Academic literature on the topic 'Sea snakes'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Sea snakes.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Sea snakes"
1
Lillywhite, Harvey B., Coleman M. Sheehy, François Brischoux, and Alana Grech. "Pelagic sea snakes dehydrate at sea." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1782 (May 7, 2014): 20140119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0119.
Full textAbstract:
Secondarily marine vertebrates are thought to live independently of fresh water. Here, we demonstrate a paradigm shift for the widely distributed pelagic sea snake, Hydrophis ( Pelamis ) platurus , which dehydrates at sea and spends a significant part of its life in a dehydrated state corresponding to seasonal drought. Snakes that are captured following prolonged periods without rainfall have lower body water content, lower body condition and increased tendencies to drink fresh water than do snakes that are captured following seasonal periods of high rainfall. These animals do not drink seawater and must rehydrate by drinking from a freshwater lens that forms on the ocean surface during heavy precipitation. The new data based on field studies indicate unequivocally that this marine vertebrate dehydrates at sea where individuals may live in a dehydrated state for possibly six to seven months at a time. This information provides new insights for understanding water requirements of sea snakes, reasons for recent declines and extinctions of sea snakes and more accurate prediction for how changing patterns of precipitation might affect these and other secondarily marine vertebrates living in tropical oceans.
2
Wassenberg, TJ, JP Salini, H. Heatwole, and JD Kerr. "Incidental capture of sea-snakes (Hydrophiidae) by prawn trawlers in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 3 (1994): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9940429.
Full textAbstract:
Sea-snakes were collected from research trawlers and commercial prawn trawlers in the Gulf of Carpentaria during the period from April 1976 to December 1991. The data were analysed on the basis of CPUE (catch per unit effort) for depth, latitude and season. The research trawlers, operating in the eastern Gulf of Carpentaria, and the commercial prawn trawlers, operating in the south-western Gulf of Carpentaria, caught sea-snakes at a rate of 0.028 and 0.026 sea-snakes per metre of headrope length per hour, respectively. Lapemis hardwickii was the sea-snake most commonly caught by the research trawlers-53% of all snakes-and Hydrophis elegans was the sea-snake most commonly caught by commercial trawlers-25% of all snakes. Depth was the most significant factor affecting CPUE, with more than 70% of all sea-snakes being caught in waters less than 15 m deep. When catches of all species were combined, a significant interaction (P<0.05) existed between depth and season. L. hardwickii specimens were caught more frequently in shallow coastal waters (< 15 m deep) in spring but in deeper water further offshore in autumn. A significant interaction between latitude and depth was found for Astrotia stokesii; specimens were caught more frequently in deeper water at 14% Enhydrina schistosa is generally coastal, with 8800 of specimens being caught in water less than 10 m deep. Seasonal movement of sea-snakes between inshore and offshore waters may be linked to their breeding cycles. The estimated number of sea-snakes captured in the Gulf of Carpentaria for the 1991 prawning season ranged from 73 583 to 165 559, with a mean of 119 571. The survival rate of sea-snakes from commercial prawn trawls was about 60% and hence between 29 801 and 67 051 sea-snakes are estimated to have died.
3
Ayunda Pratiska, I. Gusti Putu, Ida Bagus Made Suaskara, Joko Wiryatno, and I. Gede Agus Pradana Putra. "INVENTARISASI JENIS – JENIS ULAR YANG DITEMUKAN DI SEKITAR PANTAI MERTA SARI DAN PADANG GALAK." SIMBIOSIS Journal of Biological Sciences 5, no. 2 (September 30, 2017): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jsimbiosis.2017.v05.i02.p07.
Full textAbstract:
Sea snakes have a strong venom and when they bite can be fatal for humans, whereas snakes found in mangrove areas are weak venomous snakes and non-venomous snakes (McKay, 2006). The low understanding public aboutthe snakes has led to the assumption that any snakes found are dangerous, so research needs to be done in order to provide information on the types of venomous and non-venomous snakes present in coastal areas and around mangrove forest areas. This research was conducted from early January to the end of January located around Merta Sari Beach to Padang Galak. The method used is the method of cruising method is done by determining the habitat that is likely suitable for snake habitat (Asad et al., 2011). Data collected in the morning and at night, by capturing and identifying snakes found in situ refers to the snake identification titled '107+ Ular Indonesia' (Riza Marlon, 2014), and the book 'Reptiles and Amphibians in Bali 'By Mckay (2006). Based on the results of the study, snakes found around Merta Sari Beach and Padang Galak Beach numbered 61 individual snakes with two different families namely Colubridae and Elapidae. Snake species of the Colubridae family found are Dog-faced Water Snake (Cerberus rynchops) and the Elapidae family is the Erabu/Yellow-lipped Sea Krait (Laticauda colubrina) snake
4
Kabir, Ashraful. "Biography of a snake charmer in Saidpur, Bangladesh." MOJ Biology and Medicine 3, no. 4 (2018): 151–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojbm.2018.03.00090.
Full textAbstract:
Though Saidpur Upazila under Nilphamari district is very small but here pigeonry, goat rearing, herbal treatments, circus team, monkey charmer, horse race and snake charmers are available. Snake charmers are not living well in this modern era. Their kids are not safe at home for snake rearing. In Savar, Dhaka there is a snake market where some tribal people buy it as food. People who are engaged with snake catching and snake-based superstitions go to that market. They support medical science and are waiting to get a good job. Who take snakes as food they say its meat is very hot. Depending on body size its price varies from 1000 to 2000 taka of a poisonous snake. People of the circus team, zoo committee and intersex people collects snakes from the snake charmer. Tradition of snake charming in Bangladesh is very ancient. Once upon a time most of the villagers liked it. Some peoples were considered as bede or tribal people who caught snakes from the jungle. Though Bangladesh is a small country but its 80 species of snakes are remarkable. Within these only cobras, kraits and sea snakes are poisonous and most of the cobras are bicellate type. Common vine snakes, tree snake and rat snakes are very common and nonpoisonous snakes of Bangladesh. After catching a snake, the charmer cuts the poison sac or rubs both fangs of the snakes. As poison of the snakes are digestive juice so that those snakes can suffer digestive ailments and ultimately die. The temperature of Rangpur division of Bangladesh is 350-370F which is suitable for snakes’ survival. There were 30.77% poisonous and 69.23% non poisonous snakes’ in Bangladesh in three families.1 In Bangladesh out of 82 species 28 are venomous and 12 are sea snakes.2 Estimates indicate ˃5 million bites annually by venomous snakes worldwide where ˃12500 deaths.3,4 Some research work have completed on snakes taxonomy, status, distribution and epidemiology of snake bite.5‒7 India has the highest number of snake bites in the world with 35000-50000 annually according to World Health Organization.8,9 In Bangladesh this is 4.3per 100000 an annual incidence and case fatality is 20%.10
5
Gillett, Amber K., Richard Ploeg, Mark Flint, and Paul C. Mills. "Postmortem examination of Australian sea snakes (Hydrophiinae): Anatomy and common pathologic conditions." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 29, no. 5 (May 26, 2017): 593–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638717710056.
Full textAbstract:
There is limited published information about disease in wild sea snakes and no standardized guideline for postmortem examination of sea snakes. Identifying causes of morbidity and mortality of marine vertebrate species has been pivotal to understanding disease factors implicated in stranding events and assisting with the formulation of conservation plans. Additionally, postmortem findings can provide valuable information on life history traits and the ecology of these reclusive species. Sick, moribund, or dead sea snakes are intermittently washed ashore along Australian and international beaches and provide an opportunity to examine a subset of the population and identify causes of population decline. We present an illustrated description of sea snake anatomy and describe a systematic approach to postmortem examination of sea snakes. We describe common pathologic conditions identified from clinical and postmortem examinations of stranded Australian sea snakes from southeast Queensland. Notable pathologic conditions include traumatic injury, inflammatory conditions, parasitic infections, and neoplasia.
6
Milton, David A., Gary C. Fry, and Quinton Dell. "Reducing impacts of trawling on protected sea snakes: by-catch reduction devices improve escapement and survival." Marine and Freshwater Research 60, no. 8 (2009): 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08221.
Full textAbstract:
Sea snakes (Hydrophidae) are by-catch of prawn trawling throughout the tropical Indo-western Pacific. We tested the effectiveness of three by-catch reduction device (BRD) types set at different distances from the codend in Australia’s Northern Prawn Fishery (NPF). Trained crew-member observers compared the numbers of sea snakes caught in paired Control and Treatment nets in 1365 trawls. Catches of sea snakes were reduced by 43% on those vessels where a Fisheye BRD was positioned less than 70 meshes from the codend. A separate study with a scientific observer undertook trials with a ‘popeye’ Fishbox BRD. This BRD reduced sea snake catch by 85% and small fish by-catch by 48%. Catches of target prawn were similar for all nets in both studies (difference <2%). Adoption of the more effective BRDs (‘popeye’ Fishbox or Fisheye BRDs) by the NPF and locating them within 70 meshes of the codend can potentially reduce sea snake catch and thus their mortality from ~7000 in the 2007 fishing season to as few as 1500 snakes. Our study shows that the use of BRDs in tropical coastal demersal fisheries and positioning them closer to the codend will greatly reduce the catch of vulnerable sea snakes.
