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Academic literature on the topic 'Sea otter skin industry'
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Journal articles on the topic "Sea otter skin industry"
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Ling, JK. "Impact Of Colonial Sealing On Seal Stocks Around Australia, New Zealand And Subantarctic Islands Between 150 And 170 Degrees East." Australian Mammalogy 24, no. 1 (2002): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am02117.
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Details of southern elephant seal oil and fur seal and sea lion skin cargoes have been extracted from a large number of secondary sources dealing with Australian and New Zealand maritime history, which in turn referred to numerous primary sources of information. The data were collated and analysed for ten areas in the south-west Pacific region and published recently in two separate larger works. This review is a synthesis and analysis of the impact of the colonial sealing industry on seal stocks in the region, based on those papers, with some minor revisions and reference to works by other authors. Colonial sealing lasted from the late 18th to the mid- 19th century and was followed by sporadic hunting until the late 1940s. Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) were hunted for their oil; and Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus), New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri), Australian sea lions (Neophoca cinerea) and New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri) were targeted for their skins and some oil. At least 1,081 tons of elephant seal oil were shipped from King Is. between 1802 and 1819, while 8,380 tons were shipped from Macquarie Is. between 1810 and 1919. More than 1.4 million skins of both species of fur seals were harvested between 1792 and 1949, but only 4,000 Neophoca and 5,700 Phocarctos pelts are recorded as having been shipped by 1840. The Antipodes Islands yielded more than a quarter of the total fur seal skin harvest, and New Zealand and southern Australia each delivered a quarter of the total. Current numbers of the two species of fur seals combined are about a tenth of the crudely estimated size (1.5 million) of the original population. The exploited fur seals and sea lions were probably the same species as occur today at the original sealing localities, apart from Macquarie Is. where the identity of the exploited fur seals remains in doubt. There is some evidence that Maoris and Australian Aborigines hunted seals in pre-European times, resulting in reduced ranges and depleted stocks that were exploited later by colonial sealers.
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Moss, Madonna L. "Did Tlingit Ancestors Eat Sea Otters? Addressing Intellectual Property and Cultural Heritage through Zooarchaeology." American Antiquity 85, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 202–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2019.101.
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The maritime fur trade caused the extirpation of sea otters from southeast Alaska. In the 1960s, sea otters were reintroduced, and their numbers have increased. Now, sea otters are competing with people for what have become commercially important invertebrates. After having been absent for more than a century, the reentry of this keystone species has unsettled people. Although some communities perceive sea otters as a threat to their livelihoods, others view their return as restoration of the marine ecosystem. The federal Marine Mammal Protection Act authorizes any Alaska Native to harvest sea otters for subsistence provided that the harvest is not wasteful. Some people are seeking to define “traditional” Tlingit use of sea otters as not only using their pelts but consuming them as food, but some Tlingit maintain they never ate sea otters. This project analyzes the largest precontact archaeological assemblage of sea otter bones in southeast Alaska, with the benefit of insights gained from observing a Tlingit hunter skin a sea otter to infer that Tlingit ancestors hunted sea otters primarily for pelts. The extent to which other Indigenous peoples of the North Pacific consumed sea otters as food deserves investigation, especially as sea otters recolonize their historic range.
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Black, Peter, Lee Harrison, Mark Beaubien, Robert Bluth, Roy Woods, Andrew Penny, Robert W. Smith, and James D. Doyle. "High-Definition Sounding System (HDSS) for Atmospheric Profiling." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 34, no. 4 (April 2017): 777–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00210.1.
