our results show that while 39 out of the total 116 Hungarian forest districts hired teams that applied horses for logging in 2013, their number fell to 24 in 2021. Despite this negative tendency, 34 out of the 44 forest districts that operate in hilly and mountainous areas still find horses to be useful for timber extraction. Five forest districts own horses, but none of them use animal power for logging (only for touristic and hunting activities). The productivity of a logging team depends on the timber extraction distance, terrain slope, number of workers, and cut timber volume per turn. The average logging capacity of a brigade with horses is 0.78 m3 per load, 15 m3 per day, and 2413 m3 per year. The average terrain slope angle is 15°, situated 350–450 m above sea level. The average timber extraction distance is 185 m, and the width of a track made by a horse is 96 cm. The average distance from the barn to the cut-block area is 11 km. Lower impact of horse logging on the affected area is more important than the amount of the harvested wood. Therefore, from a nature conservation aspect, it is essential to maintain animal logging and promote it with training and financial incentives.
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Khrabrova, Liudmila A., Anna A. Nikolaeva, Nina V. Blohina, and Sergey I. Sorokin. "GENETIC DIVERSITY OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNA HAPLOGROUPS IN THE DON HORSE BREED." Siberian Journal of Life Sciences and Agriculture 15, no. 4 (August 30, 2023): 278–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2658-6649-2023-15-4-278-290.
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The Don breed of horses, which became famous in Russia already in the middle of the 18th century, was obtained by long-term crossing of nomadic horses with cultured oriental breeds. Due to the reduction in the number of Don queens to 200 broodmares, the research of the genetic characteristics of this breed is of particular relevance. The purpose of the research was to study the matrilineal structure of the Don horse breed based on phylogenetic analysis of 530 nucleotide pairs [n.p.] of the hypervariable section of the D-loop of mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA] in 26 mares representing the main female families. Analysis of the mtDNA sequence was performed using the Neighbor-Joining [NJ] method in combination with bootstrap analysis in the MEGA7 software. In the mitochondrial genomes of the tested Don horses, 26 different haplotypes were identified, which are part of 10 mtDNA haplogroups, including A, B, D, G, L, M, N, O, P, and Q, according to the modern classification. Additionally, four new haplogroups were identified, leading the line from Black Sea mares and atypical for most European breeds. The sequenced fragment of the D-loop from 15471 to 16000 n.p. included 115 polymorphic sites, mainly represented by transversions. The mtDNA structure of the Don breed was dominated by haplogroups G (19.2%), B (15.4%), and L (11.5%). All the analyzed uterine families were clearly differentiated at the level of haplogroups and haplotypes with a high bootstrap support rate (58%–100%). This indicates a high genetic diversity of the genealogical matrilineal structure of the Don horse breed.
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Giontella, Andrea, Irene Cardinali, Camillo Pieramati, Raffaele Cherchi, Giovanni Paolo Biggio, Alessandro Achilli, Maurizio Silvestrelli, and Hovirag Lancioni. "A Genetic Window on Sardinian Native Horse Breeds through Uniparental Molecular Systems." Animals 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 1544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091544.
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Sardinia, an island located to the west of Italy in the Mediterranean Sea, boasts three native horse breeds: Giara, Sarcidano, and Sardinian Anglo-Arab. Here, we have investigated for the first time three loci of the non-recombining region of the Y chromosome (NRY) in 34 stallions from these breeds and performed a phylogenetic analysis of the maternal relationships among 178 previously published mitochondrial control regions. We found that the current NRY diversity of Sardinian horse breeds is linked to three haplotypes (HT), all identified within Sarcidano. Each breed showed a typical HT: HT1 (ancestral) was the most represented in Sarcidano, HT2 (Neapolitan/Oriental wave) in Giara, and HT3 (Thoroughbred wave) in Sardinian Anglo-Arab. The specificity of each haplotype suggests the influence of independent breeding strategies and the effect of genetic drift in each Sardinian population. The female counterpart, extended to 178 horses, showed a low genetic variability and a common maternal origin for Giara and Sarcidano. The higher variability of the Sardinian Anglo-Arab indicates multiple mare lineages in its current population. Further genetic analyses will be crucial to understand the paternal history of male horses, preserve the endangered mares’ and stallions’ lineages, and improve the enhancement of autochthonous genetic resources on this island.
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Padoan, Elisa, Serena Ferraresso, Sara Pegolo, Carlo Barnini, Massimo Castagnaro, and Luca Bargelloni. "Gene Expression Profiles of the Immuno-Transcriptome in Equine Asthma." Animals 13, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13010004.
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Background: Mild equine asthma (MEA) and severe equine asthma (SEA) are two of the most frequent equine airway inflammatory diseases, but knowledge about their pathogenesis is limited. The goal of this study was to investigate gene expression differences in the respiratory tract of MEA- and SEA-affected horses and their relationship with clinical signs. Methods: Clinical examination and endoscopy were performed in 8 SEA- and 10 MEA-affected horses and 7 healthy controls. Cytological and microbiological analyses of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were performed. Gene expression profiling of BAL fluid was performed by means of a custom oligo-DNA microarray. Results: In both MEA and SEA, genes involved in the genesis, length, and motility of respiratory epithelium cilia were downregulated. In MEA, a significant overexpression for genes encoding inflammatory mediators was observed. In SEA, transcripts involved in bronchoconstriction, apoptosis, and hypoxia pathways were significantly upregulated, while genes involved in the formation of the protective muco-protein film were underexpressed. The SEA group also showed enrichment of gene networks activated during human asthma. Conclusions: The present study provides new insight into equine asthma pathogenesis, representing the first step in transcriptomic analysis to improve diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for this respiratory disease.
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LePage, Véronique, Christopher J. Dutton, Maya Kummrow, David J. McLelland, Karrie Young, and John S. Lumsden. "Neoplasia of Captive Yellow Sea Horses (Hippocampus kuda) and Weedy Sea Dragons (Phyllopteryx taeniolatus)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 43, no. 1 (March 2012): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2010-0236.1.
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KIM, Tae-Il, Won-Min HAN, Geun Eui LEE, and Ki-Won LEE. "Taxonomical Reexamination and Distribution of Sea horses in the Southern Sea of South Korea." Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education 28, no. 4 (August 31, 2016): 1159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.13000/jfmse.2016.28.4.1159.
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Kazanski, Michel. "Sacrifices of Horses in “Princely” Tombs During the Late Phase of the Great Migration Period." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp21495108.