7
C. Fry, G., D. A. Milton, and T. J. Wassenberg. "The reproductive biology and diet of sea snake bycatch of prawn trawling in northern Australia: characteristics important for assessing the impacts on populations." Pacific Conservation Biology 7, no. 1 (2001): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc010055.
Full textAbstract:
Trawlers catch up to 17 species of sea snake as bycatch in the Northern Prawn Fishery (NPF) in northern Australia. We examined the biological characteristics of 660 sea snakes caught by research, scientific observer and commercial vessels between 1986 and 1998 as part of a project to assess their vulnerability. Three species accounted for more than 75% of the total sea snakes caught. Hydrophis species were more common in unstructured habitats close to prawn trawling grounds, while Aipysurus species were the dominant species in areas having reef structure. Sea snakes were caught more frequently at night on commercial trawlers and even more were caught during the day by research trawling. Female sea snakes were caught more often than males for 10 out of 13 species examined. The proportion of mature sea snakes in trawl catches was high (67% males, 89% females). Juvenile sea snakes of most species are not caught suggesting there is little impact of trawling on recruits. We found all species breed annually, producing a few large young after a gestation period of 6-7 months. Litter size varied between 1 to 20 and young of most species were born during the NPF closed season (Nov-Mar). Except for Aipysurus duboisii, Disteira major and Hydrophis ornatus, pregnant females of most species were not more catchable by prawn trawls than non-pregnant females. The relative clutch mass had little effect on the catchability of pregnant females. Most sea snake species had a specialized diet, feeding on one to four benthic fish species and did not appear to be attracted into trawl grounds by the increased availability of discarded bycatch. Their reproductive characteristics mean that populations of many species caught by trawlers in northern Australia are potentially vulnerable.
8
Xiaokaiti, Xiakena, Yasuyuki Hashiguchi, Hidetoshi Ota, and Yoshinori Kumazawa. "Evolution of the Noncoding Features of Sea Snake Mitochondrial Genomes within Elapidae." Genes 13, no. 8 (August 17, 2022): 1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13081470.
Full textAbstract:
Mitochondrial genomes of four elapid snakes (three marine species [Emydocephalus ijimae, Hydrophis ornatus, and Hydrophis melanocephalus], and one terrestrial species [Sinomicrurus japonicus]) were completely sequenced by a combination of Sanger sequencing, next-generation sequencing and Nanopore sequencing. Nanopore sequencing was especially effective in accurately reading through long tandem repeats in these genomes. This led us to show that major noncoding regions in the mitochondrial genomes of those three sea snakes contain considerably long tandem duplications, unlike the mitochondrial genomes previously reported for same and other sea snake species. We also found a transposition of the light-strand replication origin within a tRNA gene cluster for the three sea snakes. This change can be explained by the Tandem Duplication—Random Loss model, which was further supported by remnant intervening sequences between tRNA genes. Mitochondrial genomes of true snakes (Alethinophidia) have been shown to contain duplicate major noncoding regions, each of which includes the control region necessary for regulating the heavy-strand replication and transcription from both strands. However, the control region completely disappeared from one of the two major noncoding regions for two Hydrophis sea snakes, posing evolutionary questions on the roles of duplicate control regions in snake mitochondrial genomes. The timing and molecular mechanisms for these changes are discussed based on the elapid phylogeny.
9
Voris, Harold K., and Harold Heatwole. "Sea Snakes." Copeia 1988, no. 1 (February 5, 1988): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1445956.
Full text
10
Dunson, William A. "Sea Snakes." Copeia 2000, no. 4 (December 2000): 1136–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2000)000[1136:br]2.0.co;2.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Sea snakes"
1
Burkhart, Brenna. "Ultrastructure of Spermiognesis in the Yellow-Bellied Sea Snake, Pelamis platurus(Squamata: Elapidae: Hydrophiinae)." Wittenberg University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wuhonors1398955341.
Full text
2
Przeslawski, Rachel. "Sunburnt sea snails the role of ultravoilet radiation in the development of encapsulated embryos from temperate rocky shores /." Access electronically, 2005. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20060221.093951/index.html.
Full text
3
Bleicher, Sonny S., Joel S. Brown, Keren Embar, and Burt P. Kotler. "Novel predator recognition by Allenby's gerbil (Gerbillus andersoni allenbyi ): do gerbils learn to respond to a snake that can “see” in the dark?" TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622826.
Full textAbstract:
Unlike desert rodents from North America, Allenby’s gerbil (Gerbillus andersoni allenbyi) from the Negev Desert, Israel has evolved with snakes that do not have heat-sensitive sensory pits that enhance night vision. Does this history affect their ability to assess and respond to a snake that has this ability? As a test, we exposed gerbils to risk of predation from various predators, including snakes, owls, and foxes. The snakes included the Saharan horned viper (Cerastes cerastes) and the sidewinder rattlesnake (Crotalus cerastes). The former snake lacks sensory pits and shares a common evolutionary history with the gerbil. The latter snake, while convergent evolutionarily on the horned viper, has sensory pits and no prior history with the gerbil. The gerbils exploited depletable resource patches similarly, regardless of snake species and moon phase. While the gerbils did not respond to the novel snake as a greater threat than their familiar horned viper, the gerbils were cognizant that the novel predator was a threat. In response to both snakes, giving-up densities (GUDs; the amount of food left in a resource patch following exploitation) of the gerbils were higher in the bush than open microhabitat. In response to moonlight, GUDs were higher on full than on the new moon. Based on GUDs, the gerbils responded most to the risk of predation from the red fox, least from the two snake species, and intermediate for the barn owl.
Keywords:
4
Oliveira, Déborah Patrícia Leal. "Snacks, farinha pré-gelatinizada e massa alimentícia elaborados com grãos de milheto [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] e gritz de milho (Zea mays)." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/3829.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-12-29T15:28:36Z
No. of bitstreams: 2
license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)
Dissertação - Déborah Patrícia Leal Oliveira - 2013.pdf: 2010212 bytes, checksum: 0c24a44129b6342788eadf59a1e31064 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-12-29T15:36:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Déborah Patrícia Leal Oliveira - 2013.pdf: 2010212 bytes, checksum: 0c24a44129b6342788eadf59a1e31064 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-29T15:36:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Déborah Patrícia Leal Oliveira - 2013.pdf: 2010212 bytes, checksum: 0c24a44129b6342788eadf59a1e31064 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-25
Pearl millet is a rich nutritionally cereal, being a major source of protein countries of the semiarid region of the African continent. The pearl millet crops are in expansion on Brazilian Savanna due the plant characteristics that are compatible to the climate and soil of the region. However, in Brazil, the grains of millet are not widely used in food, it was noted with advantageous insertion of this cereal in the diet of the population as this has major advantages over other commonly used cereals as the lowest price, the more quantity and better quality of fiber lipid and protein. The thermoplastic extrusion was used for the preparation of products with the millet that was mixed with corn grits because it presents favorable characteristics for processing used. This study was conducted in order to develop and evaluate the nutritional quality, technological and sensory snacks, pre-gelatinized flour (FPG) and pasta-based mixture of millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br] and gritz of corn (Zea mays L.). For extruding the mixture of grains of millet and corn gritz was used rotational central composite design for the best moisture conditions of the raw material and temperature of the extruder zone 3. The snacks were optimized according to the expandability and pregelatinized flour according to the absorption capacity and water solubility. After optimization of flour, which showed better gelatinization was applied in the preparation of pasta. This was prepared using the mixture design with ternary composition (extruded flour, corn flour and millet raw) to find what proportion of ingredients that got the best features of cooking pasta. Snacks with 11% moisture content of the raw material and 90 ° C temperature were those with greater expansion and were the most desirable second test of desirability. When they were being flavored sensory acceptance and its nutritional composition were classified as high fiber content. The pre-gelatinized flour with highest absorption capacity and water solubility was the one with the same extrusion conditions optimized snack. The proportion of ingredients of the mass had the best cooking conditions was 10% pre-gelatinized flour, 25% corn and 65% of pearl millet flour. The pasta was accepted for flavor, texture and appearance of the panelists. However, it was possible to extrude grains of millet and corn gritz and also the development of products with good nutritional and sensory characteristics.