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AbstractThe High-Definition Sounding System (HDSS) is an automated system deploying the expendable digital dropsonde (XDD) designed to measure wind and pressure–temperature–humidity (PTH) profiles, and skin sea surface temperature (SST) within and around tropical cyclones (TCs) and other high-impact weather events needing high sampling density. Three experiments were conducted to validate the XDD.On two successive days off the California coast, 10 XDDs and 14 Vaisala RD-94s were deployed from the navy’s Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely-Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) Twin Otter aircraft over offshore buoys. The Twin Otter made spiral descents from 4 km to 60 m at the same descent rate as the sondes. Differences between successive XDD and RD-94 profiles due to true meteorological variability were on the same order as the profile differences between the spirals, XDDs, and RD-94s. XDD SST measured via infrared microradiometer, referred to as infrared skin SST (SSTir), and surface wind measurements were within 0.5°C and 1.5 m s−1, respectively, of buoy and Twin Otter values.A NASA DC-8 flight launched six XDDs from 12 km between ex-TC Cosme and the Baja California coast. Repeatability was shown with good agreement between features in successive profiles. XDD SSTir measurements from 18° to 28°C and surface winds agreed well with drifting buoy- and satellite-derived estimates.Excellent agreement was found between PTH and wind profiles measured by XDDs deployed from a NASA WB-57 at 18-km altitude offshore from the Texas coast and NWS radiosonde profiles from Brownsville and Corpus Christi, Texas. Successful XDD profiles were obtained in the clear and within precipitation over an offshore squall line.
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Dai, Daoxin, Xiaoyu Ma, Xiaojuan Yan, and Xijun Bao. "The Biological Role of Dead Sea Water in Skin Health: A Review." Cosmetics 10, no. 1 (January 19, 2023): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics10010021.
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Applying natural mineral water to skin care is a popular tendency and many cosmetics products based on thermal spring water have been developed. The special location and environmental conditions provide Dead Sea water (DSW) with unique ion composition and concentrations, which bring comprehensive positive effects on skin health. This article reviews two potential action modes of DSW, and the biological function of DSW and its related complex in dermatology and skin care. Previous studies have proved the functions of skin moisturization, anti-inflammation, skin barrier repair, and anti-pollution. Especially, the anti-aging effect of DSW and related complexes can act in three different ways: keratinocyte rejuvenation, photo-protection, and cellular energy elevation. Additionally, the issues that need further investigation are also discussed. We hope that this review will help to improve the understanding of DSW and its related complex, and further contribute to product development in the skincare industry.
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Munekata, Paulo E. S., Mirian Pateiro, Rubén Domínguez, Jianjun Zhou, Francisco J. Barba, and Jose M. Lorenzo. "Nutritional Characterization of Sea Bass Processing By-Products." Biomolecules 10, no. 2 (February 4, 2020): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10020232.
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The consumption of functional foods and nutraceuticals is gaining more importance in modern society. The exploration of alternative sources and the utilization of by-products coming from the food industry are gaining more importance. The present study aimed to characterize the nutritional value and potential use of sea bass by-products as a source of high-added-value compounds for the development of supplements. The chemical composition (moisture, protein, fat, and ash contents) and profiles of amino acids (high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a scanning fluorescence detector), fatty acids (gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector), and minerals (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy) were determined for sea bass fillet and its by-products (skin, guts, gills, liver, head, and fish bones). The chemical composition assays revealed that by-products were rich sources of proteins (skin; 25.27 g/100 g), fat (guts and liver; 53.12 and 37.25 g/100 g, respectively), and minerals (gills, head, and fish bones; 5.81, 10.11, and 7.51 g/100 g, respectively). Regarding the amino-acid profile, the skin and liver were the main sources of essential amino acids with an essential amino-acid index of 208.22 and 208.07, respectively. In the case of the fatty-acid profile, all by-products displayed high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly monounsaturated (from 43.46 to 49.33 g/100 g fatty acids) and omega-3 fatty acids (in the range 10.85–14.10 g/100 g fatty acids). Finally, the evaluation of mineral profile indicated high contents of calcium and phosphorus in gills (1382.62 and 742.60 mg/100 g, respectively), head (2507.15 and 1277.01 mg/100 g, respectively), and fish bone (2093.26 and 1166.36 mg/100 g, respectively). Therefore, the main sources of monounsaturated, unsaturated, and long-chain omega-3 fatty acids were guts and liver. The most relevant source of minerals, particularly calcium, phosphorus, and manganese, were head, fish bones, and gills. The most promising source of proteins and amino acids was the skin of sea bass.