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The article considers a few graves of the elite of the Great Migration Period, containing several burials of horses. In the German context, this is a “royal” burial in Tournai on the territory of modern Belgium, owned by King Childeric (died 481/482) and burials in a barrow in Žuráň, in South Moravia, probably belonging to the Lombard royal family. Their parallels in Eastern Europe are finds in the necropolis of Sirenevaya Buhta in the Eastern Crimea and Malai in the region of Eastern Azov Sea. Horse burials in Western and Central Europe can be associated with the influence of the Huns on aristocratic civilization, and reflect the high social status of the buried.
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Robins, Tyler-Jane, Daniela Bedenice, and Melissa Mazan. "A Longitudinal Analysis of Equine Asthma Presentation and Response to Treatment Using Lung Function Testing and BAL Cytology Analysis in Combination with Owner Perception." Animals 13, no. 21 (November 1, 2023): 3387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13213387.
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(1) Background: Equine asthma (EA) is a pervasive and important cause of poor performance and respiratory morbidity in horses. Diagnosis of EA includes an owner complaint, clinical scoring, lung function testing, and cytological analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology. There is a paucity of information about the longitudinal course of the disease using these outcome assessments; thus, this study sought to describe and quantify, in horses with more than one visit to a specialty pulmonary clinic in New England, the type and range of clinical presentations with an eventual diagnosis of EA. It also aimed to develop and compare the outcomes of scoring systems for owner complaints and veterinary assessments, document and assess the diagnostic methods used, and evaluate the response of the horses to treatment and time. (2) Methods: This study was a retrospective, cross-sectional, STROBE-compliant observational analysis of equine patients who visited the Tufts Cummings Hospital for Large Animals (HLA) for evaluation of equine asthma (EA) from 1999–2023. The horses were categorized as having mild–moderate (mEA) or severe EA (sEA) using the ACVIM consensus statement guidelines. After excluding those with inadequate documentation or only one visit (n = 936), a total of 76 horses were included in the study. Of the 197 visits, 138 (70.0%) resulted in a diagnosis of mEA and 45 (22.8%) resulted in a diagnosis of sEA. Demographic information, owner complaints, clinical examination and scoring, lung function testing, BAL cytology, and recommendations for environmental remediation and pharmacologic treatment were recorded for all the visits. The data were analyzed for agreement between owner complaints (complaint score, CS) and clinical examination findings (examination score, ES), changes in CS and ES, lung function testing, and BAL cytology over time, with 197 visits recorded. (3) Results: A comparison between the CS and ES showed that the owners were more likely than veterinarians to detect cough, and a decrease in cough was the most common owner observation after treatment. The response to the histamine challenge, used to detect airway hyperreactivity, was significantly improved with treatment or time in the horses with mEA, whereas baseline lung function did not significantly change in mEA or sEA. (4) Conclusions: Owners can be astute observers of clinical signs, especially cough, in EA. Tests of airway hyperreactivity are more successful in detecting changes in mEA than are baseline lung function testing and assessment of BAL cytology.
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Bizzotto, Davide, Stefano Paganini, Luca Stucchi, Matteo Palmisano Avallone, Esther Millares Ramirez, Pasquale P. Pompilio, Francesco Ferrucci, Jean-Pierre Lavoie, and Raffaele L. Dellacà. "A portable fan-based device for evaluating lung function in horses by the forced oscillation technique." Physiological Measurement 43, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 025001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/ac522e.
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Abstract Objective. The assessment of lung mechanics in horses is nowadays based on invasive methods that may require sedation. The forced oscillation technique (FOT) allows the non-invasive assessment of respiratory mechanics during spontaneous breathing, but current devices are complex, cumbersome, expensive, and difficult to be applied in horses. Approach. We developed a portable FOT device based on a novel approach in which the pressure waveforms are generated by a servo-controlled ducted fan. This new approach allows the design of devices that are more sturdy, compact, and portable compared to already existing approaches. The prototype includes 1) a small microcontroller-based electronic board for controlling the fan and measuring flow and pressure and 2) an optimized data processing algorithm. Main results. This device provides a maximum error of 0.06 cmH2O·s/L and 0.15 cmH2O·s/L in measuring respiratory resistance and reactance during in-vitro validation. A pilot study was also performed on three healthy horses and three horses with severe equine asthma (SEA) and it demonstrated good tolerability and feasibility of the new device. Total respiratory system resistance (R rs) and reactance (X rs) significantly differed (p < 0.05) between groups. At 5 Hz, R rs was 0.66 ± 0.02 cmH2O·s/L and 0.94 ± 0.07 cmH2O·s/L in healthy and in SEA, respectively. X rs 0.38 ± 0.02 cmH2O·s/L and −0.27 ± 0.05 cmH2O·s/L. Significance. This novel approach for applying FOT allowed the development of a small, affordable, and portable device for the non-invasive evaluation of respiratory mechanics in spontaneously breathing horses, providing a useful new tool for improving veterinary respiratory medicine. Moreover, our results provide supporting evidence of the value of this novel approach for developing portable FOT devices also for applications in humans.