O milheto é um cereal rico nutricionalmente, sendo uma das principais fontes proteicas em países da região semiárida do continente Africano. No Brasil, mais especificamente no Cerrado, o cultivo deste cereal apresenta-se em expansão devida as características da planta que são compatíveis ao clima e solo da região. No entanto, no Brasil, os grãos de milheto não são muito utilizados na alimentação humana, com isso notou-se vantajoso a inserção deste cereal na alimentação da população já que este apresenta grandes vantagens em relação a outros cereais comumente utilizados, como o preço mais baixo, a maior quantidade de fibras e a melhor qualidade proteica e lipídica. A extrusão termoplástica, uma técnica bastante versátil, foi utilizada para a elaboração de produtos com o milheto que foi misturado ao gritz de milho por este apresentar características favoráveis ao processamento utilizado. Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de desenvolver e avaliar a qualidade nutricional, tecnológica e sensorial de snacks, farinha prégelatinizada e massa alimentícia à base de mistura de milheto [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] e gritz de milho (Zea mays). Para a extrusão da mistura de grãos de milheto e gritz de milho foi utilizado o delineamento composto central rotacional para obter as melhores condições de umidade da matériaprima e temperatura da 3ª zona do extrusor. Os snacks foram otimizados conforme a capacidade de expansão e a farinha pré-gelatinizada de acordo com a capacidade de absorção e solubilidade em água, ou seja, gelatinizada. A farinha pré-gelatinizada otimizada foi aplicada na elaboração de massa alimentícia. Esta foi elaborada utilizando o delineamento de misturas com composição ternária (farinha extrusada, fubá de milho e farinha de milheto crua) para encontrar qual a proporção de ingredientes que obtivesse as melhores características de cozimento da massa. Os snacks e a massa alimentícia foram analisados microbiologicamente para a realização da análise sensorial. Os snacks com 11% de umidade da matéria-prima e 90 °C de temperatura foram os que apresentaram maior expansão e foram os mais desejáveis segundo teste de desejabilidade. Ao serem aromatizados eles foram aceitos sensorialmente e em sua composição nutricional foram classificados como alto teor de fibras. A farinha pré-gelatinizada que obteve maior capacidade de absorção e solubilidade em água também foi o experimento com 11% de umidade e 90 °C de temperatura. A proporção de ingredientes da massa que teve as melhores condições de cozimento foi a de 10% farinha pré-gelatinizada, 25% de fubá de milho e 65% de farinha de milheto. A massa alimentícia foi aceita em relação ao sabor, textura e aparência entre os provadores. Contudo, foi possível a extrusão de grãos inteiros de milheto e gritz de milho e ainda a elaboração de produtos com boas características nutricionais, tecnológicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais segundo atributos sabor, aparência e textura.
5
Capriles, Vanessa Dias. "Otimização de propriedades nutricionais e sensoriais de produtos à base de amaranto enriquecidos com frutanos, para intervenção em celíacos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6138/tde-11052010-103520/.
Full textAbstract:
Introdução: A doença celíaca não tem cura e apresenta como único tratamento a dieta isenta de glúten. Frequentemente observa-se a má absorção de cálcio em celíacos, consequência dos menores níveis de transportadores de cálcio no enterócito desses indivíduos. Os celíacos têm dificuldade em dar sequência ao tratamento dietético devido à escassez de produtos isentos de glúten, tornando fundamental o desenvolvimento de produtos para esta população. Isso pode ser feito por meio do uso de matérias primas isentas de glúten e com valor nutritivo agregado, como o grão de amaranto, e de ingredientes que contribuem para o aumento da absorção de cálcio através de absorção passiva nos colonócitos, como os frutanos inulina e oligofrutose. Objetivo: Desenvolver e otimizar as propriedades nutricionais e sensoriais de produtos à base de amaranto enriquecidos com frutanos, para intervenção nutricional em celíacos. Metodologia: Foram elaborados snacks à base de milho e amaranto (50, 75 e 100%), barras e pães sem glúten, enriquecidos com 4 gramas de frutanos/ porção. Para maximizar a aceitabilidade das barras foi utilizado um planejamento experimental para misturas de amaranto extrusado, estourado e laminado. Para maximizar o valor nutritrivo e a aceitabilidade do pão sem glúten foi utilizado o planejamento experimental para misturas de farinha de arroz, fécula de batata e farinha de amaranto. Os produtos foram caracterizados quanto a composição centesimal, o índice glicêmico (IG) e a carga glicêmica (CG). Também foram avaliadas as propriedades físicas e a aceitabilidade (escala hedônica estruturada de nove pontos) durante o período de armazenamento. Resultados e discussão: Os snacks foram aceitos e apresentaram estabilidade de suas características físicas e da aceitabilidade durante os 135 dias de armazenamento. O efeito combinado do amaranto e dos frutanos gerou redução de 19% do IG e de 56% da CG dos snacks. O amaranto estourado e laminado apresentaram interações sinérgicas para a aceitabilidade das barras (R2(aj)>92%, p=0,00). A formulação à base de amaranto estourado e laminado (½,½) foi diversificada em seis diferentes sabores e apresentou estabilidade de suas propriedades físicas e da aceitabilidade durante os seis meses de armazenamento. A estimativa da resposta glicêmica revelou IG moderado e CG baixa das barras. Pães com 33 e 45% de farinha de amaranto apresentaram destacado valor nutritivo e aceitabilidade. A incorporação de amaranto e de frutanos ocasionou redução de 20% do IG e de até 53% da CG do pão sem glúten. Conclusão: Os produtos desenvolvidos (snacks, barras e pães sem glúten) apresentaram destacado valor nutritivo em relação aos produtos convencionais, atenuação da resposta glicêmica e alta aceitabilidade pelo consumidor, podendo contribuir para uma maior variação e adequação da dieta dos celíacos e também para auxiliar no aumento da absorção de cálcioIntroduction: Celiac disease does not have a cure and the only scientifically proven treatment is strict lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet. Calcium malabsorption is frequently found in celiac, possibly due to negligible amounts of calcium-binding protein in their enterocytes. Compliance with dietary treatment is often difficult due to the lack of gluten-free products, so it is essential to develop specific products for this population. This can be done through the use of gluten-free raw materials of great nutritional value, such as amaranth grain, and ingredients that contribute to the calcium absorption increasement through passive absorption in colonocytes, such as the fructans inulin and oligofructose. Objective: Develop and optimize the nutritional and sensory properties of amaranth based products enriched with fructans, for nutritional intervention in celiac. Methods: Snacks from blends of corn and amaranth (50, 75 and 100%), amaranth bars and gluten-free bread, all enriched with 4 grams of fructans/ portion, were prepared. A mixture experiment of extruded, popped and flaked amaranth was used to optimize the sensory acceptability of the bars. A mixture experiment of rice flour, potato starch and amaranth flour was used to maximize the nutritional value and sensory acceptability of gluten-free bread. Products chemical composition, glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL), were evaluated. The physical properties and sensory acceptability (nine point hedonic scale) were assessed during the storage time. Results and discussion: Snacks were sensory accepted and maintained their physical characteristics and sensory acceptability during the 135 days of storage. The combined effect of amaranth and fructans resulted in 19% reduction of GI and 56% of GL of snacks. Popped and flaked amaranth present synergistic interactions to sensory acceptability of the bars (R2(adj)>92%, p=0,00). Bars were produced with popped and flaked amaranth (½,½) in six different flavors and its physical properties and sensory acceptability were stable during the six months of storage. The predicted glycemic response showed moderate GI and low GL bars. Breads with 33 and 45% of amaranth flour had higher nutritional value and sensory acceptability. Amaranth and fructans addition led to a reduction of approximately 20% of GI and up to 53% of the GL of gluten-free breads. Conclusion: The developed products (snacks, bars and gluten-free breads) had superior nutritional composition than conventional products, reduced glycemic response, high consumer sensory acceptability, great potential to contribute to variation and adequacy of celiac diet and also help to increase calcium absorption.
6
Reis, Rita Abranches. "Avaliação de efeitos ecológicos da interdição da pesca lúdica no litoral alentejano." Master's thesis, ISA/UTL, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/4109.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em Gestão e Conservação de Recursos Naturais - Instituto Superior de Agronomia / Universidade de ÉvoraRecreational fishing at Parque Natural do Sudoeste Alentejano e Costa Vicentina (PNSACV) was limited by legal restrictions, including fishing ban in Ilha do Pessegueiro and continental adjacent area. All the area was later classified as protected. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ecological effects of a 2 year period (2009-2011) of marine protection, to propose monitoring methodologies and suggest management improvements for recreational and commercial fishing. Ecological effects of the stated protection were studied on intertidal organisms (limpets and sea snails) that use to be explored by recreational fishers on the rocky shores of the cited area, and on the community of macro-epibenthic organisms. The protected area was compared with non protected control areas. Variance analysis didn’t show effects of protection at both area and local levels in the abundance and size of limpets and sea snails. Variability at local scale was detected. Compared with previous data the abundance and size of limpets decreased but the abundance of large limpets maintained. Insufficient recovery time, predation by other mollusk consumers and deficient regulatory enforcement are possible causes for the obtained results. Social conflict resolution is essential. Collaborative governance is suggested as a management strategy for the marine protected area in PNSACV.
7
Jacobsson, Madeleine. "Dr. Eleine Mad." Thesis, Kungl. Konsthögskolan, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kkh:diva-587.