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Pateiro, Mirian, Paulo E. S. Munekata, Rubén Domínguez, Min Wang, Francisco J. Barba, Roberto Bermúdez, and José M. Lorenzo. "Nutritional Profiling and the Value of Processing By-Products from Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata)." Marine Drugs 18, no. 2 (February 4, 2020): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18020101.
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Fish processing industries generate a large volume of discards. In order to fulfil with the principles of a sustainable circular economy, it is necessary to maintain aquaculture by-products in the food chain through the production of high-value biomolecules that can be used as novel ingredients. In this study, we try to give value to the gilthead sea bream by-products, evaluating the composition and the nutritional value of the muscle and six discards commonly obtained from the fish processing industry (fishbone, gills, guts, heads, liver, and skin), which represent ≈ 61% of the whole fish. Significant differences were detected among muscle and by-products for fatty acid and amino acid profile, as well as mineral content. The discards studied were rich in protein (10%–25%), showing skin and fishbone to have the highest contents. The amino acid profile reflected the high quality of its protein, with 41%–49% being essential amino acids—lysine, leucine, and arginine were the most abundant amino acids. Guts, liver, and skin were the fattiest by-products (25%–35%). High contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (31%–34%), n-3 fatty acids (12%–14%), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (6%–8%) characterized these discards. The head displayed by far the highest ash content (9.14%), which was reflected in the mineral content, especially in calcium and phosphorous. These results revealed that gilthead sea bream by-products can be used as source of value-added products such as protein, oils, and mineral supplements.
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Cámara-Ruiz, María, Isabel M. Cerezo, Francisco A. Guardiola, José María García-Beltrán, M. Carmen Balebona, Miguel Ángel Moriñigo, and María Ángeles Esteban. "Alteration of the Immune Response and the Microbiota of the Skin during a Natural Infection by Vibrio harveyi in European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)." Microorganisms 9, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9050964.
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Disease outbreaks continue to represent one of the main bottlenecks for the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry. In marine aquaculture, many species from the Vibrio genus are serious opportunistic pathogens responsible for significant losses to producers. In this study, the effects on the immune response and the skin microbiota of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were studied after a natural disease outbreak caused by V. harveyi. Data obtained from infected and non-infected fish were studied and compared. Regarding the local immune response (skin mucus) a decrease in the protease activity was observed in infected fish. Meanwhile, at a systemic level, a decrease in protease and lysozyme activity was reported while peroxidase activity showed a significant increase in serum from infected fish. A clear dysbiosis was observed in the skin mucus microbiota of infected fish in comparison with non-infected fish. Moreover, V. harveyi, was identified as a biomarker for the infected group and Rubritalea for healthy fish. This study highlights the importance of characterizing the mucosal surfaces and microbial composition of the skin mucus (as a non-invasive technique) to detect potential disease outbreaks in fish farms.
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Foray, P., L. Balachowski, and J. L. Colliat. "Bearing capacity of model piles driven into dense overconsolidated sands." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 35, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 374–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t97-082.
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Model piles were driven into dense siliceous sand samples and tested in a large calibration chamber. Axial tension and compression tests were performed on open-ended pipe piles. The objective of this research was to study the effect of overconsolidation on the bearing capacity of piles driven into dense sands representative of North Sea soil conditions. Emphasis was put on points of interest for the offshore petroleum industry in particular: dense to very dense normally consolidated (NC) and overconsolidated (OC) sands, unit end bearing and unit skin friction capacities, and comparison with tip resistances from cone penetration tests. Design parameters are proposed for computing the axial bearing capacity of piles driven into dense to very dense siliceous sands. They are compared with those given in the current American Petroleum Industry's Recommended Practice 2A document. A relationship between CPT cone resistance and ultimate unit end bearing and skin friction capacities of piles is also proposed.Key words: model test, dense sand, offshore pile driving, axial capacity, end bearing, skin friction, design parameters, cone penetrometer.