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Stefurak, Ir V., Yu P. Stefurak, and M. V. Pasaylyuk. "NATURAL RESISTANCE OF HORSES OF GUTSUL BREED FROM THE POKUTTYA CARPATHIANS." Animal Breeding and Genetics 52 (November 1, 2016): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.52.30.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. Carpathian Mountains are a place which favoured formation of the main breed characteristics of Hutsul horses. We think different climate conditions influence to the isolated populations of Hutsul horses. It is reflected at the level of horses’ adaptation to changing environmental conditions by different reactions in contact with pathogens. Differences are expected for the bactericidal properties of blood serum of Hutsul horses living in the conditions of high mountains, middle height mountains and the pre-Carpathians. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore indicators of nonspecific resistance of the organism of Hutsul horses living in the conditions of high mountains of the Carpathians, the middle height mountains of the Carpathians and the pre-Carpathians. Materials and methods. The blood samples of healthy Hutsul horses living in the conditions of high mountains of the Carpathians, the middle height mountains of the Carpathians and the pre-Carpathians were studied. To assess the status of horses morphological and biochemical indicators of blood were studied. Peripheral blood samples were selected from horses before early feeding by puncture of the jugular vein according to the standard technique into test tubes with anticoagulant (10 IU/ml) and without it. To obtain serum the blood samples were centrifuged. To study the resistance of animals in the whole blood the index of completed phagocytosis (ICF) was determined, in the serum of blood bactericidal activity (BABS), lisozyme activity (LABS), total protein and its fractions were determined. To determine lisozyme and bactericidal activities culture of Міcrococcus lisodecticus АТСС 10240 та Bacillus subtilis АТCC 6633 was used respectively. Statistical processing of the results was conducted according to the procedures of G. F. Lakin using Microsoft Excel software. Results and discussion. Exploring the parameters of nonspecific resistance of the organism of Gutsul horses from different climate zones, differences were revealed for cellular immune parameters depending on the localization of the horses. For individuals living at altitudes of 1600 meters above sea level the index of completed phagocytosis was lower. The bactericidal and lisozyme activities of blood serum were lower for horses living in highland, than for horses in pre-Carpathian region and the middle height lands. These facts suggest the view that the nonspecific resistance intensity is lower for natives of the mountains as compared with animals, whose habitat is limited to the terms of the pre-Carpathians and middle height lands. The protein fractions content from blood serum of horses is typical. So, deviations from the norm of the total protein were not revealed, however, difference in the percentage content of protein fractions was noticeable. For animals of middle height lands, and from the pre-Carpathians, in contrast to animals living in highland, the content of albumin and α-globulins was higher but content of γ-globulins was slightly reduced. Fractional composition of proteins from the blood serum is a diagnostic indicator of the animal organism. The higher content of albumin fraction is indicator of the more stable organism to changing conditions, i.e. its adaptive capabilities are better. Thus, horses living in the middle height lands and the pre-Carpathians are better adapted to changing environmental conditions than their highland relatives. On the other hand, the increased levels of γ-globulin in highland Hutsul horses are indicator of compensatory mechanism of nonspecific protection in the organism, especially on the background of lower indicators of cellular immunity and nonspecific humoral factors. At the same time, in this group of horses the level of α-globulin was low relatively. It is evidence of pathological state absence in organisms of the experimental animals, as proteins of this fraction are the informants of the stressful situation intensity and probable inflammation in a body. It is known that levels of some blood components depend on height above sea level. We have shown that for the horses living in the pre-Carpathians and middle height lands the characteristic of protein content is similar, but for the representatives of highland the difference in the same indicators is statistically significant. Analysis of the cellular and humoral factors of nonspecific resistance showed weaker intensity of the indicators in the horses from high altitudes. Trend to increase of indicators was at horses living in middle height mountains, and the highest was at horses from the pre-Carpathians. Conclusions. It is established the nonspecific resistance indices of an organism in the Hutsul horses depend on localization of individuals above sea level. So, the intensity of nonspecific resistance of an organism in the animals kept under conditions of the Carpathian highlands is lower as compared with animals, whose habitat is limited to the terms of the pre-Carpathians and middle height lands. These representatives have lower level of ICF, BABS, LABS, α-globulin. Also the level of γ-globulins is the highest compared with the Hutsul horses from the Carpathian Mountains and middle height lands and that may be a trait of compensatory mechanism of nonspecific protection of an organism. The indicators of nonspecific resistance of an organism show a similar pattern for representatives from pre-Carpathians and middle height lands, statistically significant differences are noted only for LABS, which is higher in horses living in the pre-Carpathians.
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Villa, Luca, Alessia Libera Gazzonis, Carolina Allievi, Claudia De Maria, Maria Flaminia Persichetti, Giulia Caracappa, Sergio Aurelio Zanzani, and Maria Teresa Manfredi. "Seroprevalence of Tick-Borne Infections in Horses from Northern Italy." Animals 12, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12080999.
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Tick-borne diseases in horses are considered an emergent problem worldwide; the geographical redistribution of ticks, due to climatic and ecological changes, and the movements of infected horses between different nations play important roles in the spread of tick-borne diseases affecting these hosts. In this study, a survey was planned to estimate the seroprevalence of the Gram-negative bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum and the piroplasmid protozoa Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in Italian horses, as well as to evaluate possible risk factors associated with seropositive cases. Serum samples from 261 horses reared in northern Italy were collected and analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test for the detection of A. phagocytophilum-, B. caballi- and T. equi-specific antibodies. The overall seroprevalence to at least one of the investigated pathogens was 51%; sixty-one horses were seropositive to A. phagocytophilum (23.4%), forty-nine to B. caballi and the same number to T. equi (18.8% each). Seropositivity for more than one of the investigated agents was detected in thirty-two horses and the most common co-infection was observed between B. caballi and T. equi (5.7%). A significant risk factor for all the three pathogens was the elevation above sea level; indeed, the risk of infection was higher with an increase and decrease in elevation for A. phagocytophilum and for B. caballi and T. equi, respectively. Tick control in horses is strongly recommended considering the high seroprevalence values of transmitted pathogens.
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Simões, Joana, and Paula Tilley. "Decision Making in Severe Equine Asthma—Diagnosis and Monitoring." Animals 13, no. 24 (December 16, 2023): 3872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13243872.
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Decision making consists of gathering quality data in order to correctly assess a situation and determine the best course of action. This process is a fundamental part of medicine and is what enables practitioners to accurately diagnose diseases and select appropriate treatment protocols. Despite severe equine asthma (SEA) being a highly prevalent lower respiratory disease amongst equids, clinicians still struggle with the optimization of routine diagnostic procedures. The use of several ancillary diagnostic tests has been reported for disease identification and monitoring, but many are only suitable for research purposes or lack practicality for everyday use. The aim of this paper is to assist the equine veterinarian in the process of decision making associated with managing SEA-affected patients. This review will focus on disease diagnosis and monitoring, while also presenting a flow-chart which includes the basic data that the clinician must obtain in order to accurately identify severely asthmatic horses in their everyday routine practice. It is important to note that European and American board-certified specialists on equine internal medicine can provide assistance in the diagnosis and treatment plan of SEA-affected horses.
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Gurčík, Ľubomír, Viktor Porhajaš, Dávid Červený, and Zuzana Bajusová. "Economic Evaluation of Cultivation and Finalization of the Products from the Sea Buckthorn." Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjbsd-2019-0005.