Full textAbstract:
Dr. Eleine Mad är Madeleine Jacobsssons talesperson för dom vetenskapliga och paranormala upptäckter som uppstår i hennes världar. Hon beskriver innehåll, teknik och estetik utifrån ett kategoriseringssytem där konsten delas upp som olika typer av komponenter och därefter avkodas dessa allteftersom. För att förstå intuitionens inblandning i arbetsprocessen omförvandlas den till tre separata roller av en Sökare, Samlare och Myntare. Med rollerna försöker jag beskriva på vilka sätt som intuitionen är till gagn eller av förödelse för det konstnärliga arbetet. Sagan om M handlar om en grodlik karaktär, Delop, som lämnar sin hemplanet för att uppsöka andra världar. I sitt sökande hittar Delop ett folkslag vars syn och levnadssätt skiljer sig från hennes erfarenheter av “verkligheten” såsom hon lärt sig att överleva i den.Dr. Eleine Mad is Madeleine Jacobsson's spokesperson for the scientific and paranormal discoveries that arise in her worlds. She describes content, tecniques and aesthetics based on a categorization system where art is divided into different types of components and then decoded as they go. To understand the intuition's involvement in the work process, it is transformed into three separate roles by a Seeker, Collector and a Myntare(In swedish language the one who is a "myntare" -is verbally declaring a concept or term). With these roles I try to describe in what ways intuition is beneficial or devastating to the artistic work. The story of M is about a frog-like character, Delop, who leaves the home planet to seek out other worlds. In her search, Delop finds a world whose views and lifestyles differ from her experiences of "reality" as she learned to survive in it.
Recorded sound and image material of the presentation is available for private use.
8
Lukoschek, Vimoksalehi. "Molecular ecology, evolution and conservation of hydrophiine sea snakes." Thesis, 2007. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/2071/1/01front.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Hydrophiine sea snakes are the most speciose group of extant marine reptiles. Species occur in
a variety of shallow-water habitats throughout the Indo West Pacific with highest species
diversity in northern Australia and South East Asia. Each of these regions hosts a suite of
endemics but they also share widespread taxa. Viviparity distinguishes hydrophiine sea snakes
from many other marine taxa, and reproductive outputs are low and dispersal potentially
restricted. These life-history characteristics predict strong population subdivision for marine
hydrophiine species. Nonetheless, species preferentially occur in different habitat types that are
predicted to restrict dispersal and gene flow to varying degrees and result in divergent genetic
signatures among species. These ecological, evolutionary and life-history characteristics make
marine hydrophiines an excellent group for comparative study, yet surprisingly little is known
about their genetics, evolution and conservation. In this thesis I use molecular genetic
techniques to explore the evolutionary history of the marine hydrophiine lineage, and
population genetic processes for two sea snake species in northern Australian waters, and
discusses the implications of results for conservation.
Evolutionary relationships among marine hydrophiines were first formalised using
morphological characters and traditionally three lineages have been recognised: the Aipysurus
lineage (nine species in two genera), the Hydrophis lineage (~40 species: ~27 in the genus
Hydrophis and the remainder in ten additional genera), and three ‘primitive’ monotypic genera.
While taxonomic revisions and controversies abound, none has been based on modern
molecular techniques. This study used mitochondrial DNA sequencing to infer evolutionary
relationships among representative marine hydrophiine species from the Aipysurus lineage (six
species), Hydrophis lineage (15 species), and two ‘primitive’ genera. Parsimony, likelihood and
Bayesian analyses of cytochrome b (1080 bp) and 16S rRNA (510 bp) sequences yielded the
same optimal tree that grouped Aipysurus and Hydrophis species into strongly supported
reciprocally monophyletic clades. Relationships among species and genera in the Aipysurus
lineage were well resolved however the same was not true for the Hydrophis lineage. The ratio
of phenotypic to genetic diversity for the Hydrophis lineage was four to seven times greater
than for the Aipysurus lineage. This evidence, together with the poorly resolved relationships
among Hydrophis lineage species, suggests that this lineage is a rapidly diverged adaptive
radiation, probably driven by sea level fluctuations in South East Asia that promoted vicariance
and speciation. In contrast, the Aipysurus lineage appears evolutionarily stable.
Sea level perturbations not only influenced speciation patterns in South East Asia and
northern Australia, they also left footprints on the population genetic signatures of marine
taxa in this region. The cyclic emergence of the Torres Strait land bridge between Australia
and New Guinea, repeatedly sundered east and west coast populations in Australia, with
subsequent range expansions into new shallow water marine habitats as sea levels rose. These
biogeographical perturbations invoke three broad scenarios regarding the directions of interglacial
range expansion (west to east, east to west, or bi-directional). These hypotheses were
evaluated for two widespread and abundant hydrophiine species that differ in their habitat
preferences, distributions and evolutionary histories. The olive sea snake, Aipysurus laevis, is
restricted to Australasian waters where it occurs primarily on reefs, a relatively discontinuous
habitat with potential barriers to dispersal. In contrast, the range of the spine-bellied sea
snake, Lapemis curtus, (Hydrophis lineage) extends from Australia to the Arabian Gulf, and
this species occupies a variety of shallow-water habitats with fewer barriers to gene flow.
A fragment of the mtDNA ND4-tRNA region (726 bp) was sequenced for A. laevis (n = 354)
from 14 locations in three regions - the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), the Gulf of Carpentaria
(GoC) and Western Australia (WA). Forty-one variable sites defined 38 putative haplotypes.
Each region was characterised by a unique suite of haplotypes that comprised one or two
common and numerous rare haplotypes. There was marked population subdivision (FST =
0.61, p <0.001; ST = 0.78, p <0.001) and coalescent analyses revealed no migration between
regions. Genetic diversity in the GBR and GoC was low and within-region ‘star’ phylogenies
indicated range expansions consistent with recent marine transgressions ~7,000 years ago. In
contrast, genetic diversity on most WA reefs was higher with no signal of recent expansion
events. Phylogenetic reconstruction indicated that GBR and GoC haplotypes were derived
from WA haplotypes, suggesting west to east dispersal. However, network analysis supported
range expansion in the GBR and GoC by refugial east coast populations, possibly from the
Coral Sea. Patterns of gene flow within regions reflected the potential connectivity among
sub-populations afforded by regional habitat types. Taxon-specific microsatellite primers
were developed for repeat regions sequenced from positive clones screened from unenriched
and enriched genomic libraries. Population genetic analyses of five microsatellite loci
revealed weaker population subdivision (FST = 0.059, p < 0.001: RST = 0.029, p < 0.0013) but
similar patterns of population structure. Bayesian clustering analyses identified two
populations with individuals from a combined GBR - GoC group distinct from WA.
Sequences of the ND4-tRNA region (706 bp) for L. curtus (n = 62) revealed 20 variable sites
and 17 haplotypes from seven Australian locations and Thailand (n = 2). Six locations in the
GBR and GoC shared one common haplotype, however the 14 rare haplotypes were not
shared between regions and generally not shared among locations. Phylogenetic and network
analyses revealed a classical ‘star’ phylogeny with rare haplotypes arranged around the
widely distributed common haplotype, and genetic diversity was low, suggesting that
Australian waters were colonised recently by one L. curtus matriline, probably from South
East Asia. Two divergent haplotypes sampled in Thailand indicated strong population
subdivision at larger spatial scales. Population subdivision in Australia was low (FST = 0.097,
p < 0.032; ST = 0.039, p > 0.05), yet the relationship between genetic and geographical
distance revealed a pattern of isolation-by-distance along a geographical gradient consistent
with the continuous habitat types used by L. curtus. This pattern of isolation-by-distance was
not found for A. laevis suggesting that habitat discontinuities between reefs within regions act
as barriers to gene flow, particularly in WA and the GBR. Microsatellite loci for Australian L.
curtus individuals were either monomorphic or had very low allelic diversity. By contrast, the
two individuals from Thailand had private alleles at several loci.
The conservation status of hydrophiine sea snakes is poorly known, however, recent reports
suggest declining abundances and loss of endemic aipysurids on protected Australian reefs.
Threatening processes for reef-associated species, such as A. laevis, are unclear but must
include habitat degradation and loss. Aipysurus laevis typically occurs at discrete reefs and
may be influenced by metapopulation dynamics. Factors driving spatial and temporal stability
of local populations are poorly understood and it is not clear whether specific conservation
strategies, such as networks of marine protected areas, will ensure the persistence of this
species. Classification tree analyses of distribution data of A. laevis on 90 reefs in the
southern GBR (surveyed 1 to 11 times over 35 years) indicated that its status on reefs (present
= 38, absent = 38, changed = 14) was related to reef location, exposure, and area (data on
potential biotic factors were not available). Perhaps more importantly, the prior protection
status of reefs did not account for A. laevis’ distribution. Despite the ability of A. laevis to
expand its range into new marine habitats, contemporary gene flow appears restricted. The
regional distinctiveness of mtDNA lineages suggests that the GBR, GoC and WA comprise
separate management units warranting independent conservation strategies for this species.
Lapemis curtus had higher levels of gene flow; however, this species accounts for > 50% of
sea snake by-catch in Australian trawl fisheries, with tens of thousands caught annually. The
direct impact on populations is unknown but reduction in by-catch is undoubtedly desirable.