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Moskalets, T. Z., V. S. Frantsishko, O. V. Knyazyuk, V. M. Pelekhatyi, N. P. Pelekhata, V. V. Moskalets, A. H. Vovkohon, et al. "Morphological variability, biochemical parameters of Hippophae rhamnoides L. berries and implications for their targeted use in the food-processing industry." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 9, no. 4 (December 26, 2019): 749–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2019_822.
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The results of studying the morphological and biochemical parameters of plants of sea buckthorn are presented. For the first time, genotypes of sea buckthorn ranked by ontogenetic and morphological characteristics and ecological features (relation to the level of soil moisture and humidity air, providing soil nutrients, its рН, amount and mode of precipitation, lighting, positive and negative temperatures) natural, semi-natural and anthropic coenopopulations genotypes of sea buckthorn be ranked by ecomorphic affiliation to certain climate ecotypes (рolissia, forest-steppe) and subecotypes (western-forest-steppe, northern-forest-steppe, рolissia–forest-steppe, central-forest-steppe). Biotypes, that have been a limited ability to carry soil and atmospheric drought (in which the root system is well developed, ground part with copious leaf cover), selected in natural and semi-natural places of growth appertain tо mesophytes (Ms). The genotypes, selected in catchment areas, the lowlands of Forest-Steppe, Polissia of Ukraine, appertain to mesohygrophytes (MsHg) (by morphological and physiological features characterized by weak drought and heat resistance – 6 points, require sufficient moisture and sufficient provision of organic and mineral substances, are weak frost resistant, but very resistant to temperature changes during the winter). A special group makes up widely ecological flexibility mesophyte plants of sea buckthorn – mesoxerophytes (wfMsKs) – are presented рolissia–forest-steppe subecotype, characterized by wide environmental plasticity, due to the high winter, drought and frost resistance, compared to others subecotype. Its have adapted to withstand prolonged of soil and air in the extreme phases of ontogeny, in particular, in the phase of fruit filling and ripening, giving high stable harvest. Particular breeding and economic value in terms of formation stably high yields under conditions of global climate change, its aridization and displacement borders zoning of fruit crops have xeromesophytes (KsMs) presented central forest-steppe subecotype – in view of the its relatively average demanding to soil and air moisture and resistance to moisture deficiency. Highlighted forms – sources of valuable economic features of sea buckthorn (large berry, firm skin, long berry peduncles and dry separation of berries and іts increased biological value, freezing capacity and making beverages, high yields.
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Fourt, Maïa, Daniel Faget, and Thierry Pérez. "Fighting the Minotaur: Resistance to technological change in the Mediterranean sponge fishing industry, 1840-1922." International Journal of Maritime History 32, no. 2 (May 2020): 337–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871420920958.
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In the first half of the nineteenth century, industrialization increased the demand for sponges extracted by the sponge fishermen of the Dodecanese Archipelago in the Aegean Sea. This had widespread repercussions, leading to increasing numbers of sponge fishermen, the geographical expansion of fishing zones and the evolution and diversification of fishing techniques. In this context, foreign sponge traders imposed the hard-hat diving suit, which enabled divers to remain underwater for several hours without surfacing. It was therefore perceived as being more efficient than traditional skin-diving. But this equipment greatly exacerbated the physical risks faced by the divers, with injuries and fatalities increasing markedly. It also required heavy financial investments that compounded the losses of fishermen and their families. With hindsight, these investments were catalysts of the major socio-economic upheaval that followed. As well as provoking mass revolt among the islanders of the Dodecanese, this entailed modifications in crews and community structure as a nascent model of capitalist organization marked the development of the sponge fishery.