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Abstract The paper discusses economic evaluation of the sea buckthorn cultivation as well as production of final products by processing the fruits of this economically interesting woody plant. The input data of the economic “ex post” analysis is based on the authentic data of the agricultural entity operating in Slovakia. Recently, we have been expanding the growing area of sea buckthorn to which we are contributing by educating and promoting the products from this medicinal plant. Sea buckthorn is an extraordinary healing plant called the “lemon tree of the north“. One sea buckthorn fruit will cover the daily dose of vitamin C. Even the ancient Greeks knew about the effects of sea buckthorn, which formed the basis for its Latin name – Hippophae rhamnoides – which means a shining horse. The sea buckthorn’s name was associated with a beautiful shiny coat of horses grazing on the plant. It is one of the world‘s most nutrient-rich plants because sea buckthorn areas have a unique composition and chemical analyses have confirmed that more than 190 substances are the best-ever independent source of natural clustering. These substances contain 10 different vitamins, 18 amino acids, 24 minerals and trace elements. Sea buckthorn has a high content of mono and polyunsaturated essential acids (omega 3, 6, 7 and 9) and phytosterols. It contains vitamins C, E, beta-carotene and another 40 carotenoids. The fruits contain all B vitamins. For these reasons, we consider buckthorn to be an exceptional plant that has the potential to expand its cultivation in all production areas. In the SR, the cultivation of sea buckthorn is based on small gardeners, on larger areas; the cultivation of this healing plant is a unique matter. An advertising campaign that promotes sea buckthron products has been launched by the pharmaceutical industry and its distribution networks. This increased interest creates a precondition for the expansion of the cultivation in the Slovak Republic.
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Betzig, Laura. "When women win." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 2 (April 1999): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99251813.
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In Homo sapiens and other species, promiscuity, risk-taking, and aggression are less matters of sex (having XX vs. XY) than gender (giving PI vs. resources and/or genes). Classic role reversals include: sea-horses, polyandrous birds, and a few heiresses in England and Rome. Unlike other females, but like many males, they are assertive, they take chances, and they are not chaste.
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Munandar, Rizqan Khairan, Sulistiono Sulistiono, and Isdrajad Setyobudiandi. "Pengelolaan Ekosistem Lamun untuk Keberlanjutan Populasi Kuda Laut di Desa Sebong Pereh, Kabupaten Bintan." Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia 25, no. 3 (July 29, 2020): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18343/jipi.25.3.405.
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This research is about studying ecosystems that was designed to analyze the relationship between seagrass ecosystem, environmental competition, and seahorse participation to analyze the distribution of seagrass ecosystems and the abundance of sea horses, and to analyze seahorse-based ecosystem management strategies. This research was conducted in March–June 2017. The determination of the research station was based on purposive sampling technique. Retrieval of seagrass ecosystem data was conducted using a quadrant with the size of 50 x 50 cm transect. Seahorse data were collected using visual census on seagrass transect with a plot of 100 x 100 cm. The relationships between environmental parameters, seagrass ecosystems, and seahorses were calculated using XL Starting 2015. Management of seagrass ecosystems was analyzed using SWOT. Analysis of seagrass included type, density, and INP. Seahorse analysis calculated the abundance of seahorse. The results found 6 species of seagrasses, namely Enhalus acoraides (Ea), Thalassia hemprichii (Th), Halophila ovalis (Ho), Syringodium isoetifolium (Si), Cymodocea serrulata (Cs), and Thalassodendron ciliatum (Tc) with a density that covered sea horse abundance, and INP which had several types of roles in the research location. The management is carried out with the objectives of sustainable resources.
Keywords: seagrass ecosystem, seahorse, Sebong Pereh Village
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Morini, Maria, Francesca Gobbo, Riccardo Rinnovati, Noemi Romagnoli, Angelo Peli, Chiara Massarenti, Alessandro Spadari, and Marco Pietra. "Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytology in Severe Equine Asthma: Cytocentrifugated versus Sediment Smear Preparations." Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 8 (August 16, 2023): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10080527.
Full textAbstract:
Equine asthma is a common respiratory disease that may affect horses of any age. The diagnosis of severe equine asthma (SEA) (historically referred as recurrent airway obstruction or RAO) is based mainly on the history of the animal and clinical signs, which are further supported by the cytological examination of the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). This can also be helpful in monitoring the inflammation of the lower airways in response to environmental management and medication. The cytocentrifugated preparation is usually considered the method of choice for BAL cytological interpretation. The aim of this study was to compare the results in terms of differential cell counts (DCC) in BAL cytology performed on sedimented smears and cytocentrifugated preparations. To carry this out, 48 BAL samples were collected from six horses with SEA that were subjected to a process of exacerbation of the disease by environmental stimuli, which was later followed by the appropriate treatment. Each collected BAL fluid was equally divided into duplicate portions: one processed by cytocentrifugation and one by sediment smear from simple centrifugation. Cytologic examination of all BAL by both methods showed poor concordance in DCC, although it was still able to allow diagnostic recognition of severe lung neutrophilic disorders. These results suggest that sediment smear preparation, although remaining a useful method in general equine practice associated with clinical assessments in the diagnosis of SEA under conditions where there is no possibility of using a cytocentrifuge, cannot be considered a comparable alternative.
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Parés-Casanova, Pere M., and C. Allés. "No functional sexual dimorphism in Minorcan horse assessed by geometric morphometric methods." Animal Genetic Resources/Ressources génétiques animales/Recursos genéticos animales 56 (June 2015): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2078633614000514.
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SummaryThe existence of sexual dimorphism in the Minorcan horse, an autochthonous breed from Minorca Island in the Balearic archipelago (NW Mediterranean Sea), is established in the official standard, with females being shorter and longer than males as well as having slenderer necks and a squarer croup. However, no study so far has explored the size and shape components of this dimorphism separately. The aim of this study was to analyse the morphology of this breed using geometric morphometric methods in order to find size and shape differences between sire lines. The analysis was based on landmarks digitized in lateral view from 38 registered adult Minorcan horses (20 males and 18 females) within an age range of 3–14 years (average 7 years) with different performance goals. The analyses did not reveal any significant differences between the “shape” and “size” of male and female animals, for the landmarks studied, so the sexes are functionally similar.
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Foreman, J. H. "Mitigation of effects of heat and humidity at Tokyo 2020 Olympic Summer Games equestrian events." Comparative Exercise Physiology 20, no. 2 (January 18, 2024): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17552559-20230044.