9
Cheng, Yuan-Cheng, and 鄭元誠. "Comparison of the osmoregulatory capability among three sea snakes (Laticauda spp.)." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77904697969551992688.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣師範大學
生命科學研究所
99
Marine invasions have occurred multiple times independently among vertebrates. To permit the successful habitation of marine environments, the specialized ionoregulatory tissues have evolved, likely been responsible for ameliorating ionic challenge. Therefore, salt gland has evolved multiple times throughout the evolution of marine vertebrates. The sublingual salt gland is the primary organ of salt excretion in sea snakes, and Na+/K+–ATPase (NKA) in the basolateral membrane provides the driving force for salt secretion. In this study, the osmoregulatory capability of three sea kraits (Laticauda spp.) in Taiwan were examined and compared to test if their osmoregulatory capability is associated with their different habitats affinity from terrestrial to marine. The sea kraits were transferred from terrestrial environment to freshwater (FW) or seawater (SW) for 0, 2, 7, and 14 days. At various time points, their salt glands and kidneys were sampled for NKA activity analysis; muscles were sampled for water content measurement; blood were sampled for the analysis of hematocrit, osmolality, and ionic concentrations. Results showed that the most marine species, L. semifasciata maintained better constancy in plasma osmolality, Na+, Cl- levels and water content. In L. semifasciata and L. laticaudata, the NKA activity of the salt gland was higher in SW than in FW. However, in the most terrestrial species, L. colubrina, no significant difference of NKA activity was found between SW and FW groups. These results suggest that the capability of osmoregulation is better in L. semifasciata than in the other two species, and L. colubrina may have different osmoregulatory strategy with the other two species.
10
Udyawer, Vinay. "Spatial ecology of true sea snakes (Hydrophiinae) in coastal waters of North Queensland." Thesis, 2015. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/46245/1/46245-udyawer-2015-thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Aquatic snakes are a diverse group that represent multiple evolutionary transitions from a terrestrial to an aquatic mode of life. Current systematics of aquatic snakes identifies four independent lineages (file snakes, Acrochordidae; homalopsid snakes, Homalopsidae; sea kraits: Laticaudinae and 'true' sea snakes, Hydrophiinae), species of which are represented on almost every continent. Despite their widespread distributions, this group of snakes is under−represented in the scientific literature with many fundamental questions about their ecology and biology still unanswered. In Chapter 2 of this thesis, I review the current scientific literature on the spatial ecology of aquatic and semi−aquatic snakes and assess both the horizontal (i.e. geographic movements) and vertical (i.e. dive patterns) patterns in their movement. I also assess what is currently known about the intrinsic (e.g. food, predator avoidance, reproductive state, ontogenetic shifts, philopatry and homing) and extrinsic (e.g. temperature, salinity, lunar and tidal cycles) factors that drive movement and space use in this group of snakes and identify key knowledge gaps. Chapter 2 also reviews the current knowledge on natural and anthropogenic threats these animals face and how movement affects their susceptibility to these threats. Incidental trawl capture represents a major threat to sea snake populations throughout their global distribution where they often represent a large proportion of bycatch in artisanal and commercial trawl fisheries. Recent global assessments have highlighted the need for data regarding the distribution patterns and spatial ecology of sea snakes to better understand their interactions with trawl fisheries throughout their range.
This dissertation focuses on 'true' sea snakes, which are found in tropical waters of South East Asia, Australia and the Pacific Islands. Data obtained using multiple techniques were used to define the distribution patterns, spatial ecology and physiology of true sea snakes within the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP), Australia. These data were used to explore and better understand how sea snakes are distributed and utilise space throughout the GBRMP over multiple spatial (i.e., geographic to regional) and temporal (i.e., diel to seasonal) scales. In Chapter 3, data from baited remote underwater video stations (BRUVS) were used to estimate geographic−scale distribution patterns of three species of sea snake (Aipysurus laevis, Hydrophis curtus and H. ocellatus) over 14˚ of latitude within the GBRMP. A total of 2471 deployments of BRUVS were made in a range of locations, in sites open and closed to trawl fishing. Sightings of sea snakes were analysed alongside six spatial factors [depth, relative distance across (longitude) and along (latitude) the GBRMP, proximity to land, proximity to the nearest reef and habitat complexity] to determine the factors that most strongly influenced the distribution and abundance of sea snakes. The results showed a strong latitudinal effect on the distribution of all three species, with the highest densities and diversities occurring in central and southern GBRMP locations, while the northern Great Barrier Reef (GBR) was relatively depauperate in terms of both occurrence and diversity. Shallow inshore areas were identified as key habitats for A. laevis and H. curtus, whereas deeper offshore habitats were most important for H. ocellatus. No significant difference was found in the mean number of snakes sighted per hour between sites open and closed to trawling. Overall, sea snakes displayed 'patchy' geographic distribution patterns in the GBRMP. Inshore waters of the central GBR were one area that all three species had high abundances, indicating that this area is particularly favourable for sea snake populations on the GBR.
In Chapter 4, the movement patterns and three−dimensional home ranges of two species of sea snake (Hydrophis curtus and H. elegans) were examined at multiple temporal scales using passive acoustic telemetry. Over a diel period, monitored snakes exhibited a clear diel pattern in their use of space, with individuals displaying restricted movements at greater depths during the day, and larger movements on the surface at night. Hydrophis curtus generally occupied space in deep water within the bay, while H. elegans were restricted to mud flats in inundated inter−tidal habitats. The overlap in space used between day and night showed that individuals used different core areas; however, the extent of areas used was similar. The space use patterns of monitored sea snakes were also evaluated alongside environmental parameters to determine what factors influenced the spatial ecology of sea snakes in nearshore habitats. Presence, movement and three−dimensional home range metrics calculated from monitoring data were tested against environmental (water temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed, accumulated rainfall and tidal range) and biological (snout−vent length) factors on daily and monthly temporal scales to identify key environmental drivers of movement and the use of space. A generalised linear mixed model (GLMM) framework using Akaike information criterion (AIC) indicated that tidal reach and atmospheric pressure strongly influenced the daily presence and movements of tagged individuals, respectively. Accumulated rainfall significantly influenced the volume of space used on a monthly timescale.
In Chapter 5, the data obtained from passive acoustic telemetry was used to determine how sea snakes select habitats based on habitat type, depth and proximity to sources of freshwater within a nearshore environment. A hierarchical Bayesian model was used to estimate if individuals were selecting habitats significantly more or less than random on a population− and individual−level. Composition of diet was also assessed using regurgitate from captured individuals. Selection of habitats by the two species differed with H. elegans displaying an affinity for mudflat and seagrass habitats less than 4 km from sources of freshwater and depths less than 3 m. Hydrophis curtus selected for slightly deeper seagrass habitats (1 – 4 m) further from freshwater sources (2 – 5 km). Data from regurgitate showed H. curtus displayed some level of intraspecific predation. Both species prominently selected seagrass areas indicating these habitats provide key resources for sea snakes within nearshore environments. Any degradation or loss of these habitats may have significant consequences for local sea snake populations. Understanding the habitat requirements of sea snakes is essential to defining how natural and anthropogenic disturbances may affect populations and is necessary to inform targeted management and conservation practices.
This thesis also explored the physiological basis of movement patterns in sea snakes and examined how environmental factors may affect their susceptibility to trawl fishing. In Chapter 6, laboratory observations showed that sea snakes displayed shorter dive durations and surfaced more frequently as water temperature increased. Animal−borne accelerometers were used to provide the first estimates of movement−associated energy expenditure in free−roaming sea snakes and explore diel and seasonal patterns in metabolic rates. The energy requirements of sea snakes estimated in the field showed a doubling of metabolic rate from the cooler dry season to the warmer wet season, which potentially increases their susceptibility to fishing activities that occur in summer months. In bimodally respiring animals like sea snakes, the up−regulation in cutaneous respiration is an important mechanism that can potentially prolong dive durations during periods of stress. This mechanism is important and can potentially allow sea snakes to prolong their dive durations when caught in trawl nets and increase their chances of survival. Results of this thesis showed that sea snakes may not have much control over the amount of oxygen they uptake cutaneously, which may impede their chances of survival once caught in fishing gear.
The use of spatial closures (e.g. Marine Protected Areas; MPAs) is effective in reducing the exposure of bycatch species to fishing activities in the GBRMP, and may be useful in managing fishing−related mortality in sea snakes. However, identifying important habitats for sea snakes is critical to ensure that MPAs function effectively. In Chapter 7, I examined the importance of protected, shallow coastal habitats as possible refuge sites for sea snakes in the GBRMP. Extensive boat−based surveys were conducted to investigate the assemblage and abundance of sea snakes within a protected, shallow coastal bay adjacent to trawl fishing grounds. Hydrophis curtus and H. elegans were the most commonly encountered species within the bay. Based on the age structure of these two species the bay was primarily used by juveniles. Temporal trends in age structure showed that H. curtus may use Cleveland Bay as a nursery ground with gravid females entering the bay in summer months to give birth. In contrast, H. elegans appears to use the bay more consistently through the year with approximately 30% of individuals being adult. This chapter also showed that shallow tidal habitats, which are too risky to undertake trawl fishing, are regularly used by sea snakes and may provide refugia for vulnerable life stages of sea snakes. The identification and protection of such habitats may further mitigate risks to sea snake populations from trawl fishing.
Books on the topic "Sea snakes"
2
Heatwole, Harold. Sea snakes. Kensington, NSW, Australia: New South Wales University Press in association with the Australian Institute of Biology, 1987.
Find full text
7
P, Gopalakrishnakone, ed. Sea snake toxinology. Singapore: Singapore University Press, National University of Singapore, 1994.
Find full text
8
Figorito, Juliet. Banded sea snake =: Serpiente marina rayada. New York: Gareth Stevens Pub., 2012.