Books on the topic "Sea otter skin industry"
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Ōtsuka, Kazuyoshi. Rakko to garasudama: Kita Taiheiyō no senjūmin kōeki. Ōsaka-fu Suita-shi: Senri Bunka Zaidan, 2001.
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Otter skins, Boston ships, and China goods: The maritime fur trade of the Northwest Coast, 1785-1841. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1992.
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R, Gibson James. Otter skins, Boston ships, and China goods: The maritime fur trade of the Northwest coast, 1785-1841. Montréal, Qué: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.
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R, Gibson James. Otter skins, Boston ships, and China goods: The maritime fur trade of the Northwest Coast, 1785-1841. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992.
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Canada. Bill: An act to authorize the incorporation of the International Telegraph Company, and for other purposes. [Toronto: J. Lovell, 2001.
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Canada. Bill: An act to amend the act intituled, An act respecting joint stock companies for the construction of roads and other works in Upper Canada. Ottawa: Hunter, Rose, 2001.
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Canada. Bill: An act to amend the act to provide for the better organization of agricultural societies in Lower Canada, and for other purposes connected with agriculture in Upper and Lower Canada. [Toronto: J. Lovell, 2001.
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Canada. Bill: An act to alter the survey of that part of the third concession of the Township of Onondaga, commonly called "Martin's Bend" and to confirm a new survey thereof and for other purposes. [Toronto: J. Lovell, 2001.
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Canada. Bill: An act for granting to Her Majesty certain sums of money required for defraying certain expenses of the civil government for the year 1865, and for certain other purposes connected with the public service. [Québec]: G.E. Desbarats, 2001.
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Canada. Bill: An ordinance to prescribe and regulate the election and appointment of certain officers, in the several parishes and townships in this province, and to make other provisions for the local interests of the inhabitants of these divisions of the province. [Canada: s.n., 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Sea otter skin industry"
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Singh, Sukhmander, Ashish Tyagi, and Bhavna Vidhani. "Physics of Absorption and generation of Electromagnetic Radiation." In Electromagnetic Wave Propagation for Industry and Biomedical Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99037.
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The chapter is divided into two parts. In the first part, the chapter discusses the theory of propagation of electromagnetic waves in different media with the help of Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetic fields. The electromagnetic waves with low frequency are suitable for the communication in sea water and are illustrated with numerical examples. The underwater communication have been used for the oil (gas) field monitoring, underwater vehicles, coastline protection, oceanographic data collection, etc. The mathematical expression of penetration depth of electromagnetic waves is derived. The significance of penetration depth (skin depth) and loss angle are clarified with numerical examples. The interaction of electromagnetic waves with human tissue is also discussed. When an electric field is applied to a dielectric, the material takes a finite amount of time to polarize. The imaginary part of the permittivity is corresponds to the absorption length of radiation inside biological tissue. In the second part of the chapter, it has been shown that a high frequency wave can be generated through plasma under the presence of electron beam. The electron beam affects the oscillations of plasma and triggers the instability called as electron beam instability. In this section, we use magnetohydrodynamics theory to obtain the modified dispersion relation under the presence of electron beam with the help of the Poisson’s equation. The high frequency instability in plasma grow with the magnetic field, wave length, collision frequency and the beam density. The growth rate linearly increases with collision frequency of electrons but it is decreases with the drift velocity of electrons. The real frequency of the instability increases with magnetic field, azimuthal wave number and beam density. The real frequency is almost independent with the collision frequency of the electrons.
Reports on the topic "Sea otter skin industry"
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Funkenstein, Bruria, and Cunming Duan. GH-IGF Axis in Sparus aurata: Possible Applications to Genetic Selection. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580665.bard.