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Abstract The physiological challenge of Tokyo 2020, the XXXII Olympic Summer Games held in July-August 2021, was adaptation to training and competing in the subtropical summer weather conditions. Dressage, Eventing, and Jumping horses (n = 248) arrived at 05:00-06:30 h on six European and two Australian overnight chartered flights 8-to-10 days prior to beginning competition. All horses were housed at Japan Racing Association Equestrian Park in Bagi Koen. Eventing Cross Country was held an hour’s drive away at Sea Forest. All stables and conveyances were air-conditioned. Cooling stations were available at both venues and consisted of tall arched tents with large containers of water chilled to ≤15 °C, cooling/misting fans, and rubberised flooring for traction safety. Training hours began at 06:00 h daily with a mandatory mid-day break between 11:00 and 15:00-16:00 h when arenas were re-opened until 22:00. Daytime temperatures ranged 28.8-36.8 °C and peak humidity remained high throughout the Games (58-97%). There were no heat-related illnesses in horses observed by clinic veterinarians who were present at all training and competition rings whenever horses were exercising. Individual horses received elective intravenous fluids (10 litre minimum) on arrival in Japan, after cross country, and/or before departure. Reported ailments included post-transport pneumonia, exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage, orthopaedic injury, laceration, impaction colic, acute piroplasmosis, and laminitis. A persistent brisk westerly wind began nightly around 17:00 h, making evening competition sessions cooler than daytime training sessions. It was concluded that safe competitions were held despite persistently elevated subtropical ambient heat and humidity conditions.
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Sinika, Vitalij S., Sergey N. Razumov, Nikolay P. Telnov, and Elena F. Taschi. "Scythian barrow near Bychok village on the left bank of the Lower Dniester." Ufa Archaeological Herald 24, no. 2 (June 2024): 407–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31833/uav/2024.24.2.025.
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The article for the first time publishes and analyzes the materials obtained during the study of Scythian mound 6 near Bychok village on the left bank of the Lower Dniester. Description of the of the barrow and the graves: Four Scythian graves were studied under the mound. The barrow was built above the main burial in the catacomb. Its entrance pit was filled with stone, then covered with wood, and after a stone core was built in the center of the mound. Despite this, the burial was robbed; two amphoraу of Ikos, a black-glazed vessel, gold plaques, a silver finial and horse harness items were preserved from the grave goods. The bridle belonged to two horses, which were laid in the dromos. Simultaneously with the main burial two accompanying graves were built in rectangular pits under a wooden covering and a stone core in the center of the barrow. A “guard” was buried in one of them with a quiver set and sacrificial food with an iron knife, in the second burial were buried two bridled horses in a “standing” position. After a short time, the grave of a child in the catacomb was sunk into the mound. The entrance to the funeral chamber was covered with a stone wall; a molded jug and an abrasive tool were placed in the chamber. Barrow dating: Two Greek amphorae and a black-glazed lekanis from the main burial in the catacomb allow us to date the barrow to the second quarter of the 4th century BC. The secondary child burial was sunk into the mound no later than the middle of the 4th century BC. Final remarks: It must be stated that mound 6 near the Bychok village was built for the internment of a person (persons?) with high social status. This is evidenced by the design of the mound (with a stone core and a wooden covering in the center), the labor spends for the construction of the main catacomb, as well as two accompanying graves (“a guard” in a separate pit and two horses in a separate pit) and the burial of two horses in the dromos of the main grave. An iron bridle preserved undisturbed in the paired horse burial allows us to conclude about the evolution of some of its elements among the Scythians during the 4th–2nd centuries BC. The totality of data obtained during the study of the barrow not only adds the picture of the Scythian presence in the North-West Black Sea region, but also allows us to draw attention to some elements of the funerary rite and material culture, which were previously recorded extremely rarely or were not found at all in the region.
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Löffelmann, Tessi, Christophe Snoeck, Julian D. Richards, Lucie J. Johnson, Philippe Claeys, and Janet Montgomery. "Sr analyses from only known Scandinavian cremation cemetery in Britain illuminate early Viking journey with horse and dog across the North Sea." PLOS ONE 18, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): e0280589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280589.
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The barrow cemetery at Heath Wood, Derbyshire, is the only known Viking cremation cemetery in the British Isles. It dates to the late ninth century and is associated with the over-wintering of the Viking Great Army at nearby Repton in AD 873–4. Only the cremated remains of three humans and of a few animals are still available for research. Using strontium content and isotope ratios of these three people and three animals–a horse, a dog and a possible pig–this paper investigates the individuals’ residential origins. The results demonstrate that strontium isotope ratios of one of the adults and the non-adult are compatible with a local origin, while the other adult and all three animals are not. In conjunction with the archaeological context, the strontium isotope ratios indicate that these individuals most likely originated from the area of the Baltic Shield–and that they died soon after arrival in Britain. This discovery constitutes the first solid scientific evidence that Scandinavians crossed the North Sea with horses, dogs and other animals as early as the ninth century AD.
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Choo, C. K., and H. C. Liew. "Spatial distribution, substrate assemblages and size composition of sea horses (Family Syngnathidae) in the coastal waters of Peninsular Malaysia." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, no. 2 (March 20, 2003): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315403007069h.
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Four species of sea horses (Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) were found in Peninsular Malaysia during a survey conducted between April and August 2001. These were Hippocampus trimaculatus, H. spinosissimus, H. kuda and H. kelloggi. All four species were found in the Straits of Malacca; two species (H. trimaculatus and H. spinosissimus) in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia in the South China Sea; and three species: H. trimaculatus, H. spinosissimus and H. kuda in the south coast, Straits of Johor. There were habitat and depth separations by species. Hippocampus trimaculatus, which was found throughout the coastal waters of the Peninsular, were reported to inhabit chiefly among gorgonians at approximately 20–40 m depth. The habitat and depth in H. spinosissimus were rather similar to that of H. trimaculatus; but the former species was less widespread in the west coast. Hippocampus kuda was confined to shallow water between 1 to 3 m, and was found in seaweeds and sea grass meadows in a few estuaries; whereas H. kelloggi inhabited gorgonians and sea whips in deep-water below 65 m. Mean standard lengths are given. No sexual size dimorphism was detected in any of the species.
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Wang, Bo, Guoyan Liu, Min Luo, Xin Zhang, Qianqian Wang, Shuaijun Zou, Fuhai Zhang, Xia Jin, and Liming Zhang. "Preparation and Evaluation of a Horse Antiserum against the Venom of Sea Snake Hydrophis curtus from Hainan, China." Toxins 14, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14040253.
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Sea snake venom is extremely toxic, and it can induce severe respiratory failure and cause high mortality. The most effective first aid treatment for sea snake bites is to inject antivenom as soon as possible. However, in China, there are only four types of terrestrial snake antivenoms, none of which are effective in the treatment of sea snake bites. In order to develop an antivenom for the dominant species of sea snakes in Chinese seas, Hydrophis curtus venom (HcuV) was chosen as the antigen to immunize horses. From immune plasma, a high-titer Hydrophis curtus antivenom (HcuAV) was prepared. In vitro assessment showed that HcuAV had a cross-neutralizing capacity against HcuV and Hydrophis cyanocinctus venom (HcyV). In vivo assessment indicated that HcuAV injection could significantly improve the survival rates of the HcuV and HcyV envenomated mice (0% to 100% and 87.5%, respectively) when it was injected at a sufficient amount within the shortest possible time. In addition, HcuAV could also effectively alleviate multiple organ injuries caused by HcuV. These results provide experimental support for the future clinical application of HcuAV.