Find full text
9
Jayne, Bruce C. Diet, feeding behavior, growth, and numbers of a population of Cerberus rynchops (Serpentes: Homalopsinae) in Malaysia. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1988.
Find full text
10
Jayne, Bruce C. Diet, feeding behavior, growth, and numbers of a population of Cerberus rynchops (Serpentes : Homalopsinae) in Malaysia: A contribution in celebration of the distinguished scholarship of Robert F. Inger on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday. Chicago, Ill: Field Museum of Natural History, 1988.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Sea snakes"
1
Yaghmour, Fadi, Johannes Els, Clara Jimena Rodríguez-Zarate, and Brendan Whittington-Jones. "Marine Reptiles of the United Arab Emirates." In A Natural History of the Emirates, 585–619. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37397-8_19.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWithin the waters of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), there are nine sea snake species and five species of sea turtles, two of which (Hawksbill and Green Sea Turtles) are breeding and forage residents and the remainder migrate to feed through UAE waters. Not only are the waters of the UAE recognized as important habitats for Hawksbill and Green Sea Turtles, but sea turtles are ambassador species for ocean conservation and recognized as a priority species by policy makers and conservationists alike. As a result, despite their numerous challenges, Hawksbill and Green turtle populations in the country are relatively stable. On the other hand, Loggerhead and Olive Ridley Sea Turtles, along with sea snakes enjoy far less interest and attention and so their threats, ecology and population status remain ambiguous. The known challenges facing marine reptiles in the UAE include, but are not limited to, habitat destruction through coastal development, marine pollution, bycatch and climate change.
2
Heller, Joseph. "What Is a Mollusc?" In Sea Snails, 3–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15452-7_1.
Full text
3
Heller, Joseph. "Marine Ancestors of most Land Snails: Pulmonates." In Sea Snails, 257–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15452-7_10.
Full text
4
Heller, Joseph. "Magic, Status and Money." In Sea Snails, 267–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15452-7_11.
Full text
5
Heller, Joseph. "In Palaces and Shrines: Purple and Blue and Shekhelet." In Sea Snails, 285–305. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15452-7_12.
Full text
6
Heller, Joseph. "Sacred Sounds from Sea Shells." In Sea Snails, 307–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15452-7_13.
Full text
7
Heller, Joseph. "Sexual Perversions." In Sea Snails, 319–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15452-7_14.
Full text
8
Heller, Joseph. "What Is a Snail?" In Sea Snails, 11–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15452-7_2.
Full text
9
Heller, Joseph. "Patellogastropoda: Limpets." In Sea Snails, 37–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15452-7_3.
Full text
10
Heller, Joseph. "Vetigastropda: Brush Snails." In Sea Snails, 55–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15452-7_4.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Sea snakes"
1
Thompson, Grant B., Robert W. Boessenecker, and Robert W. Boessenecker. "A PRESERVED THORACIC VERTEBRA OF A PALAEOPHIS SNAKE REPRESENTS THE EARLIEST OCCURRENCE OF SEA SNAKES IN SOUTH CAROLINA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-339710.
Full text
2
Edwards, R. "Multi-Directional Seas - A practical Tool for Evaluating the Feasibility of Marine Operations." In SNAME 22nd American Towing Tank Conference. SNAME, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/attc-1989-033.
Full textAbstract:
The timing and feasibility of installing skyscraper sized structures in the ocean depends strongly upon limitations dictated by motion response of complex combinations of heavy 11ft vessels, barges and the structures to be installed, all Joined by elastic tethers. Exposure of these systems to long crested and Irregular seas in a model test does not produce a complete picture of the response to a realistic environment. In several recent model test programs to support the assessment of the feasibility of Installing large structures, short crested seas have been generated and imposed on combinations of semi-submerged vessels and jacket structures in partial contact with the bottom. In some cases, the expectation that short crested seas would result in less severe system loads and motions was not realized. This paper will discuss the methodology employed to set up the complex physical simulation of lowering a 10,000 + ton offshore tower and mating It to a predrilled template in a North Sea environment. The techniques used to generate the multi-directional seas will be presented and the resulting functions characterizing the measured model sea will be presented and compared to the desired. The responses of a complex moored system of structure and semi-submersible lift ship to irregular and short crested seas will be presented and compared.
3
Ming, Aiguo, Takahiro Ichikawa, Wenjing Zhao, and Makoto Shimojo. "Development of a sea snake-like underwater robot." In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/robio.2014.7090423.
Full text
4
Nugroho, Wibowo H., and Ahmad S. Mujahid. "Head Sea Slamming Pressures Prediction on a Frigate Ship Hull (A Numerical Study)." In SNAME 5th World Maritime Technology Conference. SNAME, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/wmtc-2015-084.
Full textAbstract:
As a relatively high-speed warship a frigate has to maintain the capability to operate in rough seas. At this sea condition the ship certainly often experiences slamming since it normally has a low draft. This paper presents a numerical prediction of the slamming pressure on a frigate ship. The frigate has a typical V-shape hull form and operated at a head-sea condition which assumed to have maximum slamming load/pressure. The locations of prediction are determined for places which are prone to dynamic loads that affected the performance of warships. The locations are the tip of the bow which is usually a sonar dome, and a quarter of the area of the bow of the ship length which is the location of weapons systems, and the area aft (stern) in where a helipad , helicopter hangars, and the weapons systems are mainly placed . The main dimension of the vessel for this study is LPP = 120m, B = 15.89m, D = 9.365 m and T = 4. 83 m, with a service speed of V = 25 knots. The environmental condition of the open sea is selected as JONSWAP spectrum with a significant height Hs of 5 m, and a peak period Tp of 13,782 secs. Steps of slamming loads prediction from the procedure of Slamming Strength Assessment of the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) Rules of 2011 is applied for this study. It starts with a Response Amplitude Operator (RAO) motion calculation of the frigate to obtain the range of peak frequencies in which the response of relative vertical motion and velocity is a maximum. Then, these frequencies are set to be the working frequencies for calculating the pressure distribution of the ship hull. These calculation results are used to obtain the design slamming pressure by applying the formula from ABS Guide for Slamming Loads and Strength Assessment for Vessels, 2011 (see references). The comparison of the result of this study to a well- known Stavovy & and Chuang method and modified data from Mariner full- scale measurement has been made and found that they agree well each other. Accordingly this information of the pressure can be used for preliminary life assessment and size determination of the structural component of the frigate.
5
Auestad, Øyvind F., J. William McFann, and Jan T. Gravdahl. "Full-scale Performance of the SES Motion Control System." In SNAME 13th International Conference on Fast Sea Transportation. SNAME, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/fast-2015-006.
Full textAbstract:
The pressurized air cushion on a Surface Effect Ship (SES) can lift up to 80% of total vessel mass. The SES Motion Control System (SES-MCS) controls the vent valves which again controls the air cushion pressure, assuming lift fan air flow is pressurizing the air cushion. By controlling the air cushion pressure one can significantly counteract vertical sea wave disturbances, ensure high passenger comfort and reduce sea-sickness. The case studied in this work is the Umoe Mandal Wave Craft prototype, ’Umoe Ventus’, which is a high-speed offshore wind-farm service vessel specially designed for control in the vertical plane. The SES-MCS can adjust the draft from 1m to 3.2m in less time than the wave period. The SES-MCS can reduce motions significantly in order to perform Operation and Maintenance (O&M) in high seas. The craft is the fastest wind-farm service vessel of its size with high comfort in all relevant sea states. The performance of the SES-MCS is demonstrated through full-scale sea trials.
6
Renardy, Yuriko Y. "Snake and Corkscrew Waves in Core-Annular Flow." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0757.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Core-annular flow of two fluids in down-flow is examined at the onset of a n = ±1 non-axisymmetric instability. This leads to a pattern selection problem; the bifurcating solutions are traveling waves and standing waves. The former travel in the azimuthal direction as well as the axial direction and would be observed as corkscrew waves. The standing waves travel in the axial direction but not in the azimuthal direction and appear as snakes. Weakly nonlinear interactions are studied to see whether one of these waves will be stable to small amplitude perturbations. The corkscrews are found to be preferred when the armulus is narrow and snakes are preferred when the annulus is wide.
7
King, Matthew, Philippe Lamontagne, Louis Poirier, Rocky Taylor, and Robert Briggs. "Sea Ice Characterization with Convolutional Neural Networks." In SNAME Maritime Convention. SNAME, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/smc-2022-116.
Full textAbstract:
Visual data is abundantly available and provides rich information about real-world objects. Computer vision is a substantial and growing field, which seeks to distill useful information from photographic imagery. The primary focus of this work centers on the application of machine learning based computer vision algorithms in order to produce characterizations of the visible sea ice conditions. The specific task approached herein is known as semantic segmentation; the methodology by which each region of an image, at an individual pixel level, is assigned a classification from a predetermined set of possible classes.
8
DeBord, Frank, Karl Stambaugh, Chris Barry, and Eric Schmid. "Evaluation of High-Speed Craft Designs for Operations in Survival Conditions." In SNAME Chesapeake Power Boat Symposium. SNAME, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/cpbs-2012-017.