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Many factors affect growth rate in fish: environmental, nutritional, genetics and endogenous (physiological) factors. Endogenous control of growth is very complex and many hormone systems are involved. Nevertheless, it is well accepted that growth hormone (GH) plays a major role in stimulating somatic growth. Although it is now clear that most, if not all, components of the GH-IGF axis exist in fish, we are still far from understanding how fish grow. In our project we used as the experimental system a marine fish, the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), which inhabits lagoons along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of Europe, and represents one of the most important fish species used in the mariculture industry in the Mediterranean region, including Israel. Production of Sparus is rapidly growing, however, in order for this production to stay competitive, the farming of this fish species has to intensify and become more efficient. One drawback, still, in Sparus extensive culture is that it grows relatively slow. In addition, it is now clear that growth and reproduction are physiological interrelated processes that affect each other. In particular sexual maturation (puberty) is known to be closely related to growth rate in fish as it is in mammals, indicating interactions between the somatotropic and gonadotropic axes. The goal of our project was to try to identify the rate-limiting components(s) in Sparus aurata GH-IGF system which might explain its slow growth by studying the ontogeny of growth-related genes: GH, GH receptor, IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF receptor, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and Pit-1 during early stages of development of Sparus aurata larvae from slow and fast growing lines. Our project was a continuation of a previous BARD project and could be divided into five major parts: i) obtaining additional tools to those obtained in the previous project that are necessary to carry out the developmental study; ii) the developmental expression of growth-related genes and their cellular localization; iii) tissue-specific expression and effect of GH on expression of growth-related genes; iv) possible relationship between GH gene structure, growth rate and genetic selection; v) the possible role of the IGF system in gonadal development. The major findings of our research can be summarized as follows: 1) The cDNAs (complete or partial) coding for Sparus IGFBP-2, GH receptor and Pit-1 were cloned. Sequence comparison reveals that the primary structure of IGFBP-2 protein is 43-49% identical to that of zebrafish and other vertebrates. Intensive efforts resulted in cloning a fragment of 138 nucleotides, coding for 46 amino acids in the proximal end of the intracellular domain of GH receptor. This is the first fish GH receptor cDNA that had been cloned to date. The cloned fragment will enable us to complete the GH - receptor cloning. 2) IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-2, and IGF receptor transcripts were detected by RT-PCR method throughout development in unfertilized eggs, embryos, and larvae suggesting that these mRNAs are products of both the maternal and the embryonic genomes. Preliminary RT-PCR analysis suggest that GH receptor transcript is present in post-hatching larvae already on day 1. 3) IGF-1R transcripts were detected in all tissues tested by RT-PCR with highest levels in gill cartilage, skin, kidney, heart, pyloric caeca, and brain. Northern blot analysis detected IGF receptor only in gonads, brain and gill cartilage but not in muscle; GH increased slightly brain and gill cartilage IGF-1R mRNA levels. 4) IGFBP-2 transcript were detected only in liver and gonads, when analyzed by Northern blots; RT-PCR analysis revealed expression in all tissues studied, with the highest levels found in liver, skin, gonad and pyloric caeca. 5) Expression of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-1R and IGFBP-2 was analyzed during gonadal development. High levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-2 expression were found in bisexual young gonads, which decreased during gonadal development. Regardless of maturational stage, IGF-II levels were higher than those of IGF-L 6) The GH gene was cloned and its structure was characterized. It contains minisatellites of tandem repeats in the first and third introns that result in high level of genetic polymorphism. 7) Analysis of the presence of IGF-I and two types of IGF receptor by immunohistochemistry revealed tissue- and stage-specific expression during larval development. Immunohistochemistry also showed that IGF-I and its receptors are present in both testicular and ovarian cells. Although at this stage we are not able to pinpoint which is the rate-limiting step causing the slow growth of Sparus aurata, our project (together with the previous BARD) yielded a great number of experimental tools both DNA probes and antibodies that will enable further studies on the factors regulating growth in Sparus aurata. Our expression studies and cellular localization shed new light on the tissue and developmental expression of growth-related genes in fish.