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CHEVALIER, V., A. DUPRESSOIR, A. TRAN, O. M. DIOP, C. GOTTLAND, M. DIALLO, E. ETTER, et al. "Environmental risk factors of West Nile virus infection of horses in the Senegal River basin." Epidemiology and Infection 138, no. 11 (February 23, 2010): 1601–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026881000035x.
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SUMMARYIn 2005, a serological study was carried out on horses in five ecologically contrasted zones of the Senegal River basin (Senegal) to assess West Nile virus (WNV) transmission and investigate underlying environmental risk factors. In each study zone, horses were randomly selected and blood samples taken. A land-cover map of the five study areas was built using two satellite ETM+ images. Blood samples were screened by ELISA for anti-WNV IgM and IgG and positive samples were confirmed by seroneutralization. Environmental data were analysed using a principal components analysis. The overall IgG seroprevalence rate was 85% (n=367; 95% CI 0·81–0·89). The proximity to sea water, flooded banks and salted mudflats were identified as protective factors. These environmental components are unfavourable to the presence of Culex mosquitoes suggesting that in Senegal, the distribution of the vector species is more limiting for WNV transmission than for the hosts' distribution.
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Baskin, Jon A. "Early Pliocene horses from late Pleistocene fluvial deposits, Gulf Coastal Plain, south Texas." Journal of Paleontology 65, no. 6 (November 1991): 995–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000033308.
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Isolated teeth and post-cranial elements of fossil vertebrates were recovered from sand and gravel pits in valley fill and terrace deposits along the Nueces River in San Patricio and Nueces Counties, Texas. A log from the valley fill deposit has been radiocarbon dated at 13,230 ± 110 BP. The fauna is mixed and comprises typical late Pleistocene taxa and relatively abundant remains of early Pliocene (latest Hemphillian) horses. The latter group includes Astrohippus albidens (Mooser), Nannippus spp., Neohipparion eurystyle (Cope), and a derived species of either Calippus or Pseudhipparion. Many of these specimens show little or no evidence of abrasion, in spite of the fact that they may have been transported at least 12–25 km. The source beds for these early Pliocene horses are unknown, but the fossils were probably eroded from older, updip sediments of the upper Goliad Formation during a low stand of sea level at the end of the Pleistocene and deposited during the late Wisconsinan.
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Kveiborg, Jacob, Laura Ahlqvist, and Helle Vandkilde. "Horses, Fish and Humans: Interspecies Relationships in the Nordic Bronze Age." Current Swedish Archaeology, no. 28 (December 14, 2020): 75–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.2020.04.
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In this article, we identify and discuss Nordic Bronze Age interspecies relationships through a relational approach that is open to ontologies that differ from our own. Drawing on bronze objects, faunal remains and rock art recovered from a multitude of Nordic Bronze Age sites (1700–500 BC), we outline the complex evolution and interactions of significant socioeconomic and cosmological elements such as the horse, the sun, the warrior, the sea and fish, and their relationships to life and death. We suggest that these elements may be seen as interconnected parts of an entangled whole, which represents a specific Nordic Bronze Age cosmology, which developed between 1600 and 1400 BC, and combined local, archaic world views and foreign influences.
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Slobodyanik, R. V., and A. E. Belopolsky. "Hygiene of keeping service horses in the highlands of Armenia." Legal regulation in veterinary medicine, no. 3 (October 18, 2023): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/issn2782-6252.2023.3.144.
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In the Transcaucasus region, the Republic of Armenia is the highest mountainous country, about 90% of its territories are located at altitudes of more than 1000 meters above sea level. On the territory of this region there are high plateaus, volcanic cones with a large abundance of streams and small rivers. With an increase of every 100 meters, the precipitation level increases by approximately 25 mm, and when reaching heights of 3,000 meters, precipitation increases to 1,000 mm per year. A feature of service horse breeding in this region is the tortuosity of most mountain roads, fairly rocky soil, steep ascents and descents, high and inaccessible passes, changes in atmospheric pressure and temperature at different altitudes during the day, frequent and sharp changes in air speed . The difficulty of raising livestock in some high-mountainous regions of Armenia is also due to the presence of landslides, screes, cliffs and glaciers, and in winter conditions, deep snow cover.
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Kang, Heng, Gary Kwok Cheong Lee, Dorothee Bienzle, Luis G. Arroyo, William Sears, Brandon N. Lillie, and Janet Beeler-Marfisi. "Equine alveolar macrophages and monocyte-derived macrophages respond differently to an inflammatory stimulus." PLOS ONE 18, no. 3 (March 15, 2023): e0282738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282738.
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Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are the predominant innate immune cell in the distal respiratory tract. During inflammatory responses, AMs may be supplemented by blood monocytes, which differentiate into monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Macrophages play important roles in a variety of common equine lower airway diseases, including severe equine asthma (SEA). In an experimental model, an inhaled mixture of Aspergillus fumigatus spores, lipopolysaccharide, and silica microspheres (FLS), induced SEA exacerbation in susceptible horses. However, whether equine AMs and MDMs have differing immunophenotypes and cytokine responses to FLS stimulation is unknown. To address these questions, alveolar macrophages/monocytes (AMMs) were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and MDMs derived from blood of six healthy horses. Separately, AMMs and MDMs were cultured with and without FLS for six hours after which cell surface marker expression and cytokine production were analyzed by flow cytometry and a bead-based multiplex assay, respectively. Results showed that regardless of exposure conditions, AMMs had significantly higher surface expression of CD163 and CD206 than MDMs. Incubation with FLS induced secretion of IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α and IFN-γ in AMMs, and IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α in MDMs. These results suggest that AMMs have a greater proinflammatory response to in vitro FLS stimulation than MDMs, inferring differing roles in equine lung inflammation. Variability in recruitment and function of monocyte-macrophage populations warrant more detailed in vivo investigation in both homeostatic and diseased states.
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Hanafi, Nevy D. "POTENSI PRODUKSI HIJAUAN PADA PASTURA ALAMI DI PULAU SAMOSIR KABUPATEN SAMOSIR." Jurnal Pertanian Tropik 4, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jpt.v4i2.3079.