Full textAbstract:
Designs for high-speed planing craft are typically driven by performance on plane in operating sea conditions. These conditions govern the principal characteristics, installed power, structural design and design features related to seakeeping and handling. When these high-speed craft are operated for military, law enforcement or search and rescue missions, performance and safety in severe seas at low speed can become issues and should be considered during design. This paper discusses the issues related to operations in these survival conditions and provides examples of performance analyses related to: (1) stability and flooding; (2) capsize, broaching and control problems; (3) structural design; and (4) seakeeping motions and acceleration affects on crew, machinery and systems. For each of these aspects of performance, analysis methodologies are discussed and typical results are provided. Methods for comparing risks associated with operations in various sea conditions are developed and recommendations are formulated for definition of limiting conditions. Finally, areas where typical design practices are found to be deficient related to these survival operations are identified and discussed.
9
Keuning, Jan Alexander. "Improved Design of a Search and Rescue boat for the Royal Netherlands Lifeboat Institution." In SNAME Chesapeake Power Boat Symposium. SNAME, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/cpbs-2012-020.
Full textAbstract:
The Royal Netherlands Sea Rescue Institution (KNRM) exploits a fleet of lifeboats around the North Sea coast of the Netherlands. The majority of this fleet consists nowadays of so called Rigid Inflatable Boats “RIB’s”. The largest vessels in the fleet are from the “Arie Visser” class, with a length of around 18.5 meters and a maximum speed of 35 knots. These are all weather boats on the North Sea and its coastal areas and self-righting. The Lifeboat Institution plans to replace the 10 boats in this class in the next 10 years. So an improved design (if possible) is sought for. A design group has been composed for this purpose consisting of the Shiphydromechanics Department of the Delft University of Technology, Design office W. de Vries Lentsch, (the designers of the existing boats) and the High Speed Craft Department of Damen Shipyards. Based on the requirements of the Sea Rescue Institution (KNRM) the group developed two new designs. These designs were initially derived using computer simulations and calculations. The emphasis in these new designs was on improved operability of the Search and Rescue boats in their typical working environment and improved habitability (i.e. noise and vibrations). To assess the differences in performances of these designs in calm water and in waves an extensive test program has subsequently been set up and carried out with the three designs: i.e. the existing design Arie Visser and the two new designs. Extensive full scale measurements on the existing boats of the “Arie Visser” class had already been carried out in the past and these results were used to specify the behaviour of the existing boats as a bench mark. Then the three designs, i.e. the Arie Visser, the Concept 1 and the Concept 2, have been tested for their resistance, sinkage and running trim in calm water. In addition their behaviour with high forward speeds in head irregular waves have been tested with emphasis on measuring motions and vertical accelerations. Next their behaviour in high stern quartering, following and beam seas has been investigated with free sailing models in the Ship Model Basin of MARIN to compare the new designs with the existing one for difference in a possible tendency for bow diving and broaching behaviour in these high seas. In addition severe breaking waves have been simulated in the towing tank and the models run through these both in head as well as following waves conditions. The findings based on the computer simulations have been compared with the results from the measurements. The results of this research project will be summarized and presented in the present paper.
10
Mudge, Todd, David Fissel, Keath Borg, Nikola Milutinovic, and Ed Ross. "The Measurement of Shallow Ocean Currents Beneath Deformed Mobile Sea Ice Using Upward Looking Sonar Instruments." In SNAME 11th International Conference and Exhibition on Performance of Ships and Structures in Ice. SNAME, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2014-157.
Full textAbstract:
The under ice ocean currents are critical in the understanding of the boundary layer between the sea ice and the ocean, involving determination of the drag forces that sea-ice exerts on the upper water column and the related turbulence and mixing levels. A semi-automated algorithm has been developed, which accounts for the changes in sea ice drafts, to determine the nearest surface ocean current measurement level. Using long-term measurements from upward looking sonar datasets in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, the algorithm and its extensions to all current bins is investigated.
Reports on the topic "Sea snakes"
1
Michaels, Trevor. Red-tailed boa (Boa constrictor) surveys at Salt River Bay National Park, St. Croix U.S. Virgin Islands: 2023 report of activities. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2303799.
Full textAbstract:
St. Croix is home to a variety of threatened and endangered (T&E) species that are at risk for predation by the invasive red-tailed boa (Boa constrictor), such as the St. Croix ground lizard (Amevia polyps), the ground-nesting least tern (Sterna antillarum), and the hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata). Genetic analysis determined the original red-tailed boa population on St. Croix sourced from a single female released by a pet owner and its range expands every year. Presently, the main population of red-tailed boa is established on the west end of St. Croix and extends as far east as Salt River. One individual was found in Salt River Marina and additional sightings have occurred in Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve (SARI) more recently. This inventory aims to search for red-tailed boas in two focal areas that park staff are actively restoring. The park will use information from this inventory to develop a boa removal program and protect sensitive native species like the ground-nesting least tern, the St. Croix ground lizard and the hawksbill sea turtle nests and increase the success of restoration. Snakes are cryptic species, often occurring in low density, and utilize complex habitat patterns. To increase the likelihood of detecting red-tailed boa, the Maryland/Delaware/D.C. Wildlife Services detector dog handling team partnered with the USDA-APHIS National Detector Dog Training Center to train and develop detector dogs to assist in determining the presence/absence of red-tailed boa for this project. Canines were trained to locate red-tailed boa and indicate its presence to the handler via barking three times near the identified target. Two dog detector teams traveled to Salt River Bay National Park (SARI) in St. Croix to conduct surveys for red-tailed boa in habitats likely to contain red-tailed boa in June 2023. Habitat varied throughout the surveys. Close to the bay, mangrove forests dominated and, as elevation increased, transects took place in almost exclusively dry tropical shrub forest. Each transect was surveyed by one dog team. The canine teams had no red-tailed boa detections within SARI. Canines showed proficiency at surveying for red-tailed boa populations in SARI. Given the proximity of confirmed detections to SARI, it is likely red-tailed boa will be in the park in the future, if they are not already. Additional surveys, whether by humans, canines, or both, are recommended in areas of the park that have not been previously surveyed.
2
Rich, Megan, Charles Beightol, Christy Visaggi, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Vicksburg National Military Park: Paleontological resource inventory (sensitive version). National Park Service, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2297321.
Full textAbstract:
Vicksburg National Military Park (VICK) was established for its historical significance as a one of the principle military sieges resulting in a turning point during the American Civil War. The steep terrain around the city of Vicksburg was integral in the military siege, providing high vantage points and a substrate that was easy to entrench for the armies, but unknown to many is the fossil content, particularly a diversity of fossil mollusks. These fossils at VICK are important paleontological resources which have yet to receive focused attention from park staff, visitors, and researchers. The park’s geology is dominated by windblown silt from the last Ice Age which overlays river-transported gravels and bedrock of the late Oligocene–early Miocene-age Catahoula Formation or early Oligocene Vicksburg Group. The park is home to the type section (a geological reference locality upon which a formation is based) for the Mint Spring Formation, one of the most fossiliferous formations in this group (Henderson et al. 2022). Beginning roughly 32 million years ago (Dockery 2019), the early Oligocene deposits of the Vicksburg Group were deposited as the sea level along the Gulf Coast shore repeatedly rose and fell. The eponymously named Vicksburg Group is comprised of, from oldest to youngest, the Forest Hill, Mint Spring, Marianna Limestone, Glendon Limestone, Byram, and Bucatunna Formations. Each of these formations are within VICK’s boundaries, in addition to outcrops of the younger Catahoula Formation. Paleozoic fossils transported by the ancestral Mississippi River have also been redeposited within VICK as pre-loess stream gravels. Overlying these layers is the Quaternary-age silt which composes the loess found throughout VICK, meaning the park’s fossils span the entire Phanerozoic Eon. The fossils of VICK consist mostly of near-shore marine Oligocene invertebrates including corals, bryozoans, bivalves, gastropods, scaphopods, ostracods, and more, though terrestrial and freshwater snails of the loess, microfossils, plant fossils, occasional vertebrates, and others can also be found in the park. Notable historical figures such as Charles Alexandre Lesueur, Charles Lyell, and John Wesley Powell all collected fossils or studied geology in the Vicksburg area. The Vicksburg Group is culturally relevant as well, as the Glendon Limestone Formation has been identified by its embedded fossils as a source rock for Native American effigy pipes. This paleontological resource inventory is the first of its kind for VICK. Although Vicksburg fossils have most recently been studied as part of the Gulf Coast Inventory & Monitoring Network (Kenworthy et al. 2007), the park has never received a comprehensive, dedicated fossil inventory before this report. At least 27 fossil species, listed in Appendix B, have been named and described from specimens collected from within VICK’s lands, and VICK fossils can be found at six or more non-NPS museum repositories. Beginning in January 2022, field surveys were undertaken at VICK, covering nearly all the park’s wooded areas, streams, and other portions beyond the preserved trenches and tour road. Fossils were collected or observed at 72 localities. These specimens will be added into VICK’s museum collections, which previously contained no paleontological resources. Considering the minimal attention dedicated to these resources in the past, these newly acquired fossil specimens may be used in the future for educational, interpretive, or research purposes. Future park construction needs should take into account the protection of these resources by avoiding important localities or allowing collection efforts before localities become inaccessible or lost.
3
Njå, Ove, and Kirsti Russell Vastveit. Norske kommuners planlegging, gjennomføring og bruk av risiko- og sårbarhetsanalyse i forbindelse med samfunnssikkerhetsarbeidet. University of Stavanger, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.164.
Full textAbstract:
I prosjektet; «Helhetlig ROS-analyse i norske kommuner» analyserer vi hvordan kommuner utvikler, bruker og oppdaterer ROS-analyser og risikoforestillinger i sitt samfunnssikkerhetsarbeid. Det legges vekt på hvordan kommuner integrerer ROS-arbeidet og risikoforestillinger i eksisterende plan- og arbeidsprosesser. Hvilke utfordringer opplever kommunene i dette arbeidet? Etter å ha jobbet med risiko og sikkerhet i mer enn 20 år, og en vesentlig del av disse opp mot kommuner, er det etter vårt syn et gjennomgående trekk at kommunalt ansatte som jobber med sikkerhet og beredskap har stor skepsis til akademikere på dette feltet. Den teoretiske «verden» er ikke i stand til å kommunisere med den praktiske og vice versa. Denne utfordringen mener vi står sterkt også i dag, og dermed ble det i prosjektet viktig å finne ut hvordan begrepene ble brukt i kommunene. Hvor kritiske er begrepene for omfanget av bruken av analysene? Står vi ved et markant skille nå med innføring av ny veileder for helhetlig ROS-analyse i kommuner? Eller, er arbeidet omkring samfunnssikkerhet og beredskap fastnet i en praksis uten påvirkning fra ROS-analyse? Datamateriale fra 26 kommuner er inkludert i studien. Kommunene dekker alle landsdelene og de har varierte demografiske og geografiske profiler. Blant deltagerne er kommuner med storulykkesindustri, større bykommuner, mindre øykommuner og grensekommuner. Opptil fem personer med ulikt ansvar for samfunnssikkerhets- og beredskapsarbeidet er intervjuet i hver kommune. En viktig del av prosjektet er forholdet mellom ROS-analyser på ulike forvaltningsnivåer, hvordan ROS-analysene kommuniserer risikoforestillinger og hvordan kommunene kan bygge på og hente innspill fra hverandre i ROS-analysearbeidet. Siden 2010 har Lov om kommunal beredskapsplikt, sivile beskyttelsestiltak og Sivilforsvaret (sivilbeskyttelsesloven) og underliggende Forskrift om kommunal beredskapsplikt stilt krav til kommunenes ROS-analyse og samfunnssikkerhetsarbeid i stort. Likevel er det ikke opplagt hva det innebærer. Forskriften snakker om begreper og konsepter som; - Jobbe systematisk og helhetlig med samfunnssikkerhet; - Forankring i kommunestyret; - Eksisterende og fremtidige risiko- og sårbarhetsfaktorer; - Særlige utfordringer; - Langsiktige mål, strategier, prioriteringer og plan for oppfølging av samfunnssikkerhets- og beredskapsarbeidet; - Vurdere forhold som bør integreres i planer og prosesser; og - Overordnet beredskapsplan. Det stiller store krav til kommunens ansattes kunnskap og kompetanse til å fortolke hva alle disse konseptene skal bety for kommunen og hvordan ansatte skal jobbe med kravene. Her ligger kjernen av vår studie. Studien vår viser at det legges betydelig med ressurser og arbeid ned i kommuners helhetlige ROS-analyser, samfunnssikkerhets og beredskapsarbeid. Risikoinformert styring og risikotenkning er en krevende filosofi, hvor det forutsettes at de ansatte med ansvar for kommunens systemer og samfunnssikkerhets- og beredskapsarbeidet har høy kompetanse på området. I kommunene som deltok i studien synes det å være enklere for kommunene å konkretisere hvordan de arbeidet med beredskap enn med samfunnssikkerhet. Kommunene hadde i varierende grad oversikt over hvordan beredskapsarbeidet var satt i system på tvers av etater. Materialet ble analysert ut fra fire forhold: - Begrepsforståelser og bruk av begreper for å uttrykke samfunnssikkerhet - Planlegging og gjennomføring av ROS-analyseprosesser - Presentasjon av resultater fra ROS-analysearbeidet - Implementering av analyseresultatene i kommunens aktiviteter Datamaterialet viser at kommunene og de fleste respondentene våre er i liten grad bekymret over begrepene de bruker. I hovedsak er det risiko, ROS-analyse (eller andre koplinger av ROS), hendelser, akseptkriterier, beredskap, kriseplaner og tiltak som er konseptene i bruk. Usikkerhet var et begrep som fulgte med, men det var i liten grad reflektert over utover at det var en egenskap med hele ROS-analyseprosessene. Samfunnssikkerhet, ytelse av beredskapstiltak, sårbarhet, resiliens, barrierer, system er begreper som får lite eller ingen omtale i kommunenes befatning med samfunnssikkerhet og beredskap. Kommunene er veldige instrumentelle i arbeidet med å utvikle produktene (helhetlig) ROS-analyse og beredskap- og kriseplaner. Beslutningsprosessene som den helhetlige ROS-analysen er en del av, trekkes ikke frem som førende for hvordan ROS-analyser og samfunnssikkerhetsarbeidet gjøres. Fylkesmannen sin rolle som pådriver, rådgiver og tilsynsmyndighet var for de aller fleste kommunene beskrevet med positive fortegn. Alle analysene vi har hatt tilgang til er utført som grovanalyser (hazid-gjennomganger, scenariobeskrivelser, gruppediskusjoner), men med relativt små variasjoner innenfor hvordan risiko måles og uttrykkes. Enkelte kommuner inspireres av innholdet i FylkesROS-analyse eller Nasjonalt Risikobilde, mens andre har et større fokus på lokale forhold og hendelser. I forbindelse med bruk av tiltak fra helhetlig ROS-analyse var det en klar trend at kommunene synes det var vanskelig å sikre implementering av tiltak. Dette skyldes blant annet at det var utfordrende å sikre at den ansvarlige etat tok ansvar for tiltak, at beredskapskoordinatorer ikke anså tiltak som skulle implementeres i enkeltetater som sitt ansvar og at kommunene i mange tilfeller ikke hadde midler til gjennomføring av tiltak. Problemet kan trolig også spores til at helhetlig ROS-analyse ikke var et dokument som var i aktiv bruk i hverdagen til kommunenes ansatte, og som det i de fleste tilfeller ikke ble laget aksjonsplaner for å følge opp. På tiltakssiden var det også tydelig at flere kommuner gjorde det vanskelig for seg selv, ettersom de beskrev svært generelle tiltak i rapportene sine, tiltak som egentlig var på plass i den ansvarlige etat og som var dekket av andre internkontrollrutiner, eller som andre offentlige etater var ansvarlige for. Kommunene i prosjektet hadde i varierende grad koblet beredskapsplanene sine opp mot de helhetlige ROS-analysene. En annen utfordring i forbindelse med «bruk» til beredskapsplanlegging var at kommunene ikke var sikre på hvordan dette skulle tolkes. Skulle man lage øvelser basert på hendelsene som var brukt i helhetlig ROS-analyse, skulle det lages tiltakskort som passet til scenarioene i helhetlig ROS-analyse? Enkelte kommuner hadde inkludert hendelser fra helhetlig ROS-analyse i beredskapsplanverket sitt, mens andre hadde fokusert mer på felles kapasiteter i helhetlig ROS-analyse. Å se sammenhengen mellom helhetlig ROS-analyse og beredskapsplanlegging var et vanskelig tema for kommunene. Beredskapsanalyse og vurdering av «godheten» av beredskapstiltak er også en stor utfordring. Den største utfordringen og det viktigste funnet som har kommet fram gjennom studiet er at prinsippene i risikobasert styring er nærmest fraværende i kommunene. Funksjonelle krav til sikkerhet mangler, en levende diskusjon om samfunnssikkerhet og beredskap mangler, og analysene brukes i svært liten grad. ROS-analyse og intensjoner om risikobasert styring har vært i norske kommuner i mer enn 20 år, og basert på dette mener vi at det er kompetanse og reguleringsregimet det må gjøres noe med, heller enn å innføre nye veiledere og tilsynsaktiviteter. Ansvaret for kommunens samfunnssikkerhets- og beredskapsarbeid må knyttes opp mot spesifikk kompetanse. Det krever at kommunene endrer praksis på i den administrative ledelsen og virksomhetene som eier systemene, tjenestene og aktivitetene, så vel som i kommunikasjonen mellom administrativ og politisk ledelse når det gjelder samfunnssikkerhet og beredskap. Vi mener at politikeren fra bykommune 1 langs kysten i Nord-Norge illustrerer behovet på en betegnende måte: «Veldig få i beredskapsrådet har lest dokumentene. I vårt fylke tror jeg vi er noen av de som har kommet lengst, og det sier etter mitt skjønn sitt». «Vi må involvere oss på et mye tidligere stadium. Skaffe oss oversikt over hva som er beredskapsplanene, og hvor flaskehalsene er. Det tror jeg at jeg deler med veldig mange. Vi strykes med hårene i alt for stor grad. Vi får for mye ros.»