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Samosir island has potential ruminant livestock development include beef cattle, buffaloes, goatsand horses. This study aims to determine the potential of the forage production on natural pasturesin Samosir, Samosir regency. Research carried on in Samosir in July to October 2016. Assessmentof Forage Feed on pasture land in Samosir includes determining the locations of the study based onaltitude, sampling forages and forage calculate productivity. Location of the study amounted to 15points, at an altitude of 905-1200 meters above sea level there are nine (9) research sites thatSimbolon, Simanindo, Unjur, Garoga, Marlumba, Suhisuhi Dolok, Parbaba Dolok, Onan Runggu,Sabungan Nihuta. While at an altitude up 1200 m above sea level, there are 6 locations includingresearch Tanjungan, Sidihoni, Lintong Sunut, Desa Lumban Simbolon, Sipira 32, dan Sipira 33. Theresults showed that the fresh Production of highest at an altitude 905-1200 meters above sea levelwas 2.048,27 kg/ha/harvest, and production dry matter is 814,43 kg/ha/harvest. Temporarily themean production of fresh ingredients at an altitude up 1200 m above sea level is 1.696,1 kg/ha/harvestand production dry matter is 739,28 kg/ha/harvest. Conclusion altitude on pasture gives effect to theproduction of fresh and dry matter forage.
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Rieznykova, N. L. "EXTINCT FARM ANIMALS’ BREEDS OF UKRAINE." Animal Breeding and Genetics 64 (December 26, 2022): 201–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.64.18.
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The industrialization since the beginning of the previous century led to the loss of a significant number of breeds. But it should be remembered, that the disappearance of a breed is not only the disappearance of an important unit that supplemented the uniqueness of a specific landscape, met the needs of a certain category of people who lived in this territory, performed certain rituals associated with traditions and territory, evolved with and complemented a certain culture and nation, but as well the breed – it is the genes, which were not revealed at that time, but in the future could provide people with the development of the latest technologies with new products, a new type of knowledge, skills and useful peculiarities.
The analysis of the literal source base of the past centuries confirms the disappearance of Polish, Red Smilyan, Ukrainian White-Backed, Black-and-White Podilian in cattle breeding, in sheep breeding – 9 breeds (Walahian, Pirni, Reshetilivska, Chushka, Mazayev Merino, Malich, Hutsulian, Chuntuk), in horse breeding – Streletsky, Germano-Bessarabian, Nogai breeds and Tarpan. 3 breeding populations have disappeared in pig breeding.
Disappeared in cattle breeding: the Polissian breed of cattle, which was widespread in the 19th and early 20th centuries on a large territory of Polissia (in 1926, on the right-bank Polissia, it numbered about 35.000 heads). By origin, the Polissian cattle were admitted a descendant of the ancient race that lived in Polissia since ancient times.
The animals were exceptionally hardy, resistant to diseases typical for the region, and had a certain productivity even in difficult conditions of unsatisfactory keeping.
The Red Smilyan breed of the beginning of the 20th century was spread in the area of the town of Smila, "from north to south along the railway through the town of Smila all the way to Horodyshche and Chhyrynsky district. This breed was "a branch of red steppe cattle, which, like Grey Ukrainian cattle, belonged to the group of steppe cattle." So, it would be interesting to investigate it as well.
At the beginning of the last century, the different varieties of spotted cattle of Podillia were spread over almost the entire territory of the Vinnytsia region (except for the northern part). Researchers estimate the presence of this livestock at the level of 100.000 heads at the beginning of the last century. This group included Black-and-White Podilian and Ukrainian White-Backed breeds.
Sheep breeding. Coarse-wool sheep have been bred on the territory of Ukraine for a long time, especially Reshetilivska and Sokilian sheep. In the literature, there is also information about the breeding of Wallahian sheep.
Horse breeding. Research in recent years suggests a high probability of domestication of horses in the territory of the steppes of Ukraine, so it would be especially interesting to study the behavior, characteristics, and variety of products of ancient horses of Ukrainian origin. However, this is no longer possible on at least 3 breeds of horses: Striletska, Germano-Bessarabian, Nogai and Tarpan. In addition, there is evidence that in Ukraine in the 17th century a breed of striped (tarantoid) horses was widespread. Ethnological studies also report on the existence of Steppe Ukrainian horse, bred in Zaporizhzhia, and Boykivian (boyki, perevinniki) horse breed in the Carpathians. The Ukrainian breed of horses became the basis for the formation of the Black Sea breed in the Kuban after the Cossacks of Zaporizhzhya Sich were resettled there in the 19th century.
Pig breeding. According to the National Coordinator of Genetic Resources from Ukraine in FAO until 2014, I.V. Guzev, three breed groups of pigs and one local population (European short-eared pig) have disappeared in Ukraine. According to ethnographers, Ukrainian black and brown breeds have long been predominant on the territory of Ukraine. So, it was the Ukrainian sub-population of European group of pigs. This group as well was characterized with yellowish, brown or white, mixed with black bristle color. There were as well individuals of gray or white color with black spots, small fangs were visible.
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Muhammadar, A. A., Z. Nur, A. W. Perdana, M. Nasir, D. F. Putra, S. Karina, A. Junaidi, and Asmawati. "The Profile of Amino Acids in Sea Horse ((Hippocampus sp)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 869, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/869/1/012027.
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Abstract Seahorse (Hippocampus sp.) is a marine fisheries commodity that has high economic and nutritional values. The aims of study were to determine the proximate composition and the profile of the amino acids content in seahorses. The method used refers to the AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemistry) for proximate analysis and a GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy) for the amino acid analysis. This research was done in March 2021. The sea horses were carried out from Simeulue waters, Simeulue district, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Samples were divided into 2 sizes, small size (3.00-5.00 cm) and large size ((5.01-10.00 cm). The analysis was done at laboratorium of Syiah Kuala University. The results of the study was found that the proximate content of the seahorse was water content (6.29%), ash content (25.43%), fat content (0.57%), protein content (39.32%) and carbohydrates ( 28.48%). The amino acid composition of large seahorses and small seahorses consists of four types of essential amino acids, namely leucine, isoleucine, histidine and valine, and six types of non-essential amino acids, namely alanine, glycine, aspartic acid, asparagine, arginine and serine.
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Surov, A. I., L. V. Kononova, O. V. Sycheva, A. Ya Kazarova, and L. M. Smirnova. "The state of horse breeding in the Stavropol Territory." Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), no. 3 (February 19, 2024): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2403-03.
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The information on the current state of the horse population in the Russian Federation, its distribution by farm category over the past three years has been provided in the article. Between 2020 and 2022, the number of horses in agricultural organizations in Russia decreased by 21 thousand. On the contrary, in privet households there was an increase in the number of horses by 16 thousand heads, and in peasant (farm) farms by 13 thousand heads. The material on pedigree horse breeding in the Stavropol Territory has been also provided in the work. The founders of horse breeding in the region are the Stavropol and Terek stud farms, which were organized in 1921. On their basis a new promising breed of horses was established as Terek breed, which today is on the verge of extinction. It is bred only by private owners and then in small quantities. Targeted work is needed to preserve the gene pool and restore the population of this horse breed. Information is presented on existing stud farms and multiplication farms, which are located in the Stavropol region. Under the conditions of four stud farms, two multiplication farms located in 5 districts of the region. There the following breeds of horses are bred such as Akhal-Teke, Thoroughbred riding, Arabian and Karachay. The total number of breeding horses in the Stavropol Territory at the beginning of 2023 was 862 heads, including 302 mares and 36 stud stallions. Training and systematic testing of horses take place at the Pyatigorsk Racetrack. Horse racing takes place every Sunday from May to October. In general, the dynamics of the horse population in Russia indicates that horse breeding continues to be an important sector of the economy and can be an attractive area for investors and businessmen.
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Koroy, Kismanto, Nurafni, and Djainudin Alwi. "Distribution Patterns of Sea Horses Based on Sex Caught in the Waters of Morotai Island." East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 2, no. 10 (October 25, 2023): 4089–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/eajmr.v2i10.6467.
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This research aims to determine the distribution pattern of seahorses based on sex in the waters of Morotai Island, which are spread across the waters of Morotai Island. The research was carried out from June 2022 to July 2023 at 6 points spread across the waters of Morotai Island, including South Morotai, West South Morotai, East Morotai, Rao Island, North Morotai and Morotai Jaya. The results of the research showed that the number of individual seahorses found at the research location was 25 of three types, namely seven horse Hippocampus (3 males, four females), 17 Kellogi Hippocampus (7 males and 10 females) and one female Hippocampus spinosissimus. Meanwhile, analysis of the distribution pattern index for seahorses in the waters of Morotai Island shows a uniform distribution pattern.
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Corso, Antonio. "Siracusani ad Anfipoli. Considerazioni su un dimenticato evento storico e sul suo possibile impatto nella vita culturale, letteraria e figurativa di Anfipoli." Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 73, no. 1 (June 3, 2022): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/072.2022.00003.
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Abstract The aim of this note is to review the passage of Polyaenus, Stratagemata 5. 2. 12. The seizure of Amphipolis by the Syracusans, narrated by Polyaenus, may have taken place in 388, when Dionysius I sent a war fleet to the northern Aegean Sea. The presence of Syracusans in the city on river Strymon may have had an impact on the cultural, religious and artistic life of Amphipolis. In particular, the kidnapping of Kore by Hades on a carriage driven by only two horses in the mosaic of tumulus Kasta near Amphipolis may be due to this western influence.
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Mönki, Jenni, and Anna Mykkänen. "Lipids in Equine Airway Inflammation: An Overview of Current Knowledge." Animals 14, no. 12 (June 18, 2024): 1812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14121812.
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Mild–moderate and severe equine asthma (MEA and SEA) are prevalent inflammatory airway conditions affecting horses of numerous breeds and disciplines. Despite extensive research, detailed disease pathophysiology and the differences between MEA and SEA are still not completely understood. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology, broadly used in clinical practice and in equine asthma research, has limited means to represent the inflammatory status in the lower airways. Lipidomics is a field of science that can be utilized in investigating cellular mechanisms and cell-to-cell interactions. Studies in lipidomics have a broad variety of foci, of which fatty acid and lipid mediator profile analyses and global lipidomics have been implemented in veterinary medicine. As many crucial proinflammatory and proresolving mediators are lipids, lipidomic studies offer an interesting yet largely unexplored means to investigate inflammatory reactions in equine airways. The aim of this review article is to collect and summarize the findings of recent lipidomic studies on equine airway inflammation.
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Gu, Mi-Young, and Hwa-Jung Choi. "Study on Manufacturing of Tourist Hand Made Soap Motived Sightseeing Attractive Place in Gyeongsangnam-do." Journal of the Korean Society of Cosmetology 28, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 710–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52660/jksc.2022.28.4.710.
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Gyeongsangnam-do possessed various sightseeing attractive place. We purposed to manufacture tourist hand-made soap expressing nine sightseeing attractive place. The nine place were sunrise of Ganjeolgot, Mongdol beach of Gangdong, whale sea-travel line, Daewangam park, simnidaebat field-milky way, national garden of Taehwa river, mallard duck pot of Usisan, hanging bridge of Daewangam and cheonma tomb. The other seven soaps were made by method of melt and pour except for hanging bridge of Daewangam by method of cold process and cheonma tomb by short time process. To express art in soap, seven soaps were made by embedding techniques except for mallard duck of Usisan and cheonma tomb using transparency techniques. Sunrise of Ganjeolgot expressed symbolically sunrise and hope mailbox. Mongdol beach of Gangdong expressed black gravel field and white breaking tide. Whale sea-travel line expressed contrastively blue sea and flock of pink dolphins. Daewongam park expressed harmonically green pine and blue sea possessing special rocks. simnidaebat field-milky way expressed as bamboo farm shining and breaking under night light. National garden of Taehwa river expressed harmonically life and nature. Mallard duck of Usisan expressed notably mallard duck using gray and brown color grounding in white color. Hanging bridge of Daewangam expressed hanging bridge crossing blue sea and green Daewangam. Cheonma tomb expressed big green tomb and horses. These tourist hand-made soap can be applied develop new tourist products based on old tourist products.
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Nikonorov, V., and I. Arzhantseva. "The history of the earliest rigid-structure saddles in the light of archaeological data from the Southern Aral Sea area." Archaeological News 32 (2021): 228–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/1817-6976-2021-32-228-254.
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The article deals with terracotta statuettes of saddled horses and fantastic beasts coming from ar- chaeological sites of Chorasmia and its cattle-breeding periphery. Among them, a group of figurines with saddles of the so-called horned type stands out, which are well attested in iconographic and material pieces of evidence of the Roman Imperial era from Western Europe. A great importance of the invention of the “horned” saddles for the development of the art of warfare in the Ancient world during Hellenistic and subsequent times is emphasized, and a question of their invention in the Southern Aral Sea area is raised as well.